Evrei v Turove: istorija mestečka Mozyrskogo Polesʹja
Евреи в Турове история местечка Мозырского Полесья
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ierusalim
Smilovickij
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Einf. und Inh.-verz. auch in engl. Sprache Includes bibliographical references (p. 755-[770]) and indexes |
| Beschreibung: | 798, 149 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789655553529 |
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| 100 | 1 | |6 880-01 |a Smilovickij, Leonid L. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |6 880-02 |a Evrei v Turove |b istorija mestečka Mozyrskogo Polesʹja |c Leonid Smilovickij |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Jews in Turov |
| 264 | 1 | |6 880-03 |a Ierusalim |b Smilovickij |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a 798, 149 S. |b zahlr. Ill., Kt. |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Einf. und Inh.-verz. auch in engl. Sprache | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 755-[770]) and indexes | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Jews / Belarus / Turov / History | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Juden | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Jews |z Belarus |z Turov |x History | |
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| 880 | 1 | |6 100-01/(N |a Смиловицкий, Леонид Л. |a ut | |
| 880 | 1 | 0 | |6 245-02/(N |a Евреи в Турове |b история местечка Мозырского Полесья |c Леонид Смиловицкий |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Оглавление
От автора
.................................................................................................................11
Введение
.................................................................................................................14
Глава
1.
Наши корни
Предания старины далекой
..........................................................................................23
Природа и люди
.............................................................................................................41
Семья и быт
...................................................................................................................51
Религиозная жизнь
........................................................................................................72
Еврейское образование
.................................................................................................92
Работа за пределами
Турова
.......................................................................................104
Ярмарки
........................................................................................................................127
Коробочный сбор
........................................................................................................139
Волостной суд
..............................................................................................................150
Рекруты
........................................................................................................................158
Рыболовство
................................................................................................................170
Медицина
.....................................................................................................................181
Пожары
.........................................................................................................................192
Уроки
1905
г.
................................................................................................................207
Эмиграция
....................................................................................................................218
Глава
2.
Между двумя мировыми войнами
Погромы
1918-1921
гг.
...............................................................................................255
Сионистский след
.......................................................................................................284
Закат хедера
.................................................................................................................308
Советская школа на идиш
..........................................................................................316
Экономическая и культурная жизнь
..........................................................................341
Здравоохранение
.........................................................................................................386
Борьба с пожарами: советский подход
......................................................................399
Землеустройство и коллективизация
.........................................................................417
В поисках счастья
—
в Крым
.......................................................................................445
Периодическая печать
.................................................................................................458
Конституция
1936
г.
....................................................................................................469
Коммунисты и комсомольцы
.....................................................................................481
Разгром еврейской религии
........................................................................................513
Репрессии
.....................................................................................................................554
Глава
3.
Советско-германская война
Эвакуация и бегство из
Турова
..................................................................................594
Фронт, партизаны. Гибель общины
...........................................................................628
Глава
4.
После
войны
Возврат к мирной жизни и восстановление города
.................................................661
Заключение
...........................................................................................................695
Приложения
Список евреев
Турова,
участвовавших в выборах
в Российскую Государственную думу,
1907
г.
..........................................................700
Список учащихся еврейской начальной школы
Турова,
1920
г.
..............................703
Список жителей
Турова,
пострадавших от погрома Булак-Балаховича, 1921г.
.........704
Список торговцев и кустарей Туровской волости,
не имевших наемных работников,
1921
г.
................................................................707
Список членов Туровской добровольной пожарной дружины,1924 г.
...................708
Состав кустарно-ремесленной промышленности
Турова,
1925
г
..........................710
Участники Великой Отечественной войны, уроженцы
Турова,
1941—1945
гг
......711
Жители
Турова,
погибшие от рук нацистов и их пособников в
1941-1942
гг.
.....725
Евреи, проживавшие в
Турове
после
1945
г.
............................................................733
«Нет евреев
...»,
Г. Шляпинтох, стихотворение
......................................................735
Список иллюстраций
...........................................................................................736
Словарь терминов и понятий
..............................................................................742
Словарь сокращений
...........................................................................................753
Библиография
Архивы
.........................................................................................................................755
Книги и статьи
.............................................................................................................757
Энциклопедии
.............................................................................................................769
Периодические издания
..............................................................................................769
Диссертации
................................................................................................................770
Именной указатель
...............................................................................................771
Географический указатель
..................................................................................793
Table
of
Contents
From the Author
.......................................................................................................11
Introduction
..............................................................................................................19
Chapter I. Our Roots
і
Legends of Olden Times
.................................................................................................23
The Nature and People
....................................................................................................41
Family
............................................................................................................................51
Religion
....................................................................................................1....!..................72
Jewish Education
................................................................................................
...........92
Work Outside the Shtetl
..................................................................................;............104
Fairs
.............................................................................................................................127
KorobkaTax
..................................................................................................................139
Regional Court
..............................................................................................................150
Military
.........................................................................................................................158
Fishing
...........................................................................................................................170
Medicine
......................................................................................................................181
Fires
...............................................................................................................................192
1905
Revolution
...........................................................................................................207
Emigration
..................................................................................................................218
Chapter II. Between Two World Wars
Pogroms,
1918-1921.....................................................................................................255
Zionist Movement
.........................................................................................................284
Decline of Cheder
.........................................................................................................308
The Soviet Yiddish School
............................................................................................316
Economic and Cultural Life
..........................................................................................341
Public Health Services
..................................................................................................386
Straggle Against Fires: Soviet Approach
......................................................................399
Land Management and Collectivization
.......................................................................417
In Search of Happiness
-
To Crimea
.............................................................................445
Periodicals
.....................................................................................................................458
1936
Constitution
..........................................................................................................469
Communist Activities
....................................................................................................481
Routing of the Jewish Religion
.....................................................................................513
Repression
....................................................................................................................554
Chapter III. The Soviet-German War
Evacuation and Flight
...................................................................................................594
Front, Partisans, Destruction of the Community
.........................................................628
Chapter IV. Post-War
Return to Peaceful Life, Restoration of town
...............................................................661
Conclusion
.............................................................................................................695
Supplement
Turov
Jewish residents lists:
Mozyr region participants, the
1907
Russian State Duma elections
.............................700
Students of the Jewish elementary school,
1920...........................................................703
Victims of the Bulak-Balakhovich s pogrom,
1921......................................................704
Merchants and handicraftsmen,
1921...........................................................................707
Voluntary fire team members,
1924..............................................................................708
Small crafts industry members,
1925............................................................................710
WWII veterans,
1941-1945..........................................................................................711
Genocide victims of Nazis and their collaborators,
1941-1942....................................725
Post-
1945
residents
......................................................................................................733
Gennady Shlyapintokh poem, «Jews did not remain
...»............................................735
List of illustrations
.................................................................................................736
Dictionary of Terms
...............................................................................................742
Dictionary of Abbreviations
...................................................................................753
Bibliography
Archives
........................................................................................................................755
Books, monographs and referred articles
......................................................................757
Encyclopedias
...............................................................................................................769
Periodicals
.....................................................................................................................769
Dissertations (Ph. D. Thesis)
.........................................................................................770
Name Index
............................................................................................................771
Geographical Index
................................................................................................793
Introduction
Turov
is more than one thousand years old, and for the last three hundred years,
Jews have been a big part of its history. The formation of the Belorussian nation at the
end of the eighteenth century was connected to Jewish life, inseparable from the socio-
economic structure of the northwestern part of the Russian Empire.
The peculiar features of the Polesye, an area of swamps and wetlands, left it virtually
untouched until the beginning of the twentieth century. The Mozyr uyezd (historical
district) of the Minsk guberniya (historical province) was the most vast but least accessible
part of the Polesye. This was a country of virgin woods and rivers, with four-fifths of
the territory impassable
-
a real kingdom of bogs.
The Belorussians and the Jews got along. The Jews were artisans, leaseholders,
fishermen, prospectors in the timber industry, peddlers, trade middlemen and merchants,
medical attendants, attorneys, innkeepers and carriers. The Belorussian cities of Pinsk,
Karlin,
and Stolin were cradles of Jewish scholarship, philosophy and science.
Turov
was the second largest Jewish center in the Mozyr Polesye, after Mozyr. Its Jewish
community was attached to the Pinsk district of the Brest province
oí
Rzeczpospolita
Polska.
Three hundred sixteen Jews lived in
Turov
in
1765,1,447
in
1847,
and
2,252
in
1897
representing
52.3%
of the general population of
4,290
people. After its annexation
by Russia in
1793,
Turov
attained the status of a shtetl of the Mozyr uyezd, and was
included in the Pale of Settlement.
The majority of Turov s inhabitants regarded their shtetl as the center of the universe,
with three synagogues serving as bridges between the past and the future. There were
more than ten minyans and numerous cheders in the region. World War I and the
Revolution of
1917
shook
Turov.
Power repeatedly changed hands in a short period of
time: the German occupation authorities were replaced by the Central
Rada
of
Hetman
Skoropadski, which replaced the Directorate of Petlura, which in turn replaced the Polish
legionaries, who were ultimately replaced by the Bolsheviks.
Turov,
near the Polish-
19
Soviet border,
was consequently subjected to Bulak-Balakhovich s pogroms and gangs
of false atamans (Cossack chiefs). Two thousand two hundred-seven Jews lived in the
shtetl in
1923, 35.5%
of its general population;
2,171 (40.3%)
in
1926; 1,788 (35.5%)
in
1931
and
1,528 (28%)
in
1939.
In writing this book, my goal was to use the
Turov
Jewish community to create
a comprehensive image of a typical Jewish shtetl in the
Могут
Polesye. A shtetl (Belorassian
-
мястэчка,
Polish
—
miasteczko,
Lithuanian
-
miestelis, Ukranian
—містечко,
Yiddish
—
shtetl) was historically formed as an urban center, with a population of not less than
500
inhabitants, whose main occupations were trade and handicrafts with a per capita
income of not less than
50,000
rabies per year. Only
140
Belorassian shtetlach met these
conditions. These shtetlach were divided into three main categories: rural, private and
urban, where the Magdeburg rights (laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy with
cities and villages) were not applicable. The private towns were owned by rich magnate
(noble) families. In most cases, they were villages but could also be small towns. Later,
a few of these shtetlach attained city status; the majority became villages.
During its time, the shtetl was the ideal type of settlement because it combined all
of the advantages of rural life with the achievements of urban civilization. Different
religions (Christianity
-
Orthodox, Catholic,
Uniate;
Judaism, and Islam), ethnic groups
(Belorussians, Jews, Poles, Tatars, and Russians), and languages (Belorassian, Yiddish,
Polish, and Russian) coexisted. The most common and pronounced interaction was that
between the Jewish and Christian customs.
The history of Jewish settlements in Belorussia has long interested researchers. The
shtetlach greatly influenced the economic and cultural landscapes of Belorussia and the
cities spread their influence to the rural areas. Inclusion of the Belorussian guberniyas
in the Russian Empire made it difficult to control the local administrative, economic
and military organizations
-
often for financial reasons. Collections of statistics and
topographical descriptions of the area were published which contained data about the
number of shtetlach, population description and economic development. The materials
collected by the officers of the General Staff, and the seventeen-volume Military Statistical
Review, enriched the available source materials about the shtetlach. Attention in these
publications was primarily on the guberniya, uyezd and little towns, whereas data about
the shtetlach was rare. One can study the shtetlach in collections of materials on the
history of education in Russia from the archives of the Ministry of National Education,
from such periodical journals as Zhurnal
Ministerstva vnutrennikh
del (Journal of the
Ministry of Internal Affairs), Zhurnal manufactur
i torgovli
(Journal of Manufacture
and Trade), Zhurnal
Ministerstva
narodnogo prosveshchenia (Journal of the Ministry
of National Education); newspapers
Mińskie
gubernskie
vedomosti
(Minsk Government
Bulletin), Vilenski
vestník (Vilno
Bulletin), Russkie
vedomosti
(Russian Bulletin); and
memorial books of Minsk province, Evreiskaya
starina
(Jewish Olden Times).
Before the
1917
Revolution, the first analytical publications about the shtetlach
were descriptive, including ethnographical and local lore. In the
1920s
and
1930s,
the
analyses were of an applied, social and political nature. A considerable gap in these
studies followed due to changes in Soviet national policy. In the
1970s,
any publications
20
about Jews, except for criticism of Zionism, Judaism and the Bund, became impossible.
Cold War propaganda turned the Jews into an undifferentiated mass whose only hope of
salvation came from the West. Interpretation of the status of the Jews as victims of the
Soviet regime extended to the historical past. As a result, the Jews of tsarist Russia were
perceived as disenfranchised martyrs. This, in turn, brought the study of the Jewish shtetl
to a halt. Full fledged research of the shtetl as a phenomenon of Jewish life in Belorassia
became possible only after collapse of the USSR. There are now two theses on the topic
of Jewish life in the Belorussian shtetl, one in Belorussia,1 and one in Israel.2
Researchers examined the Jewish presence in Polesye in publications about the
northwestern territory of the Russian Empire as a whole or the Minsk guberniya in
particular. The Jews of the Mozyr uyezd and
raion
(district) were seldom written about.
Only recently have studies appeared about the Holocaust during the Soviet-German
War. Historians and polemicists preferred to speak about the rich historical past of
Turov
-
omitting the fate of its large Jewish community or giving it scant attention.
Instead, they discussed the interaction of the Jewish community with the Belorussians,
Russians, Ukrainians and Poles. The end of the civil war after the Bolshevik Revolution
significantly impacted Turov s demography due to the new regime s militant communism,
the brief
NEP
(New Economic Policy) period, the first five-year plan, and the Cultural
Revolution. In the prewar decade, Turov s Jewish population stabilized, with those who
accepted communism moving up the Communist Party leader, Komsomol, trade unions
or in administration.
The Soviet authorities saw a solution to the Jewish question in societal revolutionary
changes. Synagogues, lay-led congregations and cheders were forbidden, and trade and
craftsman s enterprises were nationalized in favor of a just world system . Malcontents
were subject to social ostracism, fired and arrested. Nevertheless,
Turov
maintained shtetl
attributes until the
1940s.
The Soviet-German War of
1941-45
scorched
Turov,
with
more than eighty percent of victims being Jews. The Holocaust irrevocably changed the
fate of those Jews who managed to escape. The German policy of genocide destroyed
the traditional demographic pattern in Belorussia. Places of dense Jewish inhabitancy
vanished, the migration process intensified, interest in the Yiddish language diminished,
the rate of intermarriages increased. On the other hand, the Holocaust strengthened the
remaining Jews national self-awareness. Few Jews returned to post-war
Turov.
The
majority went to Zhitkovichi, Mozyr, Lelchitsy, Gomel or Minsk, or left Belorussia
completely. Nowadays, there is nothing to remind people of the past Jewish presence.
Turov
resembles many other Belorussian shtetlach and towns, which formerly were
enriched by Hebrew traditions.
The Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture and American Jewish Joint Distribution
1
I. Sorkina, The Shtetl s role in socio-economic and cultural development of Belorussia at the end
XVIII-the first half of
XIX
Centuries, Ph.D. Thesis, Y. Kupala s Grodno State University, Grodno
1998.
2
A. Zeltser, Jews of the North-Eastern Belorussia in between World Wars,
1917-1941.
Ph. D. Thesis,
Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
2003.
21
Committee supported my work, which I conducted at the Goldstein-Goren Diaspora
Research Center of Tel Aviv University. I examined, in national and ethnic contexts,
historical events on the scale of the shtetl, uyezd, gubemiya,
raion,
oblast
(province)
and okrug (a type of administrative division). This study, covering
1800
to the
1960s,
consists of an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion, which also describes
contemporary
Turov.
I use the Yiddish letter «hey», which is absent in the Russian language. The
guttural sound, intermediate between g and h , and close to the Belorussian g ,
is represented by the Latin letter H or h . Boris Bykhovsky kindly translated from
Yiddish to Russian.
Most information is cited for the first time, the majority uncovered in various archives:
seven Belorussian, seven Russian, one Ukrainian, four Israeli, and two American.
Special attention is given to graphic representation with portraits, family pictures, maps
and rare documents. All are intended to give a vivid picture of the Jewish community,
using
Turov
as an example. Some of the material previously appeared in various academic
and popular editions in Israel, the US, Belorussia and Russia.
I would like to thank my colleagues and associates for their valuable assistance and
moral support. Gratitude goes to Mattityahu Mintz, Yaacov Ro i, Simha
Goldin, Irena
and
Anatoly Cantorovich, all of Tel-Aviv University, Benjamin Pinkus
(Ben-Gurion
University
of the Negev), Mordechai Altshuler, Shaul Stamfer, Michael
Beizer,
Albert Kaganovich
(Hebrew University of Jerusalem) and Aaron Shneer and
Spartak
Arbatov of Yad Vashem.
Important advice and suggestions for studying the Jewish history of Belorussia came from
Howard Spier (Department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies, University College London),
Zvi Gitelman
(Center for Judaic Studies at the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, US),
Sir Martin Gilbert (CBE, DLitt, Honorary Fellow, Merton College, Oxford, England),
Jeffrey Birds (Northeastern University, Boston, MA), Michael
Gelb
and Martin Dean
(Research Institute, United States Holocaust Museum),
Abram Torpusman
(The Shorter
Jewish Encyclopedia in Russian), Yacov Basin (Union of Councils for Soviet Jews),
Aleksey Litvin (Institute of History of the National Academy of Belarus), Emmanuel
Ioffe (Belorussian State Pedagogical University), Zinaida Kuryan, Vladimir Gimbut
and Oksana Shatun (Mozyr State Pedagogical University),
Inna Sorkina
(Grodno State
University) and Dmitry Tolochko (Gomel State University).
I also wish to thank those
Turov
natives and those whose ancestors hailed from
Turov.
I am grateful to Lena
Dragitsky
for improving manuscript, as well as to Leonid Yuniverg
and Nadezhda Kutalchuk for preparing book-cover and photographs of the monograph.
Last, I give my unwavering thanks to my wife Victoria, my first reader and critic.
|
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| geographic | Turov (DE-588)4404388-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Turov |
| id | DE-604.BV035302831 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:30:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789655553529 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017107678 |
| oclc_num | 271676462 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 798, 149 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 25 cm |
| psigel | DHB_BSB_DDC1 DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Smilovickij |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | 880-01 Smilovickij, Leonid L. Verfasser aut 880-02 Evrei v Turove istorija mestečka Mozyrskogo Polesʹja Leonid Smilovickij Jews in Turov 880-03 Ierusalim Smilovickij 2008 798, 149 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Einf. und Inh.-verz. auch in engl. Sprache Includes bibliographical references (p. 755-[770]) and indexes Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Jews / Belarus / Turov / History Geschichte Juden Jews Belarus Turov History Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Turov (DE-588)4404388-0 gnd rswk-swf Turov (DE-588)4404388-0 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017107678&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017107678&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 100-01/(N Смиловицкий, Леонид Л. ut 245-02/(N Евреи в Турове история местечка Мозырского Полесья Леонид Смиловицкий 264-03/(N Иерусалим Смиловицкий |
| spellingShingle | Smilovickij, Leonid L. Evrei v Turove istorija mestečka Mozyrskogo Polesʹja Jews / Belarus / Turov / History Geschichte Juden Jews Belarus Turov History Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4404388-0 |
| title | Evrei v Turove istorija mestečka Mozyrskogo Polesʹja |
| title_alt | Jews in Turov |
| title_auth | Evrei v Turove istorija mestečka Mozyrskogo Polesʹja |
| title_exact_search | Evrei v Turove istorija mestečka Mozyrskogo Polesʹja |
| title_full | Evrei v Turove istorija mestečka Mozyrskogo Polesʹja Leonid Smilovickij |
| title_fullStr | Evrei v Turove istorija mestečka Mozyrskogo Polesʹja Leonid Smilovickij |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evrei v Turove istorija mestečka Mozyrskogo Polesʹja Leonid Smilovickij |
| title_short | Evrei v Turove |
| title_sort | evrei v turove istorija mestecka mozyrskogo polesʹja |
| title_sub | istorija mestečka Mozyrskogo Polesʹja |
| topic | Jews / Belarus / Turov / History Geschichte Juden Jews Belarus Turov History Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Jews / Belarus / Turov / History Geschichte Juden Jews Belarus Turov History Turov |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017107678&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017107678&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT smilovickijleonidl evreivturoveistorijamesteckamozyrskogopolesʹja AT smilovickijleonidl jewsinturov |