Learning and memory: basic principles, processes, and procedures
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Boston [u.a.]
Pearson
2009
|
Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXV, 451 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 9780205658626 0205658628 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804138588254765056 |
---|---|
adam_text | BRIEF CONTENTS
A Introduction
1
Ł Habituation
and Other Forms of Stimulus Learning
26
3
Classical Conditioning
50
Instrumental Conditioning: Reward
87
•5
Instrumental Conditioning: Nonreward, Punishment,
and Avoidance
127
О
Verbal Learning
157
/
Human Memory: Conceptual Approaches
190
8
Short-Term Retention
224
9
Encoding
255
111 Storage and Retrieval
293
і і
Spatial, Motor-Skill, and Implicit Learning
329
Individual Differences in Learning and Memory
363
IX
CONTENTS
Preface
xxiii
Introduction
The Origins of the Study of Learning
2
Philosophy of Epistemology
3
Evolution
4
Contemporary Influences
4
The Definition of Learning
5
Some Caveats
8
The Learning/Performance Distinction
9
Learning: A Recapitulation
10
The Relationship between the Terms Learning and Memory
11
Basic and Applied Research
14
Common Sense and Common Knowledge
17
Why Animals?
18
Conceptual Approaches to the Study of Learning
19
The Functional Approach
19
The Behavioral Approach
20
The Cognitive Approach
20
The
Neuroscience
Approach
21
Applying
Neuroscience
to Educational Practice
22
Summary
23
xi
XU CONTENTS
Habituation
and Other Forms of
Stimulus
Learning
26
The Orienting Response
27
Habituation
27
Methods of Studying Habituation
28
Parametric Features of Habituation
31
Explanations of Habituation
33
Nonlearning Explanations
34
Neuroscience
Theories
34
Cognitive Theories
37
Perceptual Learning
39
Factors Affecting Perceptual Learning
40
Other Effects of Stimulus Exposure
41
Preference for Familiar Stimuli
41
Priming Facilitation
44
Potentiated Startle
44
Recapitulation: The Effects of Repeated Stimulus Presentation
46
Applications
46
Exposure Therapy for Fears
46
Summary
48
CONTENTS
ХШ
3
Classical Conditioning
50
The Definition of Classical Conditioning
51
Methods of Studying Classical Conditioning
53
Representative Procedures
53
What Stimuli Can Serve as CSs?
56
What Stimuli Can Serve as USs?
57
Basic Phenomena of Conditioning
57
Acquisition
57
Extinction
60
Generalization
61
Discrimination
61
The Role of Contiguity
61
Other Factors Affecting Conditioning
63
Prior Exposure
63
Compound CSs
64
Surprise
64
CS-US Relevance
67
Conditioned Inhibition
68
What Is Learned in Classical Conditioning?
69
So, What Is Learned in Pavlovian Conditioning?
72
The Role of Awareness in Conditioning
73
Extensions of Conditioning
74
Conditioning with Drug USs and the Development of Tolerance
74
Modification of Immune System Response
76
Applications of Conditioning
77
Behavioral Medicine
77
The Conditioning Theory of Phobias
77
Extinction as Therapy
82
Systematic Desensitization
83
Summary
84
XIV CONTENTS
Instrumental Conditioning: Reward
87
Definition and History
88
Thorndike and Trial-and-Error Learning
88
Skinner and
Operant
Learning
89
Methods of Study
91
Positive Reinforcement
93
Reinforcement Variables Affecting Acquisition
94
Amount of Reinforcement
94
Drive
94
Schedules of Reinforcement
96
Delay of Reinforcement
98
Secondary Reinforcement
99
Social Reinforcement
100
Theories of Reinforcement
100
Reinforcers as Stimuli
101
Reinforcers as Behaviors
103
Reinforcers as Strengtheners
103
Reinforcers as Information
104
So, What Is Reinforcement?
105
Is Reinforcement Necessary for Learning?
105
Awareness in Human Instrumental Learning
107
Criticisms of the Use of Reinforcement
108
Response Learning
109
Shaping
109
Limitations of Response Learning
110
Discriminative Stimulus Control
112
Generalization and Discrimination
112
Summary of Response Learning and Stimulus Learning
114
What Is Learned in Instrumental Conditioning?
115
Response-Reinforcer Learning
115
Stimulus-Response Learning
115
Stimulus-Reinforcer Learning
116
What Is Learned? Stimulus-Response-Reinforcer
117
Applications
117
Habit Slips
117
Breaking Habits
118
Behavior Modification
118
Behavioral Economics
122
Summary
123
CONTENTS
XV
Instrumental Conditioning: Nonreward, Punishment,
and Avoidance
127
Defining the Contingencies: Nonreward, Punishment, and Avoidance
128
Nonreward
130
Extinction
130
The Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect
131
Punishment
133
When Does Punishment Work?
134
Unwanted Side Effects of Punishment
137
Punishment or Nonreward?
138
Persistence
139
Avoidance Learning
141
Theories of Avoidance Learning
142
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
145
Approach or Avoidance as a Coping Response
145
Learned Helplessness
146
Extensions of the Learned-Helplessness Concept
148
Summary of Learned Helplessness
150
Neuroscience
and Aversive Learning
151
Applications of Aversive-Learning Contingencies
151
Pet Containment Systems
151
Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
152
Summary
153
XVI CONTENTS
Verbal Learning
157
The Ebbinghaus Legacy
158
Serial Learning
160
Serial-Position Effect
160
Remote Associations
163
Serial Learning: An Overview
165
Paired-Associate Learning
165
Analysis of Paired-Associate Learning
167
Paired-Associate Learning: Putting It All Together
169
Factors Affecting Paired-Associate Learning: A Summary
170
Free Recall
170
Serial-Position Effects
172
Rehearsal
172
Organization
174
Organization in Animal Memory
175
Free Recall: A Summary
176
Available versus Accessible Memories
176
Cued Recall
176
Recall versus Recognition versus Relearning
177
Recognition: Remembering
veras
Knowing
179
Implicit Learning
181
Relationships among the Verbal-Learning Tasks
181
Application: Mnemonics
182
The Keyword Mnemonic
183
Imagery Mnemonics
183
Summary
187
CONTENTS XVII
Human Memory: Conceptual Approaches
190
Partitioning Memory
191
Components of Memory Approach
193
Dual-Store Theory: Short-Term and
Long-Term
Memories
193
Divisions of Long-Term Memory: Episodic and Semantic
195
Divisions of
Long-Term
Memory: Procedural Learning and Priming
199
The Organization of
Long-Term
Memory
203
Stages of Memory
204
Dissociating Stages
204
Processing Approaches
206
Depth of Processing
206
Transfer-Appropriate Processing
208
Connectionist Models
210
Modeling Person Identification
211
The Delta Rule
211
Connectionism and the Other Approaches
213
Applications
214
The Study of Abnormal Memory: Amnesia
214
Everyday Forgetting and the Models of Memory
218
Summary
221
XVUl CONTENTS
8
Short-Term Retention
224
Definitions
225
Some History
225
Short-Term Memory Tasks
227
The Brown-Peterson
Distractor
Task
227
Memory Span
228
Characteristics of Verbal Short-Term Retention
230
Acoustic Encoding
230
Limited Capacity
231
Limited Duration
232
Forgetting: Short-Term Memory Is Sensitive to Disruption
233
Transfer to
Long-Term
Memory
233
Summary of the Features of Short-Term Memory
235
Other Modalities of Short-Term Memory
235
Working Memory
240
Theoretical Overview of Working Memory
240
Working Memory and Consciousness?
242
Individual Differences in Working Memory
243
Aging and Working Memory
243
Dementia and Working Memory
244
Anxiety and Working Memory
244
Is There Really a Separate STM?
245
Neuropsychological Dissociations of Two-Memory Systems
245
Counterpoint: A Single-Memory Approach?
246
One Memory or Several?
247
Applications
247
What Is Short-Term Memory For?
247
Comprehending and Using Language
247
Problem Solving
250
The Role of STM in Theories of
Long-Term
Memory
251
Summary
251
CONTENTS XIX
Encoding
255
Separating Encoding from Retrieval
256
Some Basic Variables in Encoding
256
Elaborative Rehearsal
256
What Exactly Is Elaborative Processing?
258
Imagery and Memory for Pictures
261
Meaningfulness
262
Presentation Variables
264
Testing Effects
264
Isolation Effects
266
Seductive Details
268
Spacing Effects
268
Generation Effect
271
Limitations of Elaborative Processing
272
Learner Variables
273
Incidental versus Intentional Learning
273
Incentives
273
Interest
274
Arousal
275
Emotions and Encoding
278
Schemas 282
Metamemory
284
Applications
285
The Future of Memory Encoding
285
Academic Learning and Encoding
286
Summary
290
XX
CONTENTS
Storage and Retrieval
293
Storage
294
Long-Term Memory for Naturalistically Learned Material
296
The Nature of Storage
298
Retrieval
304
Retrieval from Episodic Memory
304
What Makes a Good Retrieval Cue ?
306
Emotional Arousal and Retrieval
311
Remembering to Remember
312
Metamemory and Partial Retrieval
314
Feeling of Knowing
314
False Retrieval
315
False Memory
315
Source Memory
317
Imagination Inflation
318
The Effect of
Postevent
Information
318
Reconsolidation
320
Recovered Memory
320
Retrieval versus Reconstruction
321
Applications
322
Strategies for Searching Memory
322
Context-Specific Learning
325
Prospective Memory
325
Improving Accuracy of Recall in Surveys
325
Summary
326
CONTENTS XXI
1
1 Spatial, Motor-Skill, and Implicit Learning
329
Spatial Learning
330
Rats, Mazes, and Psychology
331
Route versus Survey Maps
331
Maze Learning and the Brain
336
Schemas in
Spatial Memory
338
The Development of Spatial Memory in Children
339
Motor-Skills Learning
340
Practice
342
Knowledge of Results
345
Implicit Learning
347
Some Implicit-Learning Tasks
347
Dissociating Categories of Implicit Learning
351
Expertise
352
From Declarative to Procedural
353
Applications
354
Implicit Learning
354
Spatial Memory
355
Long-Term
Retention of Skills
358
Developing Memory Skill
360
Summary
361
XXII CONTENTS
LjL
Individual Differences in Learning and Memory
363
The Nature of Nurture: The Genetics of Learning Ability
364
Animal Studies
364
Human Studies
365
Age Differences in Learning and Memory
367
Classical Conditioning
367
Memory Development in Children
368
Aging and Memory
372
Intellectual Deficits
373
Conditioning
374
Memory
375
Learning Disabilities
376
Exceptional Memory: The Mnemonists
378
Gender and Cognitive Abilities
380
Personality and Learning
382
Introversion and
Extraversion 383
Anxiety
383
Learning Styles
386
Social and Cultural Differences
388
Epic Memories
388
Experimental Studies
389
Summary
391
References
395
Name Index
429
Subject Index
439
|
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id | DE-604.BV035291465 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:30:34Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9780205658626 0205658628 |
language | English |
lccn | 2008037159 |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017096510 |
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owner_facet | DE-824 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
physical | XXV, 451 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
publishDate | 2009 |
publishDateSearch | 2009 |
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publisher | Pearson |
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spelling | Terry, W. Scott Verfasser aut Learning and memory basic principles, processes, and procedures W. Scott Terry 4. ed. Boston [u.a.] Pearson 2009 XXV, 451 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Learning, Psychology of Textbooks Memory Textbooks Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 gnd rswk-swf Erinnerung (DE-588)4015272-8 gnd rswk-swf Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 gnd rswk-swf Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 s Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 s DE-604 Erinnerung (DE-588)4015272-8 s 1\p DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017096510&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | Terry, W. Scott Learning and memory basic principles, processes, and procedures Learning, Psychology of Textbooks Memory Textbooks Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 gnd Erinnerung (DE-588)4015272-8 gnd Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4019614-8 (DE-588)4015272-8 (DE-588)4074166-7 |
title | Learning and memory basic principles, processes, and procedures |
title_auth | Learning and memory basic principles, processes, and procedures |
title_exact_search | Learning and memory basic principles, processes, and procedures |
title_full | Learning and memory basic principles, processes, and procedures W. Scott Terry |
title_fullStr | Learning and memory basic principles, processes, and procedures W. Scott Terry |
title_full_unstemmed | Learning and memory basic principles, processes, and procedures W. Scott Terry |
title_short | Learning and memory |
title_sort | learning and memory basic principles processes and procedures |
title_sub | basic principles, processes, and procedures |
topic | Learning, Psychology of Textbooks Memory Textbooks Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 gnd Erinnerung (DE-588)4015272-8 gnd Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 gnd |
topic_facet | Learning, Psychology of Textbooks Memory Textbooks Gedächtnis Erinnerung Lernpsychologie |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017096510&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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