Ulpija Eskus: rimski i rannovizantijski grad 1
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| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Izdat AGATÓ
(1998)
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| Schriftenreihe: | Razkopki i proučvanija / Bălgarska Akademija na Naukite, Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej
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| Beschreibung: | 211 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ulpija Eskus |b rimski i rannovizantijski grad |n 1 |c Teofil Ivanov ; Rumen Ivanov |
| 264 | 1 | |a Sofija |b Izdat AGATÓ |c (1998) | |
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| 490 | 0 | |a Razkopki i proučvanija / Bălgarska Akademija na Naukite, Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej |v ... | |
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., bulg. | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Ivanov, Rumen Teofilov |d 1956- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)13355595X |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
CONTENTS
Предговор
(Т. Иванов)
7
Preface
(Т.
Ivanov)
7
ШАБА
I.
Военното присъствие в Ес¬
кус през
принципата и
късната
античност. Проблемът кастра
-
канабе
-
викус
(P.
Иванов)
10
ГЛАВА
II.
Ескус в антични извори и
елиграфски паметници. Историчес¬
ки карти от
XV XVIIJ
в. (Р. Ива¬
нов)
28
CHAPTER I. Military presence in Oescus
during the
Principate
and the Late
Antiquity. The problem concerning
castra
-
canabae
-
vicus
(R. Ivanov)
10
CHAPTER II. Oescus in the ancient literary
sources and epigraphic monuments,
lìistorìcal
maps from the
15
to
18
centuries
(R Ivanov)
28
ГЛАВА
III.
Историческо развитие на
град Ескус (Т. Иванов)
42
CHAPTER III. Historical development
of the city of Oescus
(T. Ivanov)
42
ШАВА
IV.
Топография. Градоустройс¬
тво. Укрепитепна система на Уп-
пмя Ескус
I
и
II
(Т. Иванов)
54
CHAPTER IV. Topography. The city plan¬
ning. Fortification system of the city
of Ulpia Oescus I and
U (T. Ivanov)
54
ГЛАВА
V.
Форумы (Т. Иванов)
92
CHAPTER V.
The
Forum (T.
Ivanov)
92
ШАВА
VI.
Портиците и сградите
около
форума (Т. Иванов)
152
CHAPTER VI. Porticoes and Buildings
around the Forum
(T. Ivanov)
152
Избрана библиография (Р. Иванов)
188
Selected bibliography
(R. Ivanov)
188
Съкращения на цитираната лите¬
ратура
197
Abbreviations in quotations
197
Резюме
(T.
Иванов,
P.
Иванов)
199
Summary
(T. Ivanov and R. Ivanov)
199
Ulpia Oescus,
vol. I... Summary
ULPIA OESCUS
A Roman and Early Byzantine City
Volume I
SUMMARY
Chapter I
Military presence in Oescus during the
Principate
and the Late Antiquity. The
problem concerning
castra
-
canabae
-
vicus
In the first part of the present chapter the author
considers briefly the military history on the territory
between the Haemus mons and the Danube river. There
are data available for three legions in the period before
Moesia turned into a Roman province. These were
legio
XX (Valeria Victrix)
,
legio
ПП
Scythica and
legio
VMac-
edonica. There is a hypothesis that first
legio
was (after
B. Gerov) in Oescus for a short time. That happened in
2-3
A D. when some Roman troops under the command¬
ment of Sex. Aelius Catus carried out operations along
the lower Danube. There is no real evidence of the pres¬
ence of a vexillatio or of
a legio
in this place. In
9
A D.
legio
XX Valeria Victrix left these lands.
Legio V
Mace¬
donica
was on garrison in Oescus. We have no evidence
of a camp of
legio
ΙΠΙ
Scythica. Different opinions have
been stated. One of them assumes that they stayed
together with
legio
V
Macedonica in
Oescus, or in Rati-
aria, or somewhere to the west on the bank of Danube,
on the present territory of Serbia.
Ala Pansiana was accomodated in Oescus or some¬
where around at the end of Emperor Tiberius rule
(14-37
B. C). Legio V
Macedonica
was on camp in
Oescus till
62
A. D., when itwas
seilt
to Armenia,
ludea
and Alexandria, in Egypt. The camp they left was used
afterwards by cohors IIII
Gallorum
equitata. In
71
A D.
legio V
Macedonica
came back to its former location in
Moesia and then finally left Oescus in
101-102
A D.
Afterwards itwas dislocated to Troesmis (Moesia Infe¬
rior) on Danube, in North Dobrudja (till
167
A D.),
then to Potaissa
(Dacia
Porolissensis). Under the rule
of Galienus and Aurelianus, Romans had to departfrom
provincia
trium
Daciarum,
and
legio
VMacedonica came
back to Oescus again. The legion took part in the con¬
struction of the fortification wall of Oescus II as the
seals found have evidenced· From Notitia Dignitatum,
or.
, XLII, 26,
we have got information of the presence
of auxilium Mariensium (or Martensium)
.
In the second part of the present chapter the author
considers the issue of castra-canabae-vicus. In Ratiaria
(the village of Archar,
Vidin
district) we do notknowwhat
there was beneath the city
-
a military camp or a Thra-
cian village. After
271
A D., here came
legio
ΧΠΙ
Gemi¬
na.
The camp of some troops and the headquarters prob¬
ably stood to the west of the western gate of the city.
In Novae
(4
km east of the town of Svishtov,
Veliko
Turnovo District) the garrison of
legio VIII
Augusta
(45-69)
and
legio
I
Italica
(from
69
A D. on) has been
located. It was laid on
17,7
ha. Canabae legionis are
situated near the garrison
-
to the west and to the south¬
west. The Thracian village (vicus)
(2.5
km east of the
legio s camp) is assumed to have become a municip-
ium. In Durostorum (the town of Silistra)
,
the camp of
the
legio
(castra)
XI Claudia
(17.52
ha) has been locat¬
ed too. Canabae were at about
600
m
away to the north¬
east, north, and north-west, and they used to cover a
territory of
25
ha.
We know the situation of the city s necropolis but
they have not been explored systematically so far. The
first one was situated at
250-500
m
west of the West
gate and it has been dated to the third century. There
was another necropolis to the east
(1-1.5
km). Itwas
the earliest one
(1st
century) and probably belonged
to the canabae. There is a third necropolis to the south
-
at several hundred metres from the Roman city.
Aforth necropolis has been located at about
3.54
km
to the south-west There was no necropolis to the north,
but at about
50-100
m
some objects from the Late
Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age have been found.
There was aThracian
settìementhere.
Excavations have
not been carried out and we do not know the exact area
covered by the settlement We also do not know wheth¬
er it used to reach the back of the future city of Ulpia
Oescus. Remains of an earlier settlementwith uncertain
status have been located there, at several spots beneath
199
Teofil
Ivanov,
Rumen
Ivanov
the Roman city. Prof.
T. Ivanov
made a statement that
the camp of
legio
V
Macedonica
once laid on the area
beneath the city. According to A Poulter that was a
civil settlement which grew up into a city in Thradan
time. Later he changed his opinion assuming that after
the removal of
legio
V
Macedonica
to Troesmis the
camp was transformed into a Roman city.
M. Zyromski stands on the point that
colonia
Ulpia
Oescensium was founded on the canabae. Ms. G. Ka¬
backchieva has recently made two soundings to a con¬
siderable depth
-
the first one in the north-western
corner of the Forum, and the second one in the south¬
eastern part of the city. She has recovered early terra
sigilatta, some glassware, coins and fragments of a mil¬
itary belt The finds have been dated to the first centu¬
ry A. D. Remains of walls have been also located
-
the
earliest ones were of wood, and the later ones of stone.
After Ms G. Kabackchieva, that was the military camp
of
legio V
Macedonica.
She has distinguished two peri¬
ods of construction. The first period has been dated
to the end of the rule of Augustus and Tiberius, until
62
A. D
.,
when the
legio
left the garrison. The second
period of construction has been dated to the time be¬
tween
71
and
106-109
A. D.
We think that in
101-102
legio V
Macedonica
al¬
ready left
castra
Oescensia. In this periodisation we
have found a hiatus of
9
to
10
years between
62
and
71
A. D
.
The
legio
left the place but then cohors IIII
Gallorum
equitata came to camp there. Later, Ms
Kabackchieva has slightly changed her chronology,
and we find this change reasonable. The end of the
first period of construction came at the time of the
civil wars in Rome, after the death of Nero. By that
time the Lower
Danubian
Defence System was de¬
stroyed at several spots as well as some civil and
military settlements were destroyed by fire. After
the
legio
came back in
71,
new construction works
started. We should mention here that the camp of
the
legio
as well as the civil settlements around it-
canabae
et vicus
could have been damaged by the
barbarian invasions. I think that it is necessary more
evidence of the infrastructure of the settlements
below Oescus to be presented. After
271,
legio V
Macedonica
came back again to Oescus but we do
not know where exactly they were accomodated
-
in
the eastern extension of Oescus II or somewhere in
the nearby.
Author of the present chapter is doctor Roumen
Ivanov.
Chapter II
Oescus in the ancient literary sources
and epigraphic monuments. Historical
maps from the fifteenth to eighteenth
centuries
The city of Oescus was named on the River Oescus
(present-day
Iskar)
.
The name is probably of Thracian
origin and it means water . The city was mentioned by
numerous ancient authors: Claudius Ptolemaeus, Geo-
graphia, III,
10, 5
(Οϊσκος Τριβάλλων);
Itinerarium
Antonini
Augusti,
220, 5
(Oesco, leg. V Mac); Tabula
Peutingeriana
(Esco):
Cod-Theod., VI,
35, 5
(Ysco),
Notitia Dignitatum, or.,
XLII, 26,33
(Oesco); Iordanes,
Getica,
102
(Usco),265 (ffisco);HieroclisSyneddemus,
655,6
( Ισκος);
Ravenatis
anonymi Cosmographia,
IV,
7
(Oaecon), etc.
In the epigraphic monuments the name of the city
was usually written in the following way:
colonia
Ulpia
Oescensium, col. Ulp.
Oes.,
Ulpia Oescus, Escus, and
its citizens were usually mentioned as
coloni col
(oni-
ae) Ulp (iae)
Oes (censium).
People who were born
there were mentioned as
domo
Oesco, Oesci, Oesco,
Aesco.
Father s name of Emperor Traianus, Ulpius,
was added to the name of the city. Other cities in the
present-day Bulgarian territories were also known with
this name: Ulpia Serdica, Ulpia Nicopolis ad Istrum, Ulpia
Ratiaria, Ulpia Pautalia, Ulpia Augusta Traiana.
Oescus was marked in numerous West European
historical maps which presented the Balkan peninsula
and the lower flow of the Danube, in the period be¬
tween the first and the sixth centuries A. D. The city
was situated in those maps in three different ways:
1.
To
the West of the autonomous river
О
escus, and that is
not correct.
2.
At the river s mouth, and that was also
incorrect.
3.
To the East of the river. That correct loca¬
tion of the city was made for the first time by Philippe
de la
Rue, in
1651.
Most of the authors used in the
preparation of the cards copies of Tabula Nona Euro-
pae by Claudius Ptolemaeus. As a second source they
used the Late Roman time itineraries
(itineraria):
Tab¬
ula Peutingeriana, Itin.
Antonini Augusti,
Notitia Digni¬
tatum, or. Evidence by Greek, Roman and Byzantine
authors were also often used.
Chapter III
Historical development of the city
of Oescus
The author, prof. Teophil
Ivanov
has made a chrono¬
logical review of the travels and investigations by Bul¬
garian and foreign archaeologists and epigraphs along
200
Ulpia Oescus,
vol. I... Summary
the right bank of the Danube who payed attention to the
city of Oescus: Vazlav Dobruski (director of The Nation¬
al Archaeological Museum in Sofia)
,
Boris Diakovitch,
Karel Škorpil,
Antonio
Frova
(1941-1943),
and he has
described the long-term systematic excavations con¬
ducted between
1947
and
1987
(with a break between
1952
and
1962)
by the professor himself (Archaeologi¬
cal Institute and Museum by the Bulgarian Academy of
Science, in Sofia) in cooperation with some archaeolo¬
gists from the Municipal History Museum of Pleven,
and from the National History Museum in
Sofìa.
The author has considered the city administration,
public organizations, ethnic and social structure, on
the basis of epigraphic monuments known so far. He
has pointed out the tribes to which the Italians, resi¬
dents of the camp, and later of the city of Oescus,
once used to belong.
Special concern of the chapter are the urban territo¬
ry of Oescus and the roads once passing through it and
connecting it with other towns, trade posts and villages
in Lower Moesia and Thracia, in the
1st
and the
2nd
centuries.
Next chapters have represented the most signifi¬
cant archaeological findings from Oescus which came
to light in the period
1947-1987.
They are not only of
local and national importance but, to a great extent, of
international value.
Chapter IV
Topography. The city planning.
Fortification system of the city
of Ulpia Oescus I and II
The city of Ulpia Oescus was situated in the place Grad-
ishteto, at about
50-100
m
to the south of aThracian set¬
tlement from the Late Bronze Age
(ІЗОі-ІІНі
с. ВС),
and the Early Iron Age. The earliest pottery made of
gray clay resemble the high-handled goblets of the gold¬
en set from the village of Vulchitrun, Pleven district
(13th
с. ВС)
.
This region was the residential territory of
the Thracian tribe
Tribală.
This was the reason for Clau¬
dius Ptolaemeusto name Oescus the Town of the
Trib¬
alii .
The city is located in the place Gradishte,
3
km to
the south of the
Danubian
bank near the inflow of the
Iskar
River. At present, it stands at about
300
m
to the
east of the new correction to the
Iskar
(1930).
The city
is of irregular shape. The first city we have conventional¬
ly indicated as Oescus I. The photographs by air made
in October
1973
have clearly shown the city layout,
streets giid, the distinct insulae, as well as the consider¬
able destructive activity by present-time local residents
who have completed the devastation by the invaders
mentioned above and have spoliated the stone material
from the civic and residential buildings of the ancient city.
The city used to have a so called orthogonal layout
with the specific straight streets intersecting at right
angles. Parts of the two main streets, Decumanus
max¬
imus
(east-west), and
Cardo
maximus
(north-south)
have been revealed. The geodetic surveys have evi¬
denced that Decumanus
maximus
has a small deflec¬
tion of
24° 18
towards southeast-northwest, and Car-
do
maximus
towards northeast-southwest This deflec¬
tion of the four cardinal points indicates the month when
the street grid of Oescus was established.
The second-rate and third-rate streets,
decumani
and
cardines, are parallel to the main ones.
The subsidiary grid layout made by us, with quad¬
rants of
50x50
m, and with the corresponding Latin
numeration, is consistent with the orientation of the
two main streets. This way, all revealed streets, build¬
ings and finds have been precisely located. Neverthe¬
less, the height of the quadrates repers has been
measured in comparison to the sea-level. Reliable data
on probable denivelations of the ancient terrain are to
be obtained.
This chapter also points the orientation of the main
streets in some other Roman towns in present-day Bul¬
garia e. g. Novae, Nicopolis ad Istrum, Abritus, etc. Dates
of settling the streets gridhavebeenestablishedformem.
The streets of Oescus I are paved with large lime¬
stone slabs of irregular shape. The large slabs cover
the drain built in the middle, and the smaller slabs cov¬
er the rest of the street. Several types of streets are to
be distinguished:
1.
Streets with porticoes on both
sides;
2.
Streets with sidewalks;
3.
Streets without side¬
walks;
4.
Narrow passages covered with rammed grav¬
el, without sidewalks.
Decumanus
maximus
separates the southern third
from the northern part which is about twice larger than
the southern one. It used to link the West and the East
Gate. This fact is an evidence about frequent floods on
the plain between the Danube River and the city of Oes¬
cus I (place of Gradishteto)
.
In spring, the water of the
Danube used to get out of the bed and flood the lands
around. Therefore, as we shall see later, the West Gate¬
way was moved away to the south to a great extent.
The city of Oescus I relied on a water supply
through a built aguecfuctwhich started at present-day
town of Oriachovitza,
20
km to the south of the an¬
cient city. The aqueductis built of broken limestone
pieces bound together with white plaster. The inner
opening has a semicircular vault on the top, and a rec¬
tangular outline below. In the middle of the lower sur¬
face there is a catch-drain. The opening walls are made
201
Iflì
Teofil
Ivanov,
Rumen
Ivanov
of bricks and are finished with plaster containing red
brick powder. Eveiy Roman
aqueducthaá
a filter-bed
(castellum aquae), situated not far from the city, and
there the
waterwas
to settle. So far, such a filter-bed
has not been found in
O escus.
It should be sought to
the east. From that place a clay pipeline started which
passed under the East Gateway of Oescus I, later
Oescus II. Under the streets some branches of the
main pipeline have been found. They are usually made
of clay pipes and rarely of lead ones. They used to
supply the public and residential buildings of the city.
There was another source of fresh water in the place
Dobroshina, about
3
km to the east of the village of
Gigen. During the construction works of the new
catchment of the village, accidentally a Roman catch¬
ment has been found in the above mentioned place.
Large day pipes with ellipsoidal openings on the top
covered with curved tiles, have been found. In Oes¬
cus were used deep stone wells of the following types:
1.
Wells made of limestone cylindrical rings put on
one another, in a way so that narrow stairs are formed
on the inner side, which allow to go down when nec¬
essary. The lowest ring is laid upon three stones form¬
ing a triangle. The subterranean water springs under
them. A well of the kind has been revealed in close
vicinity to the baths at the southeastern end of Oes¬
cus I. It is
11
m
deep. There is a platform of rectangu¬
lar shape around the well, covered with rectangular
limestone slabs.
2.
Wells of square or round shape
with a circular inner opening built of small stone blocks
with no plaster binding. A great number of them is to
be found in the city. In the present paper, wells from
other Roman cities have been described: in Serdica,
Pautalia, Philippopolis, Nicopolis ad Istrum, etc.
Oescus I used to have high sanitary standards. The
whole city was equipped with a channel system for
draining the waste and atmospheric water. The chan¬
nels under the streets are built of broken stone and
white plaster. The floors are covered with bricks. Sec¬
ond-rate channels are built only of bricks. They are
narrower and shallower than the first ones. The inner
walls of the channels are usually not covered with
hygrophobic plaster paste (with several exceptions).
The rain water which used to accumulate at the inner
side of the stone fortification walls, on those-days ter¬
rain level, was drained out through transverse open¬
ings in the walls. Latrines Qatrinae) have been revealed
in some civic buildings and baths. Here, cases of la¬
trines found in some other Roman cities on Bulgarian
territory, have been mentioned too: in Odessus, Abri-
tus,
Germania,
Nicopolis ad Istrum, Serdica, etc.
Immediately
ater
the foundation of the city of Oes¬
cus in
106,
started the construction of the stone fortifi¬
cation wall with rectangular towers (visible in the air-
photograph of the western wall, to the north of the
West Gateway).
As the Fifth Macedonian Legion was away from
Oescus at that time, we suppose that the fortification
walls were constructed by outfits of First Italian (from
Novae) and
Я
Claudian legions (fromDurostorum).In
1887
already,
K. Škorpil
marked on a draught-plan the
West Gateway in the place Gradishteto where the
Danubian
road leads to when you are coming from the
west In
1943,
A. Frova
located and partially excavated
the West Gateway of Oescus I. In
1973,
and
1983,
we
extended the sector of
A. Frova
and completely re¬
vealed and photographed the West Gateway with the
North and South towers at its flanks, as well as the
beginning of Decumanus
maximus.
The North tower
has the following outside measurements:
7.80
long
(from north to south)
,
and
6.85
m
wide (from east to
west)
.
The South tower is
8.50
m long
(from north to
south)
,
and
7.05
m
wide (from east to west)
.
Only the
foundations of the towers have survived till present
time. A rectangular passage is formed between them.
7
m
long (from east to west), and
5.35
m
wide (from
north to south). The floor of the passage was paved
with bricks which have been spoliated so far. They
have survived to the eastof the Gateway. Under Decu¬
manus
maximus,
and under the Gateway passage, the
built stone channel for waste and atmospheric water
runs along The Gate was made of wood, having two
wings as there are no traces of a falling door. The Gate¬
way once had a vaulted entrance. It is of rectangular
shape,
21.45
m long
(north-south), and
6.85
m
wide
(east-west). The towers of the West Gateway three-
storey constructions with wooden stairways leading to
the top. Many Roman
castella
and cities on the territo¬
ry of Bulgaria have the same plan and layout: the cas¬
tellum Augustae, Novae, the castellum near the village
of
Voivoda, Schumen
district, Pautalia, the castellum
Germania, Diocletianopolis,
etc. Taking the graphical
reconstruction of the fortification walls of Abritus in
view, we should assume that the platform of pinnacles
stood at about 10 m above those days terrain level, and
the roof and the two lateral towers at about
15-16
m.
The western fortification wall has several returns to
the north of the West Gateway because of the terrain
specifics. First, it had been
3.25
m
wide. The wall was
destroyed by enemies attacks, as it could be seen in
the amends and the second-time use of limestone pan¬
els with Latin inscriptions. Alarge band of the wall was
built of three lines of bricks. The so called mixed ma-
202
Ulpia Oesctis,
vol. I... Summary
sonry (opus mixtum) has provided additional evidence
for later construction works, probably about the end of
the
3rd
century and the beginning of the 4th century.
From the West Gateway starts the southern wall,
2.80
m
wide. The foundations and a part of the super-
struction have survived. The outer facingis built of large
rectangular limestone blocks tightly bound to one anoth¬
er. Inner facing is made of smaller limestone blocks, and
the filling in-between is of broken stone and white plaster.
Probably in
1943
A Frova
carried out the first sound¬
ing in the hypothetical layout of the Eastern fortifica¬
tion wall which was attested by the hole made in result
of taking the precious stone material out.
Frova
hit a
part of the sought eastern wall. In
1949,
we cleaned up
and photographed the hole already mentioned. It came
to light that the wall is
3.50
m
wide at that place. The
sounding has taken place somewhere in the middle of
the wall. The East Gateway was not located by that
time. It was possible to do it after we excavated about
50
m
of Decumanus
maximus
in front of the Temple of
Fortuna
(1949-1951).
Then we traced down the main
street layout with pickets eastwards to the pits formed
in result from the carrying off the limestone blocks of
the
eastfortifícation
wall. Unfortunately, because of lack
of time we have not made the necessary sounding to
locate the East Gateway, only the foundations of which
have survived so far. Nowadays, its situation could be
easily defined as we have recently (after
1980)
located
The East Gateway of the eastern extension of the town,
conventionally named by us Oescus II.
The North and South Gateway have still not been
revealed as the excavations on the Forum are still go¬
ing on. However, they could be easily located as we
have recovered a part of the second main street, north-
south orientated, called
Cardo
maximus.
It used to run
closely near the west side of the Forum complex as we
shall see here below. So far, we could date the original
stone fortification wall of Oescus I aboutthe end of the
rule of Emperor
Trajanus
(after
106
till
117
A. D.). By
that time, some other
castra castella
and municipia on
the right bank of the Danube were fortified with stone
walls, e. g. Ratiaria, Augustae (I)
,
Novae (I), Durosto-
rum, etc. Long-term systematic excavations focused
on the Oescus I fortification system, would be extreme¬
ly necessary next years. They could provide virtually
important results.
At some distance from the fortification wall of Oes¬
cus I, there is a deep
foss
(fossa) as an obstacle on
invaders way to the city. Now, it could be clearly seen
around the southern and the eastern side. Cross-sec¬
tion should be made at several points of the
foss,
so
that its profile be defined, whether
Vor
U.
The earth
dug out of the
foss
was utilized in making the rampart
in front of the
foss.
The excavations of Oescus I and in the area just
outside the fortification walls for many years have re¬
vealed an extension of the original city, to the east, to
ůie
south, and to the north. There, urban villas, private
estates, and workshops were once situated. Yet, be¬
cause of the economical development of the city, and
particularly after the 5th Macedonian Legion was back
from Potaissa (present town of
Turda
in Romania), dur¬
ing the rule of Emperor Aurelianus
(270-275),
in
271,
it turned up to be necessary to fortify the extension
Oescus II with a stone wall. In the 30s of the present
century, on the territory of the eastern extension a
new residential estate was constructed. Houses and
their yards covered the whole area of Oescus II. Even
stone blocks for the new houses were carried of the
Roman buildings lying below. Salvage excavations could
be undertaken at present only in the streets, and in the
areas with no vegetation. Despite these difficulties, we
have conducted valuable surveys. We have found out
that some new houses have already had wall cracks
running from the roof to the floor. The explanation we
could give to the fact is that these houses have been
built upon the steady broad fortification wall. The parts
of the houses regarded which happened to be outside
the layout of the wall below, have sunk because of lack
of support beneath. We have conducted soundings
outside and parallel to the new houses and have attest¬
ed the existence of the fortification wall below. For a
particularly long period of time, between
1948
and
1983,
we succeeded in revealing and documenting the north¬
ern, eastern, and the southern fortification walls of
Oescus II which frame a rectangular territory of
10
ha.
Thus, the total territory of Oescus I and Oescus II, cov¬
ered with construction, amounts to
28
ha. It belongs to
the category of the mid-sized Roman province cities,
such as Novae,
27-28
ha; Pautalia,
29.3
ha, Diocletiano-
polis,
30
ha. Of larger territory are the following muni¬
cipia: Odessus,
43
ha; Augusta Trajana,
48.5
ha; Mar-
tianopolis,
70
ha; Philippopolis,
75
ha, etc.
The fortification wall of Oescus II is
2.80
m
wide. It
used to have sixteen towers pointed outwards of the
curtain. The corner towers
(Nos
4
and
13)
are round,
and the ones in-between, of horseshoe shape, with
the exception of tower No.
2
which has a U-shape.
Undoubtedly, it was built a little later. The situation of
the North Gateway was found by
К
Škorpil,
at the end
of the 19th century, but it was completely revealed,
documented and explored in
1948,1974
and
1986
by
Prof.
Teofil
Ivanov.
The entrance of the gateway is
3.75
m
wide. It used
to be closed by a two-winged wooden door. There is no
203
Teofil
Ivanov, Rumen Ivanov
propugnaculum.
The limestone threshold has been
found at its proper place. A road covered with stones
and gravel started there and lead northwards to the
Danube. A stretch of
15
m
of it has been excavated. At
this gate was the starting point of
Cardo
maximus
which
led southwards to the South Gateway (not revealed
yet as lying in a private estate). We should assume that
the territory of Oescus II had a properly designed or¬
thogonal layout The gateway is flanked by Tower No.
2
(U-shaped) and Tower No.
3
(horseshoe-shaped).
They are built of tiny limestone blocks bound together
with plaster containing red brick pieces.
The corner tower No.
4
has outside diameter of
19.80
m
and inner diameter of
14.80
m. Its front side is
2.50 m wide. A massive
pilon
with a square base
(2.60
χ
2.60)
built of limestone outside andfilledinside with plas¬
ter containing red brick pieces, stands in the middle of
the tower. Bricks with positive inscription: LEG. V. M.
UTOLeg (ionis) VM (acedonicae)
Uto
and LEG. V. M.
OES=Leg (ionis) VM (acedonicae) Oesco, were used.
On the lower side of the kempheros, the round out¬
line of the bed for the cylindrical column which used to
hold the capital is to be seen.
The columns have not been found yet. This is
tihe
first Early Christian church found in Oescus. No doubt,
there are several of the kind to be found. The literary
sources have mentioned Oescus as an episcopal center.
Chapter V
The Forum
The major archaeologicalfindingin Ulpia Oescus I, in
recent years, has been the location and the revelation of
the larger part of the Forum complex
(200
χ
97.60
m,
about
2
ha) situated in the central area of the city.
It is framed by the adjoining streets, part of which
we have succeeded to excavate down to their stone
pavement. At the northern side, it is framed by a decu-
manus
(4.80
m
wide)
;
at the southern side by Decu-
manus
maximus
(5.90
m
wide)
;
at the eastern side by a
broad
cardo
(4.5
m
wide); and at the western side by
Cardo
maximus.
The two main streets,
Cardo
maximus
and Decumanus
maximus,
are tangent to the sides of
the Forum complex.
This is a rare case in the urban architecture of Ro¬
man cities in Upper and Lower Moesia, as in Thracia
lying at present in the territory of Bulgaria. One of the
main streets is usually tangent to the Forum, and the
other one halts by the forum and then runs on to the
gateway on the opposite side. This is the case in No¬
vae, Nicopolis ad Istrum, Serdica, Philippopolis, etc.
The Forum complex comprises the following com¬
ponents;
1.
The Forum in open air;
2.
The three tem¬
ples of the CapitolianTrinity: Jupiter Optimus
Maximus,
Juno and Minerva;
3.
The Western Portico and Build¬
ing IV;
4.
The Eastern Portico and Building V;
5.
The
Southern Portico and Building VI;
6.
The civic basilica
(7) ; 7.
The Temple of
Fortuna
(8) ; 8.
Building IX, etc.
The present chapter comprises only the Forum in
open air and the three temples of the CapitolianTrini¬
ty. The Porticoes and the buildings behind them have
been included in Chapter
6.
The Civic Basilica and the
Temple of
Fortuna
have been a subject in the contents
of Volume II and Volume III of the present series. The
city of Ulpia Oescus itself, as well as the buildings re¬
vealed in the area at the southern side of the Forum
complex of Oescus I, and the Latin inscriptions are the
matter of concern in Volume III.
The Forum in open air (area) covers the central part
of the Forum complex. It has a square layout,
96
m
long (north-south), and
57.60
m
wide (east-west). It
has a pavement of square limestone slabs, partially sur¬
vived so far in the north-eastern corner, in front of the
temple of Juno, and in the southwestern end of the
Forum. They are of different size:
2.45
χ
0.95
m;
2
χ
0.90
m;
1.5
χ
1.08
m;
1.27x0.90
m,
etc. They are laid in
straight lines, east-west orientated. They lay at
0.65-
0.70
m
depth, if measured from the upper surface of
the stylobates of the porticoes around. The porticoes
used to be climbed down by three limestone stairs,
0.2O
- 0.25
m
high together with the stylobates. Such
stairs have survived by now in the northern end of the
WestPortico, in the western end of the South Portico,
and in the northeastern corner of the area.
Agreat
part
of them were spoliated in the past and were utilized as
building material.
On the Forum and in the Porticoes honorific bronze
statues to the Roman emperors, governors of the prov¬
ince of Lower Moesia, high-rank magistrates and per¬
sons with great merits to the city, were raised by the
Municipality of Ulpia Oescus. The Forum used to be a
kind of exhibition for pieces of sculpture. Many anony¬
mous to us sculptors from Oescus and elsewhere used
to work for satisfying the needs of the city. The Forum
was the centre of the social, political, economical, reli¬
gious and cultural life of Oescus. Around its area there
were temples to the main deities, and buildings for the
municipal administration.
Between
1975
and
1987
excavations on the north¬
ern short side of the Forum in open air were carried
out. There, the remains of the three separate temples
of the Capitolian Trinity have been revealed: the tem¬
ple of Jupiter Optimus
Maximus
(I
-
in the middle)
;
the
one of Juno (II
-
to the east)
,
and the one of Minerva
(III
-
to the west)
.
They are north-south orientated and
204
Ulpia Oescus,
vol. I... Summary
their entrances look to the south, to the Forum area.
The foundations, together with parts of the walls and
some architectural components have survived so far.
Temples are separated from one another by open-air
courtyards paved with limestone slabs.
The foundations of the Temple of Jupiter Opti-
mus
Maximus
and part of the eastern and the north¬
ern wall of it have survived so far, together with a great
deal of architectural components: bases, columns, Cor¬
inthian capitals, friezes, architraves, cornices. The tem¬
ple consists of
: 1.
A stairway;
2.
A platform with Corin¬
thian colonnade;
3.
Apronaos;
4.
Acella.
1.
The stairwayhas a rectangular layout
13
χ
3.90 m.
Its foundation is made of broken limestone, bound to¬
gether with white plaster. The limestone stairs, miss¬
ing today, used to stay on it. Their number, however,
could be calculated if taking in view the level of the
slabstone pavement of the Forum, and that of the plat¬
form with the colonnade
(2.73
m
high). The entrance
was at the southern side, over the spacious area.
2.
The platform with Corinthian colonnade. It has a
rectangular layout, east-west orientated
(13
χ
7
m).
It is
built of large limestone blocks of the following dimen¬
sions:
2.45
χ
1.17x0.80
m;
1.40
χ
1.08
χ
0.60
m;
1.21
χ
0.89x0.30m; etc. Theyform the upper surface (stylo-
bate) of the colonnade. Six cylindrical limestone col¬
umns were standing on the long side of the platform
(6.44
m
high)
.
The bases are square,
0.45
m
high. They
consist of a square plinth, two roriand a trochylusbe-
tween them. In the middle of the top part, there is a
hole
(0.07
m
diameter) for an iron pin to be inserted as
a link to the column.
The upper part of the columns ends in two parallel
relief rings (apophisis)
.
Ithas
0.88
m
diameter, and the
diameter of the capital is
0.74
m. The diameter of the
body varies between
0.77
m
and
0.815
m. The capitals
are Corinthian,
1.01
m
high, with a lower diameter of
0.71
and
0.75
m. The ornamentation in relief consists
of two rows of clearly shaped leaves of acanthus. Above
them follows the caulisus which comes out from the
calathoswith three branches of three cuts each. In the
middle stands the stem ending in floral ornamentation
on the abacus. Beneath the abacus, the volutes could
be seen. Below them, there is a hole in the middle of
each capital where a vertical pin was inserted to fix
them to the columns.
Corinthian plaster capitals
(0.73
m
high) were at¬
tached to the southern outer wall of the
pronaos,
and
they were decorated (downwards from the top) with:
a. Ionic cyma and a pearl ornament below it; b. Vertical
pipes with a rounded upper end
(0.24
m
high, and
0.11
m
wide)
;
с
Two rows of large acanthus leaves.
The entablature of the facade of the temple is of
great interest. The frieze and the architrave are made
of separate limestone blocks. The frieze is
1.01
m
high.
There is a Ionic cyma on the top and a plain fillet below
it The frieze panel is covered with big nude Eroses en
face, with no wings. They are small children. The
Eroses are carrying heavy garlands on their shoulders
which consist of different motifs: large laurel leaves,
big round fruits, etc., tied with a large band. In the space
above the garlands Medusa heads in relief are sculp¬
tured, with large open eyes with no pupils and abun¬
dant hair falling down upon their shoulders.
The architrave consists of separate blocks:
2.25
m
long,
0.42
m
wide at the base, and
0.73
m
high. The
facing is to be divided as follows: Lesbian cyma and
three fillets of different height (fasces) with a pearl
ornament on the top of each fillet. There is a sophitus
ornament at the base of the block below. Lateral archi¬
traves do not have such an ornament.
A triangle-shaped pediment once stood above the
frieze. The tympanum consists of three limestone
blocks: a. A central block of pentagonal shape; b. Two
equal triangle corner parts. It should be assumed that
there was an effigy in relief, probably of Medusa, in the
central block which had apotropeic function.
The slanting sides of the pediment blocks are cov¬
ered with Ionic cyma.
-
The pediment ends in a top with a limestone cornice
(0.57
m
high) decorated with large palmettes of two
types: a. With leaves curved outwards; b. leaves curved
inwards. It should be noted as amatter of greatinterest
that the palmettos are not tied with a band. There is a
denticular ornament on the lower part of the cornice.
The top of the pediment ends in a rider
(Reiter).
Above
it, there was an acroterius (an entire palmette)
.
There
arebedsforanacroterius (semipalmettes) at both ends
of the pediment.
According to the measurements of the distinct parts
of the southern facade of the temple of Jupiter, its total
height was
15.85
m
up to the top edge of the middle
acroterius
postament
The ceiling between the two rows of Corinthian col-
umns on the southern facade of the temple was formed
of limestone cassettes of rectangular shape:
1.80
m
long,
0.81-0.83
m
wide, and
0.47-0.57
m
thick. Each
slab, north-south orientated, consisted of three cas¬
settes
(0.29-0.305
m
deep)
.
Each cassette is limited by
two broad plain frames put at different levels. The cas¬
sette itself is framed at the four sides with the follow¬
ing kinds of ornamentation in relief (from outside in¬
wards): a. Pearl ornaments (astragaluses);b. Ioniccyma;
с
Five-petalled rosette in relief is to be seen inside. It
205
/ÄV
Teofil
Ivanov,
Rumen
Ivanov
should be mentioned here that the lower end of the
ovulae in the Ionic cyma finishes with a thin vertical
stick. This ornamentation could be found in other civic
buildings of Oescus too. It has been known from other
Roman cities in the territory of Bulgaria as well:
О
des¬
sus,
Augusta Traiana, Philippopolis, Nicopolis ad Istrum,
Diocletianopolis, etc. Roman cities in Asia Minor and
other regions do provide a considerable number of
analogies.
3.
The vestibule of the Temple of Jupiter
(pronaos).
It has a rectangular layout:
6
(north-south)
x
6.75
m
(east-west)
.
The opening of the two-winged wooden
door is
3.75
m
wide. It was formed of limestone pillars
(two on both sides, and one above them), with floral
ornamentation in relief, in the middle.
Nowadays some architectural components of the
facade have been collapsed into the vestibule.
4.
Cella.
The
cella
was to be entered from the vesti¬
bule, through a two-winged wooden door
, 3.70
m
wide.
The lateral massive pilasters
(1.5
m long,
east-west,
and
1.20
m
wide, north-south) which once formed the
entrance of the intermediate door. Under the floor of
the vestibule and the
cella,
empty rooms were formed
and once utilized. In this respect, the remains of an
interesting stone construction pattern should be men¬
tioned which have been found at the northern end of
the
cella
reaching the northern short wall of the tem¬
ple and using it as a fourth wall of its. It is not located
precisely in the middle of the room,
6.75
m
wide, butis
laid at
1.20
m
from the eastern wall, and at
3.10
m
from
the western wall. It is
3.20
m long
(north-south), and
2.70
m
wide (east-west)
.
Its interior measurements are
2.70
x
1.50
m. Only at the southern side there are
limestone stairs
(0.25
m
wide and
0.20
m
high). The
first two stairs have remained in situ by now but there
are three other stairs scattered around. They are of
the following measurements:
0.80
m long,
0.85
m
wide,
0.41
m
high;
0.80
m
long,
0.75
m
wide,
0.44
m
high;
and
0.80
m
long,
0.90
m
wide,
0.44
m
high. It should be
mentioned that neither the blocks of the wall, nor the
ones of the stairs are bound together with U-shape iron
clamps or plaster. Probably, this was a stairway leading
to the underfloor premises. It could not be the base of
the religious statue of Jupiter Optimus
Maximus
which
once stood at the bottom of the
cella.
There is no such
a construction pattern in the other two temples.
The
cella
has a rectangular layout:
12.30
m long
(north-south), and
6.75
m
wide (east-west). The walls
of the underfloor room have been preserved in a good
condition, built up of cut tiny limestone blocks of rec¬
tangular face bound together with white plaster. Right
at dividing line between the above mentioned construc¬
tion pattern and the
cella,
there is a fillet of three brick
layers (opus mixtum) and layers of tiny limestone
blocks above. The plaster is white in colour.
The outside measurements of the entire temple of
Jupiter are
19.50
m long
(north-south),
11.95
m
wide
(east-west). The interior measurements are:
18.30
m
long, and
6.75
m
wide. The width of the intermediate
wall between the two rooms,
1.20
m
should be added
to the total length. This temple is larger than the other
two and stands between them.
The temple of Jupiter Optimus
Maximus
once had a
two-ridge wooden roof (slanting to the east and to the
west), covered with tegulae and imbrices. The rain
water from the roof used to pour down onto the lime¬
stone pavement of the adjacent yards (A&B).
The western yard was running along the whole
length of the temple of Jupiter Optimus
Maximus
(north-south) was
7.40
m
wide (east-west). Its north¬
ern part
(7.40
m
east-west
x
3.90
m
north-south) is
standing at
0.37
m
above the level of the yard s pave¬
ment. There was an entrance in the middle of the north¬
ern outer wall of the yard leading to the southern nave
of the Civic Basilica built at a later time
(135
AD)
.
In
this part there was a limestone Corinthian colonnade:
semicircular bases, frieze-architrave blocks (0.7O
m
high)
,
decorated with bull heads in relief, carrying gar¬
lands. The architrave fillets have no astragal. Once there
was a Corinthian cornice above them. The
sima
includes
palmettesnottiedatthe bottom. Belowthe denticular
ornament, a Ionic cyma runs along, with ovulae of nar¬
row vertical sticks at the bottom.
The northern raised part of the eastern courtyard
once led to the southern nave of the Civic Basilica.
The large temple in the middle, recently revealed,
no doubt, was the Capitolium of the city of Ulpia Oes¬
cus. This was the Temple of Jupiter Optimus
Maximus.
In the eastern courtyard, a limestone altar has been
found. There is
a latín
inscription on it telling that the
altar was dedicated to the God by the two brothers M.
Herennius Cl. and M. Herennius Helius.
Six other Latin votive inscriptions to the Supreme
God have been known from Oescus so far. They have
been dated to the Severian time.
On the basis of detail analysis of architectural com¬
ponents and their ornamentation, we have dated the
temple of Jupiter Optimus
Maximus
to the late Trajani-
an and early Hadrianian time, i. e., after
106-107
and
during the first years of the rule of Emperor
Hadri¬
anus
(117-138).
There was also the place of worship¬
ping the ruling Roman Emperor
.
Both the lateral Temples, one of Juno, and the other
of Minerva, belong to the same period as the Temple
206
Ulpia Oescus,
vol. I... Summary
of Jupiter Optimus
Maximus,
since Jupiter together
with the two goddesses formed the Capitolian Trinity.
The Temple of Juno
(Π)
is situated at
10.37
m
away from the eastern wall of the Temple of Jupiter
Optimus
Maximus.
It has been completely revealed,
but appeared to be spoliated both in distant, and in re¬
cent past. It is north-south orientated. Its layout con¬
sists of the following components:
Limestone stairs in front of the southern short
wall standing on a rectangular base
10
m
(east-west)
χ
3.96m (north-south).
Rectangular platform
(9.20
χ
6.25
m)
on which a
four column Corinthian colonnade was once standing,
at the main southern facade, and two columns at both
side ends, as well as a pilaster at both the eastern and
the western end of the southern thick stone wall of the
temple. At present, we have got a whole frieze-archi¬
trave block
(2.80
m long,
0.81
m
wide at the lower end,
and
0.48
m
wide at the upper end, and
1.11
m
high).
The frieze is decorated with three bull heads in relief
and a half of such a head. Their hair is thick and curly.
These heads are different from the ones at the East
and West Portico of the Forum. They reveal the skilled
hand of a different sculptor. The heads are carrying
garlands of large laurel leaves, the two halves pointed
against each other. In the space above the garlands
there are five petal rosettes in relief. The architrave
comprises three horizontal fillets, and in the upper part
of each fillet there is an astragal ornament. There is a
horizontal bed at the back side of the block
(0.34
m
wide and
0.59
m
deep)
.
Once a rectangular limestone
ceiling cassette was superimposed there.
The cornice consists of the following components
(from the top to the base):
1.
Syma decorated with
seven petal palmeti.es with no band.
2.
Consola
deco¬
rated with an acanthus leaf in relief, and in front of it a
bundle of laurel leaves tied in the middle.
3.
Cassettes
formed between the consoles, decorated with
aflorai
ornament. At present there are several intact cornices
and some fragments of the cornice of the temple of
Juno collapsed in the northeastern inner corner of the
Forum. This temple has been dated to the same time
as the temple of Jupiter Optimus
Maximus.
There have
been no inscriptions from Oescus dedicated to Juno,
nor statue to her, known so far. No doubt, such items
did exist but they were demolished in the past.
The Temple of Juno (ID once had a small orthogonal
courtyard on the eastern side
(4.80
m
wide, east-west)
.
It was possible to go to the East Portico of the Forum, as
well as to room
1
of Building V through it.
In the northern end of the courtyard the terrain is a
little bit raised up. We have attested a similar rising in
the northern end of the western and the eastern court¬
yard of the temple of Jupiter Optimus
Maximus.
The Temple of Minerva
(Ш)
is laid at
10.37
m
away from the main temple of Jupiter Optimus
Max¬
imus,
to the west It has the same orientation, the same
measurements and interior disposition, as the temple
of Juno:
1.
Stone stairs;
2.
Colonnade at the southern
facade;
3.
Cella.
The total terrain of the temple area,
except for the stairs, has the shape of a rectangle:
18.75
m
long (north-south), and
9.20
m
wide (north-
south)
.
The stairway is of rectangular layout:
9.20
χ
4
m.
The
pronaos
with the colonnade of four Corinthian
columns is
4.95
m
(north-south)
χ
5.20
m
(east-west)
.
The northern outer wall
(0.90
m
wide) became the
southern outer wall of the later Public Basilica. The
eastern and the western wall are
1.10
m
wide each.
The southern wall of the
pronaos
is
1.20
m
wide, and
that of the
cella,
0.90
m.
Walls are constructed of mid¬
dle-sized limestone blocks with rectangular
f
ace (out¬
er and inner) filled in-between with a filling of stones
and white plaster.
At the inner side of the long outer walls, an adjacent
stone wall of white plaster runs along
(1
m
wide) reach¬
ing the floor of the
pronaos
and the
cella.
Nowadays most of the temple architectural compo¬
nents have been missing. Only the eastern block of
the triangular pediment, with a base for an acroterius
(semi-palmette) has survived so far. Its lower part is
decorated with not tied
palmetees.
A fragment of a cy¬
lindrical limestone column has been found (diameter
of the upper part
0.84
m)
.
Minerva s cult has been attested in Oescus by a
marble statue with no head at present, which is re¬
ferred to in papers as Athena. There is a Latin inscrip¬
tion on the statue: Mmervae sacrum.
The Temple of Minerva was constructed at the same
time as the other temples of the Capitolian Trinity.
To the west of the Temple of Minerva, a narrow
courtyard is situated, paved with rectangular limestone
slabs. It spreads up to the limestone stairs of the West
Portico of the Forum. The stylobate (the top stair) is
laid at a distance of
5.70
m.
On the basis of a detail analysis of all architectural
components found so far and of all construction tech¬
niques applied, we have concluded that the three tem¬
ples of the Capitolian Trinity were constructed in late
Trajanian and early Hadrianian time. They were in use
till Christianity was adopted under the rule of Emperor
Constantinus
the Great
(306-307).
They were damaged
by the invasions of the Goths in
378,
under the rule of
Emperor
Valens
who died in a suburban villa near Hadri-
anopolis on 9th August
378.
In present book, we have
provided agraphical reconstruction of the three temples.
207
Teofil
Ivanov,
Rumen
Ivanov
The Cult and the Temples of the Capitolian
Trinity in the Roman Empire
As far as Latin votive inscriptions could be regarded
as a source of information, the Cult was disseminated in
Moesia Inferior, Moesia Superior andThracia (present-
day Bulgaria). Though, the only three detached tem¬
ples of the Capitolian Trinity: of Jupiter Optimus
Max¬
imus,
of Juno, and of Minerva, have been found in Ulpia
Oescus so far. The only other cases of the kind have
been revealed in the town of Baelo Claudia in Gibraltar,
present-day Spain (from the mid-second century)
.
In
509
В. С
the Capitolium was constructed in Rome,
according an Etruscian model and was dedicated to Ju¬
piter Capitolinus. At a later time, Jupiter received all
the names Jupiter Optimus
Maximus.
Juno
Regina
and
Minerva Augusta were once worshipped
togeťherwith
Jupiter and conformed the Capitolian Trinity. The
cella
was divided into three sections, one for each deity.
There was a marble cult statue in each section. In North
Africa, three detached temples have been found in the
town of Sufetula (fromAntoniniantime), andinthetown
of Cirta (present-day
Constantinus)
.
There has been no evidence yet for three separate
temples of the Capitolian Trinity in Asia Minor, though
this cult existed there. Thus, the revelation of three
temples of the Capitolian Trinity in the city of Ulpia
Oescus, in present-day North Bulgaria, is of great aca¬
demic importance, not only for the Balkans, butfor the
entire Roman Empire as well.
This chapter has been composed by ProlT.
Ivanov.
Chapter VI
Porticoes and Buildings around
the Forum
The last archaeological excavations in the city of
Ulpia Oescus have ascertained that the three sides of
the Forum (except for the northern one) were once
surrounded by magnificent limestone colonnades (Por¬
ticoes) in Corinthian style. Behind them, there were
different buildings related to the social, political, eco¬
nomical, religious and cultural life of the city.
West Portico and Building IV
Part of the three limestone stairs at the Forum s
side has been found. The third one (the top one) is a
stylobate of the Corinthian colonnade. The stylobate
is
1.20
m
wide. It is paved with massive rectangular
limestone slabs. Bases have not been found yet. Frag¬
ments of cylindrical limestone Corinthian columns and
several whole Corinthian capitals have been revealed.
In
1943,
A Frova
conducted a sounding, and accord¬
ing our last excavations, it took place at the northern
end of the West Portico of the Forum. He hit a com¬
pletely preserved limestone Corinthian frieze-archi¬
trave block
(2.77
m
long,
1.02
m
high,
0.55
m
wide at
its lower end, and
0.62
m
wide at the top)
.
There are
two bull heads and a half of such a head in high-relief
on the frieze
(0.385
m
high). They have thick hair in
bundles. The bull heads are crowned with double wind¬
ing band falling down at the sides with edges ending in
thin arc-like strips. The bull heads carry garlands on
their necks made of different leaves: four-petal blos¬
soms, leaves and laurel leaves. Next frieze-architrave
blocks used to follow the already mentioned order. The
architrave is divided in horizontal fillets. At the top of
the first fillet, a Ionic cyma and an astragalus are run¬
ning along. The other two fillets have no astragalus.
The back side of the frieze-architrave block consists of
a frieze and an architrave. The frieze is decorated with
helix-like sprouts of acanthus leaves of notched out¬
lines. Inside each helix there is a five-petal palmette or
an oblongfruitwith a surface covered with holes made
by adrffl. At both ends ofthetop of the block there are
beds for a
П
-shaped iron clamp which was to bind the
adjacent blocks. In the summer of
1989,
a fragment of
a similar frieze-architrave block with bull heads and a
garland at the front side was found. The first fillet of
the architrave has a Ionic cyma and an astragalus. The
other two have no astragalus.
Near the West Portico fragments of the limestone
Corinthian cornice have been found. The cornice has
the following ornamentation (from the top to the bot¬
tom):
Sima
decorated with notbound palmettes, a den¬
ticular ornament and Ionic cyma. The three temples of
the Capitolian Trinity in Ulpia Oescus have no Ionic
cyma on the lower part of the cornice.
The southern end of the western stylobate
(10.70
m
long and
2
m
wide) paved with large rectangular lime¬
stone slabs has been excavated. One of them being
used for a second time has an official Latin inscription
dedicated to Publius Septimius
Geta,
brother of the
later emperor Lucius Septimius
Severas.
After the in¬
scription, he was the governor of
provincia
Moesia In¬
ferior. The citizens (colonae) of the colony Ulpia Oes¬
cus fixed the slab with inscription about their patron.
It was used for a second time in a renovation of the
West Portico stylobate, most probably after the inva¬
sion of the Goths in
378
AD. At
10.70
mto the north of
the South Portico of the Forum, a firm wall is running,
east-west orientated
(1.30
m
wide)
.
It is a base covered
with a huge limestone block of parallelepiped shape.
In front of the south-western corner of the Forum large
fragments of walls have been found built of red bricks
and plaster mixed up with red brick pieces, evidence of
a later-time construction. Immediately to the north of
2O8
Ulpia Oescus,
vol. I... Summary
the South Portico of the Forum, two limestone pedes¬
tals have been collapsed, with official Latin inscriptions
on the front side. Near the south-western corner of
the Forum, a massive square establishment with a side
of
6.05
m, built up of stones and white plaster is laid. Its
upper surface is covered with large limestone blocks.
It has been difficult so far to define its purpose.
Building IV is situated to the south of the Civic Basil¬
ica, between
Cardo
Maximus
and the West Portico of
the Forum. Itwas composed of several rooms of differ¬
ent size and with different purpose. The rooms were
entered through the eastern long wall of its, from the
West Portico side. There is a construction gap between
Building IV and the Civic Basilica (the latter was built
up later, in
135).
East Portico and Building V
Before starting the review of the East Portico we would
like to announce that against room No
2
ofBuildingV, on
the Forum area, the plaster floor of a small Early-Chris¬
tian church, from the 5th century has been revealed
The marble rectangular slab of the altar has also
been found. In the four comers, there are small square
holes where the legs of the altar table of rectangular
shape used to be put. In the east of the floor cover, a
limestone kempheros capital with an incised
isolateral
Christian cross has been found.
For a couple of years the East Portico has been al¬
most totally revealed, photographed and explored. The
stylobate is
1
m
wide. At present, almost all of the cov¬
ering limestone slabs have been missing. Only a cou¬
ple of slabs of the kind have survived at the southern
end, where we have chosen two adjacent slabs as a
zero point in our geodetic survey of the field.
At the side of the forum, touching the crepida of the
stylobate, a stone wall has been found atthe place where
the two limestone stairs once were laid
(0.20 -0.25
m
high)
.
The third stair was the covering surface of the
portico stylobate. That means the slabs on the Forum
area were laid at
0.60 - 0.70
m
lower than the level of the
stylobate. This is the way all the fora of Roman Empire
cities were constructed. The bases of the colonnade have
a square plinth with a side of
0.88
m. Then come two ton
and a trochylus between them. The upper surface of
the base has a diameter of
0.71
m. There is a round
aperture in the middle, where the iron pin binding the
column to the base was to be inserted. A groove leads to
the pin aperture.
At the southern end of the Eastern stylobate, two
limestone slabs with
alatíninscnpöo^havebeenfound.
In one of them, the Genius of the Death, Thanatos, is
portrayed. This proves the fact than Oescus was dam¬
aged and in the restoration works those slabs were re¬
used. Fragments of limestone cylindrical columns from
the East Portico have been found collapsed. One of the
fragments is
4.60
m
high, with diameter of
0.62
m
at the
top. It should be assumed that the original height was
more than
5
m.The Portico was constructed in Corinthi¬
an style. This was confirmed by the recently revealed
intact limestone Corinthian capitalswith acanthus leaves
(0.70
m
high, and
0.48
m
wide lower part)
.
On the two-
partition abacus, a rose in relief stands out On another
capital, an eagle with spread wings is to be seen. We
have at our disposal several intact and some fragmented
frieze-architrave blocks
(0.72
m
high).
The right end of the frieze-architraves is of consid¬
erable interest, with a monumental Latin inscription in
one line, incised on the frieze
(0.20
m
high letters,
filled in with red paint)
.
COL is to be read. Doubtless
that means
COLONIA
ULPIA OESCENSIUM (in a
particular case)
.
We have assumed the following com¬
ponents of the construction inscription:
1.
The name
and the titles of the Roman Emperor under whose or¬
ders the Forum was constructed, i. e. Marcus Ulpius
Trajan;
2.
The colonial municipality of the city of Ulpia
О
escus that had provided the money for the construc¬
tion of the Forum;
3.
The name of the construction
site: The Forum;
4.
The name of the governor of
Moesia Inferior, and probably
5.
The duumviri of the
town, etc. Other components of the frieze-architrave
were spoliated in the past Only the Ionic cyma and the
astragal of the block could be seen. On the back side of
the block there is ornamentation in relief: a garland of
laurel leaves carried by a bull head.
The Latin inscription did not cover the whole length
of the Portico as at the southern end there are frieze-
architrave blocks with bull heads carrying garlands of
different leaves and fruits (on the front and the back
side). The ornamentation shows a well-skilled sculp¬
tor. Doubtless a couple of sculptors took part in this
works and each one left his own sign. Probably those
were a team of sculptors who arrived from Asia Minor.
Above the frieze-architrave, once, there was a cornice
composed of separate blocks
(1.34
m
long,
0.40
m
high,
1.18
m
wide, etc.)
.
The lower part of the cornice con¬
sists of a denticular ornament and a Ionic cyma.
The inner width of the «East Portico is
7.30
m. It was
paved withmassive rectangular limestone slabswhich were
spoliated in the past The roof was covered with tegulae
and imbrices and was sloping towards the Forum area.
Building V adjoins the eastern end of the Public Ba¬
silica in the north, and in the south, the northern
outer wall of the Temple of
Fortuna
built in
190
AD. In
the east, it is framed by the eastern
Cardo,
and in the
west, adjoins the East Portico of the Forum.
209
/ÄV
Teofil.
Ivanov,
Rumen
Ivanov
Room
1
has a rectangular layout. It is adjacent to the
cella
of the Temple of Juno in the west, and to room
2
in
the east. Its entrance was from the south, through the
East Portico. The limestone threshold
(2.95
m, a
light
opening
1.77
m,
1
m
wide and
0.38
m
thick)
.
The floor is
covered with a thick plaster layer consisting of pieces of
red bricks. Two fragments of a fresco have been re¬
vealed on the northern wall. It is composed of several
orthogonal panels (now held at the excavations base in
the village of Gigen)
.
The pannels are painted in violet
Three narrow bands (a white, a violet and a pompeian
red one) frame a rectangular panel. A white horizontal
band separates the lower zone from the following upper
one. It has been dated to the late time of Emperor Tra¬
jan and beginning of the rule of
Hadrianus.
The opposite southern wall was plastered many times
as it is clear from its multiple layers. Later, the interior of
room
1
was reconstructed. On the plaster floor, two rows
of stone pylons were fixed which stood on square bases
made of broken stone and plaster mixed with pieces of
red bricks. In the excavations works six pylons with in¬
tact lower parts have been revealed.
The new floor of the room is on a higher level and
partially covers the lower part of the fresco
.
Probably
the reconstruction works took place at the end of the
fourth century.
Room
2
is a narrow and extremely long rectangular
chamber. In the north, it reaches room
7
of the Public
Basilica, and in this place there is a passage between
the two buildings.
In the south, it reaches the later constructed Tem¬
ple of
Fortuna
(190
AD)
.
On the eastern outer wall of
room
2
there is an entrance leading to Building V. It is
0.90
m
wide. There are pilasters on its inner side built
up together with the wall. They have rectangular bas¬
es
(0.60
x
0.70
m)
.
The distance between them is
4.40
to
4.80
m. There are no pilasters in the western long
wall. The above mentioned pilasters are of construc¬
tive importance as they do enhance the firmness of
the eastern wall which once supported the wooden
roof of the chamber sloping towards the eastern car-
do. It should be assumed that between the pilasters
there were windows to light up the vast room. So far,
the western wall has survived up to a low height. It is
1.20
m
wide, i. e.
0.30
m
wider than the eastern one.
The difference comes in result of western wall s role
as a supporter to the top of the ridged roof of room
2
and of the East Portico. In the floor of room
2
there
was a heating installation (hypocaust) constructed of
parallel rows of brick columns holding the hanging floor
(suspensura). The warm air used to come from the
furnace (praefurnium)
-
room 2a. It used to move along
under the real floor of room
2
and used to come out
from the east to the west end passing through a chan¬
nel built and a brick vault in the eastern wall
(0.90
m
wide and
1.50
m
high). To the east of the vault there is
a rectangular chamber constructed of stones and white
plasters. Later the vaulted opening was walled up as
the hypocaust stopped operating. At the southern end
of room
2,
a high limestone base for a bronze statue
has been found. From the Latin inscription on the front
side it becomes clear that the base together with the
statue was raised by the Municipality of Oescus, in the
name of the citizen Titus
Flavius,
son of Titus Vallenti-
nus who had rendered great services to the city and
used to take high ranks in city administration and to be
its patron. He was also a patron to the society of the
craftsmen in the
colonia
Oescus and Apulum (present-
day Alba Julia in Romania)
.
This is the first time when a
person from Oescus having relations with Apulum was
mentioned. We have assumed that the base stood in
the East Portico, or on the true Forum area (now it is in
the Municipal Museum of Pleven, inv. No.
3459).
The praefurnium (room 2a) is situated just in the
south of room
2.
It has a rectangular layout of inner
measurements:
7.90
m
long (east-west),
2.20
m
wide
(north-south). It was entered from the east. A rectan¬
gular chamber was built above the eastern
cardo
which
had the following outside measurements:
5.65
m
(north-
south) by
2.30
m
(east-west). The walls are built of
broken stone and white plaster
(0.70
m
wide). From
this room the wood was supplied to the praefurnium.
The hanging floor (suspensura) was laid upon brick
columns of rectangular bricks
(0.30
x
0.20
x
0.05
m)
.
The warm air used to come out through a vaulted open¬
ing
(0.55
m
wide) in the northern end and through two
openings in the southern wall
(0.50
m
wide), one of
them in the eastern corner, and the second one be¬
neath the limestone threshold of the entrance to the
next southern room
3.
In the praefurnium, the limestone threshold of a
two-winged wooden door which was situated at the
southern end of the western wall of room
2.
In
1972,
in the middle of the Eastern portico of the
Forum, on the opposite to the praefurnium, were found
the following items: two fragments of limestone cylindri¬
cal columns, an intact triangle pediment of white marble
together with the frieze-architrave below it, made of one
block, and the right acroterius of marble. The two bases
and the two Corinthian capitals were missing. These frag¬
ments are
1.47
m
high, and
3.26
m long
at flie lower side,
and
3.81
m
at the upper side. In the middle of the pedi¬
ment, there is a rectangular platform for an acroterium to
be inserted. The acroterium is now missing. It was a pal-
2IO
Шріа
Oescus, vol. I... Summary
mette.
The right acroteriura is a semi-palmette with leaves
bound together by narrow bands. The symas of the two
sloping sides are
ormmentedmüinon-boundpalmeítes.
The two upper sloping sides of the pediment have a den¬
ticular ornament and a Ionic cyrna (from the top to the
base)
.
In the middle of the tympanum an umbo of a shield
in relief
isto
beseen.Thefrieze-architrave is0.40mhigh.
Parts of both ends are missing now. In the architrave,
there is
acareMtyinasealatininscríption.From
lhe
part
survived up to the present, we
getto knowthat
the build¬
ing designed for use in wintertime (ad ustm Mends)
had been constructed by a person who used to take part
in the administration of the colony (probably a duumvir)
andhe had did it onhis own account.
Its name once was incised in the left end of the in¬
scription (second line) butlaterthis part of the text was
damaged and is missing nowadays. We have assumed
that the pediment with the Latin inscription had stood
above the door of the entrance in the western wall of
room
2,
close to the praefumium. Building V was the
place where an important part of city administration ac¬
tivities used to take part. We still do not know where the
Municipality of Oescus was accomo dated. It was proba¬
bly at this place. Rooms
3
and
4
had hypocaust with
brick columns. The other rooms
5, 6,7
have no hypoc¬
aust. The total length of building V (north-south) is
129.90
m, and the inner width of the rooms heated is
7.70 m. Building V was used during the whole year. Room
7
is at the southern end of building V. It is of rectangular
shape:
22.30
m
long (east-west), and
15.70
m
wide
(north-south)
.
The floor is covered with white-and-black
mosaic (revealed in a pretty destroyed condition)
.
It is
decorated with squares with
hexagones
inscribed in
them and six-petal white palmettes in the latter ones.
Two variants of the above mentioned ornamentation al¬
ternate each other:
1.
Black paint outlines of the
hex¬
agone
on a white background;
2.
White outlines on a
black background. The mosaic should be dated in Hadri-
aniantime
(117-138)
orAntoniniantime
(138-161).
In the eastern side of room
7
two limestone
posta¬
menta
with Latinmscriptionshsve been found dedicat¬
ed to Agreement of the two Emperors and to the
Genius of Oescus . They will be published in the last
volume of the present series.
Excavations ascertained
(1971-1972)
that later on
Room
7
lost its first role as a large public hall.
On the western outer wall of room
7
a irescobas
been found, (fig.
157).
It used to be a part of an addi¬
tionally constructed room attached to room 7.The fres¬
co composition consists of two zones, separated by a
black band
(7
cm wide)
.
The lower zone is filled with
rectangular spaces and arches outlined with three
bands: one in Pompeii-red, a violet one, and a white one
(from the outside inwards)
.
The upper zone is badly
preserved, a large rectangular space is to be seen with
a frame of one Pompeii-red line and a yellow one (from
the innerpart outwards).
In the last construction period a massive stone py¬
lon (K) was built which is
6
m
by
4.5
m. It is closely
stuck to the wall with the fresco and this way has hid¬
den
6.09
m
of the painting. It was constructed in the
eastern
hatí
and the channel of the Western
cardo.
The channel of the
cardo
was cut short this way.
South Portico and Building VI
In
1904-1905
V. Dobruski excavated a trench (15 m
wide) in the south of the Forum area. He took off the
cultural layers and hit the remains of a building but he
has never published the results. In the summer of
1975
we managed to reveal
20
m
of the three stone stairs
together with the stylobate of the Corinthian colonnade
on the South Portico. The slabs around the stairs have
been almost entirely spoliated by the present time. In
the eastern end of the southern slylobate of the portico
a transverse channel has been found
(0.60
m
wide)
where the rain water from the Forum area used to be
drained off to the channel under the Western
cardo
and
then under Decumanus
Maximus.
The openning was
built of bricks and covered with a rectangular limestone
slab. As we have already mentioned, the channel was
cut short in the Late Roman or Early Byzantine era.
Building VI has a room with a semicircular exedra
parallel to the South Portico. We have only cleaned
away what was found in the previous excavations. De¬
spite the considerable demolition, systematic long-term
excavations should be undertaken here in the future
to the complete revelation of Building VI so that its
functions in Forum life could be made clear. In the south
of Building VI the remains of Buildings
К
an X will be
revealed. They once stood in the south out of Decu¬
manus
Maximus.
The complete revellation of the Fo¬
rum complex should be focused on the southern short
side and the southern part of the western long side.
This way the whole layout of the city of Ulpia Oescus
will be brought to light.
The new excavations have shown that after a certain
break a medieval Bulgarian settlement (10th-14 th c.)
was founded upon the remains of Oescus. It s name is
still unknown.
Chapter VI and the summary of the chapters III, IV
and V have been composed by prof.
Teofil
Ivanov.
Translated by
Gloria Backardjieva
211
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ivanov, Teofil K. 1918-1999 Ivanov, Rumen Teofilov 1956- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)138062102 (DE-588)13355595X |
| author_facet | Ivanov, Teofil K. 1918-1999 Ivanov, Rumen Teofilov 1956- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Ivanov, Teofil K. 1918-1999 |
| author_variant | t k i tk tki r t i rt rti |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035205120 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)645078904 (DE-599)BVBBV035205120 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035205120 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:28:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9548761327 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017011518 |
| oclc_num | 645078904 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 211 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1998 |
| publishDateSearch | 1998 |
| publishDateSort | 1998 |
| publisher | Izdat AGATÓ |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Razkopki i proučvanija / Bălgarska Akademija na Naukite, Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej |
| spelling | Ivanov, Teofil K. 1918-1999 Verfasser (DE-588)138062102 aut Ulpija Eskus rimski i rannovizantijski grad 1 Teofil Ivanov ; Rumen Ivanov Sofija Izdat AGATÓ (1998) 211 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Razkopki i proučvanija / Bălgarska Akademija na Naukite, Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej ... In kyrill. Schr., bulg. Ivanov, Rumen Teofilov 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)13355595X aut (DE-604)BV021810918 1 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017011518&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017011518&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ivanov, Teofil K. 1918-1999 Ivanov, Rumen Teofilov 1956- Ulpija Eskus rimski i rannovizantijski grad |
| title | Ulpija Eskus rimski i rannovizantijski grad |
| title_auth | Ulpija Eskus rimski i rannovizantijski grad |
| title_exact_search | Ulpija Eskus rimski i rannovizantijski grad |
| title_full | Ulpija Eskus rimski i rannovizantijski grad 1 Teofil Ivanov ; Rumen Ivanov |
| title_fullStr | Ulpija Eskus rimski i rannovizantijski grad 1 Teofil Ivanov ; Rumen Ivanov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ulpija Eskus rimski i rannovizantijski grad 1 Teofil Ivanov ; Rumen Ivanov |
| title_short | Ulpija Eskus |
| title_sort | ulpija eskus rimski i rannovizantijski grad |
| title_sub | rimski i rannovizantijski grad |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017011518&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017011518&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV021810918 |
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