Socioeconomic differences in old age mortality:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
[Dordrecht]
Springer
2008
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Springer series on demographic methods and population analysis
25 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 244 S. graph. Darst. 235 mm x 155 mm |
| ISBN: | 9781402086915 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Socioeconomic differences in old age mortality |c Rasmus Hoffmann |
| 264 | 1 | |a [Dordrecht] |b Springer |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 244 S. |b graph. Darst. |c 235 mm x 155 mm | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Springer series on demographic methods and population analysis |v 25 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Gesellschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Aged | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Empirical Research | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mortality | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mortality |x Economic aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mortality |x Social aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Older people |x Economic conditions | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Older people |x Mortality | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Older people |x Social conditions | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Socioeconomic Factors | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138549806628864 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Introduction and Overview.......................................... 1
1 Aging and Mortality............................................ 5
1.1 Increasing Life Expectancy................................... 5
1.2 Mortality in the USA........................................ 10
1.3 Mortality in Denmark........................................ 12
2 Underlying Features of Social Differences in Health and Mortality ... 15
2.1 Social Security and Welfare Systems........................... 17
2.2 Welfare in the USA and Denmark.............................. 21
2.3 Pensions................................................... 25
3 Concepts of Social Inequality .................................... 29
3.1 Pierre Bourdieu s Model of Structure, Habitus and Practice........ 31
3.1.1 Three Kinds of Capital................................ 31
3.1.2 The Space of Social Positions .......................... 33
3.1.3 The Space of Lifestyles................................ 33
3.1.4 Habitus............................................. 34
3.1.5 Classes ............................................. 35
3.2 The Importance of Bourdieu s Theory.......................... 35
3.3 Health as a Dimension of Social Inequality?..................... 39
3.4 Relative Deprivation......................................... 41
3.5 Social Inequality Among the Elderly........................... 43
3.5.1 Status Leveling Hypothesis ............................ 45
3.5.2 Status Maintenance Hypothesis......................... 46
3.5.3 Cumulative Advantage Hypothesis...................... 47
3.6 Gender Differences in Old Age................................ 49
3.7 Description of Social Inequality—USA and Denmark............. 50
3.8 Definition of Socioeconomic Status (SES) ...................... 53
4 Socioeconomic Differences in Health and Mortality................. 57
4.1 Socioeconomic Differences in Health .......................... 57
4.2 Socioeconomic Differences in Mortality........................ 60
Contents
4.2.1 International Comparison.............................. 62
4.2.2 Trend over Time...................................... 64
4.2.3 Gender Differences................................... 65
4.3 Mortality Versus Morbidity................................... 67
4.4 Causality from Socioeconomic Status to Health and Mortality...... 69
4.4.1 Cause of Death....................................... 69
4.4.2 Factors Influencing Health and Mortality................. 71
4.4.3 Fundamental Causes.................................. 85
4.4.4 Different Levels of Social Determinants.................. 87
4.4.5 The Wilkinson Hypothesis............................. 88
4.4.6 Life Course Perspective on the Causality from
Socioeconomic Status to Health........................ 91
4.4.7 Reverse Causation and Health Selection.................. 95
4.4.8 Both Causation Directions Considered Together in a Life
Course Perspective................................... 98
4.4.9 Indirect Selection..................................... 100
Change of Socioeconomic Mortality Differences with Age...........103
5.1 Arguments for Convergence..................................104
5.2 Arguments for Divergence....................................107
5.3 Results from the Literature for Divergence Versus Convergence .... 109
Measures......................................................115
6.1 Measures of Predictors.......................................115
6.1.1 Income .............................................117
6.1.2 Wealth..............................................118
6.1.3 Education...........................................118
6.1.4 Occupation..........................................119
6.1.5 Classification of Women...............................120
6.1.6 Social Capital........................................121
6.1.7 Health Behavior......................................122
6.2 Measures of Outcome........................................123
6.2.1 Health..............................................123
6.2.2 Mortality............................................126
Data and Methods..............................................129
7.1 The Health and Retirement Study..............................129
7.2 The Danish Demographic Database (Danish Registers)............130
7.3 Variables in the HRS Data....................................131
7.4 Variables in the Danish Data..................................134
7.5 Method....................................................136
Results on Socioeconomic Mortality Differences (Discussion Included) 139
8.1 The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Old Age Mortality.......139
8.1.1 USA ...............................................139
8.1.2 Denmark............................................ 42
Contents xi
8.2 Interaction Between Marital Status and Age.....................148
8.3 Interaction Between Income and Education......................149
8.4 Interaction Between Socioeconomic Status and Age..............151
8.5 Interaction Between Health and Income ........................160
8.6 Interaction Between Health and Age...........................163
8.7 Discussion of the Findings on the Age Pattern of Social Mortality
Differences................................................165
8.8 Socioeconomic Differences in the Health Trajectory..............167
8.9 Socioeconomic Mortality Differences by Cause of Death..........169
9 Unobserved Heterogeneity.......................................177
9.1 Frailty.....................................................177
9.2 Reasons to Use Frailty Models on Simulated Data................181
9.3 Data Simulation ............................................183
9.4 Frailty Models with Simulated Data............................189
9.5 Frailty Models with Real Data: Left-Truncated Data Compared to
Single Cohorts from Denmark................................193
9.6 A New Method to Take Unobserved Heterogeneity into Account
(and its Comparison to a Stata Model)..........................195
9.7 Application of the New Method to Real (Danish) Data............199
10 Conclusion.....................................................201
Appendix..........................................................205
A Additional Formulas.........................................205
B Causes of Death ............................................206
C Stata Code.................................................207
D Models....................................................211
References.........................................................221
Index.............................................................241
List of Figures
1.1 Development of life expectancy at birth and at age 60 in Denmark,
1835-2004................................................... 6
1.2 Development of life expectancy at birth in Denmark, the USA and
Germany .................................................... 6
1.3 Development of life expectancy at age 60 in Denmark, the USA and
Germany .................................................... 7
1.4 Life table density function for Denmark and the USA by gender...... 11
2.1 Age dependency ratio in Denmark and USA, 1960 to 2002........... 22
2.2 GDP per capita, USA and Denmark, from 1975 to 2002............. 23
2.3 Public and private health expenditures as share of GDP in USA and
Denmark .................................................... 23
2.4 Health expenditures per capita in U.S. $ for the USA and Denmark
from 1997 to 2001............................................. 24
3.1 Income inequality among pension-age and working-age populations
in 16 countries: ratio of 90th to 10th percentile of income............ 47
3.2 Gini-index for the USA at different ages.......................... 48
3.3 Standard deviation of income distribution in Denmark, 1980-2002___ 52
3.4 The share of disposable income received by each income quintile in
Denmark and the USA, 1997 and 2000........................... 52
4.1 Causal pathway from social inequality to health inequality........... 59
4.2 Survival curves for different transitions in the aging process.......... 68
4.3 Causality between socioeconomic status (SES) and health/mortality ... 72
4.4 The relative position of different socioeconomic variables to health.... 72
4.5 Simplified pathways between socioeconomic status (SES), stress and
health....................................................... 82
4.6 The association between income and life-expectancy (schematic)..... 91
4.7 Causal relationship between socioeconomic status, health behavior,
and health over the life course................................... 93
4.8 Two schematic and simplified representations of the interplay
between socioeconomic status (SES), age and health................ 95
8.1 Female mortality with interaction between age and marital status, USA 148
8.2 Male mortality with interaction between age and marital status, USA .. 149
Xlv List of Figures
8.3 Mortality for men and women with interaction between age and
marital status, Denmark........................................150
8.4 Female mortality with interaction between education and income, USA 150
8.5 Male mortality with interaction between age and income, USA.......152
8.6 Male mortality with interaction between age and income, USA (low
income = 1) health controlled...................................153
8.7 Female mortality with interaction between age and income, USA.....153
8.8 Male mortality with interaction between age and income, Denmark
(low income = 1) for comparison with USA.......................154
8.9 Female mortality with interaction between age and income, Denmark
(low income = 1) for comparison with USA.......................155
8.10 Male mortality with interaction between age and income, Denmark ... 155
8.11 Male mortality with interaction between age and income, Denmark
(low income = 1), age adjusted income percentiles.................156
8.12 Female mortality with interaction between age and income, Denmark.. 157
8.13 Female mortality with interaction between age and income, Denmark.. 158
8.14 Male mortality with interaction between age and income, Denmark
(low income = 1) health controlled ..............................159
8.15 Female mortality with interaction between age and income, Denmark
(low income = 1) health controlled ..............................159
8.16 Male mortality with interaction between income and health, USA.....160
8.17 Female mortality with interaction between income and health, USA ... 161
8.18 Male mortality with interaction between income and health, Denmark . 162
8.19 Female mortality with interaction between income and health, Denmark 162
8.20 Male mortality with interaction between age and self-rated health, USA 164
8.21 Female mortality with interaction between age and self rated health,
USA........................................................164
8.22 Male mortality with interaction between age and days in hospital,
Denmark ....................................................165
8.23 Female mortality with interaction between age and days in hospital,
Denmark ....................................................165
8.24 Transitions between good health and death........................169
8.25 Development of all-age mortality by different causes of death in
Denmark, age-standardized mortality rates........................170
8.26 Hazard curves for common cause of death, Danish men .............172
8.27 Hazard curves for common causes of death, Danish women..........172
8.28 Hazard curves for rare causes of death, Danish men.................173
8.29 Hazard curves for rare causes of death, Danish women..............173
8.30 Income mortality gradient for different causes of death, Danish men ... 174
8.31 Income mortality gradient for different causes of death, Danish women 174
9.1 Cumulative density functions for two socioeconomic groups.........184
9.2 Probability density functions for two socioeconomic groups..........184
9.3 Hazard functions for two socioeconomic groups (arithmetic scale)-----185
9.4 Hazard functions for two socioeconomic groups (log-scale)..........185
9.5 Gamma Frailty distribution..................................... 89
List of Figures xv
9.6 Mortality differences between rich and poor at different ages
according to Models 4 to 7, simulated data........................192
9.7 Male mortality with interaction between age and income, Denmark
(low income = 1) left-truncated data.............................194
9.8 Male mortality with interaction between age and income, Denmark,
one cohort ...................................................194
9.9 Female mortality with interaction between age and income, Denmark
(low income = 1), left-truncated data.............................194
9.10 Female mortality with interaction between age and income, Denmark,
one cohort ...................................................195
9.11 Lexis diagram................................................197
9.12 Mortality differences (rate ratios) between rich and poor at different
ages, simulated data...........................................198
9.13 Male mortality with interaction between age and income, Denmark ... 199
List of Tables
2.1 Degree of corporatism, etatism, means-testing market influence,
universalism, and benefit equality in 18 welfare states, 1980.......... 19
2.2 The clustering of welfare states according to conservative, liberal and
socialist regimes attributed with cumulated index scores ............. 20
2.3 Within deciles aggregate income composition for the aged and for
single aged women in the USA, Germany and Sweden............... 26
4.1 Mortality differences between occupational groups in Denmark
1986-1990 ................................................... 63
7.1 Proportion of elderly living in a nursing home, USA and HRS Dataset.. 130
7.2 Person-years for the categories of the variables.....................133
7.3 Person-years by age group ......................................134
8.1 Event history models of socioeconomic predictors for mortality, USA .. 140
8.2 Event history models of socioeconomic predictors for mortality,
Denmark.....................................................143
8.2 (continued)...................................................144
8.3 Income distribution in Denmark at different ages using a fixed income
limit (percent).................................................157
8.4 Distribution and deterioration of health in different income groups by
age, USA.....................................................168
8.5 Changes in mortality rates from common causes of death, USA, age
70-74 and age 85-89, deaths per 100,000 persons per year...........170
9.1 Results for the variance of the frailty distribution from the literature___188
9.2 Results from Model 1 to 3 (simulated data with constant mortality
ratio between rich and poor of 0.50)..............................189
9.3 Results from Models 4 to 7 (simulated data with an increasing
mortality ratio between rich and poor every 10 years of age: 0.50,
0.55,0.60, and 0.65; all models include an interaction between income
and age)......................................................190
9.4 Calculation of rate ratios based on an assumed degree of heterogeneity
based on simulated data.........................................198
9.5 Calculation of rate ratios based on an assumed degree of heterogeneity
based on the Danish data........................................200
|
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| id | DE-604.BV035265075 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:29:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781402086915 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017070539 |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-29 DE-N2 |
| physical | XVII, 244 S. graph. Darst. 235 mm x 155 mm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
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| series | Springer series on demographic methods and population analysis |
| series2 | Springer series on demographic methods and population analysis |
| spelling | Hoffmann, Rasmus Verfasser aut Socioeconomic differences in old age mortality Rasmus Hoffmann [Dordrecht] Springer 2008 XVII, 244 S. graph. Darst. 235 mm x 155 mm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer series on demographic methods and population analysis 25 Gesellschaft Wirtschaft Aged Empirical Research Mortality Mortality Economic aspects Mortality Social aspects Older people Economic conditions Older people Mortality Older people Social conditions Socioeconomic Factors Sterbeziffer (DE-588)4267244-2 gnd rswk-swf Altern (DE-588)4068596-2 gnd rswk-swf Altern (DE-588)4068596-2 s Sterbeziffer (DE-588)4267244-2 s DE-604 Springer series on demographic methods and population analysis 25 (DE-604)BV022289640 25 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017070539&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hoffmann, Rasmus Socioeconomic differences in old age mortality Springer series on demographic methods and population analysis Gesellschaft Wirtschaft Aged Empirical Research Mortality Mortality Economic aspects Mortality Social aspects Older people Economic conditions Older people Mortality Older people Social conditions Socioeconomic Factors Sterbeziffer (DE-588)4267244-2 gnd Altern (DE-588)4068596-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4267244-2 (DE-588)4068596-2 |
| title | Socioeconomic differences in old age mortality |
| title_auth | Socioeconomic differences in old age mortality |
| title_exact_search | Socioeconomic differences in old age mortality |
| title_full | Socioeconomic differences in old age mortality Rasmus Hoffmann |
| title_fullStr | Socioeconomic differences in old age mortality Rasmus Hoffmann |
| title_full_unstemmed | Socioeconomic differences in old age mortality Rasmus Hoffmann |
| title_short | Socioeconomic differences in old age mortality |
| title_sort | socioeconomic differences in old age mortality |
| topic | Gesellschaft Wirtschaft Aged Empirical Research Mortality Mortality Economic aspects Mortality Social aspects Older people Economic conditions Older people Mortality Older people Social conditions Socioeconomic Factors Sterbeziffer (DE-588)4267244-2 gnd Altern (DE-588)4068596-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gesellschaft Wirtschaft Aged Empirical Research Mortality Mortality Economic aspects Mortality Social aspects Older people Economic conditions Older people Mortality Older people Social conditions Socioeconomic Factors Sterbeziffer Altern |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017070539&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022289640 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hoffmannrasmus socioeconomicdifferencesinoldagemortality |