Odvrácená tvář meziválečné prosperity: nezaměstnanost v Československu v letech 1918 - 1938
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Univ. Karlova, Nakl. Karolinum
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 461 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9788024614298 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Odvrácená tvář meziválečné prosperity |b nezaměstnanost v Československu v letech 1918 - 1938 |c Jakub Rákosník |
| 250 | |a Vyd. 1. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Praha |b Univ. Karlova, Nakl. Karolinum |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a 461 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1918-1938 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Arbeitslosigkeit |2 stw | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Arbeitsmarkt |2 stw | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Tschechoslowakei |2 stw | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Wirtschaftsgeschichte |2 stw | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Unemployment insurance |z Czechoslovakia | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Unemployment |z Czechoslovakia | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Arbeitslosigkeit |0 (DE-588)4002730-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Tschechoslowakei | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Czechoslovakia |x Economic conditions |y 1918-1945 | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Czechoslovakia |x Social policy | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Tschechoslowakei |0 (DE-588)4078435-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Tschechoslowakei |0 (DE-588)4078435-6 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Arbeitslosigkeit |0 (DE-588)4002730-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1918-1938 |A z |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138603062755328 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | OBSAH
PODĚKOVÁNÍ
7
PŘEDMLUVA
9
KAPITOLA PRVNÍ: ZROZENÍ NEZAMĚSTNANOSTI
17
1.1
Nezaměstnanost v Československu
-
cesta od konce na počátek
17
1.2
Otázky konceptualizace nezaměstnanosti v sociálněhistorickém
výzkumu
29
1.3
Kapitalismus a nezaměstnanost I
-
hledisko národohospodářské
36
1.4
Kapitalismus a nezaměstnanost
II
-
hledisko morální
43
1.5
Myšlenka peněžní podpory
52
Závěr
67
KAPITOLA DRUHÁ: PROBLÉM NEZAMĚSTNANOSTI
ZA VÁLKY A V PRVNÍCH TÝDNECH EXISTENCE
ČESKOSLOVENSKÉHO STÁTU
(1914-1918) 69
2.1
Trh práce za války
1914-1918 69
2.2
Trh práce v závěru války a v období vzniku Československa
84
2.3
Vznik československé péče o nezaměstnané v prosinci
1918 92
Závěr
107
KAPITOLA TŘETÍ: POVÁLEČNÁ HOSPODÁŘSKÁ KRIZE
A JEJÍ PŘEKONÁNÍ V LETECH
1919-1924 109
3.1
Úprava podpor v nezaměstnanosti z let
1919-1921 109
3.2
Ostatní podpůrná opatření
120
3.3
Hospodářské podmínky v počátcích
ČSR
134
3.4
Nezaměstnanost a stabilita státu
138
3.5
Nová úprava podporování z roku
1921 146
3.6
Statistika trhu práce
1919-1925 154
Závěr
159
KAPITOLA ČTVRTÁ: ZAVEDENÍ GENTSKÉHO SYSTÉMU
A KONJUNKTURA ZLATÝCH LET
(1924-1929) 160
4.1
Hospodářské a společenské předpoklady péče o nezaměstnané
ve druhé polovině
20.
let
160
4.2
Přípravy pojišťovacího systému se státním příspěvkem
166
4.3
Realizace gentského systému v československých podmínkách
179
4.4
Ostatní formy péče a diskuse o novelizaci gentského systému
192
4.5
Statistika trhu práce v letech
1925-1929 202
Závěr
206
KAPITOLA PÁTÁ: VELKÁ HOSPODÁŘSKÁ KRIZE
-
TŘI PILÍŘE STÁTNÍ PÉČE
207
5.1
Hospodářské podmínky
207
5.2
Nová úprava gentského systému z roku
1930 217
5.3
Odbory a jejich pokladny
222
5.4
Státní stravovací akce
233
5.5
Nezaměstnanost a obecní rozpočty
246
5.6
Produktivní péče
250
5.7
Hnutí nezaměstnaných
254
5.8
Snahy o reformu péče
270
5.9
Vývoj na trhu práce v letech
1930-1933 274
Závěr
279
KAPITOLA ŠESTÁ: CESTA OD KRIZE HOSPODÁŘSKÉ
KE KRIZI POLITICKÉ
281
6.1
Hospodářské podmínky
281
6.2
Tři pilíře státní péče o nezaměstnané
1933-1938 289
6.3
Ostatní formy péče o nezaměstnané ve
30.
letech
298
6.4
Úvahy o reformě
309
6.5
Samostatní výrobci
312
6.6
Inteligence
319
6.7
Mládež
325
6.8
Nacionálni
aspekty nezaměstnanosti
333
6.9
Statistika trhu práce v letech
1933-1938 348
Závěr
350
KAPITOLA SEDMÁ: VÝVOJ ZPROSTŘEDKOVÁNÍ PRÁCE
A SČÍTÁNÍ NEZAMĚSTNANÝCH
353
7.1
Problémy sčítání nezaměstnaných
353
7.2
Systém zprostředkovatelen
358
7.3
Jak se vlastně hledala práce?
369
KAPITOLA OSMÁ: ŽIVOT NEZAMĚSTNANÝCH
375
8.1
Svět nezaměstnaných
376
8.2
Životní úroveň nezaměstnaných
399
KAPITOLA DEVÁTÁ: ČESKOSLOVENSKÁ NEZAMĚSTNANOST
V MEZINÁRODNÍ PERSPEKTIVĚ
411
9.1
Povaha pojistných systémů
411
9.2
Vývoj nezaměstnaností
419
Závěr
423
ZÁVĚR
425
SUMMARY
431
ZKRATKY
435
SEZNAM TABULEK, GRAFŮ A MAP
437
SEZNAM PRAMENU A LITERATURY
439
JMENNÝ REJSTŘÍK
458
SUMMARY
First systems of unemployment insurance started to appear as late as at the end of the
19th century. They were implemented exclusively within the town agglomeration
(such as Switzerland, Belgium, France, Germany). Still it was Great Britain that was
to come with the first nationally organized system. Austria considered the possiblility
of implementation of the municipal insurance after
1900
(it was being discussed in
Prague, too), but no relevant steps had been taken till the launch of the WWL As for
the statutory care of the unemployed, the most significant form remained in the hands
of labour exchanges that were enacted in Bohemia in
1903,
eventually as for the
inoperables
the poor law. The conscription after the launch of the WWI lead to a short
time rapid growth of unemployment rates, predominatly in industrial areas, however
soon a labour shortage prevailed in terms of a governed wartime economy.
Doles were thus legalized no sooner than after the birth of the Czechoslovak State
in December
1918.
It was a merely temporary solution; on the ground of the dis-
bandment of the army it was necassary to ensure the most vital demands straightaway.
Therefore no kind of insurance was implemented, but the doles were being paid
directly from the tax incomes of the state budget. Such a provision was understood
only as provisory until the insurance system would be completed.
There were two main forms of unemployment insurance in the inter-war period.
The first was an obligatory statutory insurance. The second a voluntary one on a basis
of the so-called ghent system. The ghent system stood for the system when the
member of the trade union got insured at his organization. Czechoslovakia picked the
very ghent system. Considering a traditionally good organization of trade unions it
was not a totally bad choice even though the obligatory insurance had always been
perceived as a higher level of securing.
By
1921
all major difficulties of the labour market that bore relation to the WWI
had been overcome. A new shock was soon too come
-
a deflation monetary politics
that significantly affected the export industry. The result could have been just one
-
an immense growth of unemployment rates. Final figures of the umemployed at the
turn of
1922
and
1923
soon advanced towards the rates of
1919.
Not until the second
half of
1923
and a year to come the situation should stabilize and the figures to dive.
-432-
The ghent
system was legalized in Czechoslovakia in
1921.
Nevertheless, its
implementation was not to be started till the period of an economic stability in the
year of
1925
with respect to still disarranged economic conditions and swings in the
unemployment. Till then the mentioned system of state funded doles had functioned
that was in addition supported by two supplementary systems. The first was the so-
called refunding system, then a support of the unemployed through the medium of
the companies that were given clearly for such a purpose financial subventions for
the wages of the redundant workers from the state. The third way were alternative
public works jobs which were by the way a common means how to fight with the
unemployment as soon as in the 19th century.
The ghent system was being carried out in a most convenient period possible; that
is why its implementation brought no relevant difficulties. Unemployment was not
(hus percieved
as a consequential social risk in between
1924-1929.
After
1926
a need to update an existing system arose. Considering a long period that the coalition
stuck at the preparation of a new outline, no change occurred since an immense
industrial boom weakened its
presure
upon the liberalization of the dole system.
The original Czechoslovak version of the ghent system that was oficially called
Insurance with the Contribution of the State embodied in a parity financing both from
the insurance and the state budget, that is
50 %
of the dole was paid by the trade union
from the insurance fund money,
50 %
was administered by the state. Great De¬
pression contrary to Germany or the USA arrived to Czechoslovakia much later and
was much more gradual. At its commencement (in
1930)
the ghent system got
updated fundamentally; state participance in the paid doles was increased from the
former
50 %
of the dole up to
3
or
4
times. Because the ghent system concerned only
those organized in a trade union, there was a need to find a way how to secure other
unemployed, too. Therefore a three pillar system of care was implemented in
1930.
The first pillar remaining the existing ghent system, the second pillar of care was
represented by state catering schemes, within the scope of which the unemployed
were provided food vouchers. As for shortcomings of such a reform, there was
a simple one
-
it had never been regularized. It followed solely internal administrative
decrees, which lead towards a certain insecurity as for its persistency and towards
a permanent lamentation that some groups within its scope were being discriminated.
Nevertheless, to enact such a care in the given situation was for the coalition evidently
far from accomplishable. The third pillar was a productive care when the state
financed the wages within the frame of the public utility buildings.
All the European insurance systems had problems with financing during the era of
Great Depression. Some countries tried to solve this situation by means of reducing
the doles and raising of the allowances. Czechoslovakia proceeded to an extensive
saving of the trade union cash which kept a whole lot of trade union organizations
from bankruptcy.
-433-
Mass unemployment of the
1930s
gave birth to a strange kind of social
movement
-
so called Movement of the Unemployed . It was the Czechoslovak
Communist Perty that acquired a total hegemony within this movement and that also
set its programme postulates. Unlike previous years, the scope of the movement in
this period was indeed of a nation-wide character and it also, though not directly,
participated in the forming of the national social politics. Nevertheless, the mo¬
vement was much more efficient in a local and regional scale where it was
-
under
certain pressure upon the lower administrative and borough authorities
-
able to
enforce various kinds of extra care.
National unemployment care of the
1930s
was characterized by a huge rate of
improvization and a lack of long-term concept. Such a statement is just as right in
a certain way for the then economic politics in general. The main fault could have been
aplied to an existence of a broad right-left coalition that was capable of agreement in
some minor questions (the method tit for tat ), however not in any major issues. In
1933
utilization of the financial alowances got restricted in accordance to a low-budget
politics of the state. The amount of money of doles paid was cut down by
20 %.
Even
though the situation improved slightly in
1936,
it could have never aligned to a reform
of
1930.
Thus ghent system survived even the fatal days of Munich agreement. Apart
from the above mentioned three pillars there were implemented some other marginal
forms of support, such as the protection from the distraintment of the property of the
debtor. The unemployment matched with a deep social failure, much more vilolent
than in case of poor peasants involved with the agricultural crisis. None of the affected
perceived the state care as anything positive
-
it was heavily of a bureaucratist
character and was not either too efficient. There was no way how to survive long
without charity gatherings and other less official forms of livelihood. Therefore a merit
that the Great Depression did not bring out famine can not be truly attributed to the
national care entirely.
Taking into account the political and social point of view the unemployment could
have been percieved as a menace for the state only in a national scope.
Notwithstanding that it brought out many tensions among the Czechs, Slovaks and
Ruthenians,
it reached a tragical scale only in the case of Bohemian Germans.
Relatively higher unemployment of the Germans was caused by an unsuitable
structure of the Czechoslovak industry; in the borderlands there was only a light
industry situated oriented to an export predominantly. Unemployment of the Germans
also brought along their political radicalization and further siding with the DNSAP,
or more precisely the SdP later.
Other group that was being missed out by the state care were small independent
producers. Craftsmen and farmers were excluded even from the social insurance.
Thus there was no safety social barrier for this group of workers in the period of the
Great Depression that concerned the small-scale enterpreneurs to a great extent.
-434-
CzechoslovaMa was as for the development of the social care one of the most
progressive states in the
1920s.
However, it started to lag behind the foreign countries
in
1930s
which was connected predominantly with a political reluctancy to a greater
economical or social reforms. The Great Depression had a huge impact upon some
groups in the society, it lead to their being frustrated and it established also social
potency for a strong left-wing consensus after the WWII. Being the government in
1930s
incapable of any kind of necessary social reforms (though having been caused
by objective circumstances), they made it possible for the communists and part of the
social democratic party to mobilize effectively the population that was in addition
shaken by German occupation for the after-war support of the radical nationalization,
German withdrawal and social nivelization of the Czechoslovak society.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Rákosník, Jakub 1977- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)137320418 |
| author_facet | Rákosník, Jakub 1977- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rákosník, Jakub 1977- |
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| callnumber-subject | HD - Industries, Land Use, Labor |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)317621212 (DE-599)BVBBV035302200 |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1918-1938 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-1938 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Tschechoslowakei Czechoslovakia Economic conditions 1918-1945 Czechoslovakia Social policy Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Tschechoslowakei Czechoslovakia Economic conditions 1918-1945 Czechoslovakia Social policy |
| id | DE-604.BV035302200 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:30:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788024614298 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017107048 |
| oclc_num | 317621212 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| physical | 461 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Univ. Karlova, Nakl. Karolinum |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rákosník, Jakub 1977- Verfasser (DE-588)137320418 aut Odvrácená tvář meziválečné prosperity nezaměstnanost v Československu v letech 1918 - 1938 Jakub Rákosník Vyd. 1. Praha Univ. Karlova, Nakl. Karolinum 2008 461 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1918-1938 gnd rswk-swf Arbeitslosigkeit stw Arbeitsmarkt stw Tschechoslowakei stw Wirtschaftsgeschichte stw Wirtschaft Unemployment insurance Czechoslovakia Unemployment Czechoslovakia Arbeitslosigkeit (DE-588)4002730-2 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei Czechoslovakia Economic conditions 1918-1945 Czechoslovakia Social policy Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Arbeitslosigkeit (DE-588)4002730-2 s Geschichte 1918-1938 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017107048&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017107048&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Rákosník, Jakub 1977- Odvrácená tvář meziválečné prosperity nezaměstnanost v Československu v letech 1918 - 1938 Arbeitslosigkeit stw Arbeitsmarkt stw Tschechoslowakei stw Wirtschaftsgeschichte stw Wirtschaft Unemployment insurance Czechoslovakia Unemployment Czechoslovakia Arbeitslosigkeit (DE-588)4002730-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002730-2 (DE-588)4078435-6 |
| title | Odvrácená tvář meziválečné prosperity nezaměstnanost v Československu v letech 1918 - 1938 |
| title_auth | Odvrácená tvář meziválečné prosperity nezaměstnanost v Československu v letech 1918 - 1938 |
| title_exact_search | Odvrácená tvář meziválečné prosperity nezaměstnanost v Československu v letech 1918 - 1938 |
| title_full | Odvrácená tvář meziválečné prosperity nezaměstnanost v Československu v letech 1918 - 1938 Jakub Rákosník |
| title_fullStr | Odvrácená tvář meziválečné prosperity nezaměstnanost v Československu v letech 1918 - 1938 Jakub Rákosník |
| title_full_unstemmed | Odvrácená tvář meziválečné prosperity nezaměstnanost v Československu v letech 1918 - 1938 Jakub Rákosník |
| title_short | Odvrácená tvář meziválečné prosperity |
| title_sort | odvracena tvar mezivalecne prosperity nezamestnanost v ceskoslovensku v letech 1918 1938 |
| title_sub | nezaměstnanost v Československu v letech 1918 - 1938 |
| topic | Arbeitslosigkeit stw Arbeitsmarkt stw Tschechoslowakei stw Wirtschaftsgeschichte stw Wirtschaft Unemployment insurance Czechoslovakia Unemployment Czechoslovakia Arbeitslosigkeit (DE-588)4002730-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Arbeitslosigkeit Arbeitsmarkt Tschechoslowakei Wirtschaftsgeschichte Wirtschaft Unemployment insurance Czechoslovakia Unemployment Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Economic conditions 1918-1945 Czechoslovakia Social policy |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017107048&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017107048&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rakosnikjakub odvracenatvarmezivalecneprosperitynezamestnanostvceskoslovenskuvletech19181938 |