International commercial debt collection:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toronto
Thomson Carswell
2007
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | LXXIV, 838 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780779813322 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a International commercial debt collection |c David Franklin |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Créances - Recouvrement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Créances - Recouvrement - Droit | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Collecting of accounts | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Collection laws | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE V DISCLAIMER VI GUIDE TO USEFUL INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES 3 INTERNATIONAL DEBT COLLECTION AND THE CISG 11 THE RECOVERY OF
SOVEREIGN DEBT 23 OVERVIEW: LITIGATION OF INTERNATIONAL COM- MERCIAL
DEBT RECOVERY 31 INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 37 I. INTRODUCTION
37 II. THE MEANING OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION .... 38 1.
ARBITRATION 38 2. COMMERCIAL 39 3. INTERNATIONAL 39 III. PRINCIPLE
ATTRIBUTES OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 41 1. FEATURES OF
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 41 2. ADVANTAGES OF INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION ... 42 3. LIMITATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL
ARBITRATION .... 43 IV. CONCLUSION : INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL
ARBITRATION AND DEBT RECOVERY 44 PRINCIPLED NEGOTIATION AND MEDIATION AS
PROCESSES FOR INTERNATIONAL DEBT RECOVERY 45 USING DISPUTE BOARDS (DB)
FOR COMMERCIAL DEBT RECOVERY 53 I. EXPECTATIONS OF THE BUSINESS
COMMUNITY 53 II. WHAT IS A DISPUTE BOARD? 55 III. THE DB OPERATION IN 10
ISSUES 56 1. AT WHICH MOMENT SHOULD THE DB GET INVOLVED TO BE MOST
EFFECTIVE? 57 VN TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. WHAT MUST BE DONE TO SET UP A DB?
IS A DB SUITABLE FOR ALL TYPES OF CONTRACTS? 57 3. WHO SHOULD COMPRISE
THE DB? 58 4. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE DB? AT WHICH INTERVALS SHOULD THE
MEETINGS OR VISITS ON SITE TAKE PLACE? 59 5. IS IT POSSIBLE TO CONSULT
THE DB BEFOREHAND, OUTSIDE THE FORMAL DB PROCEDURE? 59 6. WHO DEFINES
THE PROCEDURE IN CASE OF INFORMAL OR FORMAL REFERRAL TO THE DB AND WHAT
ARE THE ELEMENTS OF THE PRO- CEDURE? 60 7. ONCE A RECOMMENDATION OR A
DECISION IS ISSUED, WHICH ARE THE MODALITIES AND WHICH STEPS MUST BE
TAKEN TO SOLVE THE DISPUTE IN CASE OF DISAGREEMENT? 60 8. WHAT TO DO IF
A DB IS TRUNCATED, UNINTENTIONALLY OR INTEN- TIONALLY? 61 9. IS THE DB
MANDATE RENEWED AUTOMATICALLY? WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF OBSTRUCTION BY ONE
PARTY OR BY ONE OF THE MEMBERS OF ADB? 61 10. HOW TO REACT IF ONE OR
BOTH PARTIES OR THE DB DO NOT RESPECT THE GIVEN DEADLINES, DO NOT
CONFORM TO THEIR OB- LIGATIONS, DO NOT SUBMIT THE EXPECTED DOCUMENTS OR
USE SPECIOUS ARGUMENTS TO DELAY OR KEEP THE DB FROM DELIV- ERING ITS
OPINION? 62 IV. RECOMMENDATIONS 62 EXECUTION OF JUDGMENTS IN THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA 65 I. EXECUTION OF BANK ACCOUNTS 66 II. EXECUTION ON
WAGES 67 III. EXECUTING ON DEBTS OWED TO DEBTOR BY THIRD PERSON OR ON
PERSONAL PROPERTY OF DEBTOR HELD BY THIRD PERSON 67 IV. EXECUTION
AGAINST TANGIBLE PERSONAL PROPERTY 68 V. EXECUTION AGAINST REAL ESTATE
68 VI. A NOTE ON EXEMPTIONS 69 VLL.CONCLUSION 70 THE RECOGNITION AND
ENFORCEMENT OF FOR- EIGN COUNTRY MONEY JUDGMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES 71
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS IN CIVIL AND COM- MERCIAL MATTERS WITHIN THE
EUROPEAN UNION 77 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. JUDICIAL CO-OPERATION IN
CIVIL MATTERS HAVING CROSS-BORDER IMPLICATIONS 77 2. THE TREATY OF
AMSTERDAM 78 3. (EU) REGULATION NO. 44/2001 78 4. DIRECTIVES AND
REGULATIONS ON UNCONTESTED CLAIMS 80 4.1 THE NEED FOR SPECIFIC
PROCEDURAL RULES FOR UNCONTESTED CLAIMS 80 4.2 DIRECTIVE NO. 2000/ 35/
EC ON COMBATING LATE PAYMENT IN COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS 80 4.3 EU
REGULATION NO. 805/2004 80 4.3.1 SCOPE AND PURPOSES 80 4.3.2 AMBIT OF
APPLICATION 81 4.3.3 ABOLITION OF EXEQUATUR 82 4.3.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR
CERTIFICATION AS A EUROPEAN EN- FORCEMENT ORDER 82 4.3.5 MINIMUM
STANDARDS FOR UNCONTESTED CLAIMS PRO- CEDURES 83 4.3.6 ENFORCEMENT 84
4.3.7 FINAL REMARKS 85 4.4 REGULATION NO. 1896/2006 85 4.4.1 SCOPE AND
PURPOSES 85 4.4.2 AMBIT OF APPLICATION 86 4.4.3 THE PROCEDURE 86 4.4.4
THE APPLICATION FOR A EUROPEAN ORDER FOR PAYMENT 86 4.4.5 THE
EXAMINATION OF THE APPLICATION 87 4.4.6 ISSUANCE OF A EUROPEAN ORDER FOR
PAYMENT 88 4.4.7 OPPOSITION TO THE EUROPEAN ORDER FOR PAYMENT .. 88
4.4.8 ENFORCEABILITY 89 4.4.9 THE REFUSAL OF ENFORCEMENT 89 5.
CONCLUSION 90 CREDITORS PRE-JUDGMENT CONSERVATORY REMEDIES 91 THE EU
REGULATION NO. 805/2004 CREATING A EUR- OPEAN ENFORCEMENT ORDER FOR
UNCONTESTED CLAIMS 103 1. TOWARDS A GENUINE EUROPEAN AREA OF JUSTICE 103
2. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS IN CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL MATTERS WITHIN THE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 104 3. THE NEED FOR SPECIFIC PROCEDURAL RULES FOR
UNCONTESTED CLAIMS 106 IX TABLE OF CONTENTS 4. THE NEED FOR A EUROPEAN
ENFORCEMENT ORDER FOR UNCONTESTED CLAIMS 107 5. THE REGULATION: SCOPE
AND PURPOSES 108 6. REGULATION S AMBIT OF APPLICATION 110 7. ABOLITION
OF EXEQUATUR 112 8. REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTIFICATION AS A EUROPEAN
ENFORCEMENT ORDER 113 9. FORMALITIES OF THE EUROPEAN ENFORCEMENT ORDER
CERTIFICATE 114 10. SPECIAL CERTIFICATES: RECTIFICATION AND WITHDRAWAL
115 11. MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR UNCONTESTED CLAIMS PROCEDURES .... 116 12.
ADVANTAGES IN MEMBER STATES PROCEEDINGS, OF MEETING THE MINIMUM
PROCEDURAL STANDARDS 117 13. ENFORCEMENT 118 14. COURT SETTLEMENTS 120
15. AUTHENTIC INSTRUMENT 121 16. FINAL OBSERVATIONS: TOWARDS THE
ABOLITION OF EXEQUATUR? .. 122 PERSONAL JURISDICTION ISSUES AND
STRATEGIES FOR FOREIGN CORPORATIONS SUED IN THE UNITED STATES 125
INTRODUCTION 125 I. CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF DUE PROCESS 126 II.
LONG-ARM STATUTES 126 III. IMPUTING THE ACTIVITIES OF A LOCAL SUBSIDIARY
TO A FOREIGN PARENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION OVER
THE PARENT 129 1. COURTS RARELY HOLD THAT A SUBSIDIARY IS A MERE
DEPART- MENT OF ITS PARENT 129 2. A SUBSIDIARY OR LOCAL REPRESENTATIVE
ARE USUALLY NOT AGENTS FOR THE PURPOSE OF IMPOSING PERSONAL JURISDIC-
TION OVER A FOREIGN DEFENDANT 130 IV. POSSIBLE STRATEGIES TO AVOID TO
EXERCISE OF PERSONAL JURISDIC- TION 131 1. AGREE THAT DISPUTES WILL BE
ARBITRATED 131 2. MOVE TO DISMISS THE ACTION 132 V. CONSEQUENCE OF THE
AEROSPATIALE DECISION ON JURISDICTIONAL DISCOVERY 132 VI. CASES ARISING
UNDER FEDERAL LAW 133 CONCLUSION 134 PERFECTION OF SECURITIES IN EUROPE
135 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 135 2. INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS
135 3. CHOICE OF LAW 136 4. SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS 136 4.1. INTRODUCTION
136 4.1.1. SECURITY INTEREST ARRANGEMENTS .... 137 4.1.2. TRANSFER OF
TITLE ARRANGEMENTS 137 4.2. PERFECTION OF SECURITY INTERESTS 138 4.2.1.
SECURITY INTEREST ARRANGEMENTS .... 138 (I) PLEDGE OF FINANCIAL
INSTRUMENTS 138 (II) PLEDGE OF RECEIVABLES AND BANK ACCOUNTS 138 (III)
PLEDGEOF COMMERCIAL BUSINESS 138 (IV) MORTGAGE 139 4.2.2. TRANSFER OF
TITLE ARRANGEMENTS 139 4.3. ENFORCEMENT OF SECURITY INTERESTS 139 4.3.1.
SECURITY INTEREST ARRANGEMENTS .... 139 4.3.2. TRANSFER OF TITLE
ARRANGEMENTS 140 4.3.3. ENFORCEABILITY OF FOREIGN JUDG- MENTS 140 4.4.
LIMITATIONS TO SECURITY INTERESTS 140 4.4.1. CORPORATE POWER 141 4.4.2.
CORPORATE BENEFIT 141 4.4.3. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 142 5. CONCLUSION 142
TRUSTS AND INTERNATIONAL DEBT COLLECTION 143 TRADE CREDIT INSURANCE:
MULTI-PURPOSE SO- LUTION FOR CAPTURING OPPORTUNITY AND TRANSFERRING RISK
151 THE CHANGING FACE OF THE COMMERCIAL COL- LECTION AGENCY 159 CANADA *
BRITISH COLUMBIA 167 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 167 2. THIRD PARTY
COLLECTION 167 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 167 4. PRE-LITIGATION
COLLECTION PROCEDURES 167 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE 168 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 168 XI TABLE OF CONTENTS 7. ESTABLISHING
JURISDICTION 169 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW IN EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF
CERTAIN COURTS 169 9. EFFECTIVE ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL
PROCEEDINGS 169 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 169 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 170 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 170 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 170 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE
SPECIAL DEMANDS 170 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST
171 D) DEFENCES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 171 E) AVAILABILITY
OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 172 F) TRIAL . 172 G) THE JUDGMENT 172 13.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 173 14. RIGHTOFAPPEAL 173 15. CURRENCY 173 16.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 174 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS 174 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 175 19. HAGUE
CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS
175 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 175 21. SPECIAL FEATURES 175 CANADA *
PRAIRIE PROVINCES 177 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 177 2. THIRD PARTY
COLLECTION 178 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 178 4. PRE-LITIGATION
COLLECTION PROCEDURES 179 A) INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 179 B)
NEGOTIATING WITH THE DEBTOR 179 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE 180 6.
JURISDICTION OF THE COURTS 180 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 180 8.
CHOICE OF LAW AND JURISDICTION CLAUSES 181 9. ARBITRATION CLAUSES 181
10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 181 11. AUTHENTICATION OF
DOCUMENTS 182 12. THE CLAIM: FROM FILING SUIT TO JUDGMENT 182 A) GENERAL
OVERVIEW 182 B) RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 182 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS
C) DEFAULT JUDGMENT 183 D) DEBTOR DEFENCES 183 E) EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES
183 F) TRIAL 184 G) THE DECISION AND COSTS 184 13. JUDGMENT ENFORCEMENT
185 14. RIGHTOFAPPEAL 186 15. CURRENCY 186 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
JUDGMENTS 186 17. FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS 187 18. LIMITATIONS 187 19.
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 187 20. JUDICIAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION 187 CANADA *
ONTARIO 189 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 189 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION: ROLE
OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND LAW- YERS 189 A) TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURE OF
COLLECTIONS AGENTS AND OF LAWYERS 189 B) PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION
PROCEDURES 190 (I) VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR 190 (II)
INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF DEBTOR 190 (III) DEMAND LETTERS 190
C) USE OF THREATS OF BANKRUPTCY 190 3. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE:
EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 191 4. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 191 5.
ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 192 6. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE
JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 192 7. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON
INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 192 A) BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING A
SUIT 192 B) AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 193 C) FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT
193 (I) SUMMARY JUDGMENT 193 (II) JUDGMENT 194 (III) COSTS 194 (IV)
WITNESSES 194 D) ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 194 (I) EXAMINATION OF JUDGMENT
DEBTOR 194 (II) SEIZURE AND SALE OF PERSONAL PROPERTY 195 (III)
GARNISHMENT 195 XIII TABLE OF CONTENTS (IV) SALE OF REAL ESTATE 195 8.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 195 9. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS 195 10. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 196 11. COURT DIRECT
MEDITATION 196 CANADA * QUEBEC 197 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 197 2. THIRD
PARTY COLLECTION 197 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURE 197 4. PRE-LITIGATION
COLLECTION PROCEDURES 197 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE 198 6.
JURISDICTION OF THE COURTS 198 7. CHOICE OF LAW AND ARBITRATION CLAUSES
198 8. BASIC REQUIREMENTS 199 9. LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 199 A) COMMERCIAL
CLAIMS 19 9 B) SPECIAL CLAIMS 200 (I) INTEREST 200 (II) COLLECTION
CHARGES AND ATTORNEY FEES 200 10. SECURITY FOR COSTS 200 11.
EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 201 12. TRIAL 201 13. OFFICIAL LANGUAGES 201 14.
JUDGMENT 202 15. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 202 16. CURRENCY 202 17.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 202 A) RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS 203 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 204 19. MEDIATION 204
CANADA * ATLANTIC PROVINCES 207 1. LEGAL SYSTEM 207 2. THIRD PARTY
COLLECTION 207 3. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 208 A)
INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF DEBTOR 208 B) VERIFICATION OF
CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR 208 C) RESTRAINTS ON NEGOTIATIONS WITH
DEBTOR 208 D) USE OF THREATS OF BANKRUPTCY 208 E) NECESSITY OF DEMAND
LETTER 209 F) AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS 209 4. ESTABLISHING
JURISDICTION 209 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS 5. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 210 6.
EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 210
7. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTION OF LEGAL PROCEED- INGS
210 8. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 211 9. AUTHENTICATION OF
DOCUMENTS 211 10. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 212 A) COMMENCEMENT OF A
CLAIM 212 B) SPECIAL DEMANDS 212 C) DELAY FOR APPEARANCE 212 (I) NOVA
SCOTIA 212 (II) NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR 213 (III) NEW BRUNSWICK 213
(IV) PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 213 D) DEFENDED CLAIMS 213 (I) SECURITY FOR
COSTS 213 (II) DEPOSITION/EXAMINATION OF PARTIES 214 (III) EVIDENCE 214
(IV) COUNTERCLAIMS 214 (V) FORUM NON CONVENIENS 215 (VI) AVAILABILITY OF
COMMISSION ROGATOIRE/LETTERS RO- GATORY 215 (VII) LIMITATION PERIODS 215
E) EXTRAORDINARY PROCEDURES 215 (I) SEIZURE/ATTACHMENT BEFORE JUDGMENT
215 (II) INJUNCTIONS TO RESTRAIN DISPOSITION OF PROPERTY .... 216 (III)
SUMMARY JUDGMENT 216 F) TRIALS 216 G) JUDGMENT 217 11. ENFORCEMENT OF
JUDGMENT 217 A) NEW BRUNSWICK 217 B) NOVA SCOTIA 218 C) NEWFOUNDLAND AND
LABRADOR 218 12. RIGHT OF APPEAL 219 13. CURRENCY 219 14. RECOGNITION OF
FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 219 A) NOVA SCOTIA 219 B) NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR 22
0 C) NEW BRUNSWICK 220 15. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 221
16. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 221 A) NOVA SCOTIA 221 XV TABLE OF CONTENTS
B) NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR 221 C) NEW BRUNSWICK 221 D) PRINCE EDWARD
ISLAND 222 17. CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES 222 18. MEDIATION 222 A) NOVA
SCOTIA 222 B) NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR 222 C) NEW BRUNSWICK 223 D)
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 223 19. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 223 20. SPECIAL
FEATURES 224 A) SETTING ASIDE BAD FAITH TRANSACTIONS 224 B) CONSTRUCTION
LIENS 224 C) DISTRAINT 224 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA * NEW YORK 227 1.
LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 227 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 227 3. TYPICAL FEE
STRUCTURES OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND LAWYERS .. 227 4. PRE-LITIGATION
COLLECTION PROCEDURES 228 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE 228 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 228 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 229 8. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION 229 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION
229 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 229 11. AUTHENTICATION OF
DOCUMENTS 230 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 230 13. ENFORCEMENT OF
JUDGMENT 232 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 233 15. CURRENCY 233 16. RECOGNITION OF
FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 233 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 234
18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 234 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES 234 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 234 21. SPECIAL FEATURES AND
UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES 234 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA * FLORIDA 237 1. LEGAL
SYSTEM OVERVIEW 237 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 237 3. TYPICAL FEE
STRUCTURES 238 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 238 XVI TABLE OF
CONTENTS 5. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 239 6. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 240
7. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS
240 8. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 240
9. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 241 10. AUTHENTICATION OF
DOCUMENTS 241 11. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 241 12. ENFORCEMENT OF
JUDGMENT 244 13. RIGHTOFAPPEAL 245 14. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS
245 15. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 245 16. UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES PARTICULAR
TO FLORIDA 245 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA * ILLINOIS 247 1. LEGAL SYSTEM
OVERVIEW 247 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 247 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 247
4. PRE-LITIGATION PROCEDURES 248 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY
AND INDEPENDENCE 248 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 248 7. ESTABLISHING
JURISDICTION 248 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION
OF CERTAIN COURTS 249 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 249 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 249 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF FOREIGN DOCUMENTS 250 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 250
A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING CLAIM 250 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL
DEMANDS 250 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST 250 D)
DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 251 E) A VAILABILITY OF
EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 251 F) TRIAL 252 G) THE JUDGMENT 252 13.
ENFORCEMENT OF THE JUDGMENT 252 14. RIGHT TO APPEAL 253 15. CURRENCY 253
16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 253 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS 254 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 254 XVII TABLE OF
CONTENTS 19. HAGUE TREATY AND WARSAW CONVENTION 254 20. COURT DIRECT
MEDIATION 254 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA * CALIFORNIA 255 1. LEGAL SYSTEM
OVERVIEW 255 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 256 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 256
4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 256 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE:
EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 257 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 258 7.
ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 258 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE
JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 258 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON
INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 258 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT
259 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 259 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 259
A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 259 B) THE RIGHT TO
MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 260 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO
CONTEST 260 D) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 260 E) A
VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 261 F) TRIAL 261 G) THE JUDGMENT
262 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 262 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 262 15. CURRENCY
263 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 263 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS 263 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 263 19. HAGUE
CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 263 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION
263 21. SPECIAL FEATURES AND UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES 264 UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA * WASHINGTON, D.C. 265 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 265 2. THIRD
PARTY COLLECTION 265 A) ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND LAWYERS 265 B)
PERCENTAGE OF WORK DEALT WITH INITIALLY BY NON-LAWYERS 266 3. TYPICAL
FEE STRUCTURES 266 XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS A) OF COLLECTION AGENTS 266
B) OF LAWYERS 266 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 266 A)
AVAILABILITY OF INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF DEBTOR 266 B)
AVAILABILITY OF VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR 266 C)
RESTRAINTS ON NEGOTIATION WITH THE DEBTOR 267 D) USE OF THREAT OF
BANKRUPTCY 267 E) NECESSITY OF DEMAND LETTER 267 F) AVAILABILITY OF
PUBLIC RECORDS 267 5. ACCESSIBILITY OF JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND
INDEPENDENCE 267 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 267 7. ESTABLISHING PERSONAL
JURISDICTION 268 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION
OF CERTAIN COURTS 268 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 269 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 269 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 269 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 270 13. THE
JUDGMENT 272 14. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 273 15. RECOGNITION AND
ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 273 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRAL
AWARDS 273 17. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 274 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA *
TEXAS 275 1. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 275 2. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 275 A)
COLLECTION AGENTS 275 B) LAWYERS 275 3. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION
PROCEDURES 275 A) A VAI LABILITY OF IN VESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS
OF DEBTOR 275 B) A VAILABILITY OF VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF
DEBTOR . . 276 C) RESTRAINTS ON NEGOTIATION WITH THE DEBTOR 276 D) USE
OF THREAT OF BANKRUPTCY 276 E) NECESSITY FOR DEMAND LETTER 276 F)
AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS 276 4. ACCESSIBILITY OF JUSTICE:
EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 276 5. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 277 XIX TABLE
OF CONTENTS 6. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 277 A) NECESSITY OF THE
PHYSICAL PRESENCE OF THE DEBTOR 277 B) SUFFICIENCY OF ASSETS OF THE
DEBTOR WITHIN JURISDICTION OR CARRYING ON BUSINESS 277 C) OTHER CRITERIA
FOR THE COURT TO TAKE JURISDICTION 277 7. EFFECT OF CHOICE LAW AND
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 277 8. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION
CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 278 9. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
FILING SUIT 278 A) BASIC COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS REQUIRED: 278 B) NEED FOR
POWER OF ATTORNEY/LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION 278 C) NEED FOR REGISTRATION
OF FOREIGN CREDITOR IN JURISDICTION 278 D) NEED FOR OFFICIAL
TRANSLATIONS 278 E) OTHER PRELIMINARY PREREQUISITES 278 10.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 279 11. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 279 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING COMMERCIAL CLAIM 279 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE
SPECIAL DEMANDS 279 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST
279 D) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 280 E) AVAILABILITY
OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 281 F) TRIAL 281 G) THE JUDGMENT 282 12.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 282 13. RIGHT OF APPEAL 283 14. CURRENCY 283 15.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 283 A) ACCEPTANCE OF THE VALIDITY OF A
FOREIGN JURISDICTION 283 B) POWER OF THE COURT TO REVIEW THE MERITS OF A
FOREIGN JUDGMENT 283 C) EFFECT OF PENDING APPEAL OR OTHER PROCEEDINGS
283 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 283 17. STATUTE OF
LIMITATIONS 284 18. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 284 19. SPECIAL FEATURES 284
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA * GEORGIA 285 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 285 2.
THIRD PARTY COLLECTIONS 285 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 285 4.
PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 285 XX TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.
ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE 286 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 286 7.
ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 286 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND
JURISDICTION 286 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE 287 10. BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 287 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 287 12.
FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 287 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW 287 B) THE RIGHT TO
MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 287 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE 288 D) DEFENSES
AVAILABLE TO THE DEBTOR 288 E) AVAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES
289 F) TRIAL . 289 G) JUDGMENT 289 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 289 14.
RIGHTOFAPPEAL 290 15. CURRENCY 290 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS
- FOREIGN MONEY JUDG- MENTS RECOGNITION ACT 290 17. RECOGNITION OF
FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 290 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 290 19. COURT
DIRECT MEDIATION 291 MEXICO 293 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 293 2. THIRD
PARTY COLLECTION 293 A) ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND LAWYERS 293 B)
PERCENTAGE OF WORK DEALT WITH INITIALLY BY NON-LAWYERS 293 3. TYPICAL
FEE STRUCTURES 294 A) OF COLLECTION AGENTS 294 B) OF LAWYERS 294 4.
PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 294 A) A VAILABILITY OF IN
VESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF DEBTOR . 294 B) A VAILABILITY OF
VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR 294 C) RESTRAINTS ON
NEGOTIATION WITH THE DEBTOR 294 D) USE OF THREAT OF BANKRUPTCY 294 E)
NECESSITY FOR DEMAND LETTER 295 F) AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS 295 5.
ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 295 XXI TABLE OF
CONTENTS 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 295 A) TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION 295
B) SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION 295 C) AMOUNT JURISDICTION 296 D) COURT
JURISDICTION 29 6 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 296 A) NECESSITY OF
PHYSICAL PRESENCE OF THE DEBTOR 296 B) SUFFICIENCY OF ASSETS OF THE
DEBTOR WITHIN JURISDICTION OR CARRYING ON BUSINESS 296 C) OTHER CRITERIA
FOR THE COURT TO TAKE JURISDICTION 297 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 297 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION
CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 297 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
FILING SUIT 297 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 298 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO
JUDGMENT 298 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 298 B)
THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 298 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR
APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST 299 D) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT
(DEBTOR) 299 E) AVAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 300 F) TRIAL 300
G) THE JUDGMENT 301 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 301 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL
302 15. CURRENCY 302 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 302 17.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 303 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
303 19. CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 303 20. COURT DIRECT
MEDIATION 304 21. SPECIAL FEATURES AND UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES 304
ARGENTINA 309 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 309 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION:
ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND LAW- YERS 309 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES OF
COLLECTION AGENTS AND OF LAWYERS 310 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION
PROCEDURES 310 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE
311 XXN TABLE OF CONTENTS 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 311 7. ESTABLISHING
JURISDICTION 311 8. EFFECT OF A CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION
OF CERTAIN COURTS 312 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 312 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 312 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 313 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 313 13.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 314 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 315 15. CURRENCY 315 16.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 315 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS 316 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 316 19. CONVENTIONS
AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 317 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 317 BRAZIL 319
1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 319 2. THIRD PARTIES COLLECTION 319 3. TYPICAL
FEE STRUCTURES 319 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 319 A) THE
NEED FOR NOTICE 319 B) THE AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS 320 5.
ACCESSIBILITY TO COURTS: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 320 6. JURISDICTION
OF COURTS 320 7. DETERMINING JURISDICTION 320 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW
AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 321 9. EFFECT OF THE
ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON THE FILING OF LAWSUITS ... 321 10. BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 321 A) ARE BASIC COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS
REQUIRED? 321 B) IS THERE A NEED FOR POWER OF ATTORNEY/AUTHORIZATION
LET- TER? 321 C) IS THERE A NEED FOR REGISTRATION OF THE FOREIGN
CREDITOR WITHIN THE JURISDICTION? 321 D) IS THERE A NEED FOR OFFICIAL
TRANSLATIONS? 321 E) OTHER PREREQUISITES (PRELIMINARY) 322 11. JUDGMENT
EXECUTION 322 A) THE TYPES OF CONFISCATION AND SALE OF CHATTELS AND REAL
PROPERTY 322 XXNI TABLE OF CONTENTS B) THE EXEMPTIONS FROM CONFISCATION
322 C) THE ATTACHMENT OF DEBTOR S PROPERTY IN A THIRD PARTY S POSSESSION
TO MEET THE LIABILITY 322 D) THE USE OF THREATENED
BANKRUPTCY/LIQUIDATION 322 12. RIGHT TO APPEAL 323 13. CURRENCY 323 A)
COMMENCING PROCEEDINGS IN FOREIGN CURRENCY 323 B) CURRENCY AND
WITHHOLDING TAX CONTROL 323 14. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 323
A) THE ACCEPTANCE OF FOREIGN JURISDICTION 323 B) THE COURT S POWER TO
EXAMINE THE MERITS OF A FOREIGN JUDGMENT 323 C) THE EFFECT OF
OUTSTANDING APPEAL OR OTHER OUTSTANDING PROCEDURES 324 D) THE STATUTE OF
LIMITATION ON RATIFICATION OF A FOREIGN JUDGMENT 324 15. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 324 16. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 324 17.
HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES PERTAINING TO TRADE ISSUES
325 18. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 325 A) ARE MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION
AVAILABLE PRIOR TO LITIGA- TION? IF SO, WHAT IS THE PROCESS? 325 B) IF
PROCEEDINGS IN COURT COMMENCED, CAN THE COURT IN- STRUCT THE PARTIES FOR
MEDIATION? IF SO, WHAT IS THE PRO- CEDURE? 325 19. SPECIAL FEATURES AND
UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES 326 CHILE 327 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 327 2. THIRD
PARTY COLLECTION 327 A) ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND LAWYERS 327 B)
PERCENTAGE OF WORK DEALT WITH BY NON-LAWYERS 327 3. TYPICAL FEE
STRUCTURES 327 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 328 A)
AVAILABILITY OF INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF DEBTOR 328 B) A
VAILABILITY OF VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR 328 C)
RESTRAINTS ON NEGOTIATION WITH THE DEBTOR 32 8 D) NECESSITY FOR DEMAND
LETTER 329 E) AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS 329 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO
JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 329 XXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 330 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 330 A) NECESSITY
OF PHYSICAL PRESENCE OF THE DEBTOR 330 B) SUFFICIENCY OF ASSETS OF THE
DEBTOR WITHIN JURISDICTION OR CARRYING ON BUSINESS 330 C) OTHER CRITERIA
FOR THE COURT TO TAKE JURISDICTION 330 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 331 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION
CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 331 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
FILING SUIT 331 A) BASIC COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS REQUIRED 331 B) NEED FOR
POWER OF ATTORNEY/ LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION 332 C) NEED FOR REGISTRATION
OF FOREIGN CREDITOR IN JURISDICTION 332 D) NEED FOR OFFICIAL
TRANSLATIONS 332 E) OTHER PRELIMINARY PREREQUISITES 332 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 332 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 333 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW OJ FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 333 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE
SPECIAL DEMANDS 33 3 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST
334 D) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 334 E) A VAILABILITY
OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 334 F) TRIAL 335 G) THE JUDGMENT 335 13.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 335 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 336 15. CURRENCY 336 16.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 336 A) ACCEPTANCE OF VALIDITY OF
FOREIGN JURISDICTION 336 B) POWER OF THE COURT TO REVIEW MERITS OF
FOREIGN JUDGMENT 336 C) EFFECT OF PENDING APPEAL OR OTHER PROCEEDINGS
337 D) PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OFAFOREIGN JUDG- MENT 337
17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 337 18. HAGUE CONVENTIONS
AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS 338 19. COURT
DIRECT MEDIATION 338 A) AVAILABILITY OF MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION PRIOR
TO LITI- GATION 338 B) MEDIATION AFTER COURT PROCEEDINGS HAVE COMMENCED
.... 338 XXV TABLE OF CONTENTS COLOMBIA 339 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 339
2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 340 A) ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND LAWYERS
340 B) PERCENTAGE OF WORK DEALT WITH INITIALLY BY NON-LAWYERS 340 3.
TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 340 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 340
A) AVAILABILITY OF INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF DEBTOR . 340 B)
A VAILABILITY OF VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR . 341 C)
RESTRAINTS OF NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE DEBTOR 341 D) USE OF THREAT OF
BANKRUPTCY 341 E) NECESSITY FOR DEMAND LETTER 341 F) AVAILABILITY OF
PUBLIC RECORDS 341 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND
INDEPENDENCE 342 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 342 7. ESTABLISHING
JURISDICTION 343 A) NECESSITY OF PHYSICAL PRESENCE OF THE DEBTOR. 343 B)
SUFFICIENCY OF ASSETS OF THE DEBTOR WITHIN JURISDICTION OR CARRYING OF
BUSINESS 343 C) OTHER CRITERIA FOR THE COURT TO TAKE JURISDICTION 343 8.
EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 343
9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 343 10.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 344 A) BASIC COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS
REQUIRED 344 B) NEED FOR POWER OF ATTORNEY/LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION 34 4
C) NEED FOR REGISTRATION OF FOREIGN CREDITOR IN JURISDICTION 344 D) NEED
FOR OFFICIAL TRANSLATIONS 344 E) OTHER PRELIMINARY PREREQUISITES 344 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 345 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 345 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 345 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE
SPECIAL DEMANDS 345 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST
345 D) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 346 (I) OVERVIEW OF
CONTESTED CLAIMS PROCEDURE AND DE- LAYS 346 XXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS (II)
DEPOSITION/EXAMINATION OF PARTIES BEFORE AND AF- TER DEFENSE 346 (III)
SECURITY FOR COSTS 346 (IV) EXAMINATION OF DEPONENT TO AFFIDAVIT 346 (V)
NEED TO OFFER TRAVEL EXPENSES TO DEPONENT 346 (VI) NEED FOR PRODUCTION
OF EXHIBITS AND EXPERTS RE- PORTS 347 (VII) COUNTERCLAIMS 347 (VIII)
FORUM NON CONVENIENS 347 (IX) AVAILABILITY OF COMMISSION ROGATOIRE
(EXAMI- NATION OF DEBTORS IN FOREIGN JURISDICTION) 347 (X) LIMITATION
PERIODS 347 E) A VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 347 F) TRIAL 348
G) THE JUDGMENT 34 8 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 349 A) TYPES OF SEIZURE
AND SALE OF MOVEABLE AND IMMOVEABLE ASSETS 349 B) EXEMPTIONS FROM
SEIZURE 349 C) GARNISHMENTS IN HANDS OF THIRD PARTY 349 D) A TTACHMENT
OF DEBTOR IN EMPLOYMENT WAGES 349 E) USE OF BANKRUPTCY/LIQUIDATION
THREAT 350 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 350 A) WITH PERMISSION FROM THE COURT 350
B) WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM THE COURT 350 15. CURRENCY 350 16.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 350 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS 351 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 351 19. HAGUE
CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS
351 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 352 21. SPECIAL FEATURES AND UNIQUE
CIRCUMSTANCES 352 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 355 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 355 2.
THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 355 3. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 355
4. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 356 5.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 356 6. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 357 7. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 357 XXVI1
TABLE OF CONTENTS 8. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL
PROCEEDINGS 357 9. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 357 10.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 358 11. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 358 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 358 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE
SPECIAL DEMANDS 358 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST
358 D) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 358 E) AVAILABILITY
OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 359 F) TRIAL 359 G) THE JUDGMENT 359 12.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 359 A) TYPES OF SEIZURE AND SALE OF MOVE ABLE
AND IMMOVEABLE ASSETS 359 B) GARNISHMENT IN HANDS OF THIRD PARTY 3 60 C)
USE OF BANKRUPTCY/LIQUIDATION THREAT 360 13. RIGHT OF APPEAL 360 14.
CURRENCY 360 15. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 360 16. RECOGNITION OF
FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 361 17. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 361 18. HAGUE
CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS
361 19. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 361 A) IS MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION
AVAILABLE PRIOR TO LITIGA- TION? IF SO, WHAT IS THE PROCESS? 361 B) IF
COURT PROCEEDINGS HAVE COMMENCED, CAN THE COURT DIRECT THE PARTS TO
MEDIATION ? IF SO, WHAT IS THE PROCE- DURE? 362 ECUADOR 363 1. LEGAL
SYSTEM OVERVIEW 363 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 363 3. TYPICAL FEE
STRUCTURES 363 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 364 5.
ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 364 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 364 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 365 8. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 365 9. EFFECT
OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 366 XXVLLL TABLE
OF CONTENTS 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 366 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 366 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 366 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 366 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE
SPECIAL DEMANDS 367 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST
367 D) DEFENCES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 368 E) AVAILABILITY
OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 368 F) TRIAL 369 G) THE JUDGMENT 369 13.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 370 14. RIGHTOFAPPEAL 370 15. CURRENCY 370 16.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 371 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS 371 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 371 19. HAGUE
CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS
372 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 373 21. SPECIAL FEATURES AND UNIQUE
CIRCUMSTANCES 373 PANAMA 375 1. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 375 2. FROM
LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 375 A) DECLARATORY JUDGMENT 375 B) EXECUTORY
JUDGMENT 376 I) EXECUTORY TITLE 376 C) SUMMARY 377 3. ENFORCEMENT OF
JUDGMENT 378 4. RIGHTOF APPEAL 378 5. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 379
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 381 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 381 2. THIRD PARTY
COLLECTION: ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND LAW- YERS 381 3. TYPICAL FEE
STRUCTURES 382 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 382 5.
ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 383 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 383 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 383 8. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 384 XXIX
TABLE OF CONTENTS 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL
PROCEEDINGS 384 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 385 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 385 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 386 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 386 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE
SPECIAL DEMANDS 386 (I) CLAIM FOR INTEREST 386 (II) CLAIM FOR COSTS
(INCLUDING ATTORNEY CHARGES, COURT COSTS, ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES AND
OTHER EXPENSES) 386 (III) RIGHT TO CLAIM EXEMPLARY OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES
.. 387 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST 3 87 D)
DEFENCES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 388 (I) OVERVIEW OF
CONTESTED CLAIMS PROCEDURE AND DE- LAY 388 (II) EXAMINATION OF PARTIES
BEFORE AND AFTER DEFENCE 388 (III) SECURITY FOR COSTS 389 (IV)
EXAMINATION OF DEPONENT TO AFFIDAVIT 389 (V) NEED TO OFFER TRAVEL
EXPENSES TO DEPONENT 389 (VI) NEED FOR PRODUCTION OF EXHIBITS AND EXPERT
REPORTS 390 (VII) COUNTERCLAIMS 390 (VIII) FORUM NON CONVENIENS 390 (IX)
AVAILABILITY OF COMMISSION ROGATOIRE (EXAMI- NATION OF DEBTORS IN
FOREIGN JURISDICTION) 391 (D) A VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES
391 (I) SEIZURE/ATTACHMENT BEFORE JUDGMENT 391 (II) INJUNCTIONS
RESTRAINING DISPOSITION OF GOODS OR ON ASSETS GENERALLY 392 IF) TRIAL
392 (I) NEED FOR WITNESSES 392 (II) USE OF AFFIDAVITS IN LIEU OF
WITNESSES 392 (III) USE OF VIDEO CONFERENCING 393 (IV) EXTENT OF
CROSS-EXAMINATION 393 (V) OFFICIAL LANGUAGE 393 (G) THE JUDGMENT 393 13.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 394 14. EXAMINATION OF JUDGMENT DEBTOR 394 A)
SALE OF LAND 395 B) SEIZURE AND SALE OF ASSETS 395 XXX TABLE OF CONTENTS
C) GARNISHEE 395 D) CHARGING ORDER 396 E) APPOINTMENT OF A RECEIVER 396
F) COMMITTAL 397 J5. RIGHT OF APPEAL 397 16. CURRENCY 398 17.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 398 18. LIMITATION PERIODS 399 19.
HAGUE CONVENTION AND OTHER TREATIES 399 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 399
AUSTRIA 403 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 403 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 403
3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 403 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES
403 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 403 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 404 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 404 8. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 404 9. EFFECT
OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 404 10. BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 404 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 404 12.
FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 405 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL
CLAIM 405 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 40 5 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR
APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST 405 D) DEFENCES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT
(DEBTOR) 405 E) A VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 406 F) TRIAL 406
G) THE JUDGMENT 406 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 406 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL
406 15. CURRENCY 406 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 407 17.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 407 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
407 19. HAGUE CONVENTION AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO
COMMERCIAL MATTERS 407 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 407 XXXI TABLE OF
CONTENTS 21. SPECIAL FEATURES 407 BELGIUM 409 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW
409 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 409 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 409 4.
AVAILABILITY OF INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF DEBTOR .. 409 5.
ACCESSIBILITY OF JUSTICE 410 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS AND PROCEDURE 410
7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 410 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 410 9. RECOGNITION OF
ARBITRATION CLAUSES 411 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 411 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 411 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 411 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING A COMMERCIAL CLAIM 41 1 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE
SPECIAL DEMANDS 412 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST
412 D) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 412 E) A VAILABILITY
OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 413 F) TRIAL 413 G) THE JUDGMENT 413 13.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 414 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 414 15. CURRENCY 414 16.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 414 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS 415 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 415 19. INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS 415 20. MEDIATION 416 21. SPECIAL FEATURES 416 CYPRUS 417 1.
LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 417 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION: ROLE OF COLLECTION
AGENTS AND LAW- YERS 417 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 417 A) OF COLLECTION
AGENTS 417 B) OF LAWYERS 417 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 417
A) A VAILABILITY OF VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR 418
XXXN TABLE OF CONTENTS B) RESTRAINTS ON NEGOTIATION WITH DEBTOR 418 C)
USE OF THREAT OF BANKRUPTCY 418 D) NECESSITY FOR DEMAND LETTER 41 8 E)
AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS 418 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE 418 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 418 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION : 419 8. EFFECT
OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 419 9.
EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 419 10.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 419 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS
419 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 420 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF
COMMERCIAL CLAIM 420 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 420 C) DELAY
FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST 420 D) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO
THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 421 E) AVAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 421
F) TRIAL . 421 G) THE JUDGMENT 421 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 422 14.
RIGHT OF APPEAL 422 15. CURRENCY 422 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
JUDGMENTS 422 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 422 18.
STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 423 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS 423 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION
423 THE CZECH REPUBLIC 425 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 425 2. THIRD PARTY
COLLECTION 425 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 425 4. PRE-LITIGATION
COLLECTION PROCEDURES 426 A) PUBLICLY AVAILABLE REGISTERS THAT ALLOW FOR
THE VERIFICA- TION OF THE (CORPORATE) IDENTITY OF THE DEBTOR AND AN IN-
VESTIGATION OF ITS FINANCIAL STATUS: 426 I) COMPANIES REGISTER: 426 II)
BANKRUPTCY REGISTER: 427 III) TRADE REGISTRY: 427 IV) ECONOMIC
SUBJECTS/ENTITIES REGISTERS 427 XXXIII TABLE OF CONTENTS V) CENTRAL
REGISTER OF DEBTORS (CERD) 427 VI) CADASTRE OF IMMOVABLES (LAND RECORDS
OFFICE) 428 B) RESTRAINTS ON NEGOTIATION WITH THE DEBTOR 428 C) USE OF
THREAT OF BANKRUPTCY, NECESSITY FOR DEMAND LETTER, AVAILABILITY OF
PUBLIC RECORDS 428 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND
INDEPENDENCE 429 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 429 7. ESTABLISHING
JURISDICTION 429 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION
OF CERTAIN COURTS 430 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 430 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 430 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 431 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 431 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 431 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE
SPECIAL DEMANDS 432 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST
432 D) DEFENCES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 43 3 E) AVAILABILITY
OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 433 F) TRIAL 434 G) THE JUDGMENT 434 13.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 436 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 436 15. CURRENCY 437 16.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 437 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS 437 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 437 19. MEDIATION AND
ARBITRATION PRIOR TO LITIGATION 438 20. SPECIAL FEATURES AND UNIQUE
CIRCUMSTANCES 438 A) ENFORCEMENT OF A RETENTION-OF-TITLE CLAUSE 438 B)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF A DEBT BY VIRTUE OF A NOTARIAL DEED INCLUSIVE A
CLAUSE ON DIRECT ENFORCE ABILITY 439 DENMARK 441 1. LEGAL SYSTEM
OVERVIEW 441 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 441 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 441
4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 441 A) A VAILABILITY OF
INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF DEBTOR . 441 XXXIV TABLE OF
CONTENTS B) A VAILABILITY OF VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF
DEBTOR 442 C) RESTRAINTS ON NEGOTIATION WITH THE DEBTOR 442 D) USE OF
THREAT OF BANKRUPTCY 442 E) NECESSITY FOR DEMAND LETTER 442 F)
AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS 44 2 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE:
EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 442 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 443 7.
ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 443 A) RELATED CONVENTIONS 443 B) NECESSITY OF
PHYSICAL PRESENCE OF THE DEBTOR 443 C) SUFFICIENCY OF ASSETS OF THE
DEBTOR WITHIN JURISDICTION OR CARRYING ON BUSINESS 443 D) OTHER CRITERIA
FOR THE COURT TO TAKE JURISDICTION 443 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 444 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION
CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 444 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
FILING SUIT 444 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 444 A) METHOD FOR
AUTHENTICATION, I.E. CONSULATE, COURT, NOTARIAL CERTIFICATE WITH OR
WITHOUT APOSTITLE 444 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 445 A) GENERAL
OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 445 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL
DEMANDS 445 (I) CLAIM FOR INTEREST, STATUTORY AND CONTRACTUAL 445 (II)
CLAIM FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES 445 (III) CLAIM FOR RECOVERY OF
ATTORNEY OR COLLECTION FEES 445 (I V) RIGHT TO CLAIM COURT COSTS AND ANY
OTHER EXPENSES 446 (V) RIGHT TO CLAIM EXEMPLARY OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES ..
446 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/ DEFAULT TO CONTEST 446 D) DEFENSES
AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 44 6 E) A VAILABILITY OF
EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 447 F) TRIAL 447 G) THE JUDGMENT 447 13.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 447 A) EXAMINATION OF JUDGMENT DEBTOR 448 B)
TYPES OF SEIZURE AND SALE OF MOVE ABLE AND IMMOVEABLE ASSETS 448 C)
EXEMPTIONS FROM SEIZURE 448 XXXV TABLE OF CONTENTS D) ATTACHMENT OF
DEBTOR IN EMPLOYMENT WAGES 448 E) USE OF BANKRUPTCY/ LIQUIDATION THREAT
448 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL . 448 A) WITH PERMISSION FROM THE COURT 448 B)
WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM THE COURT 449 15. CURRENCY 449 A) SUING IN
FOREIGN CURRENCY 449 B) CURRENCY CONTROL AND WITHHOLDING TAXES 449 16.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 449 A) ACCEPTANCE OF VALIDITY OF
FOREIGN JURISDICTION 449 B) POWER OF THE COURT TO REVIEW MERITS OF
FOREIGN JUDGMENT 450 C) EFFECT OF PENDING APPEAL OR OTHER PROCEEDINGS
450 D) PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD FOR ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENT 450 17.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 450 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
450 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO
COMMERCIAL MATTERS 450 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 451 FINLAND 453 1.
LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 453 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 453 3. TYPICAL FEE
STRUCTURES 454 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 454 5.
ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE 455 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 455 7.
ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 456 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW 456 9. EFFECT
OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE 456 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 456 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 456 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 457 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW 457 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 457 C) DELAY
FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/ DEFAULT TO CONTEST 458 D) DEFENCES AVAILABLE 458
E) AVAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 458 F) TRIAL 458 G) THE
JUDGMENT 459 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 459 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 460
XXXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS 15. CURRENCY 460 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
JUDGMENTS 460 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 461 18.
STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 461 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS 461 20. COURT DIRECT
MEDIATION 461 FRANCE 463 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 463 2. THIRD PARTY
COLLECTION 463 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 464 A) OF COLLECTION AGENTS 464
B) OF LAWYERS 464 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 465 5.
ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 466 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 466 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 467 8. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 467 9. EFFECT
OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 467 10. BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 468 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 468 12.
FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 469 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING COMMERCIAL
CLAIMS 469 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 470 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR
APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST 470 D) DEFENSE AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT
(DEBTOR) 471 E) AVAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 472 F) TRIAL 472
G) THE JUDGMENT 472 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 473 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL
474 15. CURRENCY 474 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 474 17.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 475 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
476 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO
COMMERCIAL MATTERS 476 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 477 21. SPECIAL
FEATURES AND UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES 477 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY 479
XXXVII TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 479 2. THIRD PARTY
COLLECTION 479 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND
LAWYERS .. 479 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 480 A)
AVAILABILITY OF VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR 480 B)
AVAILABILITY OF INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF DEBTOR 480 C)
RESTRAINTS ON NEGOTIATION WITH THE DEBTOR 480 D) DEMAND LETTERS 481 5.
ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 481 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 481 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 482 8. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 482 9. EFFECT
OF AN ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEED- INGS 482 10.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 482 11. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 484
A) PROCEDURE 484 B) RESTRAINING ORDERS 485 C) EVIDENCE 485 12.
THEJUDGMENT 485 13. RIGHT OF APPEAL 486 14. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 486
15. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 487 GREECE 489 1. LEGAL SYSTEM
OVERVIEW 489 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 489 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 489
A) OF COLLECTION AGENTS 489 B) OF LAWYERS 489 4. PRE-LITIGATION
COLLECTION PROCEDURES 489 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE 490 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 490 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 490 8. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 491 9. EFFECT
OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 491 10. BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 491 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 491
XXXVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 491 A) GENERAL
OVERVIEW OFFILING OFCOMMERCIAL CLAIM 491 (I) FILING INJUNCTION PETITION
491 (II) FILING ACTION 492 (III) FILING BANKRUPTCY PETITION 492 B) THE
RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 492 C) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT
(DEBTOR) 492 E) A VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 493 F) TRIAL .
493 G) THE JUDGMENT 493 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 493 14.
RIGHTOFAPPEAL 493 15. CURRENCY 493 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS
494 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 494 18. STATUTE OF
LIMITATIONS 494 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS 494 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 494
ICELAND 497 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 497 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 497
3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND LAWYERS .. 497 4.
PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 497 5. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 498
6. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS 498 7. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
FILING SUIT 498 8. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 498 9. ENFORCEMENT OF
JUDGMENT 500 10. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 500 11. STATUTE OF
LIMITATIONS 500 12. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS 500 IRELAND 503 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW
503 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 503 A) ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND
LAWYERS 503 B) WHAT PERCENTAGE OF WORK IS DEALT WITH INITIALLY BY NON
LAWYERS 503 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 503 A) OF COLLECTION AGENTS 503
XXXIX TABLE OF CONTENTS B) OF LAWYERS 504 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION
PROCEDURES 504 A) AVAILABILITY OF INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF
DEBTOR 504 B) AVAILABILITY OF VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF
DEBTOR . 504 C) RESTRAINTS ON NEGOTIATION WITH THE DEBTOR 504 D) USE OF
THREAT OF BANKRUPTCY 504 E) NECESSITY FOR DEMAND LETTER 505 F)
AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS 505 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE:
EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 505 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 505 7.
ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 506 A) NECESSITY OF PHYSICAL PRESENCE OF THE
DEBTOR 506 B) SUFFICIENCY OF ASSETS OF THE DEBTOR WITHIN JURISDICTION OR
CARRYING ON BUSINESS 506 C) OTHER CRITERIA FOR THE COURT TO TAKE
JURISDICTION 506 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION
OF CERTAIN COURTS 506 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 506 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 507 A)
BASIC COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS REQUIRED 507 B) NEED FOR POWER OF ATTORNEY/
LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION 507 C) NEED FOR REGISTRATION OF FOREIGN CREDITOR
IN JURISDICTION 507 D) NEED FOR OFFICIAL TRANSLATIONS 507 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 507 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 507 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 507 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE
SPECIAL DEMANDS 508 (I) CLAIM FOR INTEREST, STATUTORY AND CONTRACTUAL
508 (II) CLAIM FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES 508 (III) CLAIM FOR RECOVERY
OF ATTORNEY OR COLLECTION CHARGES 508 (IV) RIGHT TO CLAIM COURT COSTS
AND ANY OTHER EXPENSES, E.G. WITNESS TRAVEL 509 (V) COSTS 509 (VI)
RIGHT TO CLAIM EXEMPLARY OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES .. 509 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR
APPEARANCE/ DEFAULT TO CONTEST 509 D) DEFENCES AVAILABLE TO THE
DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 509 (I) OVERVIEW OF CONTESTED CLAIMS PROCEDURE AND
DE- LAYS 509 XL TABLE OF CONTENTS (II) DEPOSITION/ EXAMINATION OF
PARTIES BEFORE AND AF- TER DEFENCE 510 (III) SECURITY FOR COSTS 510 (IV)
EXAMINATION OF DEPONENT TO AFFIDAVIT 510 (V) NEED TO OFFER TRAVEL
EXPENSES TO DEPONENT 511 (VI) NEED FOR PRODUCTION OF EXHIBITS AND EXPERT
REPORTS 511 (VII) COUNTERCLAIMS 511 (VIII) FORUM NON CONVENIENS 511 (IX)
AVAILABILITY OF COMMISSION ROGATOIRE (EXAMI- NATION OF DEBTORS IN
FOREIGN JURISDICTION) 511 (X) LIMITATION PERIODS 512 E) A VARIABILITY OF
EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES: 512 (I) SEIZURE/ATTACHMENT BEFORE JUDGMENT 512
(II) INJUNCTIONS RESTRAINING DISPOSITION OF GOODS OR ON ASSETS GENERALLY
512 (III) SECURITY/ BOND TO BE PUT UP IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THESE REMEDIES
512 F) TRIAL 512 (I) NEED FOR WITNESSES 512 (II) USE OF AFFIDAVITS IN
LIEU OF WITNESSES 512 (III) USE OF VIDEO CONFERENCING 513 (IV) EXTENT OF
CROSS-EXAMINATION 513 (V) OFFICIAL LANGUAGES 513 G) THE JUDGMENT 513 (I)
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 513 (II) DELAYS 513 (III) AWARDING OF LAWYERS FEES
AND COSTS TO THE WINNER AND/OR LOSER 513 (IV) ENFORCEMENT
NOTWITHSTANDING APPEAL 514 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 514 A)
EXAMINATION OF JUDGMENT DEBTOR 514 B) TYPES OF SEIZURE AND SALE OF MOVE
ABLE AND IMMOVEABLE ASSETS 514 C) EXEMPTIONS FROM SEIZURE 514 D)
GARNISHMENT IN HANDS OF THIRD PARTY 514 E) ATTACHMENT OF DEBTOR IN
EMPLOYMENT WAGES 514 F) USE OF BANKRUPTCY/ LIQUIDATION THREAT 514 14.
RIGHT OF APPEAL 515 15. CURRENCY 515 A) SUING IN FOREIGN CURRENCY 515 B)
CURRENCY CONTROL AND WITHHOLDING TAXES 515 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
JUDGMENTS 516 XLI TABLE OF CONTENTS A) A CREPTANCE OF VALIDITY OF
FOREIGN JURISDICTION 516 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS
516 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 516 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS 516 20. COURT
DIRECT MEDIATION 516 A) MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION AVAILABLE PRIOR TO
LITIGATION 516 B) MEDIATION ONCE COURT PROCEEDINGS HAVE COMMENCED ....
517 ISRAEL 519 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 519 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTIONS
519 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND LAWYERS .. 520 4.
PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 520 5. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 520
6. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 520 7. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 521 8. ACCESSIBILITY TO
JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 521 9. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
FILING SUIT 521 10. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 521 11. FROM LAWSUIT TO
JUDGMENT 521 12. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 522 13. RIGHTOFAPPEAL 522 14.
CURRENCY 523 15. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 523 16. STATUTE OF
LIMITATIONS 523 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 523 18.
COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 523 ITALY 525 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 525 2.
COMMERCIAL COLLECTION IN ITALY 525 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 526 4.
PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 526 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE 526
6. JURISDICTION OF THE COURT 527 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 527 8.
EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION 527 9. EFFECT OF THE
ARBITRATION CLAUSE IN INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEED- INGS 527 10. BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 527 XLII TABLE OF CONTENTS 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 528 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 528 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIMS 528 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE
SPECIAL DEMANDS 529 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST
529 D) DEFENCES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT 529 E) AVAILABILITY OF
EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 530 F) TRIAL 530 G) THE JUDGMENT 530 13.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 530 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 531 15. CURRENCY 531 16.
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 531 17. RECOGNITION OF
FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 532 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 532 19. HAGUE
CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS
532 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 532 THE NETHERLANDS 535 1. LEGAL SYSTEM
OVERVIEW 535 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 535 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 535
4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 536 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE
537 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 537 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 537 8.
EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 537
9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEDURES 538 10.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 538 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS
538 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 538 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF
COMMERCIAL CLAIM 538 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 539 C) DELAY
FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST 539 D) DEFENCES AVAILABLE TO
THE DEFENDANT 539 E) A VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 540 F)
TRIAL 540 G) THE JUDGMENT 541 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 541 14. RIGHT
OF APPEAL 541 XLIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 15. CURRENCY 541 16. RECOGNITION
OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 542 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS
542 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 542 19. THE HAGUE CONVENTION AND
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 542 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 543 21. SPECIAL
FEATURES 543 NORWAY 545 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 545 2. THIRD PARTY
COLLECTION: ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND LAW- YERS 545 3. TYPICAL FEE
STRUCTURE OF COLLECTIONS AGENTS AND LAWYERS .. 546 4. PRE-LITIGATION
COLLECTION PROCEDURES 546 A) NECESSITY FOR DEMANDS 546 B) INVESTIGATION
OF A DEBTOR S FINANCIAL STATUS 547 C) USE OF THREATS OF BANKRUPTCY 548
5. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 548 6. FROMLAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 549
A) A VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 549 7. ENFORCEMENT OF
JUDGMENT 550 8. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 550 9. STATUTE OF
LIMITATIONS 550 ROMANIA 553 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 553 2. THIRD PARTY
COLLECTION 553 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURE 553 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION
PROCEDURES 553 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE
554 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 554 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 554 8.
EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 555
9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 555 10.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 555 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS
555 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 555 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF
COMMERCIAL CLAIM 555 B) SPECIAL DEMANDS 556 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR
APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST 556 D) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT
(DEBTOR) 556 XLIV TABLE OF CONTENTS E) A VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY
REMEDIES 557 F) TRIAL 557 G) THE JUDGMENT 557 13. ENFORCEMENT OF
JUDGMENT 558 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 558 15. CURRENCY 558 16. RECOGNITION OF
FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 558 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 559
18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 559 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS 559 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION
560 A) AVAILABILITY OF MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION PRIOR TO LITI- GATION
560 B) MEDIATION ONCE COURT PROCEEDINGS HAVE COMMENCED .... 560 21.
SPECIAL FEATURES AND UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES 560 RUSSIA 561 1. LEGAL SYSTEM
OVERVIEW 561 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION: ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND
LAW- YERS 561 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND LAWYERS
.... 561 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 562 A) INVESTIGATION OF
FINANCIAL STATUS OF DEBTOR 562 B) VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF
DEBTOR/AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS 562 C) DEMAND LETTERS 562 D) USE
OF THREATS OF BANKRUPTCY 562 E) CREDIT AGENCIES 562 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO
JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 563 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 563
7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 564 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 564 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION
CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 564 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
FILING SUIT 565 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 566 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO
JUDGMENT 566 A) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT 566 B) AVAILABILITY
OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 566 C) TRIAL 567 (I) LANGUAGE 567 XLV TABLE OF
CONTENTS (II) RIGHT TO TRY IN ABSENTIA 567 (III) JUDGES 567 (IV)
WITNESSES 567 (V) COURT COSTS 568 (VI) LETTERS ROGATORY 568 D) JUDGMENT
568 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 568 14. RIGHTOFAPPEAL 569 15. CURRENCY
569 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 570 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS 570 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 570 19. HAGUE
CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS
571 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 571 SPAIN 573 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW
573 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 573 A) ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND
LAWYERS 573 B) PERCENTAGE OF WORK DEALT WITH INITIALLY BY NON-LAWYERS
573 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 573 A) OF COLLECTION AGENTS 573 B) OF
LAWYERS 574 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 574 A) A VAILABILITY
OF INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF DEBTOR 574 B) A VAILABILITY OF
VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR 574 C) RESTRAINTS ON
NEGOTIATION WITH THE DEBTOR 574 D) USE OF THREAT OF BANKRUPTCY 574 E)
NECESSITY FOR DEMAND LETTER 574 F) AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS 575 5.
ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 575 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 575 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION : 575 8. EFFECT
OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 576 9.
EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 576 10.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 576 A) BASIC COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS
REQUIRED 576 XLVI TABLE OF CONTENTS B) NEED FOR POWER OF ATTORNEY/
LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION 576 C) NEED FOR REGISTRATION OF FOREIGN CREDITOR
IN JURISDICTION 577 D) NEED FOR OFFICIAL TRANSLATIONS 577 E) OTHER
PRELIMINARY PREREQUISITES 577 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 577 A)
METHOD FOR AUTHENTICATION, I.E. CONSULATE, COURT, NOTARIAL CERTIFICATE
WITH OR WITHOUT APOSTILLE 577 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 577 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 577 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE
SPECIAL DEMANDS 578 (I) CLAIM FOR INTEREST, STATUTORY AND CONTRACTUAL
578 (II) CLAIM FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES 578 (III) CLAIM FOR RECOVERY
OF ATTORNEY OR COLLECTION CHARGES 578 (IV) RIGHT TO CLAIM COURT COSTS
AND ANY OTHER EXPENSES 578 (V) RIGHT TO CLAIM EXEMPLARY OR PUNITIVE
DAMAGES .. 578 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/ DEFAULT TO CONTEST 579 D)
DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 579 (I) OVERVIEW OF
CONTESTED CLAIMS PROCEDURE AND DE- LAYS 579 (II) DEPOSITION/EXAMINATION
OF PARTIES BEFORE AND AF- TER DEFENSE 579 (III) SECURITY FOR COSTS 580
(IV) EXAMINATION OF DEPONENT TO AFFIDAVIT 580 (V) NEED TO OFFER TRAVEL
EXPENSES TO DEPONENT 580 (VI) NEED FOR PRODUCTION OF EXHIBITS AND EXPERT
REPORTS 580 (VII) COUNTERCLAIMS 580 (VIII) FORUM NON CONVENIENS 580 (IX)
AVAILABILITY OF COMMISSION ROGATOIRE (EXAM- INATION OF DEBTORS IN
FOREIGN JURISDICTION) 581 (X) LIMITATION PERIODS 581 E) AVAILABILITY OF
EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 581 (I) INJUNCTIONS RESTRAINING DISPOSITION OF
GOODS OR ON ASSETS GENERALLY 581 (II) SECURITY/ BOND TO BE PUT UP IN
ORDER TO OBTAIN THESE REMEDIES 581 F) TRIAL 581 (I) NEED FOR WITNESSES
581 (II) USE OF AFFIDAVITS IN LIEU OF WITNESSES 582 (III) USE OF VIDEO
CONFERENCING 582 XLVII TABLE OF CONTENTS (IV) EXTENT OF
CROSS-EXAMINATION 582 (V) OFFICIAL LANGUAGES 582 G) THE JUDGMENT 582 (I)
SPECIAL CONCLUSIONS 582 (II),. , DELAYS 582 (III) AWARDING OF LAWYERS
FEES AND COSTS TO THE WINNER AND/ OR LOSER 582 (IV) ENFORCEMENT
NOTWITHSTANDING APPEAL 583 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 583 A)
EXAMINATION OF JUDGMENT DEBTOR 583 B) TYPES OF SEIZURE AND SALE OF
MOVEABLE AND IMINOVEABLE ASSETS 583 C) EXEMPTIONS FROM SEIZURE 583 D)
GARNISHMENT IN HANDS OF THIRD PARTY 583 E) ATTACHMENT OF DEBTOR IN
EMPLOYMENT WAGES 583 F) USE OF BANKRUPTCY/ LIQU IDATION THREAT 5 84 14.
RIGHTOFAPPEAL 584 15. CURRENCY 584 A) SUING INFOREIGN CURRENCY 584 B)
CURRENCY CONTROL AND WITHHOLDING TAXES 584 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
JUDGMENTS 584 A) A CCEPTANCE OF VALIDITY OF FOREIGN JURISDICTION 5 84 B)
POWER OF THE COURT TO REVIEW MERITS OF FOREIGN JUDGMENT 585 C) EFFECT OF
PENDING APPEAL OR OTHER PROCEEDINGS 585 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS 585 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 585 19. HAGUE
CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS
585 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 586 A) AVAILABILITY OF MEDIATION AND
ARBITRATION PRIOR TO LITI- GATION 586 B) MEDIATION ONCE COURT
PROCEEDINGS HAVE COMMENCED .... 586 SWEDEN 587 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW
587 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 587 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 588 4.
PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 589 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE:
EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 591 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 591 7.
ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 592 XLVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 8. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 592 9. EFFECT
OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 593 10. BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 593 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 594 12.
FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 594 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE FILING OF A
COMMERCIAL CLAIM ... 594 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 59 4 C)
DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/ DEFAULT TO CONTEST 595 D) DEFENCES
AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT 595 E) AVAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES
596 F) TRIAL 597 G) THE JUDGMENT 597 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 597 14.
RIGHT OF APPEAL 598 15. CURRENCY 598 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
JUDGMENTS 599 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 600 18.
STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 600 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES 600 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 601 21. SPECIAL FEATURES AND
UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES 601 SWITZERLAND 603 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 603 2.
THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 603 A) ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND LAWYERS 603
B) PERCENTAGE OF WORK DEALT WITH INITIALLY BY NON-LAWYERS 604 3. TYPICAL
FEE STRUCTURES 604 A) OF COLLECTION AGENTS 604 B) OF LAWYERS 604 4.
PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 604 A) A VAILABILITY OF IN VEST
IGAT ION OF FINANCIAL DEBTOR 604 B) A VAILABILITY OF VERIFICATION OF
CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR 605 C) RESTRAINTS ON NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE
DEBTOR 605 D) USE OF THREAT OF BANKRUPTCY 605 E) NECESSITY FOR DEMAND
LETTER 605 F) AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS 605 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO
JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 605 XLIX TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 605 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 606 A) NECESSITY
OF PHYSICAL PRESENCE OF THE DEBTOR 606 B) SUFFICIENCY OF ASSETS OF THE
DEBTOR WITHIN JURISDICTION OR CARRYING ON BUSINESS 606 C) OTHER CRITERIA
FOR THE COURT TO TAKE JURISDICTION 606 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 606 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION
CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 606 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
FILING SUIT 607 A) BASIC COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS REQUIRED 607 B) NEED FOR
POWER OF ATTORNEY/LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION 607 C) NEED FOR REGISTRATION
OF FOREIGN CREDITOR IN JURISDICTION 607 D) NEED OF OFFICIAL TRANSLATIONS
607 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 607 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 607
A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 608 B) THE RIGHT TO
MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 608 (I) CLAIM FOR INTEREST, STATUTORY AND
CONTRACTUAL 608 (II) CLAIM FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES 609 (III) CLAIM
FOR RECOVERY OF ATTORNEY OR COLLECTION CHARGES 609 (IV) RIGHT TO CLAIM
COURT COSTS AND ANY OTHER EXPENSE 609 (V) RIGHT TO CLAIM EXEMPLARY OR
PUNITIVE DAMAGES .. 609 C) DELAY FOR THE DEBTOR APPEARANCE/ DEFAULT TO
CONTEST 609 D) DEFENCES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 609 E) A
VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 610 (I) SEIZURE/ATTACHMENT BEFORE
JUDGMENT 610 (II) INJUNCTIONS RESTRAINING DISPOSITION OF GOODS OR ON
ASSETS GENERALLY 610 (III) SECURITY / BOND TO BE PUT UP IN ORDER TO
OBTAIN THESE REMEDIES 611 F) TRIAL 611 G) THE JUDGMENT 611 13.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 611 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 612 15. CURRENCY 612 A)
SUING IN FOREIGN CURRENCY 612 B) CURRENCY CONTROL AND WITHHOLDING TAXES
612 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 613 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 17.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 613 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
613 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO
COMMERCIAL MATTERS 614 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 614 21. SPECIAL
FEATURES AND UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES 614 TURKEY 617 1. LEGAL SYSTEM
OVERVIEW 617 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION: ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND
LAW- YERS 617 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURE OF COLLECTIONS AGENTS AND LAWYERS
.. 617 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 618 A) DEMAND FOR PAYMENT
618 B) THREAT OF BANKRUPTCY 618 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY
AND INDEPENDENCE 618 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 619 7. EFFECT OF CHOICE
OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 619 8. BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 619 9. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 619 10.
FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 620 A) EVIDENCE 620 B) WITNESSES 620 C) A
VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 620 D) DEFAULT JUDGMENT 621 E)
BANKRUPTCY ORDER 622 F) DIRECT BANKRUPTCIES 622 11. RECOGNITION OF
FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 622 12. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 623
13. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 624 14. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS 624 UNITED KINGDOM 627 1. LEGAL
SYSTEM OVERVIEW 627 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION: ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS
AND LAW- YERS 627 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURE OF COLLECTIONS AGENTS AND
LAWYERS .. 627 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 627 A)
VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR 627 B) DEMAND LETTERS 628
C) THREATS OF BANKRUPTCY 628 LI TABLE OF CONTENTS 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO
JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 628 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 628
7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 629 8. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT
629 9. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 630 10. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 630
A) POST FILING PROCEDURE 630 B) RESTRAINING ORDERS 631 11. ENFORCEMENT
OF JUDGMENT 631 A) EXAMINATION ORDER 631 B) SEIZURE AND SALE OF PERSONAL
PROPERTY 631 C) SEIZURE AND SALE OF REAL PROPERTY 631 D) THIRD PARTY
COLLECTION 631 12. RIGHT OF APPEAL 632 13. CURRENCY 632 14. RECOGNITION
OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 632 15. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS
632 16. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 632 17. COURT DIRECT MEDITATION 633 NEW
SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA 637 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 637 2. THIRD PARTY
COLLECTION 637 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 638 4. PRE-LITIGATION
COLLECTION PROCEDURES 638 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE 639 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 639 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 639 8. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 639 9. EFFECT
OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 640 10. BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 640 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 640 12.
FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 640 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL
CLAIM 640 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 640 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR
APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST 641 D) DEFENCES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT
(DEBTOR) 641 E) AVAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 642 F) TRIAL 642
G) THE JUDGMENT 643 HI TABLE OF CONTENTS 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 643
14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 644 15. CURRENCY 644 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
JUDGMENTS 644 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 645 18.
STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 646 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS 646 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION
646 BANGLADESH 649 1. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 649 A) ROLE OF COLLECTION
AGENTS AND LAWYERS 649 B) PERCENTAGE OF WORK DEALT WITH INITIALLY BY
NON-LAWYERS 649 2. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 649 3. PRE-LITIGATION
COLLECTION PROCEDURES 650 4. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 650 5. ESTABLISHING
JURISDICTION 650 6. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION
OF CERTAIN COURTS 650 7. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 651 8. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 651 9.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 651 10. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 651 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 651 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE
SPECIAL DEMANDS 651 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST
652 D) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 652 E) AVAILABILITY
OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 652 F) TRIAL 652 G) THE JUDGMENT 653 11.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 653 12. RIGHT OF APPEAL 653 13. CURRENCY 653 A)
SUING IN FOREIGN CURRENCY 653 B) CURRENCY CONTROL AND WITHHOLDING TAXES
653 14. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 653 A) ACCEPTANCE OF VALIDITY
OF FOREIGN JURISDICTION 653 B) POWER OF THE COURT TO REVIEW MERITS OF
FOREIGN JUDGMENT 654 LIII TABLE OF CONTENTS C) EFFECT OF PENDING APPEAL
OR OTHER PROCEEDINGS 654 D) PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD FOR ENFORCEMENT OF
FOREIGN JUDGMENT: 654 15. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 654
16. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 654 17. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 655 A) IS
MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION AVAILABLE PRIOR TO LITIGA- TION? 655 B) IF
COURT PROCEEDINGS HAVE COMMENCED, CAN THE COURT DIRECT THE PARTIES TO
MEDIATION? 655 CHINA 657 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 657 2. THIRD PARTY
COLLECTION 657 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURE 657 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION
PROCEDURE 657 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE
658 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS AND THE CRITERIA OF JURISDICTION 658 A)
THE CHINESE JUDICIARY SYSTEM ADOPTS THE SYSTEMS OF FOUR TIERS AND TWO
INSTANCES 658 B) FOREIGN-RELATED CASES AND JURISDICTION OVER FOREIGN-RE-
LATED CASES 658 (I) TYPES OF FOREIGN-RELATED CASES 658 (II) WHICH
CHINESE COURT HAS JURISDICTION OVER FOR- EIGN-RELATED CASES 658 7.
ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 659 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE
JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 659 A) CHOICE OF LAW 659 B) EXCLUSIVE
JURISDICTION 659 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSES 660 10. DOCUMENTARY
REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMENCING LITIGATION .... 660 11. AUTHENTICATION OF
DOCUMENTS 661 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 661 A) GENERAL 661 (I) THE
TRIAL STRUCTURE OF THE CHINESE COURTS 661 (II) KINDS OF PROCEDURE 661
(III) TRIAL FLOW OF FOREIGN-RELATED CASES 662 B) CLAIMS/ DAMAGES 662 (I)
CHARGES 662 (II) BURDEN OF CHARGES TO THE PARTIES 663 C) DELAY OF
DEBTOR S APPEARANCE OR THE DEBTOR S ABSENCE 663 LIV TABLE OF CONTENTS D)
DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT 664 (I) OVERVIEW OF CONTESTED CLAIMS
PROCEDURE AND DE- LAYS 664 (II) DEPOSITION/ EXAMINATION OF PARTIES
BEFORE AND AF- TER DEFENSE 664 (III) SECURITY FOR COSTS 664 (IV)
EXAMINATION OF DEPONENT TO AFFIDAVIT 664 (V) NEED TO OFFER TRAVEL
EXPENSES TO DEPONENT 665 (VI) PRODUCTION OF EXHIBITS AND EXPERT REPORTS
665 (VII) COUNTERCLAIMS 665 (VIII) FORUM NON CONVENIENS 666 (IX)
AVAILABILITY OF COMMISSION ROGATOIRE (EXAMI- NATION OF DEBTORS IN
FOREIGN JURISDICTION) 666 (X) LIMITATION 666 E) AVAILABILITY OF
EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 666 (I) PROPERTY CONSERVATION BEFORE LITIGATION
666 (II) PROPERTY CONSERVATION DURING LITIGATION 666 (III)
FOREIGN-RELATED PROPERTY CONSERVATION 667 (IV) EVIDENCE CONSERVATION
BEFORE AND DURING LITIGA- TION 667 (V) INJUNCTION BEFORE LITIGATION 667
(VI) ENFORCEMENT BEFORE JUDGMENT 667 F) TRIAL 667 (I) COMPULSORY DUTY TO
BE A WITNESS 667 (II) USE OF AFFIDAVITS IN LIEU OF WITNESSES 668 (III)
USE OF VIDEO CONFERENCING 668 (IV) EXTENT OF CROSS-EXAMINATION 668 (V)
OFFICIAL LANGUAGES 668 G) THE JUDGMENT 668 (I) GENERAL CONCLUSION AND
SPECIAL CONCLUSION 668 (II) EXTENSION OF TRIAL PERIOD 669 (III) AWARDING
OF LAWYER S FEES AND COSTS TO THE WINNER AND/OR LOSER 669 (IV)
ENFORCEMENT NOTWITHSTANDING APPEAL 669 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 669
A) EXAMINATION OF JUDGMENT DEBTOR 669 B) TYPES OF SEIZURE AND SALE OF
MOVEABLE AND IMMOVEABLE ASSETS 669 (I) SEIZURE OF REAL ESTATE AND
PERSONAL PROPERTY 669 (II) EVALUATION AND SALE OF REAL ESTATE AND
PERSONAL PROPERTY 670 (III) GARNISHMENT IN HANDS OF THIRD PARTY 670 (IV)
ATTACHMENTOF DEBTOR S WAGES 670 IV TABLE OF CONTENTS (V) USE OF
BANKRUPTCY/LIQUIDATION THREAT 670 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 670 15. CURRENCY
671 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 671 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS 671 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATION OF ENFORCEMENT 671 19.
HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL
MATTERS 671 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 671 HONG KONG 673 1. LEGAL SYSTEM
OVERVIEW 673 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 673 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 673
4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 674 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE:
EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 674 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 674 7.
ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 674 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE
JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 674 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON
INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 675 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT
675 A) BASIC COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS REQUIRED 675 B) NEED FOR OFFICIAL
TRANSLATIONS 675 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 675 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO
JUDGMENT 675 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 675 B)
THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 676 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/
DEFAULT TO CONTEST 676 D) DEFENCES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR)
676 E) A VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 677 F) TRIAL 677 (I) NEED
FOR WITNESSES 677 (II) OFFICIAL LANGUAGES 678 G) THE JUDGMENT 678 H)
ENFORCEMENT NOTWITHSTANDING APPEAL 678 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 678
A) ORAL EXAMINATION OF JUDGMENT DEBTOR 678 B) TYPES OF SEIZURE AND SALE
OF MOVEABLE AND IMMOVEABLE ASSETS 679 C) EXEMPTIONS FROM SEIZURE 679 D)
ATTACHMENT OF DEBTOR IN EMPLOYMENT WAGES 679 LVI TABLE OF CONTENTS 14.
RIGHTOFAPPEAL 680 A) WITH PERMISSION FROM THE COURT 680 B) WITHOUT
PERMISSION FROM THE COURT 680 15. CURRENCY 680 A) SUING IN FOREIGN
CURRENCY 680 B) CURRENCY CONTROL AND WITHHOLDING TAXES 680 16.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 680 A) ACCEPTANCE OF VALIDITY OF
FOREIGN JURISDICTION 680 B) POWER OF THE COURT TO REVIEW THE MERITS OF A
FOREIGN JUDGMENT 681 C) EFFECT OF PENDING APPEAL OR OTHER PROCEEDINGS
681 D) PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF A FOREIGN JUDG- MENT
681 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 681 18. STATUTE OF
LIMITATIONS 681 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS 681 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 682 A)
AVAILABILITY OF MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION PRIOR TO LITI- GATION 682 B)
MEDIATION ONCE COURT PROCEEDINGS HAVE BEEN COM- MENCED 682 21. SPECIAL
FEATURES AND UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES 682 INDIA 683 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW
683 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 684 A) ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND
LAWYERS 684 B) PERCENTAGE OF WORK DEALT WITH INITIALLY BY NON-LAWYERS
684 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 684 A) OF COLLECTION AGENTS 684 B) OF
LAWYERS 684 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 685 A) AVAILABILITY
OF INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF DEBTOR 685 B) AVAILABILITY OF
VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR 685 C) RESTRAINTS ON
NEGOTIATION WITH THE DEBTOR 685 D) USE OF THREAT OF BANKRUPTCY 685 E)
NECESSITY FOR DEMAND LETTER 685 F) AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS 685 5.
ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 686 LVII TABLE OF
CONTENTS 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 686 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 686
A) NECESSITY OF PHYSICAL PRESENCE OF THE DEBTOR 686 B) SUFFICIENCY OF
ASSETS OF THE DEBTOR WITHIN JURISDICTION OR CARRYING ON BUSINESS 68 7 C)
OTHER CRITERIA FOR THE COURT TO TAKE JURISDICTION 687 8. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 687 9. EFFECT
OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 687 10. BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 688 A) BASIC COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS REQUIRED
688 B) NEED FOR POWER OF ATTORNEY/LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION 688 C) NEED
FOR REGISTRATION OF FOREIGN CREDITOR IN JURISDICTION 688 D) NEED FOR
OFFICIAL TRANSLATIONS 688 E) OTHER PRELIMINARY PREREQUISITES 689 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 689 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 689 A)
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 689 B) SPECIAL DEMANDS
689 (I) CLAIM FOR INTEREST 689 (II) CLAIM FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES 690
(III) CLAIM FOR RECOVERY OF ATTORNEY OR COLLECTION CHARGES 690 (I V)
RIGHT TO CLAIM COURT COSTS AND ANY OTHER EXPENSES 690 (V) RIGHT TO CLAIM
EXEMPLARY OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES .. 690 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/
DEFAULT TO CONTEST 691 D) DEFENSES A VAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR)
691 (I) OVERVIEW OF CONTESTED CLAIMS PROCEDURE AND DE- LAYS 691 (II)
DEPOSITION/ EXAMINATION OF PARTIES BEFORE AND AF- TER DEFENSE 691 (III)
SECURITY FOR COSTS 691 (IV) EXAMINATION OF DEPONENT TO AFFIDAVIT 692 (V)
NEED TO OFFER TRAVEL EXPENSES TO DEPONENT 692 (VI) NEED FOR PRODUCTION
OF EXHIBITS AND EXPERT REPORTS 692 (VII) COUNTERCLAIMS 692 (VIII) FORUM
NON CONVENIENS 692 (IX) AVAILABILITY OF COMMISSION ROGATOIRE AND EX-
AMINATION OF DEBTORS IN FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS 693 LVIII TABLE OF
CONTENTS E) AVAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 693 (I)
SEIZURE/ATTACHMENT BEFORE JUDGMENT 693 (II) INJUNCTIONS RESTRAINING
DISPOSITION OF GOODS OR ON ASSETS GENERALLY 693 (III) SECURITY/ BOND TO
BE PUT UP IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THESE REMEDIES 693 F) TRIAL 694 (I) NEED
FOR WITNESSES 694 (II) USE OF AFFIDAVITS IN LIEU OF WITNESSES 694 (III)
USE OF VIDEOCONFERENCING 694 (IV) OFFICIAL LANGUAGES 694 G) THE JUDGMENT
694 (I) GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 694 (II) DELAYS 695 (III) SPECIAL
CONCLUSIONS 695 (I V) AWARDING OF LAWYERS FEES AND COSTS TO THE WINNER
AND/ORLOSER 695 (V) ENFORCEMENT NOTWITHSTANDING APPEAL 695 13.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 695 A) EXAMINATION OF JUDGMENT DEBTORS 695 B)
TYPES OF SEIZURE AND SALE OF MOVEABLE AND IMMOVEABLE ASSETS 696 C)
EXEMPTIONS FROM SEIZURE 69 6 D) GARNISHMENT IN HANDS OF THIRD PARTY 696
E) ATTACHMENT OF DEBTOR IN EMPLOYMENT WAGES 696 F) USE OF BANKRUPTCY/
LIQUIDATION THREAT 697 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 697 A) WITH PERMISSION FROM
THE COURT 697 B) WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM THE COURT 697 15. CURRENCY 698
A) SUING IN FOREIGN CURRENCY 698 B) CURRENCY CONTROL AND WITHHOLDING
TAXES 698 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 698 A) EFFECT OF PENDING
APPEAL OR OTHER PROCEEDINGS 698 B) PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD FOR ENFORCEMENT
OF FOREIGN JUDGMENT 698 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS
699 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 699 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS 699 20. COURT
DIRECT MEDIATION 700 21. SPECIAL FEATURES AND UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES 701
LIX TABLE OF CONTENTS A) RECOVERY OF DEBTS DUE TO BANKS AND FINANCIAL
INSTITU- TIONS ACT, 1993 701 B) THE SECURITIZATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF
FINANCIAL AS- SETS AND ENFORCEMENT OF SECURITY INTEREST ACT, 2002 701
JAPAN 703 1. LEGA L SYSTEM OVERVIEW 703 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION: ROLE
OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND ATTOR- NEYS 703 A) ROLE OF ATTORNEYS 703 B)
PRACTICING ATTORNEY LAW ARTICLE 72 703 C) ESTABLISHMENT OF SERVICER LAW
703 D) RESTRICTIONS ON SERVICERS 704 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 704 A)
TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES OF COLLECTION AGENTS 704 B) TYPICAL FEE
STRUCTURES OF LAWYERS 705 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 706 A)
AVAILABILITY OF INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF DEBTOR 706 (I) A
CORPORATION S FINANCIAL DOCUMENTS 706 (II) REGISTER OF REAL ESTATES 706
(III) FINANCIAL DATE PROVIDERS 706 B) A VAILABILITY OFVERIFICATION OF
CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR 706 C) RESTRAINTS ON NEGOTIATION WITH THE
DEBTOR 707 D) USE OF THREAT OF BANKRUPTCY 707 E) NECESSITY FOR DEMAND
LETTER 707 F) AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS 708 (I) REGISTRY 708 (II)
FINANCIAL DOCUMENTS 708 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND
INDEPENDENCE 708 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 708 A) JURISDICTION BY
MONETARY VALUE 708 B) JURISDICTION BY DEFENDANT S GENERAL FORUM 70 8 C)
JURISDICTION OF SUIT CONCERNING PROPERTY RIGHT 709 7. ESTABLISHING
JURISDICTION 709 A) NECESSITY OF THE PHYSICAL PRESENCE OF THE DEBTOR 709
B) OTHER CRITERIA FOR THE COURT TO TAKE JURISDICTION 709 8. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 709 9. EFFECT
OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 710 10. BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 710 LX TABLE OF CONTENTS A) BASIC
COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS REQUIRED 710 (I) A WRITTEN COMPLAINT 710 (II)
DOCUMENT ATTACHED TO WRITTEN COMPLAINT 710 (III) POWER OF ATTORNEY 710
(IV) DOCUMENT TO PROVE QUALIFICATION OF A JURIDICAL PERSON 710 B) NEED
FOR POWER OF ATTORNEY/LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION 711 C) NEED FOR
REGISTRATION OF FOREIGN CREDITOR IN JURISDICTION 711 D) NEED FOR
OFFICIAL TRANSLATIONS 711 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 711 A) METHOD
FOR AUTHENTICATION, I.E. CONSULATE, COURT, NOTARIAL CERTIFICATE WITH OR
WITHOUT APOSTILLE 711 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 711 A) GENERAL
OVERVIEW OF FILLING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 711 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL
DEMANDS 712 (I) CLAIM FOR INTEREST, STATUTORY AND CONTRACTUAL 712 (II)
CLAIM FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES 712 (III) CLAIM FOR RECOVERY OF
ATTORNEY OR COLLECTION CHARGES 712 (IV) RIGHT TO CLAIM COURT COSTS AND
ANY OTHER EXPENSES 712 (V) RIGHT TO CLAIM EXEMPLARY OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES
.. 712 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/ DEFAULT TO CONTEST 712 D) DEFENSE
AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 713 (I) DEPOSITION/ EXAMINATION OF
PARTIES BEFORE AND AF- TER DEFENSE 713 (II) SECURITY FOR COSTS 713 (III)
NEED TO OFFER TRAVEL EXPENSES TO DEPONENT 713 (IV) COUNTERCLAIMS 713 (V)
FORUM NON CONVENIENS 714 (VI) AVAILABILITY OF COMMISSION ROGATOIRE
(EXAMI- NATION OF DEBTORS IN FOREIGN JURISDICTION) 714 (VII) STATUTE OF
LIMITATION 714 E) A VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 714 (I)
PROVISIONAL EXECUTION BEFORE FINAL JUDGMENT AND PROVISIONAL SEIZURE/
ATTACHMENT BEFORE JUDGMENT 714 (II) INJUNCTIONS RESTRAINING DISPOSITION
OF GOODS OR ON ASSETS GENERALLY 715 (III) SECURITY/ BOND TO BE PUT UP IN
ORDER TO OBTAIN THESE REMEDIES 715 F) TRIAL 715 LXI TABLE OF CONTENTS
(I) NEED FOR WITNESSES AND USE OF AFFIDAVITS IN LIEU OF WITNESS 715 (II)
USE OF VIDEO CONFERENCING 715 (III) OFFICIAL LANGUAGES 715 G) THE
JUDGMENT: SPECIAL CONCLUSIONS 716 (I) AWARDING OF LAWYER S FEE AND COSTS
TO THE WINNER AND/OR LOSER 716 (II) ENFORCEMENT OF NOTWITHSTANDING
APPEAL 716 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 716 A) TYPES OF SEIZURE AND SALE
OF MOVE ABLE AND IMMOVEABLE ASSETS 716 B) EXEMPTIONS FROM SEIZURES 716
C) GARNISHMENT IN HANDS OF THIRD PARTY 716 D) ATTACHMENT OF DEBTOR IN
EMPLOYMENT WAGES 716 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 717 15. CURRENCY 717 A) SUING
IN FOREIGN CURRENCY 717 B) CURRENCY CONTROL AND WITHHOLDING TAXES 717
16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 717 A) A CCEPTANCE OF VALIDITY OF
FOREIGN JURISDICTION 717 B) POWER OF THE COURT TO REVIEW THE MERITS OF A
FOREIGN JUDGMENT 718 C) EFFECT OF PENDING APPEAL OR OTHER PROCEEDINGS
718 D) THE PERIOD OF THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS OF THE ENFORCEMENT OF A
FOREIGN JUDGMENT 718 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 718
18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 719 A) LIMITATION FOR FILING A SUIT 719 B)
LIMITATION FOR FILING KOSO-APPEAL 719 C) LIMITATION FOR FILING
JOKOKU-APPEAL 719 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS 719 A) CONVENTIONS RATIFIED BY JAPAN 719
B) CONVENTIONS NOT RATIFIED BY JAPAN 719 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 720
A) MEDITATION 720 B) ARBITRATION 720 C) MEDIATION ONCE COURT PROCEEDINGS
HAVE COMMENCED .... 720 21. SPECIAL FEATURES AND UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES
720 MALAYSIA 723 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 723 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION
723 LXII TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 723 4.
PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 723 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE 724
6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 724 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 724 A) HIGH
COURT 724 B) SESSIONS COURT 725 C) MAGISTRATES COURT 725 8. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 725 9. EFFECT
OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 725 10. BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 725 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 726 12.
FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 726 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL
CLAIM 726 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 726 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR
APPEARANCE/ DEFAULT TO CONTEST 727 D) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE
DEFENDANT/ DEBTOR 727 E) A VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 728 F)
TRIAL 729 G) THE JUDGMENT 729 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 729 14. RIGHT
OF APPEAL 730 15. CURRENCY 730 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 730
17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 731 18. STATUTE OF
LIMITATIONS 731 19. CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL
MATTERS 731 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 732 21. SPECIAL FEATURES AND
UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES 732 PAKISTAN 733 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 733 2.
THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 733 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURE 734 4.
PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURE 734 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE:
EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 734 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 735 7.
ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 735 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE
JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 736 LXIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 9. EFFECT OF
ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 736 10. BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 736 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 737 12.
FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 737 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 738 14. RIGHT
OF APPEAL 738 15. CURRENCY 739 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 739
17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 739 18. STATUTE OF
LIMITATIONS 739 19. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 740 THE PHILIPPINES 741 1.
LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 741 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 741 3. TYPICAL FEE
STRUCTURES 741 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 742 A)
AVAILABILITY OF INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF DEBTOR 742 B) A
VAILABILITY OF VERIFICATION OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR 742 C)
RESTRAINTS ON NEGOTIATION WITH THE DEBTOR 742 D) USE OF THREAT OF
BANKRUPTCY 742 E) NECESSITY FOR DEMAND LETTER 743 F) AVAILABILITY OF
PUBLIC RECORDS 743 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND
INDEPENDENCE 743 6. JURISDICTION OF COURTS 743 7. ESTABLISHING
JURISDICTION 744 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION
OF CERTAIN COURTS 744 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 744 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 744 A)
BASIC COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS REQUIRED 744 B) NEED FOR POWER OF ATTORNEY/
LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION 745 C) NEED FOR REGISTRATION OF FOREIGN CREDITOR
IN JURISDICTION 745 D) NEED FOR OFFICIAL TRANSLATIONS 74 5 E) OTHER
PRELIMINARY PREREQUISITES 745 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 745 12.
FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 745 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL
CLAIM 745 LXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS
746 (I) CLAIM FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES 746 (II) CLAIM FOR RECOVERY OF
ATTORNEY OR COLLECTION CHARGES 746 (III) RIGHT TO CLAIM EXEMPLARY OR
PUNITIVE DAMAGES .. 746 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/ DEFAULT TO
CONTEST 746 D) DEFENSES A VAITABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 746 (I)
OVERVIEW OF CONTESTED CLAIMS PROCEDURE AND DE- LAY 746 (II) DEPOSITION/
EXAMINATION OF PARTIES BEFORE AND AF- TER DEFENSE 747 (III) SECURITY FOR
COSTS 747 (IV) EXAMINATION OF DEPONENT TO AFFIDAVIT 747 (V) NEED TO
OFFER TRAVEL EXPENSES TO DEPONENT 747 (VI) NEED FOR PRODUCTION OF
EXHIBITS AND EXPERT REPORTS 747 (VII) COUNTERCLAIMS 748 (VIII) FORUM NON
CONVENIENS 748 (IX) AVAILABILITY OF COMMISSION ROGATOIRE (EXAMI- NATION
OF DEBTORS IN FOREIGN JURISDICTION) 748 (X) LIMITATION PERIODS 748 E) A
VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 749 (I) SEIZURE/ATTACHMENT BEFORE
JUDGMENT 749 (II) INJUNCTIONS RESTRAINING DISPOSITION OF GOODS OR ON
ASSETS GENERALLY 749 (III) SECURITY/ BOND TO BE PUT UP IN ORDER TO
OBTAIN THESE REMEDIES 749 F) TRIAL 749 (I) USE OF AFFIDAVITS IN LIEU OF
WITNESSES (USED DURING HEARINGS FOR PROVISIONAL REMEDIES) 749 (II) USE
OF VIDEO CONFERENCING 750 (III) EXTENT OF CROSS-EXAMINATION 750 (IV)
OFFICIAL LANGUAGES 750 G) THE JUDGMENT 750 (I) GENERAL AND SPECIAL
CONCLUSIONS 750 (II) DELAYS 750 (III) AWARDING OF LAWYER S FEES AND
COSTS TO THE WINNER AND/OR LOSER 750 (IV) ENFORCEMENT NOTWITHSTANDING
APPEAL 751 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 751 A) EXAMINATION OF JUDGMENT
DEBTOR 751 B) TYPES OF SEIZURE AND SALE OF MOVEABLE AND IMMOVEABLE
ASSETS 751 LXV TABLE OF CONTENTS C) EXEMPTIONS FROM SEIZURE 751 D)
ATTACHMENT OF DEBTOR IN EMPLOYMENT WAGES 752 E) USE OF BANKRUPTCY/
LITIGATION THREAT 752 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 752 A) WITH PERMISSION FROM
THE COURT 752 B) WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM THE COURT 752 15. CURRENCY 752
A) SUING IN FOREIGN CURRENCY 752 B) CURRENCY CONTROL AND WITHHOLDING
TAXES 752 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 752 A) ACCEPTANCE OF
VALIDITY OF FOREIGN JURISDICTION 752 B) POWER OF THE COURT TO REVIEW
MERITS OF FOREIGN JUDGMENT 753 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION
AWARDS 753 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 753 19. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 753
20. SPECIAL FEATURES AND UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES 754 SINGAPORE 755 1. LEGAL
SYSTEM OVERVIEW 755 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 755 3. TYPICAL FEE
STRUCTURE 755 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURE 756 5.
ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 757 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 757 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 757 8.
JURISDICTIONAL/EXCLUSIVE CLAUSES 757 9. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING
SUIT 758 10. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS/EXHIBITS 758 11. FROM LAWSUIT
TO JUDGMENT 758 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 758 B)
THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 759 C) OVERVIEW OF CONTESTED CLAIMS
PROCEDURE 759 D) INTERLOCUTORY MATTERS 760 12. THE JUDGMENT 760 13.
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 761 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 761 15. CURRENCY 761 16.
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 762 17. RECOGNITION AND
ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS .. 762 18. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
AND CONVENTIONS 763 19. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 763 20. ALTERNATIVE
DISPUTE RESOLUTION METHODS (ADR) 763 LXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS SOUTH KOREA
765 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 765 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 765 3.
TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 765 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 766
5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 766 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 766 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 767 8. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 767 9. EFFECT
OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 767 10. BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 767 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 768 12.
FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 768 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF COMMERCIAL
CLAIM 768 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 768 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR
APPEARANCE/ DEFAULT TO CONTEST 769 D) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE
DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 769 E) PRESERVATION OFRIGHT/P RE-JUDGMENT PROCEDURE
TO SECURE ASSETS 769 F) TRIAL 770 G) THE JUDGMENT 770 13. ENFORCEMENT OF
JUDGMENT 770 14. RIGHTS OF APPEAL 770 15. CURRENCY 771 16. RECOGNITION
OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 771 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS
771 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 772 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS 772 20. COURT
DIRECT MEDIATION 772 21. SPECIAL FEATURES AND UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES 772
TAIWAN 775 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 775 2. ROLE OF COLLECTION AGENTS AND
LAWYERS 775 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 775 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION
PROCEDURES 775 A) A VAILABILITY OF INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL STATUS OF
DEBTOR . 775 IXVII TABLE OF CONTENTS B) A VAILABILITY OF VERIFICATION
OF CORPORATE IDENTITY OF DEBTOR : 776 C) RESTRAINTS ON NEGOTIATION WITH
THE DEBTOR 776 D) USE OF THREAT OF BANKRUPTCY 776 E) NECESSITY FOR
DEMAND LETTER 776 F) AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC RECORDS 776 G) UTILIZATION
OF DEMAND ORDER 776 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE 776 6. JURISDICTION OF
COURTS 776 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 777 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW
777 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 777
10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 777 11. AUTHENTICATION OF
DOCUMENTS 777 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 778 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF
FILING OF COMMERCIAL CLAIM 77 8 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 778
C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT TO CONTEST 778 D) DEFENSES
AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 778 (I) OVERVIEW OF CONTESTED CLAIMS
PROCEDURE AND DE- LAYS 778 (II) DEPOSITION/ EXAMINATION OF PARTIES
BEFORE AND AF- TER DEFENSE 779 (III) SECURITY FOR COSTS 779 (IV)
EXAMINATION OF DEPONENT TO AFFIDAVIT 779 (V) TRAVEL EXPENSES TO DEPONENT
779 (VI) PRODUCTION OF EXHIBITS AND EXPERT REPORTS 779 (VII)
COUNTERCLAIMS 779 (IX) FORUM NON CONVENIENS 779 (X) AVAILABILITY OF
COMMISSION ROGATOIRE (EXAMI- NATION OF DEBTORS IN FOREIGN JURISDICTION)
780 (XI) LIMITATION PERIODS 780 E) A VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY
REMEDIES 780 (I) SEIZURE/ATTACHMENT BEFORE JUDGMENT 780 (II) INJUNCTIONS
RESTRAINING DISPOSITION OF GOODS OR ON ASSETS GENERALLY 780 (III)
SECURITY/ BOND TO BE PUT UP IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THESE REMEDIES 780 F)
TRIAL 780 G) THE JUDGMENT 781 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 781 14. RIGHT
OF APPEAL 782 LXVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS A) WITH PERMISSION FROM THE COURT
782 B) WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM THE COURT 782 15. CURRENCY 782 A) SUING
IN FOREIGN CURRENCY 782 B) CURRENCY CONTROL AND WITHHOLDING TAXES 782
16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 782 A) ACCEPTANCE OF VALIDITY OF
FOREIGN JURISDICTION 782 B) POWER OF THE COURT TO REVIEW MERITS OF
FOREIGN JUDGMENT 782 C) EFFECT OF PENDING APPEAL OR OTHER PROCEEDINGS
782 D) PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD FOR ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENT 783 17.
RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 783 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
783 19. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 783 A) MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION PRIOR TO
LITIGATION 783 B) MEDIATION AFTER COURT PROCEEDINGS HAVE BEEN COM-
MENCED 783 20. SPECIAL FEATURES 783 EGYPT 787 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW
787 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 788 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES OF
COLLECTION AGENTS AND LAWYERS .. 788 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION
PROCEDURES 789 5. ACCESS TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 789 6.
JURISDICTION OF THE COURTS 789 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 790 8.
EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 791
9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 791 10.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 791 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS
792 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 792 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF A
CLAIM 792 B) THE RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 792 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR
APPEARANCE/ DEFAULT TO CONTEST 793 D) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE
DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 793 E) A VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 794 F)
TRIAL 794 G) THE JUDGMENT 794 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 795 LXIX TABLE
OF CONTENTS 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 795 15. CURRENCY 796 16. RECOGNITION OF
FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 796 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 797
18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 797 19. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 797 GHANA 799
1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 799 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 799 A) ROLE OF
COLLECTION AGENTS 799 B) ROLE OF LAWYERS 800 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURE
800 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 801 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO
JUSTICE 801 A) EFFICIENCY 801 B) INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY 802 6.
JURISDICTION OF THE COURTS 802 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 802 8.
EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 802
9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 803 10.
BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR FILING SUIT 803 A) BASIC COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS
REQUIRED 803 B) NEED FOR POWER OFATTORNEY/ LETTER OFAUTHORIZATION 803 C)
OFFICIAL TRANSLATIONS 803 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 803 12. FROM
LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 804 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING COMMERCIAL CLAIMS
804 B) RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 804 C) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/
DEFAULT TO CONTEST 804 D) DEFENCES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR)
805 (I) OVERVIEW OF CONTESTED CLAIMS PROCEDURES AND DE- LAYS 805 (II)
SECURITY FOR COSTS 805 (III) NEED FOR PRODUCTION OF EXHIBI TS AND EXPERT
REPORTS 805 (IV) COUNTERCLAIMS 805 (V) FORUM NON CONVENIENS 806 (VI)
AVAILABILITY OF COMMISSION ROGATOIRE (EXAMI- NATION OF DEBTORS IN A
FOREIGN JURISDICTION) 806 (VII) LIMITATION PERIODS 806 LXX TABLE OF
CONTENTS E) AVAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 807 F) TRIAL 807 G)
THE JUDGMENT 807 H) COSTS 807 I) ENFORCEMENT NOTWITHSTANDING APPEAL 80 8
13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 808 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL 809 A) WITHOUT
PERMISSION OF THE COURT 809 B) WITH PERMISSION OF THE COURT 809 15.
CURRENCY 809 A) SUING IN FOREIGN CURRENCY 809 B) CURRENCY CONTROL 809 C)
WITHHOLDING TAXES 810 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 810 A)
ACCEPTANCE OF VALIDITY OF FOREIGN JUDGMENT 810 B) POWER OF THE COURT TO
REVIEW MERITS OF FOREIGN JUDGMENT 810 C) EFFECT OF PENDING APPEAL OR
OTHER PROCEEDINGS 811 D) PRESCRIPTIVEPERIODFOR THE ENFORCEMENT
OJAFOREIGN JUDG- MENT 811 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS
811 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 811 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS 811 20. COURT
DIRECT MEDIATION 812 MOROCCO 813 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 813 2. THIRD
PARTY COLLECTION 813 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 813 4. PRE-LITIGATION
COLLECTION PROCEDURES 813 5. ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE 814 6.
JURISDICTION OF COURTS 814 7. ESTABLISHING JURISDICTION 814 8. EFFECT OF
CHOICE OF LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 814 9. EFFECT
OF ARBITRATION CLAUSE 814 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 814 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 815 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 815 A) THE
RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 815 B) DELAY FOR DEBTOR APPEARANCE/DEFAULT
TO CONTEST 815 C) DEFENSES AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT (DEBTOR) 815 LXXI
TABLE OF CONTENTS D) A VAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES 815 E)
TRIAL 816 F) THE JUDGMENT 816 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 816 14. RIGHT
OF APPEAL 816 15. CURRENCY 817 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 817
17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 817 18. STATUTE OF
LIMITATIONS 817 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
RELATING TO COMMERCIAL MATTERS 817 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 817
NIGERIA 819 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 819 2. THIRD PARTY COLLECTION 819
A) COLLECTION AGENTS VIS-A-VIS LAWYERS 819 B) PERCENTAGE OF WORK DONE
INITIALLY 819 3. TYPICAL FEE STRUCTURES 820 A) COLLECTION AGENTS 820 B)
LAWYERS 820 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 820 5. ACCESSIBILITY
TO JUSTICE 821 6. JURISDICTION OF THE COURTS 821 7. ESTABLISHING
JURISDICTION 821 A) PHYSICAL PRESENCE OF THE DEBTOR 821 B) SUFFICIENCY
OF ASSETS WITHIN THE JURISDICTION 822 8. EFFECT OF CHOICE OF LAW AND
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF CERTAIN COURTS 822 9. EFFECT OF ARBITRATION
CLAUSES 822 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING SUIT 822 11.
AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 823 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO JUDGMENT 823 A)
RIGHT TO MAKE SPECIAL DEMANDS 823 B) TIME LIMITS 824 C) DEFENCES
AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT 824 D) AVAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES
825 E) TRIAL . 825 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 825 14. RIGHT OF APPEAL
826 15. CURRENCY 826 A) SUING IN FOREIGN CURRENCY 826 LXXII TABLE OF
CONTENTS B) CURRENCY CONTROL AND WITHHOLDING TAXES 826 16. RECOGNITION
OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 827 17. FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS 827 18. STATUTE
OF LIMITATIONS 827 19. HAGUE CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 828
20. COURT DIRECTED MEDIATION 828 A) PRIOR TO LITIGATION 828 B) DURING
PROCEEDINGS 828 SOUTH AFRICA 829 1. LEGAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 829 2. THIRD
PARTY COLLECTION 829 A) COLLECTION AGENTS 829 B) LAWYERS 830 3. TYPICAL
FEE STRUCTURES 830 A) COLLECTION AGENTS 830 B) FEE STRUCTURES OF
ATTORNEYS 830 4. PRE-LITIGATION COLLECTION PROCEDURES 830 5.
ACCESSIBILITY TO JUSTICE: EFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE 831 6.
JURISDICTION OF THE COURTS 831 A) THE SMALL CLAIMS COURT 831 B) THE
MAGISTRATE S COURT 831 C) THE HIGH COURT 831 7. ESTABLISHING
JURISDICTION 832 8. CHOICE OF LAW ISSUES 832 9. EFFECT OF AN ARBITRATION
CLAUSE ON INSTITUTING LEGAL PROCEED- INGS 832 10. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
FILING SUIT 832 11. AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS 832 12. FROM LAWSUIT TO
JUDGMENT 833 A) GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FILING OF A COMMERCIAL CLAIM 833 B)
THE RIGHT TO SPECIAL DEMANDS 833 C) DELAY FOR THE DEBTOR S APPEARANCE/
DEFAULT TO CONTENTS IN TERMS OF THE RULES OF COURT 834 D) DEFENSES
AVAILABLE TO THE DEFENDANT 834 E) AVAILABILITY OF EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES
835 F) TRIAL 835 G) THE JUDGMENT 835 13. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT 835 14.
RIGHT OF APPEAL 835 15. CURRENCY 836 16. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
JUDGMENTS 836 LXXIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS 836 18. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 837 19. INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS 837 20. COURT DIRECT MEDIATION 837 21. SPECIAL
FEATURES 837 LXXIV
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Franklin, David |
| author_facet | Franklin, David |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Franklin, David |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035223947 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HG3752 |
| callnumber-raw | HG3752.5 I57 2007 |
| callnumber-search | HG3752.5 I57 2007 |
| callnumber-sort | HG 43752.5 I57 42007 |
| callnumber-subject | HG - Finance |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)150222993 (DE-599)BSZ276001931 |
| dewey-full | 658.8/8 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 658 - General management |
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| dewey-search | 658.8/8 |
| dewey-sort | 3658.8 18 |
| dewey-tens | 650 - Management and auxiliary services |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:28:59Z |
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| oclc_num | 150222993 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | LXXIV, 838 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Thomson Carswell |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Franklin, David Verfasser aut International commercial debt collection David Franklin Toronto Thomson Carswell 2007 LXXIV, 838 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Créances - Recouvrement Créances - Recouvrement - Droit Collecting of accounts Collection laws text/html http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz276001931inh.htm Inhaltsverzeichnis SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017029993&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Franklin, David International commercial debt collection Créances - Recouvrement Créances - Recouvrement - Droit Collecting of accounts Collection laws |
| title | International commercial debt collection |
| title_auth | International commercial debt collection |
| title_exact_search | International commercial debt collection |
| title_full | International commercial debt collection David Franklin |
| title_fullStr | International commercial debt collection David Franklin |
| title_full_unstemmed | International commercial debt collection David Franklin |
| title_short | International commercial debt collection |
| title_sort | international commercial debt collection |
| topic | Créances - Recouvrement Créances - Recouvrement - Droit Collecting of accounts Collection laws |
| topic_facet | Créances - Recouvrement Créances - Recouvrement - Droit Collecting of accounts Collection laws |
| url | http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz276001931inh.htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017029993&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT franklindavid internationalcommercialdebtcollection |
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Inhaltsverzeichnis