Za bezimene: delatnost UNICEF-a u Federativnoj Narodnoj Republici Jugoslaviji 1947 - 1954.
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Inst. za Noviju Istoriju Srbije
2008
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Biblioteka "Studije i monografije" / Institut za Noviju Istoriju Srbije
42 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 213 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788670050624 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Za bezimene |b delatnost UNICEF-a u Federativnoj Narodnoj Republici Jugoslaviji 1947 - 1954. |c Sanja Petrović Todosijević |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138470079201280 |
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| adam_text | SADRŽAJ
Na početku
.............................................................................................. 9
PREDGOVOR
.........................................................................................
ц
UVOD
„BEZIMENI POJEDINAC
.................................................................................... 19
GLAVA I
KROZ PUKOTINU U GVOZDENOJ
ZAVESÍ
-
JUGOSLOVENSKO ISKUSTVO SA UNICEF-om
........................................ 35
„Jugoslaviji pripada pomoć po zaslugama i doprinosu
u borbi zajedno sa saveznicima
.............................................................................. 35
„Gradska centrala... molbi ne može udovoljiti
..................................................... 42
(Ne)podobni. Članovi Misije UNICEF-a u FNRJ
................................................. 43
„Članovi Misije su strani državljani na šta nije
obracena
velika pažnja
........... 45
„Ljubavni slučaj službenika UNICEF-a
................................................................ 49
„Otkuda se ta pomoć dobiva? Propagiranje Misije UNICEF-a u FNRJ
........... 52
GLAVA
II
DISTRIBUCIJA UNICEF-ove POMOĆI U FNRJ
............................................. 57
Transport
.................................................................................................................... 57
Smeštaj
........................................................................................................................ 59
Koordinacija
............................................................................................................... 61
Deoba
.......................................................................................................................... 69
Korisnici
..................................................................................................................... 73
Ambalaža
.................................................................................................................... 75
„Delite
na moju odgovornost ne vodeći računa
о
ugledu države
..................... 76
GLAVA III
PROGRAMI
.............................................................................................................. 79
Politika
.................................................................................................................. 79
Program dopunske dečije ishrane
(1948-1952)..................................................... 81
Program sirovina za izradu obuće i odeće
(1949-1951)....................................... 98
Program automobila i drugih prevoznih sredstava
(1948-1966)........................ 102
Program izgradnje mlekarske industrije
(1949-1964)......................................... 112
GLAVA
IV
U ZDRAVSTENOJ MISIJI
..................................................................................... 133
Socijalna medicina ili „borbena operacija sa strategijskim ciljem
.................... 133
Jugoslovenska zdravstvena služba
........................................................................... 139
Kadrovi u zdravstvu
................................................................................................. 148
Smrt najmlađih
.......................................................................................................... 153
Zarazne bolesti
........................................................................................................... 159
Program borbe protiv tuberkuloze
(1948-1958)................................................... 162
Program suzbijanja endemskog sifilisa
(1949-1953)............................................ 171
Program suzbijanja i eradikacije mikoze
(1949-1964)......................................... 176
ZAKLJUČAK
.......................................................................................... 181
CONCLUSION.
....................................................................................... 189
IMENSKI REGISTAR
........................................................................... 199
REGISTAR GEOGRAFSKIH POJMOVA
........................................... 201
LITERATURA
........................................................................................ 205
BELEŠKAOPISCU
............................................................................... 213
CONCLUSION
The United Nations International
Children s Emergency Fund
(UNICEF)
was fo¬
unded on
11
December
1946
in New York City by the United Nations General Assembly
Resolution
57
as a temporary institution and an integral part of the UN system with
the aim of providing relief to children of European countries devastated in the Second
World War. The Agreement between the International Children s Fund and the Govern¬
ment of the Federal People s Republic of Yugoslavia was signed on
20
November
1947.
The policy of the state toward the Fund in the period following the end of World War
II reflects the international position of the socialist Yugoslavia, which was considered,
until the summer of
1948,
a territory under pronounced Soviet sphere of influence. In
keeping with the policy of Western powers and the United States, after the conflict with
the „big Soviet leader it acquired a status of a country which should at least be „kept
afloat . Fencing itself first from the West and then from the East, Yugoslavia found itself
in disadvantaged position of a country with insufficiently defined position in the world
divided by Cold War. Change of attitude toward the USSR and other Soviet bloc countri¬
es has only temporarily immobilized Yugoslav officials. Economic blockade from the
East has undoubtedly made Yugoslav leadership seek partners on the other side. In the
light of new developments, any kind of aid, like the one distributed through
UNICEF,
coming in one way or another from the West and from Americans, was regarded
with greater approval. Redefinition of Yugoslav relations toward
UNICEF
was finally
completed in January
1949.
Since the beginning of
1949
the International Children s
Fund became an unquestionable partner of the new Yugoslav authorities in dealing
with sanitary and hygienic backwardness, more precisely in their effort to solve some
of the major social problems. By the summer of
1950
Yugoslavia became a privileged
beneficiary of
UNICEF
programs. As the only Eastern bloc country which managed to
oppose Soviet influence and tried to build what was often referred to as its own road to
socialism, Yugoslavia became strategically an extremely important partner to Western
democracies. Any form of assistance was a proof of affinity and confirmation of the
right choice in the years when the mankind had to deal with numerous crises as the
consequence of Cold-War divisions in the world.
The work of the
UNICEF
Mission s Office in Belgrade, particularly the activities of
its foreign members, were under close scrutiny of the community traditionally skeptical
189
Sania
Petrović Todosijević
of anything and anyone coming from abroad or more precisely from the West. They we¬
re also closely watched by police bodies of the new Yugoslav authorities which did not
want to take any chances. The need to protect and defend the established order, particu¬
larly after the split with the USSR in the summer of
1948,
often turned into paranoia.
In response to repeated demands of UNICEF s Belgrade Office to increase the number
of Mission members, the state offered a new solution, suggesting greater engagement of
local staff, but that imposed additional problems. The provision of the Agreement by
which Yugoslav nationals have been paid far less than the foreign staff, i.e. „according to
the usual rate for similar services in the FPRY , did not make
UNICEF
office sufficiently
attractive for those who possessed adequate qualifications and skills. Left with no other
choice but to hire staff insufficiently qualified for the work in a United Nations agency,
the Mission had to cope on a daily basis with numerous problems in communication
with government employees in charge of proper implementation of
UNICEF
programs
in the field.
Field work was an additional challenge for the Yugoslav police. Officials of the Inter¬
national Children s Fund, who had to be in touch with the local population, represented
an even greater threat for the newly established order. Such attitude of the official govern¬
ment bodies is unquestionably corroborated by violation of numerous Agreement provi¬
sions which should have regulated relations between the Fund and Yugoslavia. Restricted
in movement, access to information and institutions through which
UNICEF
programs
have been carried out, the officials of the Fund Mission temporarily on assignment in
Yugoslavia have been „facing challenges of development of the new state and order in
socialism. Temporarily surrounded with adversaries, but not solely from the West as until
the summer of
1948,
the Yugoslav leadership has additionally „dug itself in watching
for threat posed by the presence and operation of foreigners on official assignment in the
FPRY. Opting to work in a country that has been developing „its own road to socialism
in the years following World War II, seeking adversaries even where there were none, the
officials of the International Children s Fund Mission have (unconsciously forsaken their
labour rights, ratified by the Agreement, and rights to privacy and respect of personal
integrity, confirmed by international conventions.
Promoting
UNICEF
activities in the FPRY was in direct correlation with foreign-
-policy orientation of Yugoslavia between
1947
and
1954.
The first public criticism of
careless implementation of popular medical programs that appeared in
Borba
in
1953
reflects greater openness to the public resulting, among other things, from radical shift
in foreign policy. Willingness of censors to allow „leakage of certain information to
public in order to initiate public debate on major social problems indicates that the Yu¬
goslav government was ready to face current social problems, after having achieved po¬
litical stability in the
mid-1950s.
Vague ideas about the International Children s Fund
among the beneficiaries of the aid are the consequence of faults in the work of inert and
inefficient administration in charge of distributing
UNICEF
aid.
Distribution of aid faced Fund officials with brutal reality of poor and war-devasta¬
ted country, attempting to build a new system relying on whatever old resources had
190
Za bezimene
survived. Attempt to deliver valuable aid via inherited, insufficiently built and war-de¬
stroyed traffic infrastructure seemed to be an insurmountable obstacle. Delivery of aid
to the most remote corners of the country was a challenge for the order which faced the
existence of numerous islands of backwardness after the Second World War was over.
Integration of areas backward in terms of sanitary, hygienic and cultural conditions
should have provided evidence on the development of humane society in new Yugosla¬
via. Storing of articles provided by the International Children s Fund represented an im¬
portant phase in the process of
UNICEF
aid distribution. Lack of storage facilities and
failure to observe predefined rules on the manner of storing goods, warehouse safety
regulations and qualifications of warehouse operators have certainly reduced the usable
value of scarce articles. Distribution of
UNICEF
aid in FPRY implied the founding of
the Central Coordinating Committee within the Presidency of the FPRY Government,
coordinating committees within presidencies of the Governments of People s Republics,
county and municipal People s Committees. Proper work of coordinating bodies was a
prerequisite for UNICEF s successful operation in Yugoslavia. As mediators in commu¬
nication between beneficiaries and the International Children s Fund, the committees
faced numerous problems. Meetings at irregular intervals represented the first in a series
of problems that hampered coordination of distribution of
UNICEF
aid. This was the
consequence of the generally accepted opinion that the task of the coordinating commi¬
ttee was restricted to elaboration of plans for distribution of aid, while other activities in
„almost all republics have been delegated to the Red Cross organizations or ministries
of social care. Transfer of civil servants from one job to another, where the new one often
had little to do with the former, was common at a time of rapid recovery and rebuilding
of the country. Recruitment of personnel for particular tasks was additionally hampered
by lack of qualified staff, which affected the work of coordinating committees. Short¬
comings in the work of technical and administrative services as parts of coordinating
bodies in charge of preparing various kinds of reports have directly contributed to the
creation of wrong impression about the needs of
UNICEF
beneficiaries in Yugoslavia.
Absence of accurate vital statistics and insufficiently developed system of institutions
through which the bulk of
UNICEF
aid had been distributed has contributed to nu¬
merous cases of misappropriation of scarce goods. The analysis of individual phases of
distribution of
UNICEF
aid raises numerous issues. Yet, the key question does not refer
to the volume of aid sent to FPRY, but primarily to the quantity of food, clothing and
footwear items that reached Yugoslav boys and girls. Unable to quote even approximate
indicators of the volume of correctly used aid, the state has shown that it was unable
to accept and distribute received aid using its own resources and thus at least partially
alleviate some of the most pressing social problems.
UNICEF
programs have appeared in two forms: as emergency aid after natural di¬
sasters and as long-term aid that in a planned fashion works toward the development of
certain activities through joint efforts of
UNICEF
and the beneficiary country. Founded
immediately following one of the most destructive wars in the history of mankind, wit¬
hout clear idea on the duration of its existence,
UNICEF
has focused on programs of
191
Sania
Petrovié
Todosijević
emergency aid aimed at meeting existential needs in food, footwear and clothing of the
most vulnerable population categories in war-devastated parts of the world, particularly
in Europe. In the first years after the Second World War, the Yugoslav case has not been
an exception but rater a proof of the official policy of the International Children s Fund.
Out of
27
programs amounting to US$
21,564,658
carried out in Yugoslavia by
1971,
four had been designated as emergency. Excluding the programs of aid to Skoplje
(1963-
1965)
and
Banja Luka
(1969-1971)
after the earthquakes, amounting to US$
426,898,
which are not the subject of interest of this research, although their total amount tells a
lot, or the Raw Materials for Footwear and Clothing Program
(1949-1951)
amounting to
US$
1,271,700,
the Supplementary Children s Food Program
(1949-1951)
amounting to
US$
10,231,025
is by far the most expensive arrangement ever carried out in Yugoslavia.
High dollar amounts were a prerequisite for efficient aid. Emergency approach provided
short-term solution. Subsistence of the youngest was a major problem that should have
been dealt with as a whole. Overcoming difficulties caused by war destruction reduced
the need for emergency aid programs a few years after the war ended.
Investment of high amounts of money into programs that did not encourage more
comprehensive approach to the protection of children, pregnant and nursing women
faced the Fund and UN leaders with the issue of survival of
UNICEF,
lhe
survival of
the Fund depended on the pursuit of more restrictive financial policy. A shift was made
from emergency
-
short-term to long-term programs of development of various activiti¬
es that fit into national programs of comprehensive children s protection. At its regular
fall session in Paris in November
1951
the
UNICEF
Executive Committee opted for a
„shift toward long-term programs. Change of focus from short- to long-term programs
coincided with partial overcoming of difficulties caused by war destruction in Europe,
but also with transfer of activities of the Fund from the European continent to the parts
of the world where vast spaces of underdeveloped South American or newly-founded
Asian and African countries predominated.
Implementation of
UNICEF
programs in the period until
1954
represented a reflec¬
tion of the global Fund policy in European and international proportions. In the first
decade of
UNICEF
operation in Yugoslavia, the country, though devastated during the
war, actively participated in the implementation of short-term and later of long-term
programs. Poor infrastructure, modest storage capacities, poor coordination and ina¬
dequate system of health, social and educational institutions turned out to be the main
obstacles to proper implementation of
UNICEF
short-term programs. Millions of do¬
llars have been spent on food, clothing and footwear that largely did not reach boys and
girls up to the age of
18.
Transfer to long-term programs was an additional challenge for
the Yugoslav state which only a few years after the end of World War II had to cope with
high mortality rate of the youngest population, unsatisfactory dietary, health and other
social circumstances.
Carrying out of
UNICEF
Supplementary Food for Children Program contributed
to better dietary situation among the youngest members of the Yugoslav society in the
period between
1948
and
1952.
Regardless of difficulties that accompanied the work
192
Za bezimene
of kitchens before the beginning of
UNICEF
work in Yugoslavia and during the first
months of distribution of food items under the Supplementary Food for Children Pro¬
gram, the increase in the number of school kitchens and beneficiaries in the period of
implementation of the costliest
UNICEF
program unquestionably proves that the vast
number of children s restaurants in Yugoslavia between
1948
and
1952
survived owing
to the Fund
s
assistance. Nevertheless, reducing the role of the Fund to a factor that sole¬
ly contributed to the improvement of dietary conditions in post-war Yugoslavia would
make the ultimate goal of this work pointless. The potential of the Supplementary Food
for Children Program lied in the possibility of detecting famine as one of the major social
problems faced by the new authorities. Fund
s
focusing on the population up to
18
years
of age has additionally problematized the issue of the care of the youngest in the country
which has for decades, despite the radical change of political system and ideological
framework, resisted integration of hundreds of thousands of anonymous, nameless and
marginal. On the other hand, „discovery of childhood in the most dynamic phase of
development of the Yugoslav state with the UNICEF s help nominated the International
Children s Fund as a relevant factor of historical research.
In addition to the Supplementary Food for Children Campaign, carrying out of
UNICEF
Raw Materials for Footwear and Clothing Manufacturing Program has confir¬
med that institutions for the care of the youngest cannot be built as a useful means
in the process of institutionalization of the care for the youngest without adequate
assistance of the United Nations Organization. The „new or „suppressed emotionality
seemed to put too heavy a burden on the new government. Prior to the time when the
state faced famine and poverty, it was solely expressed within the closed family, left to
its own devices. The ultimate solution of these problems exceeded the possibilities of
underdeveloped, by war devastated, impoverished system which also, as it will turn out,
lacked sufficiently clear course.
The Supplementary Food for Children and Raw Materials for Footwear and Clothing
Manufacturing programs have shown that erratic investment of capital in insufficiently
developed societies, where the system of distribution and movement of material resou¬
rces is not subjected to radical government control, threatens the policy as well as
the very purpose of the Fund. In contrast to these programs, the implementation of
UNICEF s Dairy Industry Construction Campaign, despite all the difficulties and a va¬
riety of problems arising over the long period of milk processing industry development
in Yugoslavia, has contributed to the building of the first modern installations for milk
production and processing. The shortage of these products has drastically reflected on
the morbidity and mortality rates of the youngest Yugoslav citizens.
Analysis of the implementation of the Automobiles and Other Transport Vehicles for
Health Establishments Program between
1948
and
1954
points to numerous irregulariti¬
es and embezzlements that have significantly reduced the real value of one of the most
expensive
UNICEF
programs in the FPRY and thus harmed the country and beneficia¬
ries of weak and insufficiently developed health service. Misappropriation by represen¬
tatives of the government, police, military, managerial structures of establishments that
193
Sania
Petrović Todosijevič
were granted the right to use
UNICEF
vehicles, drivers.
..
represent a set of practices that
can be described by the common denominator
-
acting at one s free will. The govern¬
ment bureaucracy, set up in the years of overall shortage of staff following the principle
of political suitability, indifferent, inert and inefficient, thought about the problem of
distribution of
UNICEF
goods and services only when it received clear signals that aid
might be discontinued. Its actions clearly conveyed arrogant attitude toward valuable
aid, including the Fund-donated fleet of vehicles, treating it as „government property .
The new, much more restrictive policy of the Fund, as the result of hitherto uneconomi¬
cal use of resources, much better circumstances in Europe ten years after the end of
the Second World War and emergence of new crisis spots in Asia, Africa and South
America faced the Yugoslav government with a series of doubts referring to the future
collaboration between the state and the Fund, which required a much more systematic
and responsible approach to the implementation of services and distribution of goods of
the International Children s Fund. The analysis of irresponsible attitude toward proper¬
ty of others placed at the disposal for the benefit of the new Yugoslav state points to
inability of the socialist order in the first ten years following the end of the Second World
War to take steps to deal with insufficiently efficient, inert and above all inadequately
staffed bureaucratic apparatus which represented, as in the former Yugoslav state, an
insurmountable obstacle on the way toward emancipation of the Yugoslav society. Due
to the requirements of time, recovery and rebuilding of the country and protection of
order, the system of health and social services was left at the bottom instead of being
among the top priorities of Yugoslav builders and defenders. Thus, every resource in¬
tended for the improvement of citizens living standard also became an indisputable
instrument in the fight against the enemies of the order. On the other hand, unscrupulo¬
us individuals are a reflection of the state irresponsible toward its citizens, beneficiaries
of insufficiently developed system of educational, social and health establishments.
UNICEF
Anti-Tuberculosis Program has contributed to the implementation of the
international
BCG
vaccination campaign, opening of numerous anti-tuberculosis in¬
firmaries, some of which developed into prestigious institutes and establishments wit
hout
which creation of modern anti-tuberculosis service would not be feasible, and
founding of over twenty streptomycin centers for systematic implementation of modern
medication in treating tuberculosis. Impressive data on
3,000,000
tested and
1,552,127
vaccinated boys and girls up to the age of
18
between
1948
and
1951, 40%
cured and
20%
saved from certain death only in
1949
and
1950
are the best proof of UNICEF s
importance for the development of the Yugoslav health service, its partial transforma¬
tion into the service that would focus on prevention and make doctors, nurses and
auxiliary medical staff get out of their offices and laboratories and approach those who
needed their help the most. One among the numerous
UNICEF
medical programs has
shown that these are children. Coming out of anonymity of one of the most numerous
social groups with the assistance of the UN Organization was
décisive
for further
affirmation of the youngest, for their moving from the sidelines of social events toward
the center. End of the international
BCG
campaign in
1951
marked the beginning of
194
Za bezimene
autonomous and continuous action of the Yugoslav health service to combat tubercu¬
losis. Although it faced almost identical problems as in the period before signing of the
agreement with the Joint Company
-
exceptionally high rate of incidence and mortality
due to tuberculosis, insufficiently developed anti-tuberculosis service that was unable to
offer enough beds and high-quality staff to those who needed help the most, the state
could be considered successful. For the first time in the history of medical service in the
Yugoslav territory it managed to organize one of the most important health campaigns
based on the principles of modern, social medicine which did not only treat, but also
„transformed a traditionally suspicious, illiterate and uneducated patient. Without va¬
luable help and experience of the Red Cross Organization and International Children s
Fund, the number of
167
anti-tuberculosis infirmaries would be far lower. This would
unquestionably reduce the chances of some of them to develop, again with the
UNICEF
assistance, into prestigious institutes and establishments without which the fight against
tuberculosis in the following years would be unthinkable.
Implementation of UNICEF s Fight Against Endemic Syphilis Program is a rare ex¬
ample of excellent cooperation between the government and the Fund. Even without
available resource material it is possible to point to numerous problems that were ob¬
stacles in the course of controlling endemic syphilis in Yugoslavia. Low cultural and
educational level of the population, undeveloped health service, inert, inefficient and
insufficiently developed government apparatus, where the lowest government bodies
-
People s Committees
-
remain unmoved by instructions coming from higher places,
at least when health issues are concerned
-
this is all common knowledge. Available
sources and scarce literature, on the other hand, point to enormous success of anti-
syphilis campaign in Yugoslavia, which cannot be solely credited to
UNICEF, but
pri¬
marily to determined and conscientious individuals ready to „learn the trade again in
their profession and thus, using state-of-the-art methods, win the fight against syphilis
and other communicable diseases. Focused on the interests of the youngest population,
helping the campaign which encompassed
1.8
million Yugoslavs, most of whom belon¬
ged to the under-18 group,
UNICEF
drew attention to the margin of „big politics popu¬
lated by ill boys and girls. Unintegrated into society through health, social and educa¬
tional institutions until they started school, relying on their family and the closest co¬
mmunity which, as in the case of endemic syphilis, was the main source of infection,
children in the country like FPRY were no model example. Growing in anonymity con¬
cealed numerous information about the youngest as the most vulnerable social group.
Illness as the consequence of poor and inadequate diet and deplorable sanitary and
hygienic circumstances was fatal for individuals, but also for the community that was
recovering and rebuilding. Healthy progeny was a guarantee of future development and
maintenance of the order, which faced numerous doubts in the first ten years after the
war. Coping with problems which threatened to weaken it while, on the other hand,
exceeded its financial and organizational capacities, the country had to seek and accept
help, as in the case of fight against endemic syphilis. Looking for cooperative partner in
organizations such as
UNICEF,
the government faced problems that were only apparen-
195
Sania
Petrović Todosijević
tly considered to be of secondary importance. Success in the field of fight against infecti¬
ous disease could have been the most explicit proof of development of socialism in Tito s
Yugoslavia. Fight against diseases such as syphilis, which have mostly threatened the
health of the population under
18
years of age, has opened the door ajar to the youngest
who have waited for centuries in the anteroom of history.
The analysis of the implementation of
UNICEF
programs through presentation
of the relationship between the Fund and the new, communist authorities in the years
when Yugoslavia was seeking „its own road to socialism , social and political environ¬
ment in which foreign officials of
UNICEF
mission on temporary assignment in Yu¬
goslavia had to work, short-term programs intended to contribute to the satisfaction
of elementary needs in food, footwear and clothing, long-term campaigns aiming to
encourage different insufficiently developed spheres of social environment, massive me¬
dical campaigns implemented to eradicate dangerous infections should have pointed to
major social problems that represented a framework in which Yugoslav boys and girls
grew up in the first ten years following the end of the Second World War. Implementa¬
tion of mass-scale
UNICEF
campaigns has helped in identifying hundreds of thousands
of anonymous youngsters, marginalized human lives whose discovery represented an
extraordinary challenge for the state in which real needs exceeded available capacities.
The community of ill Yugoslav boys and girls, exhausted and distressed by the con¬
sequences of war, needed big words, as well as big deeds. Faced with pervasive poverty
and scarcity, as most European countries of the time, the Yugoslav authorities have not
demonstrated necessary flexibility in simultaneous dealing with political and social pro¬
blems, as best confirmed by the problems in the implementation of
UNICEF
programs.
In the years when the country concurrently with internal reconsiderations, which often
turned into brutal confrontation with those who thought differently, sought its own way
to socialism moving westward from the East, making an issue out of circumstances un¬
der which children were growing up in Yugoslavia was considered unnecessary. Giving
priority to political processes over social issues, which are suppressed as a rule, was
nothing new or something characteristic of the communist regime. Fascination with
politics is a part of political culture resulting from far more complex and in any case lon¬
ger historical processes. After all, wasn t a dual revolutionary ideology underlying the
political system? On the one hand it was shaped by modern ideas on emancipation of all
social groups, including children, while on the other it easily fit, without any reservation,
into patriarchal
puritanism
which treated the youngest members of the community as
„nameless and „anonymous apprentices (Aries) who cannot find a way to integrate
into the community unless it has, at least when children are concerned, an adequately
developed system of schools, hospitals and social establishments for the care of the
youngest, such as nurseries, kindergartens and similar. Declaring objectives the ful¬
fillment of which would serve as an evidence of emancipation of the Yugoslav society
was predominantly a daily task of the spokespersons of the new Yugoslav authorities.
Proclaimed principles in discrepancy with the reality personified all flaws of infrastruc¬
ture underlying the order unprepared to support a capital idea on the Yugoslav welfare
196
Za bezimene
society.
Designation of Yugoslavia as „a country unprivileged for mothers and children ,
given in
1950
by
Prof. De Haas,
World Health Organization consultant, is indicative.
There is no doubt that in the period after the end of the second major world conflict Cen¬
tral and East-European countries, including Yugoslavia, passed through „moderniza¬
tion unprecedented in their history . On the other hand, the character of debates con¬
ducted among the top representatives of the country and system point to the possibility
that regimes which managed to carry out massive changes in the form of industriali¬
zation, construction of communications, raising of educational level and health culture
of society within the process of modernization still might not have succeeded in creating
modern states and societies. This corroborates Hobsbaum s idea on the interpretation of
the past of backward countries in the 19th and 20th centuries as a history of „attempts
to catch up with developed world by imitating it . Imitating without a desire, or more
precisely without ability to understand, deprived of the clear definition of ownership
relations, rule of law, respect of civil and elementary human rights, the Yugoslav society
has failed to become modern.
197
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Petrović Todosijević, Sanja |
| author_facet | Petrović Todosijević, Sanja |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Petrović Todosijević, Sanja |
| author_variant | t s p ts tsp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035211584 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)447060756 (DE-599)BVBBV035211584 |
| era | Geschichte 1947-1954 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1947-1954 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Jugoslawien |
| id | DE-604.BV035211584 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:28:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788670050624 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017017805 |
| oclc_num | 447060756 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 213 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Inst. za Noviju Istoriju Srbije |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Biblioteka "Studije i monografije" / Institut za Noviju Istoriju Srbije |
| spelling | Petrović Todosijević, Sanja Verfasser aut Za bezimene delatnost UNICEF-a u Federativnoj Narodnoj Republici Jugoslaviji 1947 - 1954. Sanja Petrović Todosijević Beograd Inst. za Noviju Istoriju Srbije 2008 213 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka "Studije i monografije" / Institut za Noviju Istoriju Srbije 42 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache UNICEF - Jugoslavija - 1947-1954 UNICEF (DE-588)2023668-2 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1947-1954 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 g UNICEF (DE-588)2023668-2 b Geschichte 1947-1954 z DE-604 Institut za Noviju Istoriju Srbije Biblioteka "Studije i monografije" 42 (DE-604)BV011095323 42 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017017805&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017017805&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Petrović Todosijević, Sanja Za bezimene delatnost UNICEF-a u Federativnoj Narodnoj Republici Jugoslaviji 1947 - 1954. UNICEF - Jugoslavija - 1947-1954 UNICEF (DE-588)2023668-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)2023668-2 (DE-588)4028966-7 |
| title | Za bezimene delatnost UNICEF-a u Federativnoj Narodnoj Republici Jugoslaviji 1947 - 1954. |
| title_auth | Za bezimene delatnost UNICEF-a u Federativnoj Narodnoj Republici Jugoslaviji 1947 - 1954. |
| title_exact_search | Za bezimene delatnost UNICEF-a u Federativnoj Narodnoj Republici Jugoslaviji 1947 - 1954. |
| title_full | Za bezimene delatnost UNICEF-a u Federativnoj Narodnoj Republici Jugoslaviji 1947 - 1954. Sanja Petrović Todosijević |
| title_fullStr | Za bezimene delatnost UNICEF-a u Federativnoj Narodnoj Republici Jugoslaviji 1947 - 1954. Sanja Petrović Todosijević |
| title_full_unstemmed | Za bezimene delatnost UNICEF-a u Federativnoj Narodnoj Republici Jugoslaviji 1947 - 1954. Sanja Petrović Todosijević |
| title_short | Za bezimene |
| title_sort | za bezimene delatnost unicef a u federativnoj narodnoj republici jugoslaviji 1947 1954 |
| title_sub | delatnost UNICEF-a u Federativnoj Narodnoj Republici Jugoslaviji 1947 - 1954. |
| topic | UNICEF - Jugoslavija - 1947-1954 UNICEF (DE-588)2023668-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | UNICEF - Jugoslavija - 1947-1954 UNICEF Jugoslawien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017017805&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017017805&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV011095323 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT petrovictodosijevicsanja zabezimenedelatnostunicefaufederativnojnarodnojrepublicijugoslaviji19471954 |