Oil, water and climate: an introduction
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Contributor biographical information Publisher description kostenfrei Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 337-344) and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 366 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 27 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780521709194 9780521882613 |
Internformat
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| 650 | 0 | |a Conservation of natural resources | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Klimaänderung | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Climatic changes | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Foreword xvii
Introduction 1
1 Overview 4
Oil, Water, Climate, and Population: An Interactive System of
Immense Complexity 4
Coupled Unsustainable Use of Energy and Water Resources 5
Role of Population and Economic Development in Oil and Water Use
Effects of Energy Demand and Use on Global Warming 6
Climate Change Can Exacerbate Water Scarcity 7
Oil and Water Resource Issues Share Many Features 7
Exhaustion of Easily Accessible Resources 7
Realization of Finiteness of Resources and New Strategies 8
Value of Efficiency Improvement 8
Oil and Water Security Concerns 9
Poor Management of Oil and Water Resources 9
Aging Infrastructure and Magnitude of the Needed Investments 10
Urgency and Window of Opportunity 10
Major Differences in Oil and Water Resources Issues 11
Strong Leadership Needed 12
2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Global Warming, and Water
Resources 14
Introduction 14
Carbon Dioxide Emissions 15
Increasing Carbon Dioxide Concentration in the Atmosphere due to
Human Activities 16
Vll
viii Contents
Earth s CO2 Concentration and Temperature 19
Understanding the Present by Looking at the Past 19
Relationship between Past CO2 Concentration and Temperature 19
Earth Temperature Observations: Global Warming 20
Temperature: Observations and Proxy Data 20
Understanding Earth s Temperature Maintenance and Change 22
Earth Radiation Budget and Temperature 22
Increased Greenhouse Effect 24
Feedbacks 24
Earth s Climate 26
Role of the Ocean on Climate 26
Deep Ocean Circulation and Climate 27
Main Climate Effects of Global Warming 28
Snow, Ice Extent, Oceanic Heat Content, and Sea Level 28
Impact on Water Cycle, Precipitation, El Nino, and Winds 30
Future Carbon Dioxide Emissions 31
Future Climate: Climate Models 31
Predicted Impacts on Water Resources 33
Conclusion 35
3 Population, Environmental Impacts, and Climate Change 36
Introduction 36
Current Population Projections and Characteristics of
Future Population 37
Factors Influencing Population Predictions 40
Fertility 42
Mortality 43
Migration 44
Tools for Analyzing Demographic Changes 44
Demographic Transition Model 44
Population Pyramid 45
Uncertainty of Demographic Projections 45
Geographic and Age Distribution of Population 46
Population Concentration in Urban Areas 46
Population Concentration in Coastal Regions 47
An Aging Population 50
Development, Global Energy Use, and Demography 51
Population, Water, and Climate Change 51
Population Growth, Resources Use, and Vulnerability to
Climate Change 52
Per Capita Emissions Trends 53
Other Human Impacts on the Global Carbon Balance and
Greenhouse Gases 55
Contents ix
Integrating Population Considerations into Climate Change Solutions 56
Population and Emissions Limitation Agreements 56
Climate Refugees 56
Conclusion 57
4 Carbon Cycle and the Human Impact 59
Introduction 59
Carbon and the Carbon Cycle 60
Carbon Exchanges Affecting Atmospheric CO2 Concentration 65
Exchange between Rocks and the Atmosphere 65
Biotic Fluxes: Photosynthesis and Respiration 66
Phytoplankton Photosynthesis 67
Net Carbon Uptake: Carbon Sinks 70
Land as a Carbon Sink 70
The Ocean as a Carbon Sink 72
Partitioning Carbon Sinks between Land and Ocean 73
Examples of Natural and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Carbon Cycle 74
Land-Use Change: Deforestation and Agricultural Practices 74
CO2 Fertilization and Nutrient Deposition 75
Fires 77
Fossil Fuel Burning and the Carbon Cycle 78
Coupling between the Carbon Cycle and Climate: Carbon-Climate
Feedback 78
Conclusion 79
5 Peak Oil, Energy, Water, and Climate 81
Introduction 81
The Concept of Peak Oil 82
Conventional and Unconventional Oil 84
Reserves 85
Why Production and Reserve Estimates Differ 87
Consumption 88
Estimating Peak Oil 90
Oil Production, Distribution, and Use 93
Energy Consumption Needed for Oil Production 93
Water Used in Oil Production 94
Oil Production and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 94
Oil Transport and Water Pollution 95
Potential Consequences of Peak Oil 95
Peak Oil and Energy Policy Choices 95
Peak Oil and Market Economies 96
Peak Oil and Climate 97
Conclusion 99
x Contents
6 Oil Consumption and CO2 Emissions from Transportation 100
Introduction 100
Present and Future Global Oil Consumption 101
Oil Consumption by the Transportation Sector 103
CO2 Emissions by the Transportation Sector 104
Gasoline Consumption Standards 105
Crude Oil and Gasoline Prices 109
Private Car Ownership Trends 111
Distillates and Oil Use by Other Transportation Vehicles 113
Reducing CO2 Emissions from Transportation 114
Government Regulatory Actions 114
Raising Fuel Economy Standards 114
Establishing Environmental Regulations 115
Increasing Fuel Taxes 116
Establishing Tradable Fuel Economy Credits 116
Offering Technology Incentives 117
Reducing Traffic Congestion and Average Annual Mileage Driven 117
Developing Rapid and Carbon-Light Mass Transit Systems 118
The Case of Air Transportation 118
Marine Transportation 119
CO2 Impacts and Related Emissions Costs 120
The Role of the Public: Influence of Personal Behavior 120
Conclusion 121
7 Oil, Economy, Power, and Conflicts 123
Introduction 123
Oil Consumption, Economics, and Politics 123
The Geopolitics of Oil 127
Oil Prices and Financial Markets 127
Petroleum-Rich Economies 130
Oil Security 133
China s Geopolitical Outlook Regarding Oil 134
Impact of Climate on Oil Production and Price 135
Conclusion 137
8 Energy Alternatives and Their Connection to Water
and Climate 138
Introduction 138
Coal 140
Natural Gas 143
Nuclear Energy 147
Wind Energy 151
Solar Energy 154
Contents xi
Hydrogen Cells 155
Hydroelectric Power 159
Biomass: Ethanol 160
Geothermal Energy 162
Conclusion 164
9 The Water Cycle and Global Warming 168
Introduction 168
Water Cycle and the Water Budget 169
Elements of the Water Cycle 170
Evaporation, Condensation, and Precipitation 170
Land Surface Hydrology 175
Snow and Ice 177
Water Cycle and Climate 177
Water Vapor Greenhouse Effect 177
Clouds and Climate 177
Precipitation and Climate 178
Evapotranspiration and Climate 180
Snow/Ice and Climate 180
Weathering Effect of Water and Climate 181
Predicted Changes in the Water Cycle 181
Predictive Abilities of Climate Models 181
Changes in Water Vapor and Clouds 182
Precipitation 183
Evaporation 183
Changes in the Land Water Budget 185
Other Effects of Human Activities on the Water Cycle 186
Conclusion 186
10 Fresh Water Availability, Sanitation Deficit, and Water Usage:
Connection to Energy and Global Warming 187
Introduction 187
Global Distribution of Fresh Water Availability 189
Sanitation Deficit 189
The Water-Sanitation Gap 189
Lack of Sanitation: Poverty Link 191
The Future of Sanitation 191
Cities and Water 192
Water Usage: Global Inequality and Irrigation Needs 194
Global Inequality 194
Irrigation Needs 194
Future of Irrigation: Where Will the Water Come From? 196
Ecosystem Needs 198
xii Contents
Blue and Green Water 199
Overview and Definition 199
Water Returning to the Atmosphere, Green Water Needs, and Blue
Water Waste 199
Energy and Water Connection 200
Energy Needs for Irrigation and Crops Water Delivery 200
Energy for Water Supply, Sanitation, and Wastewater Treatment 201
Water for Energy Generation 201
Water Availability and Global Warming 202
Overall Trends 202
Managing Water in a Changing Climate 202
Water Needs of Alternative Energy Sources 203
Conclusion 204
11 Rivers, Lakes, Aquifers, and Dams: Relation to Energy
and Climate 205
Introduction 205
Surface Water 205
Rivers and Streams 206
Lakes 208
Wetlands 209
Groundwater 210
Fresh Water Ecosystem 211
Ecosystem Functions 211
Human Pressures on Ecosystems 212
Dams 213
Major Functions of Dams 213
Environmental Effects of Dams 214
Dam Silting 216
Dams and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 217
Social Impacts 218
Potential Effects of Global Warming on Dams, Rivers, and Lakes 218
Conclusion 221
12 Water Contamination, Energy, and Climate 222
Introduction 222
Water Pollution and Water Quality 223
Water Contaminants 223
Sources of Water Contamination 226
Agriculture 226
Fertilizer Contamination 226
Irrigation-Induced Salinization and Waterlogging 229
Livestock Pollution 229
Contents xiii
Accumulation of Agriculture Contaminants in Enclosed Basins 230
Industrial Contamination 230
Domestic Household Contamination 231
Deposition from the Atmosphere 231
Groundwater Contamination 232
Infiltration Contamination 232
Saltwater Intrusion 235
Urban Water Contamination and Water Cycle Modification 235
Water Resources Management and Waste Treatment 237
Water Resources Management 237
Wastewater Treatment 238
Effects of Water Pollution on Health 241
Changes in Precipitation Patterns and Water Contamination 242
Conclusion 243
13 Geopolitics of Water and the International Situation 245
Introduction 245
Water Rights and Water Regimes 246
Definition of Water Rights 246
Water Rights and Security 248
Water Regimes 248
Transboundary Waters 248
Hydrological Interdependence 248
Transboundary Water Governance Challenges 249
International Water Rights 250
Water Allocation 250
International Water Laws 251
Delimitation of International Boundaries 252
Roots and Types of Water Conflicts 252
Potential for Cooperation around Water Resources 253
Water and Poverty 255
Two-Way Relationship 255
Public Finance, Access, and Price 255
Conditions for Empowerment 257
Women and Water 257
Development and Environmental Protection: Water in the Middle 258
UN Millennium Development Goals, Millennium Project
and Water, and Others 258
The World Bank and Water 259
Nongovernmental Organizations 259
World Water Forum 259
Opposition to Large-Scale Water Initiatives 260
Opposition to Huge Dams 260
Privatization of Water and Water Systems 261
xiv Contents
Water Value, Price, and Cost 263
Integrated Water Resource Management 265
Water Security and Water as a Human Right 265
Water Security 265
Water as a Human Right 266
Water Rights and Climate Change 267
Conclusion 268
14 Water Alternatives 270
Introduction 270
Water Saving 271
Water Conservation and Efficiency 271
Water Distribution Infrastructure Maintenance, Repair,
and Replacement 272
Water Productivity Increase: More Crop per Drop 273
Raising Irrigation Water Efficiency and Productivity 273
Rainwater Harvesting 274
Water Diversions and Transfer among Basins 276
Technological Solutions 276
Water Trading and the Concept of Virtual Water 277
Water Trading 277
Virtual Water 280
Land-Use Change for Increased Rainfed Agriculture 281
Desalination 282
Desalination Process and Technology 282
Desalinated Water Production 283
Energy Needs of Desalination 283
Cost of Desalinated Water 284
Environmental Impacts and Health Risks 284
Conclusion 286
15 Global Climate Change: Observations, Modeling,
and Predictions 288
Introduction 288
Present Observational Evidence of Climate Change 289
Global Temperature Changes 289
Change in Temperature Extremes 290
Stratospheric Cooling 290
Polar Amplification of Anthropogenic Warming 290
Changes in Hurricanes and Oceans 291
Hurricanes 291
Storage of Heat in the Oceans 292
Ocean Salinity and Density in a Warmer Climate 293
Contents xv
Changes in Sea Level 293
Forcings, Radiative Forcing, and Climate Sensitivity 294
Forcings 294
Radiative Forcing 296
Climate Sensitivity 296
Future Climate Change 298
Tools 298
Predicted Changes under Various Scenarios 300
Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Effects 302
Climate Oscillations 303
Monsoons 306
Climate Inertia and Abrupt Climate Change 307
Climate Inertia 307
Abrupt Climate Change 307
Conclusion 308
16 Energy and Water Challenges and Solutions in a Changing
Climate Framework: Commonality, Differences,
and Connections 310
Introduction 310
Time Frame for Action 312
Population 312
Energy 313
Water 313
Climate 314
The Scope of the Challenge 314
Energy and Climate 314
Water 316
Electricity Production 317
Clean Coal 317
Natural Gas 317
Solar and Wind Power 318
Nuclear Power 318
Improved Water Management 318
Resource and Demand Management 319
Addressing Urbanization Issues 319
Water Treatment and Reuse 320
Development of Indicators of Global Water Trends 320
Common Characteristics of Solutions 320
Efficiency and Conservation 320
Energy Savings in the Building Sector 321
Transport Sector Energy Savings 321
Irrigation Water Savings 321
Urban Water Savings 322
xvi Contents
Adaptation to Change 322
Technology Breakthroughs and Research and Development (R D)
Programs 323
Addressing Externalities 324
Assigning a Cost to Emitting C02 324
Assigning a Cost to Water 324
Respect for the Environment 325
Reasonable Use of Resources 325
Environmental Ethics 325
Sustainability 326
Addressing Needs of Future Generations 327
Intergenerational Equity 327
Climate Discounting across Generation versus the Precautionary
Principle 328
Empowerment and Education in Support of Poverty Eradication 329
Education and Adaptability to Change 330
The Security Issue 330
Conflict versus Cooperation 331
Massive Infrastructure and Research and Development
Investments Needed 331
Leadership and Behavior Changes 331
Final Thoughts 335
References 337
Index 345
|
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| id | DE-604.BV035300580 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:30:46Z |
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| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Gautier, Catherine 1947- Verfasser (DE-588)136311903 aut Oil, water and climate an introduction Catherine Gautier 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2008 XXI, 366 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 27 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. 337-344) and index Climatic changes Natural resources / Environmental aspects Conservation of natural resources Klimaänderung Umwelt Natural resources Environmental aspects Wasserkreislauf (DE-588)4189218-5 gnd rswk-swf Fossiler Brennstoff (DE-588)4211713-6 gnd rswk-swf Kohlenstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4164552-2 gnd rswk-swf Anthropogene Klimaänderung (DE-588)4290733-0 gnd rswk-swf Wasserkreislauf (DE-588)4189218-5 s Kohlenstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4164552-2 s Fossiler Brennstoff (DE-588)4211713-6 s Anthropogene Klimaänderung (DE-588)4290733-0 s DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0805/2007037172-b.html Contributor biographical information kostenfrei http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0805/2007037172-d.html Publisher description kostenfrei http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0805/2007037172-t.html kostenfrei Inhaltsverzeichnis HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017105452&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gautier, Catherine 1947- Oil, water and climate an introduction Climatic changes Natural resources / Environmental aspects Conservation of natural resources Klimaänderung Umwelt Natural resources Environmental aspects Wasserkreislauf (DE-588)4189218-5 gnd Fossiler Brennstoff (DE-588)4211713-6 gnd Kohlenstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4164552-2 gnd Anthropogene Klimaänderung (DE-588)4290733-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4189218-5 (DE-588)4211713-6 (DE-588)4164552-2 (DE-588)4290733-0 |
| title | Oil, water and climate an introduction |
| title_auth | Oil, water and climate an introduction |
| title_exact_search | Oil, water and climate an introduction |
| title_full | Oil, water and climate an introduction Catherine Gautier |
| title_fullStr | Oil, water and climate an introduction Catherine Gautier |
| title_full_unstemmed | Oil, water and climate an introduction Catherine Gautier |
| title_short | Oil, water and climate |
| title_sort | oil water and climate an introduction |
| title_sub | an introduction |
| topic | Climatic changes Natural resources / Environmental aspects Conservation of natural resources Klimaänderung Umwelt Natural resources Environmental aspects Wasserkreislauf (DE-588)4189218-5 gnd Fossiler Brennstoff (DE-588)4211713-6 gnd Kohlenstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4164552-2 gnd Anthropogene Klimaänderung (DE-588)4290733-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Climatic changes Natural resources / Environmental aspects Conservation of natural resources Klimaänderung Umwelt Natural resources Environmental aspects Wasserkreislauf Fossiler Brennstoff Kohlenstoffkreislauf Anthropogene Klimaänderung |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0805/2007037172-b.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0805/2007037172-d.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0805/2007037172-t.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017105452&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gautiercatherine oilwaterandclimateanintroduction |