Čiprovskoto văstanie 1688 g.:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Centăr za Izsledvanija na Bălgarite TANGRA TanNakRa
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. izd. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Bălgarska večnost
81 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 223 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789543780419 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Čiprovskoto văstanie 1688 g. |c Petăr Čolov |
| 250 | |a 2. izd. | ||
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| 300 | |a 223 S. |b zahlr. Ill., Kt. | ||
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| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Bălgarska večnost |v 81 | |
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138663411449856 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Забележителни страници от родната история
.........................................27
Чипровци и неговата покрайнина
.............................................................31
За имената на Чипровци, Копиловци и други селища
в покрайнината
...........................................................................................33
Чипровци и покрайнината му до началото
на османското владичество
........................................................................36
Чипровският край под османско владичество до въстанието
през
1688 г.
................................................................................................42
Чипровската българска община
................................................................48
Рударството в Чипровско и развитието на града
.....................................51
Чипровци
-
значителен търговски център през средновековието
.........58
Чипровският край и католическата пропаганда в България
..................65
Чипровци
-
културно-просветен център и средище
на народно изкуство и занаяти
..................................................................80
Шест десетилетия подготовка за въстание
..............................................98
Чипровци пламна
.......................................................................................97
Граници (териториален обхват) на въстанието
/115
Участие на българските католици и православни
във въстанието
/118
Развой на въстанието
/120
Разгром на въстанието
/128
Прокудени от родния край
/132
Те запалиха факела
...................................................................................146
Заключение
...............................................................................................164
Библиография и бележки
........................................................................168
320th ANNIVERSARY OF THE CHIPROVETS UPRISING
In the summer of
1683
a horrifying word went round Europe: Vienna,
the capital city of the enormous
Habsburg
Empire was again besieged by
numerous Ottoman troops, led by Sultan Mehmed IV himself. Many people
had probably drawn an analogy with the events in the spring of
1453
when
another sultan of the same name had besieged and taken Constantinople, the
capital city of the Byzantine Empire. Had fate again given a cold shoulder
to the Christians and would Vienna follow the fate of Constantinople? This
question worried monarchs, military commanders, priests and common
people alike. Despite of the fact that nobody then used the modern term clash
of civilizations , most of the contemporaries were well aware that the fate of
a great part of the European world was sealed in front of the battlements of
Vienna. This world risked sharing the fate of the Balkan Peninsula and being
engulfed by the Ottoman invasion.
The Ottoman Empire, however, was not the same in the 17th century
as it had been in the earlier centuries. She suffered a severe crisis resulting
from her internal problems, as well as from the growing cohesion of the
Christians. The Ottoman political elite clearly understood that the Ottoman
militarized civil structure badly needed a spectacular military victory as to
become stable and regain its past military and governmental power. The
representatives of the eminent vizier clan of the
Küprülü
had focused their
efforts in that direction. What victory could be more awaited than the taking
of Vienna that would be a direct blow in the heart of the main Ottoman enemy
of the time, the
Habsburg
Empire? Following almost a
3
-month march, a
numerous Ottoman army reached the walls of Vienna on
14
July
1683
and
laid the city under siege. The garrison and the population, however, put up
a strong resistance, unexpected by the Ottoman commanders and the sultan
himself. Following two months of fighting, the Ottoman positions were
suddenly taken in the rear by the cavalry of the Polish King Jan III
Sobieski.
19
The defeat of the Ottoman Turks was so complete, that even the pavilion of
the Great Vizier Mustafa
Küprülü was
carried away by the Christians. The
Vizier made a narraw escape to Belgrade, where he was beheaded on the
personal order of the sultan. Christian Europe rejoiced! The troops of the
Cross did not only save Vienna, but also started a wide offensive to the heart
of the Balkan possessions of the sultan. The Balkan and Bulgarian Christians,
who had been subjugated for almost three centuries, pinned their hopes of
abolition of the hateful Ottoman rale on the months and years to follow.
Today we can easily maintain that the Bulgarians, who were oppressed
by the Ottoman administrative machine of the time, had always been ready to
sacrifice themselves for their freedom. The reality
ofthat
epoch, however, had
been far more sad and futureless. Following a heroic resistance, in the late 14th
century the Bulgarian lands fell under Ottoman domination that deprived the
people of their traditional European civilization environment. The attempts
to abolish the foreign rale did not stop, but to be honest to us and to our
forefathers, for a long time they had been predestined to failure. In short
terms, the Ottoman Empire had grown into a great Islamic colossus spreading
on three continents. This colossus oppressed the smaller states, imposed in
their territories a well-functioning regime of draining their resources for
expansion, and did not hide its ambitions for world supremacy. Europe also
feared the Ottoman expansion and even drafted plans for a decisive encounter
with the Ottoman troops in the vicinity of Cologne. The Bulgarians and their
Balkan neighbours could not stand up to the Ottoman Empire by themselves,
nor could they rely on help from abroad as Europe herself was in defence.
Historical fate had taught the Bulgarians an awareness of prospects: they
rose only in the case when there were good news of Christian victories on
the Christian-Ottoman front. In spite of being detached
ířom
Europe, the
Bulgarians, through their most eminent representatives, neverttheless felt as
a part of the European world and understood that their destiny had organically
been connected to it. hi the case when Christian colours were raised near the
20
Bulgarian lands and the Ottoman Turks retreated, thousands of Bulgarians
took up arms and stood along with the fighters against Islamic omnipotence.
In
1686
the Austrian troops started a victorious advancement to the
Balkans. A lot of uprisings were organized and broke up in response; since
the beginning of the Ottoman rale there had not been so many of them. The
same year the so-called Second Tarnovo Uprising broke out. Two years later,
both Catholic and Orthodox Bulgarians from Chiprovets, the neighbouring
Catholic settlements and from the whole of North-West Bulgaria rose to arms.
A year later, Bulgarians from Macedonia led by the legendary commander
Karposh raised the colours. Had there been no zigzags of the great European
policy, whose makers often abandoned the Christian cause in the name of
personal benefit, broke the unity of the Christian
front
and impeded the
Austrian troops from concentrating their efforts on the Balkan front, the
Bulgarians and their neighbours could have known freedom so striven for
and almost forgotten as early as in the late 17th century.
The Chiprovets Uprising occupies a special place among the series
of anti-Ottoman uprisings in the Bulgarian lands that followed the Christian
victory at Vienna. Alert Bulgarian Catholics lived in the towns of Chiprovets,
Kopilovtsi, Zhelezna and
Klisura.
This population had long been connected
with the free Christian world; eminent representatives of Catholic propaganda
in South-Eastern Bulgaria came from its strata, as well as some of the first
Bulgarian diplomats enjoying wide connections on the continent. Townsmen
like
Petar Bogdan
and
Petar Parchevich
were Europeans in education, spirit
and fate, but at the same time they were ardent Bulgarian patriots, who had
dedicated their pens and their lives to the Bulgarian liberation cause. Another
example is the
Dubrovnik
clan of the Soymirovichi, whose representatives
claimed that their family came from an old
Boyar clan
from the town of
Chiprovets. There were modern schools of the time in the above towns;
teachers, graduates of eminent Italian educational establishments, taught
there. The people connected their well-being to the ore-mining, which had
21
developed in the region since the time of the First Bulgarian State and had
continued under the new rale. Because of their economic foresight and
good education, it was hard for the above Bulgarians to endure the Ottoman
outrages. As a proof of the old truth, the most active and persistent fighters
against the tyranny of the sultan were not the Bulgarians crushed by taxes and
arbitrary acts, but those who, thanks to their
entrepreneurship
and economic
activities, did not see any perspective of life and development within the
Ottoman Empire.
Historical science loves events of a clear beginning and definite end.
So when it comes to an uprising a precise date is ususally given: it broke out
at such and such a time and it ended at such and such a time. As regards the
Cbiprovets Uprising, this traditional scheme seemed not to work. Decades
before the breakout of the uprising, sources mentioned the crisis of the local
ore-mining industry, which had resulted from the general economic failures
of the Ottoman Empire. The economic conditions promoted the awareness
that the rale of the sultan produced only stagnation and lack of prospects
for progress. The connections of the local Catholic community elite with the
Catholic world convinced them in the difference between the despotic and
tyrannical regime they were subjected to, and the opportunities provided by
the far more liberal European world. That was why as early as the beginning
of the 17th century the sources evidenced the readiness of the population
of Chiprovets, Kopilovtsi, Zhelezna and
Klisura,
and of the neighbouring
Orthodox settlements to rise in arms. Eminent people of Chiprovtsi, such as
Petar Parchevich
and his elder and younger contemporaries dedicated their
lives to the cause of the anti-Ottoman coalitions. They travelled round Austria,
Poland, Italy, the Ukraine, Russia and other Christian states in order to assist
their unification in the straggle against the Crescent. The great Christian
victory at Vienna and the
offensive
of the Austrian troops in the direction of
the Bulgarian lands further strengthened the hope of these people that freedom
was coming and that it was time to revolt against the hateful oppressor.
22
InAugust 1688
the Austrian troops operated successfully in the region
of Belgrade and Zhelezni
Vrata
on the Danube, and came very close to the
Bulgarian North-West. On
6
September the local Bulgarians rejoiced at the
news about the fall of Belgrade in Christian hands. The population of the
above four towns and of the neighbouring settlements perceived the news as
a signal to revolt.
The volunteers detachments of
Georgi
Peyachevich and
Bogdan
Marinov were the core of the rebels forces. They headed to the region of
Chiprovets as part of a Hungarian military unit led by Wladislaw Chaki.
When the latter forces reached Chiprovets and Kopilovtsi eight volunteers
detachments joined them. The rebels advanced in the direction of the present-
day town of Montana and set up a military camp in the locality of Zheravitsa.
Numerous Bulgarian volunteers from the Orthodox villages and towns in
the north-western Bulgarian lands gathered there. The rebels tried to adopt
elements of the Austrian military organization in their formation. They soon
gained control over the region, but their operations evidenced the lack of
organization and combat experience. The detachments attempted rash attacks
in the vicinity in order to provide supplies thus
j eopardizing
their headquarters
in Zheravitsa and Chiprovets. The failure of the leaders to maintain continuous
contact with the Austrian command and to coordinate their operations with
the army was the main setback of the uprising. On their part, after having
taken Belgrade, the Austrian troops terminated their advancement and started
relocation because of the imminent threat of war with France. Thenceforth
the revolting Bulgarians from North-Western Bulgaria were again hostages
to the great European policy, without even having a clear notion of it.
As the main Ottoman military formations were engaged on the
front with the Austrians, a mixed detachment of Hungarians and Ottoman
Turks, commanded by Emmerich Tyokyoli, a Hungarian nobleman, was sent
in the region of the uprising. The zigzags of fortune made of this eminent
Hungarian fighter against the Habsburgs an ally of the Ottomans. Emmerich
23
Tyokyoli was an
experienced military commander and immediately noticed
the poor organization of the rebels. He took advantage of a rash operation
of the rebels outside their camp in Zheravitsa and inflicted a heavy blow on
them. The camp was taken and thousands of Bulgarian rebels were killed.
Chiprovets then remained the only fortified centre of the uprising. Emmerich
Tyokyoli besieged the town but his attempts to make the rebels lay down
arms remained fruitless. Following some offensives, however, the troops
took the town and started a fearful ravage. The greater part of the population
was killed; others were taken into slavery; only a small part managed to
escape in the Balkan Mountains. From Chiprovets alone the invaders drove
100
carts full of plunder. The other rebellious settlements suffered the same
fate. The devastation to which the Bulgarian regions of the uprising were
subjected was so thorough that for decades after the uprising the Ottoman tax
registers evidenced their complete depopulation.
In spite of the defeat, groups of townsmen from Chiprovets remained
actively engaged in the war against the Ottoman Empire as members of various
Austrian military and paramilitary formations. Historical fate, however, did
not favour them, as the so-called Holy League, the union of the Christian
forces, failed to fray the power of the Islamic empire in the Bulgarian lands
despite of the remarkable victories against the Ottoman troops. The
Karlovac
Peace Treaty of
1699
was very important to Europe, but it was a sign to
the Bulgarians that their liberation was still not included in the European
political agenda.
The uprisings for liberation are a special phenomenon in the history
of every people subjected to foreign domination. The above is valid for the
Bulgarians, as they had endured for centuries the oppression of a powerful
Asian empire. Every unprejudiced researcher is aware of the long odds of the
two parties: several thousand rebels could not have frayed the empire s rule,
as the latter enjoyed an overwhelming supremacy even in periods of crisis.
Then a reasonable question is inevitably raised: Had toll and sufferings to be
24
paid only to find out that liberation was impossible? Generations of Bulgarians
had faced the same question, but there have always been people among them
who had turned their backs to reflection about benefits and had risen to arms.
What did actually underpin their heroic acts? It was obviously their striving
to be a part of their own civilization environment even
ifit
would have cost
them their lives. It was obviously the sense of national dignity which was
not measured by historical benefits, either gained or lost. The participants of
the celebrated Chiprovets Uprising had been then true Bulgarians, worthy
forefathers of the future generations that were to suffer their Golgotha and
would make Bulgaria an inseparable part of the European community.
Prof. Dr. Sc. Hristo Matanov
25
|
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| id | DE-604.BV035345268 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:31:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789543780419 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017149502 |
| oclc_num | 643725338 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 223 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Centăr za Izsledvanija na Bălgarite TANGRA TanNakRa |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Bălgarska večnost |
| series2 | Bălgarska večnost |
| spelling | Čolov, Petăr 1923-2013 Verfasser (DE-588)103229841 aut Čiprovskoto văstanie 1688 g. Petăr Čolov 2. izd. Sofija Centăr za Izsledvanija na Bălgarite TANGRA TanNakRa 2008 223 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bălgarska večnost 81 In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Chiprovtsi Aufstand 1688 (DE-588)4418791-9 gnd rswk-swf Chiprovtsi Aufstand 1688 (DE-588)4418791-9 s DE-604 Bălgarska večnost 81 (DE-604)BV012764044 81 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017149502&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017149502&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Čolov, Petăr 1923-2013 Čiprovskoto văstanie 1688 g. Bălgarska večnost Chiprovtsi Aufstand 1688 (DE-588)4418791-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4418791-9 |
| title | Čiprovskoto văstanie 1688 g. |
| title_auth | Čiprovskoto văstanie 1688 g. |
| title_exact_search | Čiprovskoto văstanie 1688 g. |
| title_full | Čiprovskoto văstanie 1688 g. Petăr Čolov |
| title_fullStr | Čiprovskoto văstanie 1688 g. Petăr Čolov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Čiprovskoto văstanie 1688 g. Petăr Čolov |
| title_short | Čiprovskoto văstanie 1688 g. |
| title_sort | ciprovskoto vastanie 1688 g |
| topic | Chiprovtsi Aufstand 1688 (DE-588)4418791-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Chiprovtsi Aufstand 1688 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017149502&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017149502&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012764044 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT colovpetar ciprovskotovastanie1688g |