Essential cell biology:
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Format: | Buch |
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Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY [u.a.]
Garland Science
2010
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Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. 1 DVD-ROM (12 cm) |
ISBN: | 9780815341291 9780815341307 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Titel: Essential cell biology
Autor: Alberts, Bruce
Jahr: 2010
Detailed Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Cells 1
UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF CELLS 2
Cells Vary Enormously in Appearance and Function 2
Living Cells All Have a Similar Basic Chemistry 3
All Present-Day Cells Have Apparently Evolved
from the Same Ancestor 5
Genes Provide the Instructions for Cellular Form,
Function, and Complex Behavior 5
CELLS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE 6
The Invention of the Light Microscope Led to the
Discovery of Cells 6
Cells, Organelles, and Even Molecules Can Be
Seen Under the Microscope 7
THE PROCARYOTiC CELL 1 1
Procaryotes Are the Most Diverse of Cells 14
The World of Procaryotes Is Divided into Two
Domains: Bacteria and Archaea 15
THE EUCARYOTIC CELL 16
The Nucleus Is the Information Store of the Cell 16
Mitochondria Generate Usable Energy from
Food to Power the Cell 17
Chloroplasts Capture Energy from Sunlight 18
Internal Membranes Create Intracellular
Compartments with Different Functions 19
The Cytosol Is a Concentrated Aqueous Gel
of Large and Small Molecules 21
The Cytoskeleton Is Responsible for Directed
Cell Movements 22
The Cytoplasm Is Far from Static 23
Eucaryotic Cells May Have Originated as
Predators 23
MODEL ORGANISMS 26
Molecular Biologists Have Focused on E. coli 27
Brewer s Yeast Is a Simple Eucaryotic Cell 28
Arabidopsis Has Been Chosen Out of 300,000
Species as a Model Plant 28
The World of Animals Is Represented by a Fly, a
Worm, a Fish, a Mouse, and the Human Species 29
Comparing Genome Sequences Reveals Life s
Common Heritage 33
Essential Concepts 35
End-of-Chapter Questions 36
Chapter 2 Chemical Components
of Cells 39
CHEMICAL BONDS -;¦,.¦
Cells Are Made of Relatively Few Types of Atoms 40
The Outermost Electrons Determine How Atoms
Interact 41
Ionic Bonds Form by the Gain and Loss of
Electrons 44
Covalent Bonds Form by the Sharing of Electrons 45
Covalent Bonds Vary in Strength 46
There Are Different Types of Covalent Bonds 47
Electrostatic Attractions Help Bring Molecules
Together in Cells 47
Water Is Held Together by Hydrogen Bonds 48
Some Polar Molecules Form Acids and Bases
in Water 49
A Cell Is Formed from Carbon Compounds 50
Cells Contain Four Major Families of Small
Organic Molecules 51
Sugars Are Energy Sources for Cells and Subunits
of Polysaccharides 52
Fatty Acids Are Components of Cell Membranes 54
Amino Acids Are the Subunits of Proteins 55
Nucleotides Are the Subunits of DNA and RNA 56
Detailed Contents
MACROMOLECULES IN CELLS 58
Macromolecules Contain a Specific Sequence
of Subunits 59
Noncovalent Bonds Specify the Precise Shape
of a Macromolecule 59
Noncovalent Bonds Allow a Macromolecule
to Bind Other Selected Molecules 63
Essential Concepts 78
End-of-Chapter Questions 79
Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis, and
Biosynthesis 81
THE USE OF ENERGY BY CELLS 82
Biological Order Is Made Possible by the Release
of Heat Energy from Cells 82
Photosynthetic Organisms Use Sunlight to
Synthesize Organic Molecules 84
Cells Obtain Energy by the Oxidation of Organic
Molecules 86
Oxidation and Reduction Involve Electron
Transfers 87
FREE ENERGY AND CATALYSIS 88
Enzymes Lower the Energy Barriers That Prevent
Chemical Reactions from Occurring 89
The Free-Energy Change for a Reaction Determines
Whether It Can Occur 91
The Concentration of Reactants Influences the
Free-Energy Change and a Reaction s Direction 92
The Standard Free-Energy Change Makes it
Possible to Compare the Energetics of
Different Reactions 92
Cells Exist in a State of Chemical Disequilibrium 92
The Equilibrium Constant is Directly Proportional
to AG° 93
In Complex Reactions, the Equilibrium Constant
Depends on the Concentrations of All
Reactants and Products 96
The Equilibrium Constant Indicates the Strength
of Molecular Interactions 96
For Sequential Reactions, the Changes in Free
Energy are Additive 97
Rapid Diffusion Allows Enzymes to Find Their
Substrates 98
Knax and Km Measure Enzyme Performance 99
104
The Formation of an Activated Carrier Is Coupled
to an Energetically Favorable Reaction 104
ATP is the Most Widely Used Activated Carrier
Molecule 105
Energy Stored in ATP is Often Harnessed to
Join Two Molecules Together 106
NADH and NADPH Are Important Electron
Carriers 107
Cells Make Use of Many Other Activated
Carrier Molecules 109
The Synthesis of Biological Polymers Requires
an Energy Input 110
Essential Concepts 114
End-of-Chapter Questions 115
Chapter 4 Protein Structure and
Function 119
THE SHAPE AND STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS 121
The Shape of a Protein Is Specified by Its
Amino Acid Sequence 121
Proteins Fold into a Conformation of Lowest
Energy 124
Proteins Come in a Wide Variety of Complicated
Shapes 125
The a Helix and the p Sheet Are Common
Folding Patterns 127
Helices Form Readily in Biological Structures 131
P Sheets Form Rigid Structures at the Core
of Many Proteins 132
Proteins Have Several Levels of Organization 133
Few of the Many Possible Polypeptide Chains
Will Be Useful 134
Proteins Can Be Classified into Families 135
Large Protein Molecules Often Contain More
Than One Polypeptide Chain 135
Proteins Can Assemble into Filaments, Sheets,
or Spheres 136
Some Types of Proteins Have Elongated Fibrous
Shapes 138
Extracellular Proteins Are Often Stabilized by
Covalent Cross-Linkages 138
HOW PROTEINS WORK 140
All Proteins Bind to Other Molecules 140
The Binding Sites of Antibodies Are Especially
Versatile 142
Enzymes Are Powerful and Highly Specific
Catalysts 143
Lysozyme Illustrates How an Enzyme Works 143
Most Drugs Inhibit Enzymes 148
Tightly Bound Small Molecules Add Extra
Functions to Proteins 148
HOW PROTEINS ARE CONTROLLED 149
The Catalytic Activities of Enzymes Are Often
Regulated by Other Molecules 150
Allosteric Enzymes Have Binding Sites That
Influence One Another 150
Phosphorylation Can Control Protein Activity by
Triggering a Conformational Change 152
GTP-Binding Proteins Are Also Regulated
by the Cyclic Gain and Loss of a Phosphate
Group 153
Nucleotide Hydrolysis Allows Motor Proteins
to Produce Large Movements in Cells 154
Proteins Often Form Large Complexes That
Function as Protein Machines 155
Covalent Modification Controls the Location and
Assembly of Protein Machines 156
HOW PROTEINS ARE STUDIED 1 57
Cells Can Be Grown in a Culture Dish 157
Purification Techniques Allow Homogeneous
Protein Preparations to Be Obtained from
Cell Homogenates 161
Large Amounts of Almost Any Protein Can be
Produced by Genetic Engineering Techniques 163
Automated Studies of Protein Structure and
Function Are Increasing the Pace of Discovery 163
Essential Concepts 168
End-of-Chapter Questions 169
Chapter 5 DNA and Chromosomes 171
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA 1 72
A DNA Molecule Consists of Two Complementary
Chains of Nucleotides 173
The Structure of DNA Provides a Mechanism for
Heredity 178
THE STRUCTURE OF EUCARYOTIC
CHROMOSOMES 179
Eucaryotic DNA Is Packaged into Multiple
Chromosomes 179
Chromosomes Contain Long Strings of Genes 181
Chromosomes Exist in Different States
Throughout the Life of a Cell 182
Interphase Chromosomes Are Organized Within
the Nucleus 184
The DNA in Chromosomes Is Highly Condensed 184
Nucleosomes Are the Basic Units of Eucaryotic
Chromosome Structure 185
Chromosome Packing Occurs on Multiple Levels 187
THE REGULATION OF CHROMOSOME
STRUCTURE 188
Changes in Nucleosome Structure Allow Access
to DNA 188
Interphase Chromosomes Contain Both
Condensed and More Extended Forms
ofChromatin 190
Changes in Chromatin Structure Can Be
Inherited 191
Essential Concepts 192
End-of-Chapter Questions 193
Detailed Contents xi
Chapter 6 DNA Replication, Repair,
and Recombination 197
DNA RFf -LlCATiON * : - :.
Base-Pairing Enables DNA Replication 198
DNA Synthesis Begins at Replication Origins 199
New DNA Synthesis Occurs at Replication Forks 203
The Replication Fork Is Asymmetrical 204
DNA Polymerase Is Self-correcting 205
Short Lengths of RNA Act as Primers for DNA
Synthesis 206
Proteins at a Replication Fork Cooperate to Form
a Replication Machine 208
Telomerase Replicates the Ends of Eucaryotic
Chromosomes 210
DNA REPAIR ?. ¦
Mutations Can Have Severe Consequences for
a Cell or Organism 211
A DNA Mismatch Repair System Removes
Replication Errors That Escape the Replication
Machine 212
DNA Is Continually Suffering Damage in Cells 213
The Stability of Genes Depends on DNA Repair 215
Double-Strand Breaks Can be Repaired Rapidly
But Imperfectly 216
A Record of the Fidelity of DNA Replication and
Repair Is Preserved in Genome Sequences 217
HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION 21 S
Homologous Recombination Requires Extensive
Regions of Sequence Similarity 218
Homologous Recombination Can Flawlessly
Repair DNA Double-strand Breaks 218
Homologous Recombination Exchanges Genetic
Information During Meiosis 220
MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS AND ViPUSES 221
Mobile Genetic Elements Encode the
Components They Need for Movement 222
The Human Genome Contains Two Major
Families of Transposable Sequences 222
Viruses Are Fully Mobile Genetic Elements
That Can Escape from Cells 223
Retroviruses Reverse the Normal Flow of
Genetic Information 225
Essential Concepts 227
End-of-Chapter Questions 228
Chapter 7 From DNA to Protein:
How Cells Read the Genome 231
Portions of DNA Sequence Are Transcribed
into RNA 233
Transcription Produces RNA Complementary
to One Strand of DNA 234
xiv Detailed Contents
Several Types of RNA Are Produced in Cells 235
Signals in DNATell RNA Polymerase Where
to Start and Finish 236
Initiation of Eucaryotic Gene Transcription Is a
Complex Process 238
Eucaryotic RNA Polymerase Requires General
Transcription Factors 239
Eucaryotic RNAs Are Transcribed and Processed
Simultaneously in the Nucleus 240
Eucaryotic Genes Are Interrupted by Noncoding
Sequences 241
Introns Are Removed by RNA Splicing 242
Mature Eucaryotic mRNAs Are Selectively
Exported from the Nucleus 243
mRNA Molecules Are Eventually Degraded by
the Cell 244
The Earliest Cells May Have Had Introns in Their
Genes 245
FROM RNA TO PROTEIN 246
An mRNA Sequence Is Decoded in Sets of Three
Nucleotides 246
tRNA Molecules Match Amino Acids to Codons
in mRNA 247
Specific Enzymes Couple tRNAs to the Correct
Amino Acid 251
The RNA Message Is Decoded on Ribosomes 251
The Ribosome Is a Ribozyme 253
Codons in mRNA Signal Where to Start and to
Stop Protein Synthesis 254
Proteins Are Made on Polyribosomes 257
Inhibitors of Procaryotic Protein Synthesis Are
Used as Antibiotics 257
Carefully Controlled Protein Breakdown Helps
Regulate the Amount of Each Protein in a Cell 258
There Are Many Steps Between DNA and
Protein 259
261
Life Requires Autocatalysis 261
RNA Can Both Store Information and Catalyze
Chemical Reactions 261
RNA Is Thought to Predate DNA in Evolution 263
Essential Concepts 264
End-of-Chapter Questions 266
Chapter 8 Control of Gene Expression 269
?70
The Different Cell Types of a Multicellular
Organism Contain the Same DNA 270
Different Cell Types Produce Different Sets of
Proteins 270
A Cell Can Change the Expression of Its Genes
in Response to External Signals 272
Gene Expression Can Be Regulated at Many of
the Steps in the Pathway from DNA to RNA
to Protein 272
HOW! 273
Transcription Is Controlled by Proteins Binding
to Regulatory DNA Sequences 273
Transcription Switches Allow Cells to Respond
to Changes in the Environment 275
Repressors Turn Genes Off, Activators Turn
Them On 276
An Activator and a Repressor Control the
Lac Operon 277
Eucaryotic Transcription Regulators Control
Gene Expression from a Distance 278
Packing of Promoter DNA into Nucleosomes
Affects Initiation of Transcription 279
THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT
CREATE SPECIALIZED CELL TYPES 280
Eucaryotic Genes Are Regulated by Combinations
of Proteins 280
The Expression of Different Genes Can Be
Coordinated by a Single Protein 281
Combinatorial Control Can Create Different Cell
Types 285
Stable Patterns of Gene Expression Can Be
Transmitted to Daughter Cells 287
The Formation of an Entire Organ Can Be
Triggered by a Single Transcription Regulator 288
POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROLS 289
Riboswitches Provide An Economical Solution
to Gene Regulation 289
The Untranslated Regions of mRNAs Can Control
Their Translation 290
Small Regulatory RNAs Control the Expression of
Thousands of Animal and Plant Genes 290
RNA Interference Destroys Double-Stranded
Foreign RNAs 291
Scientists Can Use RNA Interference to Turn Off
Genes 292
Essential Concepts 293
End-of-Chapter Questions 294
Chapter 9 How Genes and Genomes
Evolve 297
GENERATING GENETIC VARIATION 298
In Sexually Reproducing Organisms, Only
Changes to the Germ Line Are Passed Along
To Progeny 299
Point Mutations Are Caused by Failures of the
Normal Mechanisms for Copying and
Maintaining DNA 300
Point Mutations Can Change the Regulation
of a Gene 301
DNA Duplications Give Rise to Families of
Related Genes 302
The Evolution of the Globin Gene Family Shows
How Gene Duplication and Divergence Can
Give Rise to Proteins Tailored to an Organism
and Its Development 304
Whole Genome Duplications Have Shaped the
Evolutionary History of Many Species 305
New Genes Can Be Generated by Repeating
the Same Exon 306
Novel Genes Can Also Be Created by Exon
Shuffling 306
The Evolution of Genomes Has Been Accelerated
by the Movement of Mobile Genetic Elements 307
Genes Can Be Exchanged Between Organisms
by Horizontal Gene Transfer 308
RECONSTRUCTING LIFE S FAMILY TREE 309
Genetic Changes That Provide a Selective
Advantage Are Likely to Be Preserved 309
Human and Chimpanzee Genomes Are Similar in
Organization As Well As in Detailed Sequence 310
Functionally Important Regions Show Up As
Islands of Conserved DNA Sequence 310
Genome Comparisons Show That Vertebrate
Genomes Gain and Lose DNA Rapidly 312
Sequence Conservation Allows Us to Trace Even
the Most Distant Evolutionary Relationships 313
EXAMINING THE HUMAN GENOME 315
The Nucleotide Sequence of the Human Genome
Shows How Our Genes Are Arranged 316
Accelerated Changes in Conserved Genome
Sequences Help Reveal What Makes Us
Human 320
Genetic Variation Within the Human Genome
Contributes to Our Individuality 320
The Human Genome Contains Copious
Information Yet to Be Deciphered 321
Essential Concepts 323
End-of-Chapter Questions 324
Chapter 10 Analyzing Genes and
Genomes 327
MANIPULATING AND ANALYZING DNA
MOLECULES 329
Restriction Nucleases Cut DNA Molecules
at Specific Sites 329
Gel Electrophoresis Separates DNA Fragments
of Different Sizes 330
Hybridization Provides a Sensitive Way to
Detect Specific Nucleotide Sequences 332
Hybridization Is Carried Out Using DNA Probes
Designed to Recognize a Desired Nucleotide
Sequence 332
Detailed Contents x
DMA CLONING I ::. ¦¦
DNA Ligase Joins DNA Fragments Together to
Produce a Recombinant DNA Molecule 334
Recombinant DNA Can Be Copied Inside Bacterial
Cells 334
Specialized Plasmid Vectors Are Used to Clone
DNA 335
Genes Can Be Isolated from a DNA Library 336
cDNA Libraries Represent the mRNA Produced
by a Particular Tissue 338
The Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplifies Selected
DNA Sequences 340
DECIPHERING AND EXPLOITING Gt-NLHC
INFORMATION 343
DNA Can Be Rapidly Sequenced 345
Completely Novel DNA Molecules Can Be
Constructed 347
Rare Proteins Can Be Made in Large Amounts
Using Cloned DNA 347
Reporter Genes and In Situ Hybridization Can
Reveal When and Where a Gene Is Expressed 350
Hybridization on DNA Microarrays Monitors the
Expression of Thousands of Genes at Once 352
Genetic Approaches Can Reveal the Function
of a Gene 354
Animals Can be Genetically Altered 354
RNA Interference Provides a Simple Way to Test
Gene Function 356
Transgenic Plants Are Important for Both Cell
Biology and Agriculture 357
Essential Concepts 358
End-of-Chapter Questions 360
Chapter 11 Membrane Structure 363
THE LIPID BILAYER 364
Membrane Lipids Form Bilayers in Water 365
The Lipid Bilayer Is a Two-dimensional Fluid 368
The Fluidity of a Lipid Bilayer Depends on Its
Composition 369
The Lipid Bilayer Is Asymmetrical 370
Lipid Asymmetry Is Preserved During Membrane
Transport 371
MEMBRANE PROTEiNS :-. //
Membrane Proteins Associate with the Lipid
Bilayer in Various Ways 373
A Polypeptide Chain Usually Crosses the Bilayer
as an a Helix 374
Membrane Proteins Can Be Solubilized in
Detergents and Purified 375
The Complete Structure Is Known for Relatively
Few Membrane Proteins 376
The Plasma Membrane Is Reinforced by the Cell
Cortex 377
xvi Detailed Contents
Cells Can Restrict the Movement of Membrane
Proteins 379
The Cell Surface Is Coated with Carbohydrate 380
Essential Concepts 384
End-of-Chapter Questions 385
Chapter 12 Membrane Transport 387
PRINCIPLES OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORT 388
The Ion Concentrations Inside a Cell Are Very
Different from Those Outside 388
Lipid Bilayers Are Impermeable to Solutes and
Ions 389
Membrane Transport Proteins Fall into Two
Classes: Transporters and Channels 389
Solutes Cross Membranes by Passive or Active
Transport 390
TRANSPORTERS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 391
Concentration Gradients and Electrical Forces
Drive Passive Transport 392
Active Transport Moves Solutes Against Their
Electrochemical Gradients 393
Animal Cells Use the Energy of ATP Hydrolysis
to Pump Out Na+ 394
The Na+-K+ Pump Is Driven by the Transient
Addition of a Phosphate Group 394
The Na+-K+ Pump Helps Maintain the Osmotic
Balance of Animal Cells 396
Intracellular Ca2+ Concentrations Are Kept Low
by Ca2+ Pumps 397
Coupled Transporters Exploit Gradients to Take
Up Nutrients Actively 398
H+ Gradients Are Used to Drive Membrane
Transport in Plants, Fungi, and Bacteria 400
ME
400
Ion Channels Are Ion-selective and Gated 401
Ion Channels Randomly Snap Between Open and
Closed States 403
Different Types of Stimuli Influence the Opening
and Closing of Ion Channels 405
Voltage-gated Ion Channels Respond to the
Membrane Potential 405
Membrane Potential Is Governed by Membrane
Permeability to Specific Ions 407
409
Action Potentials Provide for Rapid Long-Distance
Communication 409
Action Potentials Are Usually Mediated by
Voltage-gated Na+ Channels 410
Voltage-gated Ca2+ Channels Convert Electrical
Signals into Chemical Signals at Nerve
Terminals 415
Transmitter-gated Channels in Target Cells Convert
Chemical Signals Back into Electrical Signals 415
Neurons Receive Both Excitatory and Inhibitory
Inputs 417
Transmitter-gated Ion Channels Are Major
Targets for Psychoactive Drugs 418
Synaptic Connections Enable You to Think, Act,
and Remember 419
Essential Concepts 420
End-of-Chapter Questions 421
Chapter 13 How Cells Obtain Energy
from Food 425
THE BREAKDOWN AND UTILIZATION OF
SUGARS AND FATS 426
Food Molecules Are Broken Down in Three
Stages 426
Glycolysis Is a Central ATP-producing Pathway 427
Fermentations Allow ATP to Be Produced in the
Absence of Oxygen 432
Glycolysis Illustrates How Enzymes Couple
Oxidation to Energy Storage 433
Sugars and Fats Are Both Degraded to Acetyl
CoA in Mitochondria 436
The Citric Acid Cycle Generates NADH by
Oxidizing Acetyl Groups to CO2 436
Many Biosynthetic Pathways Begin with Glycolysis
or the Citric Acid Cycle 439
Electron Transport Drives the Synthesis of the
Majority of the ATP in Most Cells 444
REGULATION OF METABOLISM 445
Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions Are Organized
and Regulated 445
Feedback Regulation Allows Cells to Switch from
Glucose Degradation to Glucose Biosynthesis 447
Cells Store Food Molecules in Special Reservoirs
to Prepare for Periods of Need 448
Essential Concepts 450
End-of-Chapter Questions 451
Chapter 14 Energy Generation in
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 453
Cells Obtain Most of Their Energy by a
Membrane-based Mechanism 454
-^¦f-3Vu- S.h 456
A Mitochondrion Contains an Outer Membrane,
an Inner Membrane, and Two Internal
Compartments 456
The Citric Acid Cycle Generates High-Energy
Electrons 458
A Chemiosmotic Process Converts the Energy
From Activated Carrier Molecules into ATP 458
The Electron-Transport Chain Pumps Protons
Across the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane 460
Proton Pumping Creates a Steep Electrochemical
Proton Gradient Across the Inner Mitochondrial
Membrane 460
The Electrochemical Proton Gradient Drives
ATP Synthesis 461
Coupled Transport Across the Inner Mitochondrial
Membrane Is Also Driven by the Electrochemical
Proton Gradient 463
Oxidative Phosphorylation Produces Most of the
Cell s ATP 464
The Rapid Conversion of ADP to ATP in
Mitochondria Maintains a High ATP/ADP Ratio
in Cells 465
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ELECTRON
TRANSPORT AND PROTON PUMPING 466
Protons Are Readily Moved by the Transfer of
Electrons 466
The Redox Potential Is a Measure of Electron
Affinities 467
Electron Transfers Release Large Amounts of
Energy 470
Metals Tightly Bound to Proteins Form Versatile
Electron Carriers 470
Cytochrome Oxidase Catalyzes the Reduction of
Molecular Oxygen 473
The Mechanism of H+ Pumping Can Be Studied
in Atomic Detail 474
Respiration Is Amazingly Efficient 475
CHLOROPLAST5 AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS 476
Chloroplasts Resemble Mitochondria but Have
an Extra Compartment 477
Chloroplasts Capture Energy from Sunlight and
Use It to Fix Carbon 478
Sunlight is Absorbed by Chlorophyll Molecules 479
Excited Chlorophyll Molecules Funnel Energy
into a Reaction Center 480
Light Energy Drives the Synthesis of Both ATP
and NADPH 481
Chloroplasts Can Adjust their ATP Production 483
Carbon Fixation Uses ATP and NADPH to Convert
CO2 into Sugars 484
Sugars Generated by Carbon Fixation Can Be
Stored As Starch or Consumed to Produce ATP 486
THE ORIGINS OF CHLOROPLASTS AND
MITOCHONDRIA 486
Oxidative Phosphorylation Might Have Given
Ancient Bacteria an Evolutionary Advantage 487
Photosynthetic Bacteria Made Even Fewer
Demands on Their Environment 488
The Lifestyle of Methanococcus Suggests That
Chemiosmotic Coupling Is an Ancient Process 490
Essential Concepts 491
End-of-Chapter Questions 492
Detailed Contents xv
Chapter 15 Intracellular Compartments
and Transport 495
Eucaryotic Cells Contain a Basic Set of
Membrane-enclosed Organelles 496
Membrane-enclosed Organelles Evolved in
Different Ways 498
PROTEIN SORTING ¦¦ ¦¦
Proteins Are Imported into Organelles by Three
Mechanisms 500
Signal Sequences Direct Proteins to the Correct
Compartment 501
Proteins Enter the Nucleus Through Nuclear
Pores 502
Proteins Unfold to Enter Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts 505
Proteins Enter the Endoplasmic Reticulum While
Being Synthesized 505
Soluble Proteins Are Released into the ER
Lumen 507
Start and Stop Signals Determine the
Arrangement of a Transmembrane Protein
in the Lipid Bilayer 508
VESICULAR TRANSPORT ¦ ¦ r-
Transport Vesicles Carry Soluble Proteins and
Membrane Between Compartments 510
Vesicle Budding Is Driven by the Assembly of
a Protein Coat 511
Vesicle Docking Depends on Tethers and
SNAREs 512
Most Proteins Are Covalently Modified in the ER 514
Exit from the ER Is Controlled to Ensure Protein
Quality 516
The Size of the ER Is Controlled by the Amount
of Protein that Flows Through It 516
Proteins Are Further Modified and Sorted in
the Golgi Apparatus 517
Secretory Proteins Are Released from the Cell
by Exocytosis 518
Specialized Phagocytic Cells Ingest Large
Particles 522
Fluid and Macromolecules Are Taken Up by
Pinocytosis 523
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis Provides a
Specific Route into Animal Cells 524
Endocytosed Macromolecules Are Sorted in
Endosomes 525
Lysosomes Are the Principal Sites of Intracellular
Digestion 526
Essential Concepts 527
End-of-Chapter Questions 529
xviii Detailed Contents
Chapter 16 Cell Communication 531
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CELL SIGNALING 532
Signals Can Act over a Long or Short Range 532
Each Cell Responds to a Limited Set of Signals,
Depending on Its History and Its Current
State 534
A Cell s Response to a Signal Can Be Fast or
Slow 536
Some Hormones Cross the Plasma Membrane
and Bind to Intracellular Receptors 537
Some Dissolved Gases Cross the Plasma Membrane
and Activate Intracellular Enzymes Directly 538
Cell-Surface Receptors Relay Extracellular Signals
via Intracellular Signaling Pathways 539
Some Intracellular Signaling Proteins Act as
Molecular Switches 541
Cell-Surface Receptors Fall into Three Main
Classes 542
lon-channel-coupled Receptors Convert Chemical
Signals into Electrical Ones 544
G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS 544
Stimulation of GPCRs Activates G-Protein
Subunits 545
Some G Proteins Directly Regulate Ion Channels 547
Some G Proteins Activate Membrane-bound
Enzymes 547
The Cyclic AMP Pathway Can Activate Enzymes
and Turn On Genes 548
The Inositol Phospholipid Pathway Triggers a Rise
in Intracellular Ca2+ 551
A Ca2+ Signal Triggers Many Biological Processes 552
Intracellular Signaling Cascades Can Achieve
Astonishing Speed, Sensitivity, and
Adaptability 554
.. , t z,^- IR~ 555
Activated RTKs Recruit a Complex of Intracellular
Signaling Proteins 555
Most RTKs Activate the Monomeric GTPase Ras 556
RTKs Activate PI 3-Kinase to Produce Lipid
Docking Sites in the Plasma Membrane 558
Some Receptors Activate a Fast Track to the
Nucleus 559
Multicellularity and Cell Communication Evolved
Independently in Plants and Animals 564
Protein Kinase Networks Integrate Information
to Control Complex Cell Behaviors 564
Essential Concepts 567
End-of-Chapter Questions 569
Chapter 17 Cytoskeleton 571
- ¦ S72
Intermediate Filaments Are Strong and Ropelike 574
Intermediate Filaments Strengthen Cells Against
Mechanical Stress 575
The Nuclear Envelope Is Supported by a
Meshwork of Intermediate Filaments 576
M1CROTUBULES 57?
Microtubules Are Hollow Tubes with Structurally
Distinct Ends 578
The Centrosome Is the Major Microtubule-
organizing Center in Animal Cells 579
Growing Microtubules Show Dynamic Instability 580
Microtubules Are Maintained by a Balance of
Assembly and Disassembly 581
Microtubules Organize the Interior of the Cell 582
Motor Proteins Drive Intracellular Transport 583
Organelles Move Along Microtubules 584
Cilia and Flagella Contain Stable Microtubules
Moved by Dynein 585
ACTIN FILAMENTS 590
Actin Filaments Are Thin and Flexible 591
Actin and Tubulin Polymerize by Similar
Mechanisms 591
Many Proteins Bind to Actin and Modify Its
Properties 592
An Actin-rich Cortex Underlies the Plasma
Membrane of Most Eucaryotic Cells 594
Cell Crawling Depends on Actin 594
Actin Associates with Myosin to Form
Contractile Structures 597
Extracellular Signals Control the Arrangement
of Actin Filaments 597
MUSCLE CONTRACTION 599
Muscle Contraction Depends on Bundles of
Actin and Myosin 599
During Muscle Contraction Actin Filaments Slide
Against Myosin Filaments 600
Muscle Contraction Is Triggered by a Sudden
Rise in Ca2+ 602
Muscle Cells Perform Highly Specialized Functions
in the Body 604
Essential Concepts 605
End-of-Chapter Questions 606
Chapter 18 The Cell Division Cycle 609
OVERVIEW OF THE CELL CYCLE 610
The Eucaryotic Cell Cycle Is Divided into Four
Phases 611
A Cell-Cycle Control System Triggers the Major
Processes of the Cell Cycle 612
Cell-Cycle Control is Similar in All Eucaryotes 613
THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM 613
The Cell-Cycle Control System Depends on
Cyclically Activated Protein Kinases called Cdks 614
The Activity of Cdks Is Also Regulated by
Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation 614
Different Cyclin-Cdk Complexes Trigger Different
Steps in the Cell Cycle 617
The Cell-Cycle Control System Also Depends on
Cyclical Proteolysis 618
Proteins that Inhibit Cdks Can Arrest the Cell
Cycle at Specific Checkpoints 618
S PHASE 620
S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication and Helps
Block Re-Replication 620
Cohesins Help Hold the Sister Chromatids of
Each Replicated Chromosome Together 621
DNA Damage Checkpoints Help Prevent the
Replication of Damaged DNA 621
M PHASE 622
M-Cdk Drives Entry Into M Phase and Mitosis 622
Condensins Help Configure Duplicated
Chromosomes for Separation 623
The Cytoskeleton Carries Out Both Mitosis and
Cytokinesis 624
M Phase Is Conventionally Divided into Six
Stages 624
MITOSIS 625
Centrosomes Duplicate To Help Form the Two
Poles of the Mitotic Spindle 625
The Mitotic Spindle Starts to Assemble in
Prophase 628
Chromosomes Attach to the Mitotic Spindle at
Prometaphase 628
Chromosomes Aid in the Assembly of the Mitotic
Spindle 630
Chromosomes Line Up at the Spindle Equator
at Metaphase 630
Proteolysis Triggers Sister-Chromatid Separation
and the Completion of Mitosis 631
Chromosomes Segregate During Anaphase 631
Unattached Chromosomes Block Sister-Chromatid
Separation 633
The Nuclear Envelope Re-forms at Telophase 634
CVTOKINESiS 634
The Mitotic Spindle Determines the Plane of
Cytoplasmic Cleavage 634
The Contractile Ring of Animal Cells Is Made
of Actin and Myosin 635
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells Involves the Formation
of a New Cell Wall 636
Membrane-Enclosed Organelles Must Be
Distributed to Daughter Cells When a Cell
Divides 638
CONTROL OF CELL NUMBER AND CELL SIZE 633
Apoptosis Helps Regulate Animal Cell Numbers 638
Detailed Contents xi
Apoptosis Is Mediated by an Intracellular
Proteolytic Cascade 639
The Death Program Is Regulated by the Bcl2
Family of Intracellular Proteins 641
Animal Cells Require Extracellular Signals to
Survive, Grow, and Divide 642
Animal Cells Require Survival Factors to Avoid
Apoptosis 643
Mitogens Stimulate Cell Division 644
Growth Factors Stimulate Cells to Grow 645
Some Extracellular Signal Proteins Inhibit Cell
Survival, Division, or Growth 645
Essential Concepts 647
End-of-Chapter Questions 649
Chapter 19 Sex and Genetics 651
THE BENEFITS OF SEX 652
Sexual Reproduction Involves Both Diploid and
Haploid Cells 652
Sexual Reproduction Gives Organisms a
Competitive Advantage 654
MEIOSIS AND FERTILIZATION 655
Haploid Germ Cells Are Produced From Diploid
Cells Through Meiosis 655
Meiosis Involves a Special Process of
Chromosome Pairing 656
Crossing-Over Can Occur Between Maternal
and Paternal Chromosomes 657
Chromosome Pairing and Recombination Ensure
the Proper Segregation of Homologs 658
The Second Meiotic Division Produces Haploid
Daughter Cells 659
Haploid Cells Contain Reassorted Genetic
Information 661
Meiosis Is Not Flawless 662
Fertilization Reconstitutes a Complete Diploid
Genome 663
MENDEL AND THE LAWS OF ifsiHERiTANCE 664
Mendel Chose to Study Traits That Are Inherited
in a Discrete Fashion 665
Mendel Could Disprove the Alternative Theories
of Inheritance 665
Mendel s Experiments Were the First to Reveal
the Discrete Nature of Heredity 666
Each Gamete Carries a Single Allele for Each
Character 667
Mendel s Law of Segregation Applies to All
Sexually Reproducing Organisms 668
Alleles for Different Traits Segregate
Independently 669
The Behavior of Chromosomes During Meiosis
Underlies Mendel s Laws of Inheritance 671
xx Detailed Contents
Chromosome Crossovers Can Be Used to
Determine the Order of Genes 671
Mutations in Genes Can Cause a Loss of Function
Or a Gain of Function 673
Each of Us Carries Many Potentially Harmful
Recessive Mutant Alleles 673
GENETICS AS AN EXPERIMENTAL TOOL 675
The Classical Approach Begins with Random
Mutagenesis 675
Genetic Screens Identify Mutants Deficient in
Specific Cellular Processes 676
A Complementation Test Reveals Whether Two
Mutations Are in the Same Gene 677
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Serve as
Landmarks for Genetic Mapping 678
Linked Groups of SNPs Define Haplotype Blocks 682
Haplotype Blocks Give Clues to our Evolutionary
History 683
Essential Concepts 684
End-of-Chapter Questions 685
Chapter 20 Cellular Communities:
Tissues, Stem Cells, and Cancer 689
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND CONNECTIVE
TISSUES 690
Plant Cells Have Tough External Walls 691
Cellulose Microfibrils Give the Plant Cell Wall
Its Tensile Strength 692
Animal Connective Tissues Consist Largely of
Extracellular Matrix 693
Collagen Provides Tensile Strength in Animal
Connective Tissues 694
Cells Organize the Collagen That They Secrete 696
Integrins Couple the Matrix Outside a Cell to
the Cytoskeleton Inside It 696
Gels of Polysaccharide and Protein Fill Spaces
and Resist Compression 698
*. ,--_ , -.IKONS 700
Epithelial Sheets Are Polarized and Rest on a
Basal Lamina 700
Tight Junctions Make an Epithelium Leak-proof
and Separate Its Apical and Basal Surfaces 701
Cytoskeleton-linked Junctions Bind Epithelial Cells
Robustly to One Another and to the Basal
Lamina 703
Gap Junctions Allow Ions and Small Molecules
to Pass from Cell to Cell 705
Tissues Are Organized Mixtures of Many Cell
Types 709
Different Tissues Are Renewed at Different Rates 710
Stem Cells Generate a Continuous Supply of
Terminally Differentiated Cells 711
Specific Signals Maintain the Stem-Cell
Populations 713
Stem Cells Can Be Used to Repair Damaged
Tissues 714
Therapeutic Cloning Could Provide a Way to
Generate Personalized ES Cells 715
CANCER 717
Cancer Cells Proliferate, Invade, and
Metastasize 718
Epidemiology Identifies Preventable Causes of
Cancer 718
Cancers Develop by an Accumulation of
Mutations 719
Cancer Cells Evolve Properties that Give Them
a Competitive Advantage 721
Many Diverse Types of Genes Are Critical for
Cancer 722
Colorectal Cancer Illustrates How Loss of a Gene
Can Lead to Growth of a Tumor 723
An Understanding of Cancer Cell Biology Opens
the Way to New Treatments 727
Essential Concepts 729
End-of-Chapter Questions 731
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author_GND | (DE-588)111053013 |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV035367622 |
callnumber-first | Q - Science |
callnumber-label | QH581 |
callnumber-raw | QH581.2 |
callnumber-search | QH581.2 |
callnumber-sort | QH 3581.2 |
callnumber-subject | QH - Natural History and Biology |
classification_rvk | WD 4150 WE 1000 |
classification_tum | BIO 200f CIT 940f CHE 800f BIO 220f BIO 180f |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)319493161 (DE-599)BVBBV035367622 |
dewey-full | 571.6 |
dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
dewey-ones | 571 - Physiology & related subjects |
dewey-raw | 571.6 |
dewey-search | 571.6 |
dewey-sort | 3571.6 |
dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
discipline | Biologie Chemie Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Biotechnologie |
edition | 3. ed. |
format | Book |
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genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
id | DE-604.BV035367622 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:32:16Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9780815341291 9780815341307 |
language | English |
lccn | 2009001400 |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017171561 |
oclc_num | 319493161 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-29 DE-29T DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-12 DE-634 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-703 DE-578 |
owner_facet | DE-29 DE-29T DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-12 DE-634 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-703 DE-578 |
physical | Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. 1 DVD-ROM (12 cm) |
publishDate | 2010 |
publishDateSearch | 2010 |
publishDateSort | 2010 |
publisher | Garland Science |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Essential cell biology Alberts ... 3. ed. New York, NY [u.a.] Garland Science 2010 Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. 1 DVD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Celbiologie gtt Moleculaire biologie gtt Cytology Molecular biology Biochemistry Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd rswk-swf Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd rswk-swf Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 s Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 s Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 s 1\p DE-604 DE-604 Alberts, Bruce 1938- Sonstige (DE-588)111053013 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017171561&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | Essential cell biology Celbiologie gtt Moleculaire biologie gtt Cytology Molecular biology Biochemistry Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4039983-7 (DE-588)4070177-3 (DE-588)4067537-3 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
title | Essential cell biology |
title_auth | Essential cell biology |
title_exact_search | Essential cell biology |
title_full | Essential cell biology Alberts ... |
title_fullStr | Essential cell biology Alberts ... |
title_full_unstemmed | Essential cell biology Alberts ... |
title_short | Essential cell biology |
title_sort | essential cell biology |
topic | Celbiologie gtt Moleculaire biologie gtt Cytology Molecular biology Biochemistry Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd |
topic_facet | Celbiologie Moleculaire biologie Cytology Molecular biology Biochemistry Molekularbiologie Cytologie Zelle Lehrbuch |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017171561&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT albertsbruce essentialcellbiology |