Verfügbarkeit: Landscape of the megaliths

Landscape of the megaliths: excavation and fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments, 1997 - 2003

The Longstones Project was a joint-universities programme of excavation and survey designed to develop a fuller understanding of the context and dynamics of monument construction during the later Neolithic period in the Avebury region. This text presents the results of the project.

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Oxford Oxbow 2008
Schlagworte:	Funde Geschichte Excavations (Archaeology) > England > Avebury Region Megalithic monuments > England > Avebury Region Neolithic period > England > Avebury Region Ausgrabung Megalithkultur Avebury Region (England) > Antiquities Avebury Region (England) > History Avebury
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Zusammenfassung:	The Longstones Project was a joint-universities programme of excavation and survey designed to develop a fuller understanding of the context and dynamics of monument construction during the later Neolithic period in the Avebury region. This text presents the results of the project.
Beschreibung:	XIV, 402 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 28cm
ISBN:	1842173138

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents list of Contributors ..........................................................................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................................................................................xi Note on Authorship ...................................................................................................................................................................xii Summary ...........................................................................................................................................................................................xiii 1. Introduction: The Longstones Project and its context .....................................................................1 The legacy of research and how it shaped the project ...........................................................................................................2 The research questions .................................................................................................................................................................3 Organisation of fieldwork ...........................................................................................................................................................4 Landscape of the Megaliths ........................................................................................................................................................4 2. Monumentality in the third millennium ВС. Part 1: The Beckhampton Complex .................7 2.1. The Longstones Enclosure and associated features ......................................................................................9 Geophysical survey by Andrew David .......................................................................................................................................10 Excavation results .......................................................................................................................................................................11 The form of the ditch ..........................................................................................................................................................12 Ditch fills ................................................................................................................................................................................14 Finds from the ditch .............................................................................................................................................................17 The gully-defined enclosure ................................................................................................................................................21 Dating the Longstones Enclosure ............................................................................................................................................23 Artefactual and environmental evidence .................................................................................................................................24 Earlier prehistoric pottery by KM.]. Čkal. .........................................................................................................................24 Lithics .....................................................................................................................................................................................29 Faunal remains by Fiona Coward ..........................................................................................................................................30 Molluscan analysis by Rosina Mount, Andrew Mann and Joe White ....................................................................................39 Charcoal by Rowena Gale .......................................................................................................................................................42 Archaeobotanical material by Ruth Young ...........................................................................................................................44 Soil micromorphology by Helen Lewis ................................................................................................................................45 Discussion: location, sequence, activities and analogies .......................................................................................................52 2.2. The Beckhampton Avenue and Longstones Cove ......................................................................................57 Sarsen ............................................................................................................................................................................................58 The snake dream of the fanciful doctor : antiquaries, archaeologists and the Beckhampton Avenue .........................58 Survey and Excavation on the Beckhampton Avenue and Longstones Cove, 1989-2003.............................................62 Geophysical survey and the Beckhampton Avenue and Longstones Cove by Andrew David ....................................63 Excavation ..............................................................................................................................................................................70 Investigation methodology ............................................................................................................................................70 Stone numbers .................................................................................................................................................................72 Longstones Field south-west .........................................................................................................................................72 Detailed stone and stone-hole descriptions ......................................................................................................................75 Artefactual material ....................................................................................................................................................................90 Worked flint from the Longstones Cove and Beckhampton Avenue by Nick Snashall ...............................................90 Worked flint from Avenue contexts by Nick Snashall .......................................................................................................98 Worked chalk .......................................................................................................................................................................102 Molluscan analysis by Rosina Mount and Andrew Mann ...................................................................................................103 Avebury Trusloe ........................................................................................................................................................................103 Geophysical survey .............................................................................................................................................................103 Excavation results ...............................................................................................................................................................105 iv Contents Discussion ............................................................................................................................................................................108 Observations and fîeldwork on the area south-west of Longstones Field ................................................................109 Survey and excavation in Long Barrow Field, 2002..................................................................................................... Ill Geophysical survey in Long Barrow Field by Andrew David .................................................................................. Ill Excavation ......................................................................................................................................................................112 Surface collection and geophysical survey in Beckhampton Field, 2001...................................................................113 Geophysical survey at Manor Farm, Avebury Trasloe, 2005 by James Gunter and Vaughan Roberts ........................115 The eastern section of the Beckhampton Avenue: earlier observations and reconstruction ........................................115 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................................................................118 The course of the Beckhampton Avenue .......................................................................................................................118 Dating the Beckhampton Avenue ....................................................................................................................................119 The format and construction of the avenue and associated activities .......................................................................120 The relationship between the Longstones enclosure and Beckhampton Avenue .....................................................121 The Cove and avenue terminal .........................................................................................................................................124 The Cove and the Sanctuary: architectural references ..................................................................................................126 3. Monumentality in the third тШеппішп ВС Part 2: The West Kennet Avenue andFalkner s Circle ........................................................................129 3.1. The West Kennet Avenue .............................................................................................................................129 Post-processional perspectives ................................................................................................................................................131 Excavations on the West Kennet Avenue, 2002 and 2003.................................................................................................131 Excavation results ...............................................................................................................................................................133 Test pit sampling ...........................................................................................................................................................134 Geology and buried soils .............................................................................................................................................135 Features ...........................................................................................................................................................................135 Prehistoric pottery by Rick Peterson ....................................................................................................................................137 Worked flint ...................................................................................................................................................................138 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................................................................139 Pre-avenue activity ..............................................................................................................................................................140 The logic of avenue construction ....................................................................................................................................141 3.2. The Falkner s Circle .......................................................................................................................................142 The 2002 excavations ...............................................................................................................................................................143 Geophysical survey by Louise Martin ...........................................................................................................................143 Excavation methodology .............................................................................................................................................144 Results .............................................................................................................................................................................144 Prehistoric pottery by Rick Peterson ..............................................................................................................................149 Worked flint ...................................................................................................................................................................149 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................................................151 The circle as hybrid construction ...............................................................................................................................151 The circle as a conventional monument ..................................................................................................................152 4. Monumentality in the third millennium ВС Part 3: The Avebury Cove ..............................153 Excavation Results ....................................................................................................................................................................156 Trench 1 (Stone II) .............................................................................................................................................................156 Prehistoric features .......................................................................................................................................................156 Later deposits and features ..........................................................................................................................................160 Trench 2 (Stone I) ...............................................................................................................................................................162 Prehistoric features .......................................................................................................................................................163 Worked flint ...................................................................................................................................................................163 Optically stimulated luminescence dating by Ed Rhodes and Jean-Luc Schmnninger .....................................................164 Radiocarbon dating .............................................................................................................................................................165 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................................................................165 Contents v Constructing the Cove .......................................................................................................................................................166 The structure and symboĽsm of the Cove .....................................................................................................................167 5. Landscape, environment and monumentality ...........................................................................170 Wider context and chronology ...............................................................................................................................................171 Schematic representations: environment and landscape in context ..................................................................................172 The Avebury landscape ............................................................................................................................................................174 Geology, topography, hydrology and sou ........................................................................................................................174 Palaeoenvironmental data sources ...................................................................................................................................177 Plant communities and their habitats ..............................................................................................................................179 Before the Neolithic (before л4200ВС) ..........................................................................................................................180 Mesolithic/Neolithic transition (Л4200-3700ВС) .........................................................................................................183 Earlier Neolithic (Л3700-3400ВС) ..................................................................................................................................185 Middle Neolithic (¿^ОО-ЗОООВС) ..................................................................................................................................188 Later NeoHthic (лЗООО-гбООВС) .....................................................................................................................................190 Final Neolithic (Л2600-2200ВС) .....................................................................................................................................193 Early Bronze Age (V^OO-lóOOBC) ................................................................................................................................196 Middle and later Bronze Age (лібОО-бООВС) ...............................................................................................................198 Monuments in their landscape ................................................................................................................................................199 6. Monumentality in the third шШеппішп ВС. Part 4: Avebury and Beyond ..........................201 The sequence and chronology of monuments in the later Neolithic of the Avebury region ......................................202 Avebury in context ....................................................................................................................................................................204 Wessex and its hinterland ..................................................................................................................................................205 The Stonehenge region ................................................................................................................................................205 Dorchester, Dorset ........................................................................................................................................................207 StantonDrew ................;................................................................................................................................................209 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................................................210 Beyond Wessex ....................................................................................................................................................................212 Etton/Maxey ..................................................................................................................................................................213 Dorchester-on-Thames ................................................................................................................................................214 Walton Basin ..................................................................................................................................................................216 Thornborough ...............................................................................................................................................................217 Ferrybridge .....................................................................................................................................................................219 Theme and diversity in later Neolithic ceremonial centres ................................................................................................219 Monuments, cosmology, materiality and non-human agency ............................................................................................221 Coda: a return to the Avebury landscape ..............................................................................................................................223 7. Later Prehistoric, Roman and early post-Roman activity in Longstones Field ....................225 The later prehistoric ditch system ..........................................................................................................................................225 Roman and early post-Roman activity at the Longstones Cove ........................................................................................230 Metalwork by Philip Macdonald and Philip Parkes..............................................................................................................232 Romano-British pottery by Nicholas Cooper ......................................................................................................................234 Faunal remains by Fiona Coward ........................................................................................................................................234 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................................................................235 Roman activity elsewhere in the region .................................................................................................................................236 8. Bounding the Avebury landscape ...............................................................................................238 The interior of Avebury ..........................................................................................................................................................239 The North-West Quadrant ................................................................................................................................................240 The South-West Quadrant .................................................................................................................................................243 The South-East Quadrant .................................................................................................................................................244 vi Contents Avebuty summary ...............................................................................................................................................................245 The Beckhampton Avenue ......................................................................................................................................................247 The West Kennet Avenue ........................................................................................................................................................250 Ownership .................................................................................................................................................................................250 Stones and boundaries ......................................................................................................................................................·......251 9. Stone burial .....................................................................................................................................252 Early encounters with buried sarsens ....................................................................................................................................253 The excavations of Keüler ......................................................................................................................................................253 West Kennet Avenue ..........................................................................................................................................................254 North-West Quadrant ........................................................................................................................................................256 South-West Quadrant .........................................................................................................................................................257 South-East Quadrant ..........................................................................................................................................................258 Excavations on the Beckhampton Avenue ...........................................................................................................................259 Excavations on the West Kennet Avenue .............................................................................................................................266 Finds from burial pits ..............................................................................................................................................................266 Medieval pottery by Lorraine Mepham ...............................................................................................................................267 Metalwork from the Tl burial pit by Graham Morgan ....................................................................................................268 Animal bone ........................................................................................................................................................................269 The practices of stone-burial ..................................................................................................................................................269 Digging the burial pit .........................................................................................................................................................269 Toppling the stone ..............................................................................................................................................................273 Preparing the stone .............................................................................................................................................................273 Manoeuvring stones into the pits and back-filling ........................................................................................................274 Summary: the practice of burying stones .......................................................................................................................274 Dating the burials .....................................................................................................................................................................275 Stratigraphy: burials ............................................................................................................................................................276 Stratigraphy: boundaries ....................................................................................................................................................276 Stratigraphy: destruction pits ............................................................................................................................................276 Stratigraphy: structures ......................................................................................................................................................277 Material culture ...................................................................................................................................................................277 Radiocarbon dating ......................................................................................................................................................,......278 Summary of dating evidence ............................................................................................................................................279 The impact of stone burial ......................................................................................................................................................280 Motivations ................................................................................................................................................................................281 Simple economics: burial for clearance ...........................................................................................................................282 Challenging the clearance hypothesis ...............................................................................................................................283 Burial: a religious dimension? ...........................................................................................................................................285 Problems with superstition and religion ..........................................................................................................................286 Stone burial in the Avebury landscape ..................................................................................................................................287 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................................................................................289 10. Stone Breaking .............................................................................................................................291 Destruction and depredation ..................................................................................................................................................291 Ad hoc usage and the practice of breaking stones ..........................................................................................................291 Documentary evidence for deliberate stone breaking .........................................................................................................292 The Stukeley drawings .......................................................................................................................................................293 A poetical assault ................................................................................................................................................................294 Archaeological evidence for stone destruction ....................................................................................................................295 The unpublished Keiller records ............................................................................................................................................296 North-West Quadrant ........................................................................................................................................................296 South-West Quadrant .........................................................................................................................................................296 South-East Quadrant ..........................................................................................................................................................298 Contents yjj The West Kennet Avenue..................................................................................................................................................300 Clay pipes from the Keiller excavations ..........................................................................................................................300 After Keiller...............................................................................................................................................................................302 Stone destruction at Millbarrow .............................................................................................................................................303 Excavations on the Beckhampton Avenue, 1999-2003.....................................................................................................303 Excavations at the Falkner s Circle, 2002..............................................................................................................................312 Medieval and post-medieval artefacts from the Beckhampton Avenue and Falkner s Circle .......................................314 Post-medieval pottery by Paul Courtney .............................................................................................................................314 Glass ...............................................................................................................................................................................315 Clay pipes .......................................................................................................................................................................315 Ironwork from settings LI-L4 ...................................................................................................................................316 Ironwork from settings L7-L16 by Philip Macdonald and Philip Parkes........................................................................316 Non-ferrous metal objects ...........................................................................................................................................318 Animal bone by Fiona Coivard and Anthony Gouldivell ......................................................................................................319 Analysis of the destruction debris associated with Beckhampton Avenue setting L10 ................................................319 Approaching stone destruction debris .............................................................................................................................319 Quantifying the assemblage ..............................................................................................................................................320 Fuelling destruction ............................................................................................................................................................322 Charcoal from the Beckhampton Avenue byRmvena Gale .............................................................................................323 Charcoal from the Falkner s Circle by Ruth Young ..........................................................................................................324 After the destruction ................................................................................................................................................................325 The process of destruction .....................................................................................................................................................326 Variations in practice ................................................................................................................................................................328 Approaches to burning upright stones ............................................................................................................................328 Approaches to burning recumbent stones ......................................................................................................................330 Direct fracture .....................................................................................................................................................................331 Dragging away .....................................................................................................................................................................332 Further complications ........................................................................................................................................................332 What does this variation represent? .................................................................................................................................332 Dating the destructions ............................................................................................................................................................332 Summary of dating evidence ............................................................................................................................................336 Techniques revisited .................................................................................................................................................................338 Which stones were destroyed? ................................................................................................................................................338 The pace of destruction ..........................................................................................................................................................340 Who was breaking the stones and why? ................................................................................................................................340 A religious dimension? .......................................................................................................................................................343 Non-conformity in the latter half of the 17th century .................................................................................................344 Acts of resistance? ..............................................................................................................................................................345 The everyday life of the village ........................................................................................................................................346 Dispute and persecution ....................................................................................................................................................348 The danger of replacing one orthodoxy with another ..................................................................................................349 The five-mile boomtown ...................................................................................................................................................350 Stone destruction and the parcelling up of the land .....................................................................................................351 Conclusion: one rationale and one motivation? .............................................................................................................353 The Stukeley factor .............................................................................................................................................................353 Conclusions: Stone destruction in the Avebury Landscape ...............................................................................................354 Postscript - stone burning today ............................................................................................................................................355 11. Вшіаі and burning in context ....................................................................................................356 Introduction: seeking parallels ................................................................................................................................................356 Burial and burning: a capsule summary ................................................................................................................................356 The Sarsen Stones Project .......................................................................................................................................................357 Wrecking Stonehenge .............................................................................................................................................................358 viii Contents The Devil s Quoits ....................................................................................................................................................................359 Burial, breaking and the Medway megaliths .........................................................................................................................361 StantonDrew .............................................................................................................................................................................362 Conclusions: a unique phenomenon? ....................................................................................................................................363 12. Antiquarian encounters with the Beckhampton Avenue .......................................................365 Thomas Twining s account of the Beckhampton Avenue .................................................................................................365 William. Stukeley and the Beckhampton Avenue .................................................................................................................366 Summary of Stukeley s observations on the Beckhampton Avenue ...........................................................................376 Appendix 1.........................................................................................................................................378 Stukeley manuscripts relating to the Beckhampton Avenue held in the Bodleian Library: summary list and transcription of notes Appendix 2.........................................................................................................................................386 The social and economic relationships between individuals named by Stukeley within early 1 eth-century Avebury Appendix 3.........................................................................................................................................388 Concordance between the Avebury stone numbering schemes adopted by Keiller (unpublished excavation records) and Smith (1965) Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................390
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publisher	Oxbow
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spelling	Landscape of the megaliths excavation and fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments, 1997 - 2003 Mark Gillings ... Oxford Oxbow 2008 XIV, 402 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 28cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Longstones Project was a joint-universities programme of excavation and survey designed to develop a fuller understanding of the context and dynamics of monument construction during the later Neolithic period in the Avebury region. This text presents the results of the project. Funde Geschichte Excavations (Archaeology) England Avebury Region Megalithic monuments England Avebury Region Neolithic period England Avebury Region Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Megalithkultur (DE-588)4038344-1 gnd rswk-swf Avebury Region (England) Antiquities Avebury Region (England) History Avebury (DE-588)4079888-4 gnd rswk-swf Avebury (DE-588)4079888-4 g Megalithkultur (DE-588)4038344-1 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s DE-604 Gillings, Mark Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017075063&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Landscape of the megaliths excavation and fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments, 1997 - 2003 Funde Geschichte Excavations (Archaeology) England Avebury Region Megalithic monuments England Avebury Region Neolithic period England Avebury Region Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Megalithkultur (DE-588)4038344-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4038344-1 (DE-588)4079888-4
title	Landscape of the megaliths excavation and fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments, 1997 - 2003
title_auth	Landscape of the megaliths excavation and fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments, 1997 - 2003
title_exact_search	Landscape of the megaliths excavation and fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments, 1997 - 2003
title_full	Landscape of the megaliths excavation and fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments, 1997 - 2003 Mark Gillings ...
title_fullStr	Landscape of the megaliths excavation and fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments, 1997 - 2003 Mark Gillings ...
title_full_unstemmed	Landscape of the megaliths excavation and fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments, 1997 - 2003 Mark Gillings ...
title_short	Landscape of the megaliths
title_sort	landscape of the megaliths excavation and fieldwork on the avebury monuments 1997 2003
title_sub	excavation and fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments, 1997 - 2003
topic	Funde Geschichte Excavations (Archaeology) England Avebury Region Megalithic monuments England Avebury Region Neolithic period England Avebury Region Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Megalithkultur (DE-588)4038344-1 gnd
topic_facet	Funde Geschichte Excavations (Archaeology) England Avebury Region Megalithic monuments England Avebury Region Neolithic period England Avebury Region Ausgrabung Megalithkultur Avebury Region (England) Antiquities Avebury Region (England) History Avebury
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017075063&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT gillingsmark landscapeofthemegalithsexcavationandfieldworkontheaveburymonuments19972003

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