Gărcite po bălgarskite zemi prez XVIII - XIX vek: (do 1878 g.) ; (istoriko-demografska charakteristika)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
V. Tărnovo
Izdat. Faber
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Greeks on the Bulgarian lands in the period 18. - 19. century (up to 1878) |
| Beschreibung: | 622 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789547759190 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Šterionov, Štelijan Dimitrov |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Gărcite po bălgarskite zemi prez XVIII - XIX vek |b (do 1878 g.) ; (istoriko-demografska charakteristika) |c Šteljan D. Šterionov |
| 264 | 1 | |a V. Tărnovo |b Izdat. Faber |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a 622 S. |b graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Greeks on the Bulgarian lands in the period 18. - 19. century (up to 1878) | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1700-1878 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Griechen |0 (DE-588)4022046-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Geschichte 1700-1878 |A z |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017054443&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017054443 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1806960685265977344 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Увод
.11
1.
Историческата демография на българските земи през Възраждането
-
проблеми и задачи
.11
2.
Цели, задачи, хронологични и географски граници на изследването
.16
3.
Противоречивостта в гръцката и българската историография по проблема
за гръцкото етническо присъствие по българските земи през
XVIII—
XIX
в.
(до 1878 г.)
.24
4.
Изворовата база
-
митове и реалност
.56
5.
Терминологична обосновка на ползваните понятия
.76
6.
Методи и методика на изследването
-
същност и специфика
.90
ПЪРВА ГЛАВА:
Гьрците в Югозападна България
.103
ВТОРА ГЛАВА:
Гърците в Централна южна България
.147
ТРЕТА ГЛАВА:
Гърците в Югоизточна България
.239
ЧЕТВЪРТА ГЛАВА:
Гърците в Североизточна България
.371
ПЕТА ГЛАВА:
Гърците в Централна северна България
.449
ШЕСТА ГЛАВА:
Гърците в Северозападна България
.501
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
.537
РЕЗЮМЕ НА АНГЛИЙСКИ ЕЗИК
.549
ПОЛЗВАНИ ИЗВОРИ И ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ
.555
СПИСЪК НА СЪКРАЩЕНИЯТА
.587
ПОКАЗАЛЕЦ НА СТАРИТЕ И НОВИТЕ НАИМЕНОВАНИЯ НА СЕЛИЩАТА,
ОБИТАВАНИ ОТ ГЪРЦИ ПРЕЗ
XVIII-XIX
В. (ДО
1878
г.)
.589
ГЕОГРАФСКИ ПОКАЗАЛЕЦ
.603
Shtelian
Dimitrov
Shterionov
THE GREEKS ON THE BULGARIAN LANDS
IN THE PERIOD 18th-19th CENTURY (up to
1878)
(Historical Demographic review)
(Abstract)
The historical demographic research of the Ottoman Empire is an area of scientific re¬
search still abundant in issues for discussion. One of them is related to the establishment of
the actual ethno-demographic state of the lands within the borders of the Empire. The attempts
to solve this issue have started long ago and have led to a wide variety of formulations often
characterized with explicit controversy. Nevertheless, defining its real parameters is still an is¬
sue standing open before present and future researchers. The answer to one the many questions
implicit in it
-
that related to the Greek presence on the Bulgarian lands in
18dl—
1
9th century (up
to
1878)
is the main objective of the present research.
This research is conducted through detailed examination of the information about the
Greeks inhabiting the researched period in every one of the six geographical areas in Bulgaria
-
Southwest, Central South, Southeast, Northeast, Central North and Northwest.
The summary of die results of the analysis allows us to reach the following conclusions:
I. The formation of the Greek community inhabiting the Bulgarian lands in
1
8Ü1-
1
9th
century is based on the symbiosis of layers with different nature and characteristics.
In the basis of the Greek presence in the researched territory is the autochthonic Greek
population, inhabiting certain parts of the researched region. It is most compact in the zones of
Bulgarian-Greek interference
-
the Southwest and Central South areas of the researched terri¬
tory and the Black Sea coast. Its representatives are characterized by considerable mobility. The
Greek population becomes active after the beginning of the 19th century and it is determined
mostly by immigrant activities, which despite the established re-emigration, characterize the
nature of the migration balance of this population.
The second element which formed the Greek contingent inhabiting the Bulgarian lands in
18th- 19th is of non-autochthonic origin and can be divided into several groups according to the
occupation of the consisting population
-
clerics, educators, economic workers.
The permanent settlement on our lands of Greek clerics is connected with the period
after the Bulgarian church was transferred under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Con¬
stantinople, which exercising its right to appoint the high clergymen in the researched territory,
dispatched mostly Greeks. It should be kept in mind that in most cases the high clergymen com¬
ing to settle in the respective church region were accompanied by a considerable contingent of
their relatives who performed servicing functions in the respective church institutions. And if
the clerics left the researched territory after a certain period of time, as a result in most cases
of their re-appointment, some of the accompanying population which settled here, remained
permanently on our lands.
----------- 649 -----------
The fate of the non-autochthonic Greek educators teaching in the local education institu¬
tions is similar to that of the clerics. They were hired for a certain period of time and after the
completion of the contract a large part of them changed their residence with a view of well-pro¬
vided practicing of their profession.
The situation with the settlement of the Greek economic workers in the researched ter¬
ritory is different. They were attracted mostly by the existence of a vacuum in the particular
territory in the areas of their immediate production capabilities and developing them, they en¬
tered in the local economy and became an inseparable element of its entirety. This category of
population settled permanently on the Bulgarian lands and became part the local community
and remained here as long as there were conditions for its economic prosperity.
The Greek population which settled in the researched territory originated from different
parts of Epirus, Thessaly, Macedonia, Trace, the Archipelago and Asia Minor. Its settlement
here, even though it took place gradually throughout the whole researched period, reached its
peak after the 1830s. Atypical characteristic of this wave of migration is that apart from the
old Greek settlements, Greeks appeared also in settlements where their presence had not been
recorded before. For some of them their non-autochthonic origin was not an obstacle for their
successful integration in the particular social-economic space adding a certain colouring to it,
but for others, this condition was one of the main explanations for its insufficient stability and
active migration mobility.
The factors affecting the demographic dynamics of the researched ethnic community can
be divided into two groups according to the nature of their influence:
1.
affecting its natural
growth and
2.
determining its mechanic movement.
The dynamics of the over-production of this population follows the general trends and
rules typical for the development of the Ottoman society where the stabilization processes are
rather slow and are conducted in continuous struggles against phenomena with different nega¬
tive impact.
1.
Cyclic worsening of the natural geographic conditions in the researched area
-
dry
years, frosty winters, floods, earthquakes, fires which affected both the size of the crops and
respectively the feeding of the population and the increase of its mortality rates.
2.
The impact of illnesses and epidemics
-
the concentration of the researched popula¬
tion mostly in central economic settlements turns it into an epidemiologically more unstable
category.
3.
The natural growth of the researched population was affected negatively by wars, ban¬
dit movements, participation in rebellions, national-liberation struggles. They caused loses of
human resources, affected the production and also the feeding of the population.
Taking the abovementioned events as common demographic factors, it should be noted
that they influenced particularly strongly the mechanical movement of the population inhabiting
the researched area. Their impact was both complex
-
affecting the overall migration process
and also, strictly differentiated
-
related to separate aspects of it. So, the same factors could
influence both the internal and the international migration, both the emigration and the immi¬
gration processes, taking place in the researched territory during the Revival. Parallel with this,
every mechanic movement is predominantly influenced by a precondition (or preconditions)
which despite being part of the conglomerate of factors, is also specific in its nature and it is
specifically differentiated.
550
So, apart form the general demographic phenomena the migration activity of the Greek
population inhabiting our lands is affected also by other factors which can be divided into two
main groups
-
economic and socio-political.
The first are provoked by the changes taking place in the development of the economy of
the Ottoman Empire. Its gradual liberalization becomes the main condition for greater mobility
of the population in the Empire, including the representatives of the examined ethnic commu¬
nity.
The second group reflects mostly the strife for freedom of the researched population; the
immigration policy of the central authorities towards this population which after the middle of
the
19й1
century shows some elements of anti-Greek attitude; the desire for better education,
etc.
In summary of the main preconditions which led to the formation of the Greek community
inhabiting the Bulgarian lands in
18^—
19Ul century and the factors affecting its demographic
dynamics, we should state that regardless of the complexity of their impact, determining influ¬
ence, especially after the beginning of the 19th century have the ones related to its mechanical
movement.
II. Examining the data about the Greek presence within the borders of contemporary Bul¬
garia in lS"1-^"1 century (up to
1878),
it becomes clear that the data available for the
18*
century, even though it gives some idea about the regional aspects of the issue under examina¬
tion, is fragmented and it does not allow us to draw an ethno-demographic picture for the whole
researched territory which to become the basis for summarizing conclusions.
The information for the 19th century is relatively complete. Its analysis gives us the op¬
portunity to make the following conclusions:
The total number of settlements inhabited by Greeks is as follows: in the first half of the
19th century
432 - 60
cities and
372
villages, and in the period
1856-1878 468 - 60
cities and
408
villages and the general increase of
8,4%
is due only to the positive dynamics of the number
of villages inhabited by the researched population which shows an increase of
9,7%.
It deter¬
mines also the change in the ration between the cities and the villages inhabited by the Greeks
and in the first period it is
13,9%: 86,3%,
in the second period, respectively
12,8 %: 87,4%.
As
far as the conclusion that the number of the villages we are interested in exceeds
6
times the
number of the cities is concerned, it is logical with a view of the nature of the settlement struc¬
ture in the researched territory during the Revival.
In terms of territory these settlements are distributed in the following way:
-
in a few compact zones
-
Melnik, Plovdiv, Ortakioy, Mystafapasha, Kavaklii, Kazula-
gach, Black sea coast and its region, and
Arbanasi.
-
considerable presence in the period up to
1829
in the so-called „arnaut" Greek villages
in Razgrad and
Provadia
region and in the second half of the 19th century in some
Vidin
and
Vratsa villages.
-
permanent, though not mass, presence in regional centers and some villages in the cen¬
tral and North part of the Trace valley, the Central Rhodopes, the East slopes of Strandhza and
Stara Planina,
South Dobradhza and the Danube coast.
-
limited and
non-permanent
presence in separate villages along the
Struma
river, the
Osogovo mountain, Srednogorie, SHven region, Ludogorie, cental part of the Danube valley
and Sofia region.
551
Even though the Greek presence is found in all parts of the country, it is concentrated in
the settlements in the South and East regions where between
88,9%
and
89,8%
of the villages
that we are interested in are comcentrated.
In the hipsomatic approach the settlements inhabited by Greek are mostly by the rivers,
by the Sea and in valleys, rarely semi-mountain regions, and their presence in mountain regions
is by accident or completely missing.
The trend towards a gradual widening of the territorial distribution of the settlements in¬
habited by Greeks takes place despite depopulation of the Greeks established during and after
the Russian-Turkish war of
1828-1829
of the East and Northeast parts of the country and its
activation is referred to the third quarter of the 19th century based on the permanent settlement
of Greeks mostly in villages and regions where no traditions of their presence existed before.
Grounds for this trend are the changes taking place in the territorial structure of the social pro¬
duction in the Ottoman Empire at this time. They caused a vacuum in certain spheres of the
local labour market which was consequently filled by the population settling in the respective
regions, which possessed the necessary production experience and capitals and which included
also some Greek population.
JII. Average number of the Greeks living within the borders of contemporary Bul¬
garia
ás
follows: in the first half of the 19th century it is
121518
people, and in the period
1856-1878-111657
people where the dynamics reveals a decrease of
8,1%.
In absolute values the presence of Greek population is established in almost all regions
and varies between
45,8%
in Central, North Bulgaria and
6,7%
in Southwest Bulgaria. South¬
east and Northwest Bulgaria are exceptions where there is an increase, respectively with
2,2%
in the first and
38,4%
in the second region and the high parameters of this indicator for North¬
west Bulgaria are mostly due the exceptionally low absolute basis here and in practice have no
significant impact on the total volume of the researched population.
In relative shares a decrease is seen only in Northeast and Central North Bulgaria, respec¬
tively with
3,5%
and
1,3%.
In the remaining regions there is an increase varying between
0,3%
in Northwest and
4%
in Southeast Bulgaria.
The total decrease of the Greeks in the country determines the decrease in the relative
share of the examined ethnic community in comparison with the total population of Bulgar¬
ia which in the first half of the 19th century was on average about
5,6%,
and in the period
1856-1878
г.-
4,3%.
The relative decrease of
1,3%
in the number of the researched com¬
munity is also directly connected with the growth established in this period among other ethnic
communities in the country.
The outlined trend is checked once again through one of the methods connected with the
application of retrospective prognosis
-
the method of exploitation of the trend. Using it based
in the data of the censuses after the Liberation (in the period
1880-1910),
we can establish the
dynamics trend of the total number of Greeks, inhabiting the researched territories in the period
1800-1880
and its direction corresponds with the one received in the analysis of the data from
the researched period.
The differentiation of the researched population in regions allows us to establish that its
most numerous presence in the first period is in Central South Bulgaria where
38,8%
of the,
Greeks from the researched territory lived, and in the second period
-
in Southeast Bulgaria,
inhabited by
39,8%
of the total researched population. Furthermore, once again the uneven
552
distribution
is confirmed, determining its concentration in the South and East regions of the
country, where between
96,3%
and
97,3%
of all Greeks of the researched territory lived.
It should be noted that the main part of the researched population inhabited in the cities
of the time on the territory of Bulgaria. Its relative share in the first half of the
1
9th century was
55,5%
of the total researched population and in the period
1856-1878
it reached
57,1%.
So,
over half of the researched ethnic community was city population. The characteristics of this
phenomenon can be properly evaluated after it is compared with the ration between the overall
city and village population inhabiting the researched territory in this period, where the total
size of the city population did not exceed
1/6
of all inhabitants of the country. Furthermore, the
dynamics trend of this indicator is gradually increasing and its activation as a whole is part of
the regularities of the coming historical period.
The reasons for the exceptionally high number of city population of the Greeks living in
the country in the researched period can be divided mainly into two groups. The first includes
reasons related to the traditions of the territorial distribution of the Greek population inhabiting
the territory of contemporary Bulgaria. The existence, in most the cities at the time, of estab¬
lished and well organized Greek communities, was the basis for a faster and easier adaptation
of the new-coming Greeks and it became a prerequisite for them to turn precisely to these set¬
tlements. The second group of reasons includes the ones related to professional engagements of
the researched population. The Greeks had focused their efforts mainly in trade, entrepreneur-
ship and provision of services and thus they found a wider space for realization of their produc¬
tion skills in the cities, where the concentration of considerable amounts of human resources
provided guarantees for the realization of the products manufactured by them.
IV. The summarizing trend related to the dynamics of the territorial distribution and
number of the Greeks inhabiting the territory of contemporary Bulgaria during the Revival is
marked by a particular controversy
-
increasing when it comes to the number of settlements
inhabited by the examined ethnic community and deceasing when it comes to its numbers.
Still, the priority influence of the negative factors determines a definite decrease of the
place and role of the researched ethnic community in the total demographic balance in the
country.
553 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Šterionov, Štelijan Dimitrov |
| author_facet | Šterionov, Štelijan Dimitrov |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Šterionov, Štelijan Dimitrov |
| author_variant | š d š šd šdš |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035248769 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)300157888 (DE-599)BVBBV035248769 |
| era | Geschichte 1700-1878 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1700-1878 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV035248769 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:06:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789547759190 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017054443 |
| oclc_num | 300157888 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 622 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Izdat. Faber |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Šterionov, Štelijan Dimitrov Verfasser aut Gărcite po bălgarskite zemi prez XVIII - XIX vek (do 1878 g.) ; (istoriko-demografska charakteristika) Šteljan D. Šterionov V. Tărnovo Izdat. Faber 2008 622 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Greeks on the Bulgarian lands in the period 18. - 19. century (up to 1878) Geschichte 1700-1878 gnd rswk-swf Griechen (DE-588)4022046-1 gnd rswk-swf Minderheit (DE-588)4752223-9 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Minderheit (DE-588)4752223-9 s Griechen (DE-588)4022046-1 s Geschichte 1700-1878 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017054443&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017054443&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Šterionov, Štelijan Dimitrov Gărcite po bălgarskite zemi prez XVIII - XIX vek (do 1878 g.) ; (istoriko-demografska charakteristika) Griechen (DE-588)4022046-1 gnd Minderheit (DE-588)4752223-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4022046-1 (DE-588)4752223-9 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Gărcite po bălgarskite zemi prez XVIII - XIX vek (do 1878 g.) ; (istoriko-demografska charakteristika) |
| title_auth | Gărcite po bălgarskite zemi prez XVIII - XIX vek (do 1878 g.) ; (istoriko-demografska charakteristika) |
| title_exact_search | Gărcite po bălgarskite zemi prez XVIII - XIX vek (do 1878 g.) ; (istoriko-demografska charakteristika) |
| title_full | Gărcite po bălgarskite zemi prez XVIII - XIX vek (do 1878 g.) ; (istoriko-demografska charakteristika) Šteljan D. Šterionov |
| title_fullStr | Gărcite po bălgarskite zemi prez XVIII - XIX vek (do 1878 g.) ; (istoriko-demografska charakteristika) Šteljan D. Šterionov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gărcite po bălgarskite zemi prez XVIII - XIX vek (do 1878 g.) ; (istoriko-demografska charakteristika) Šteljan D. Šterionov |
| title_short | Gărcite po bălgarskite zemi prez XVIII - XIX vek |
| title_sort | garcite po balgarskite zemi prez xviii xix vek do 1878 g istoriko demografska charakteristika |
| title_sub | (do 1878 g.) ; (istoriko-demografska charakteristika) |
| topic | Griechen (DE-588)4022046-1 gnd Minderheit (DE-588)4752223-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Griechen Minderheit Bulgarien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017054443&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017054443&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sterionovstelijandimitrov garcitepobalgarskitezemiprezxviiixixvekdo1878gistorikodemografskacharakteristika |