Srednjovekovni Stalać: = Medieval Stalać
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Arheološki Inst.
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografije / Arheološki Institut
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 287 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788680093536 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Minic, Dušica |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Srednjovekovni Stalać |b = Medieval Stalać |c Dušica Minić ; Obrenija Vukadin |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Medieval Stalać |
| 264 | 1 | |a Beograd |b Arheološki Inst. |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a 287 S. |b Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Monografije / Arheološki Institut | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1300-1500 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Funde | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Excavations (Archaeology) |z Serbia |z Stalać | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Funde |0 (DE-588)4071507-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Stalać (Serbia) |x Antiquities | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Stalać (Serbia) |x History | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017007915&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138454768943104 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | 6 ♦
UVOD
6 ·
POLOŽAJ UTVRBENJAI HRONOLOŠKI OKVIR
12 ·
STANJE OČUVANOSTI
I
TOK ISTRAŽIVANJA
16 ♦
OBLIK UTVRĐENJA I SISTEM
БОКПБШАСЏЕ
38 ♦
PROSTORNO REŠENJE UTVRĐENJA
ft
♦
UNUTRAŠNJE UREĐENJE MALOG GRADA
J6
♦
KULTURNI SLOJ I ARHEOLOŠKI NALAZI
58 ♦
Posuđe od keramike
103 ♦
Posude od stakla
] 06 ♦
Posude od metala i drveta
1
0Q
♦
Građevinski metal
Ш
♦
Oružje i ratnička oprema
)2Ј
*
Predmeti za svakodnevnu upotrebu. Privredne delatnosti
H5
*
Predmeti kultne namene
151 ♦
Nakit
153 *
Ostali predmeti od kosti i kamena
151 ♦
Novac
156 ♦
PODGRAĐEI NEKROPOLA
162 ♦
ZAVRŠNA RAZMATRANJA
176 ♦
Anex
180 ♦
KATALOG ARHEOLOŠKIH NALAZA
234 ♦
MEDIEVAL
STALAĆ
-
Summary
2^6 ·
BIBLIOGRAFIJA
261 ♦
PRILOZI
2Ď2
♦
ШјааЧп
Ivanisevic,
Stalać
-
nalazi novca
268 ♦
Marko Popović, Kapije srednjovekovnog Stalaća
-
analiza konstrukcija i sistema odbrane
281 ♦
Summary. The Gates of Medieval
Stalać:
Structure and defensive system analysis
28*f
♦
Slobodan
Đorđević, Konzervatorski problemi i radovi
na konstruktivnom osiguranju kule u Stalaću
287 ♦
Résumé. Les problèmes de restauration et les travaux
de consolidation
constructive
á
Stalać
•
л»
.
MEDIEVAL
STALAĆ
Summary
EDBEVAL
STALAĆ
is situated in the area of the present-
-day township of Stake, some twelve kilometres east of
ICruševac
(Fig.
1).
It is commonly believed that it derives its
name from lying at the stave (confluence) of the
Zapadna
(West) and
Južna
(South)
Morava
rivers. In the meantime,
however, the rivers have changed their course, and now join
some two and a half kilometres to the north of Stake, at
Sastavci,
to form the
Velika
(Great)
Morava
River. Some have
suggested that the name derives from the navigable
Vellica
Morava
and the boats sailing from the north and making a
stop just beneath the fortress.
Situated on a small elevation in the northernmost stret¬
ches of Mojsinje Mountain, the medieval complex included
a military stronghold, an outlying civilian settlement and a
cemetery. Positioned strategically, it commanded the surroun¬
ding area and controlled access from virtually all directions:
from the vast field between the two rivers in the north, from
a major road leading from Sofia and
Niš
towards Belgrade
in the east, from the
Južna
Morava in
the south, and from
the undulating ranges of Mojsinje in the west. Control over
all the approach ways also ensured protection of the most
important route leading, along the
Zapadna
Morava
valley,
to the Serbian capital at the time,
Kraševac,
and further into
the heartland of Serbia.
The written sources, combined with the archaeological
evidence, show that Stake was built in the early 1370s, at
about the same time as Krasevac. In the wake of the Battle of
Maritsa in
1371,
the heart of the Serbian state was relocated
to Pomoravlje (the
Morava
drainage), the northern region
of the former Serbian Empire. In the restored Serbian state
under Prince
Lazar
an entire system of fortifications was
de-
veloped
in response to the new political circumstances and
the country s global needs. Besides the existing fortifications,
some new were built with the purpose of protecting the bor¬
ders, major roads and economic centres. According to
Kon¬
stantin
Filozof (Constantine
die Philosopher),
tlie
biographer
of Despot Stefan
Lazarević,
Prince
Lazar
had built »other
towns [fortresses]« besides
Kraševac.
Their names are not
specified, but
Stalać
must have been among them. The first
reference to it can be found in die donation charter of Prince
Lazar
recording his donation to die Monastery of Ravanica
of, among omer things, die revenue from die annual fair held
at
Stalać
and the river crossing toll collected beneath die for¬
tress. The charter is known from two copies, the Bologna
one of
1376/7
and the Vrdnik one of
1380/1,
which indicates
tiiat by that time
Stalać
had become a full-blown and well-
known place.
The next reference to
Stalać
is contained in die donation
charter of
1395
whereby Princess
Milica
with her sons Stefan
and
Vuk
donates a number of estates to die Athonite mo¬
nastery of St Panteleimon, including »the man
Stanko
from
the town of
Stalać«.
This time
Stalać
is described as a town (or
a fortified place), die same as Krusevac and a few otiier eco¬
nomic hubs of Serbia.
This powerful and important stronghold suffered damage
as early as
1413.
In the Sultan Mussa s campaign against Ser¬
bia, die Ottomans took several fortified towns, slaughtering or
displacing their populations. According to die sources, Sta-
lać
sustained heavy damage in die attack and was set on fire.
Legend has it that a hero offered brave resistance and even¬
tually died in die fire. The consequences of die Ottoman
invasion are described in die account of die French traveller
Bertrandon
de la Brocquière,
passing through in
1433.
He
recorded that the donjon and part of the ramparts were all
that had been left of the once powerful stronghold of
Stalać.
His testimony shows tiiat it was not restored after the
1413
Ottoman invasion. The main reason for abandoning the
stronghold was that it lost its previous importance and ini¬
tially intended role. It was active for no more than forty odd
years. Life went on only in the oudying settlement, which
Brocquière
describes as a village and which has kept the ori¬
ginal name
Stalać
till this day.
Suited to die terrain in size and shape, the fortification of
Stalać
is an irregular ellipse in plan. Widi a maximum length
of
225
metres and a maximum width of
170
metres, it falls
into die category of larger fortified places of medieval Serbia
(Fig.
5, 26).
It consists of three main parts: die donjon, Mali
grad
(casde) and die Veliki
grad
(fortress). Although the three
form a whole enclosed widi walls, each is laid out in such a
way as to allow independent functioning and to take up all
functions of a fortress if need be. The donjon was best for¬
tified, intended both to bear the initial brunt of die attack
and to function as die last-defence resort. Togedier witii die
Casde it formed a well-defended unit, and togedier widi tlie
Fortress, a powerful stronghold (Fig.
4).
The construction of die entire fortification did not take
long, and a sequence of building phases has been shown by
excavation. The first to have been built was die donjon, fol¬
lowed by tlie rampart encircling die entire area. The Casde was
formed by partitioning die zone around die donjon and may
be described as die last stage in tlie initial building phase.
The donjon is die most impressive element of die forti¬
fied complex (Fig.
6-9).
It was built in its soudiern zone,
255
♦
MEDIEVAL
STALAC
♦
on an easily accessed site controlling the approach way from
the
Južna
Morava.
Nearly square in plan, it had five levels,
including the ground-floor, and a gallery on the top. The
floors between the levels were timber-built, the same as the
now gone stairway in its interior. The donjon was accessed
by a movable ladder on the northern side of the third level
facing the inner ward. The entrance walls were frescoed with
stylized motifs (Fig.
10,11).
The
façades
of the donjon also
show traces of red paint in imitation of brick-built walls (Fig.
12, 13).
On the wall separating the Casde from the Fortress
there was another quadrangular tower (Tower
П),
similar to
the donjon but considerably smaller (Fig.
30, 31).
It too
was accessed from some of the now coUapsed levels, and its
entrance was decorated with the same painted motifs as the
entrance to the donjon. Its ground-floor was designed as a
passage connecting the Castle and the Fortress. Some seri¬
ous threat must have prompted the buttressing of its outer
salient points with walls, and soon after that the passage was
blocked with stone and mortar of the same type as those
used for die buttresses. At the same time, the eastern face of
the tower received a flight of steps as a substitute for the
blocked passageway. It enabled communication between the
Castle and the Fortress tiirough an opening in the wall
(Postern), which is now lost. In that way, the Castle became
even safer: by blocking the passage through the tower, the
enemy force, cavalry included, was prevented from bursting
in direcdy.
The fortification is encircled with a rampart starting
from the donjon and ending in die zone of the main gate in
the northern part of the Fortress. The rampart was built in
die same way as die donjon, from stone and mortar widi
horizontal and vertical timber reinforcements. It had no
foundations, which is one of die reasons why most of it has
collapsed. In places where something of it has survived, it is
observable tiiat it was about
7.5
metres high. Near the don¬
jon, it rose to a height of
9.6
metres, including the battle¬
ment in the form of a crenellated parapet (Fig.
8).
In addi¬
tion to the main rampart, about
2-2.10
metres thick,
diere
was, in front of the donjon and
pardy
die Casde, an outer
rampart, narrower and almost twice as lower. It functioned
as die front line of defence in a zone where the terrain was not
as steep and approach to the fortification easier. The bailey
between the two ramparts was accessed by a masonry flight
of steps and a high-set entrance east of die donjon. In front
of the rampart ran a wide dry ditch, the same as along die
partitioning wall of the Casde (Fig.
32).
Double ramparts were also constructed in the main gate
zone, at the northern end of the fortification (Fig.
19-23).
There the terrain abrupdy becomes steep, in places even ver¬
tical. Therefore most of the outer rampart leans against the
hillside, and die inner one has a scarp to support it. At die
juncture points of the two ramparts there are smaller square
towers defending the approach to the gate. They also func¬
tioned as lookouts as they provided a good view of the open
land north of the fortification.
Each rampart had a gate, die outer being wider than the
inner. They were set at an angle for more efficient defence,
and connected with a stone-paved path. The inner gateway
with its frescoed walls was more decorative (Fig.
25).
Remains
of a charred wooden door reinforced witii iron bands have
been discovered inside it (Fig.
70/18).
The main gate complex, with its double ramparts and a
narrow corridor connecting it with the towers, finds no
direct analogies in the military architecture of medieval
Serbia. Apparendy a spontaneous creation dictated by the
terrain, it nonedieless functioned perfecdy as a whole.
Apart from the entrance complex, no odier parts of the
Fortress have been investigated archaeologically. Only die
Casde witii its extensive walls has been fully exposed.
Altiiough its inner ward has been badly damaged by mod¬
ern agriculture, it has been possible to identify its layout.
Remains of several structures of different sizes, forms and
purposes have been registered, laid out in a harmonious and
rational manner. The most imposing was a large rectangular
building functioning as the residence of the local lord. It
was set in front of the donjon in such a way riiat it faced
Tower II, or the entrance from die Fortress (Fig.
33-35).
Aldiough in a poor state of preservation, it appears tiiat it
was timber-built and had two levels. Broken stone and mor¬
tar was only used for die low socle. The residence had a
porch on three sides. Its wooden columns were planted in
wide square bases of stone, brick and mortar (Fig.
36).
No
partitions have been registered on the ground-floor level,
236
♦
SUMMARY
♦
wliich leads to the assumption that the room served as a The cultural layer in the excavated sections of the forti-
gathering place and for some communal affairs. The living fied area uniformly overlays the subsoil and is covered with
quarters were on the upper floor, accessed from the porch structural rubble. Only in a narrow zone along the eastern
by a flight of stairs, the bottom of which has been attested rampart of the Castle has been registered a very thin under-
next to a column. layer of lighter-coloured earth corresponding to the rampart
All other structures were arranged along the perimeter in date. In addition to a small number of fragments of un-
of the Castle, either leaning against the rampart or close to glazed pottery, it has yielded a fourteenth-century hoard. The
it (Fig.
33).
All were timber-built, with two of them having coins, however, were scattered over an area of about three
a low socle of stone and reused brick. Their purpose has square metres. In the same zone the two layers show no ob-
been loosely identified from the archaeological material
dis- vious
interface. They reflect the entire period of the enclo-
covered in their immediate vicinity or on floor levels. Two sure s existence, from the completion of its extensive ram-
structures east of the residence were used for food
prepara-
parts to the fall of the stronghold. The cultural layer contains
tion,
and in one of them remains of a large dome-shaped a wealth of various artefacts in use in the period, including
oven have been attested (Structures
3
and
4).
At the back of the coinage circulating at the turn of the fourteenth and fif-
the residence was another oven, with a depression in its teenth centuries. In addition to Serbian, there also occur
floor for a pottery vessel, and adjacent to the residence, an Hungarian coins. The fact that the period of occupation is
open hearth, where plentiful fragments of pottery and glass limited to about forty years means that the archaeological
vessels have been found (Structures
5
and
7).
Two buildings material is also limited to this span of time.
Бог
medieval
adjacent to the western rampart were used as stables and for archaeology, it represents a well-dated
stratigrafie
assemblage
storage (Structures
8
and
9),
while the buildings adjacent to which is very useful for other central-Balkan sites lacking
the northern rampart east of Tower
Π
were used for living such a well-defined chronological framework,
and storage (Structures
13
and
14).
Those in the eastern Pottery, for the most part fragmented, constitutes the
section of the Castle were mostly workshops. Two smithies largest group of archaeological finds. Some better-preserved
were next to one another in the northern part, one of them pieces have enabled typological analysis the results of wliich are
being housed in the unblocked part of Tower
Π
(Structures relevant to the entire material. Basic features of each category
10
and
11).
An important role was played by two pits. The have been identified, which then has made it possible to diffe-
smaller one, lined with hydraulic mortar, was used for
stor- rentiate
between locally manufactured and imported products,
ing fishing nets (Structure
17).
The other, larger and
adja-
As in most settlements of medieval Serbia, kitchenware
cent to the eastern rampart, was a drainage pit,
indispensa-
was most commonly used: pots, unglazed bowls, lids, bread
ble
in the case of heavy rainfalls (Structure
19).
casseroles (Figs.
41-49).
Their shapes and most technolog-
In the proximity of Tower II is a well cut deeply into the ical features favour the assumption about an older medieval
rocky sou. It still provides potable water (Structure
12).
pottery-making tradition, while the difference is reflected in
Obviously it was intended to supply the garrison with water their steadily improving quality, the use of die kick-wheel,
in extreme situations such as war or a long siege, when mass production of similar or even identical shapes, but also
Vodice,
a natural spring at the bottom of the hill, west of in their ever-poorer ornamentation. Handled pots are fre-
tlie donjon, was difficult or impossible to access. quently found, sometimes with an olive-green glaze and de-
Decisive for the well-designed arrangement with each corated with a white slip. To judge from the uniform quality
structure having an appropriate place was the size of the of clay and the large amount of identical shapes, the kitchen-
Castle s inner ward. In this well-organized whole, the pur- ware was manufactured locally, in the outlying settlement of
pose of the central zone was to enable free communication
Stalać
or a nearby village gravitating towards the fortress,
between the donjon and the residence on one side and with Tableware occurs by far less frequently, but constitutes a
the Fortress on the other. very important feature of the local material culture. The shapes
♦
MEDIEVAL
STALAĆ
♦
are varied and the process of production involved finishing kitchenware. The
Stalać
potters should be credited with
stages such as glazing and decorating. It is quite important having transformed them into high-quality luxury products
that this luxury output is verifiably local as well. This is
evi-
endowed with an aesthetic and not only utilitarian value,
denced by some new shapes specific to the
Stalać
area, or This goes in particular for some shapes of jugs which reveal a
some distinct ornaments absent from other sites, or some combined influence of west-European forms and Byzantine
deformed and unfinished vessels. The latter provide the modes of decoration.
most telling proof, because unfinished or damaged products The occurrence of different shapes of pitchers and jugs,
would not have been put to the market. their highly varied size and the presence of some elements,
The commonest tableware includes bowls, plates, jugs such as a nozzle, on some types of jugs, results from their
and pitchers of various shapes and sizes. Common to all is varied functions: storage of smaller or larger amounts of liq-
that they have a good fabric, sometimes with small amounts uids, particular beverages, the way of pouring the liquid,
of fine-grained sand, are wheel-thrown, fired in an oxidized and smaller jugs may have been used as drinking vessels. For
atmosphere and quality glazed. Most are pale yellow, green- that reason, the same types in more or less the same size
ish-yellow, buff, light brown and Hght green, with occasion- were produced serially There are jugs designed as a pastime
al
more intensely green and brown splotches. A small
num-
device. One, which has been reconstructed, has in its upper
ber are
plain, but most were decorated by using the
sgraffi- body a
row of triangular openings cut out before firing and
to or painting techniques before glazing. glazing. The handle is hollow, and the hoUow continues into
The bowls have common shapes, characteristic of Byzan- a groove running round the rim and ending in a short spout
tine luxury pottery, adopted in Serbia by mediation of the (Fig.
56/4).
Only the lower part of the body could hold liq-
east-Balkan and Black Sea pottery-making centres (Figs. uid, and in order to pour it out, the vessel had to be tilted
50-52).
A distinguishing shape is that of the bowl with a back to make the liquid pass through the hollow handle and
horizontal handle (Type
П/10),
so far the most frequent through the grooved rim and to the spout. If properly han-
find on medieval Serbian sites. From their frequent occur- died, the liquid is poured in small measured amounts. Such
rence on monastic settlement sites, their ritual purpose has handling requires dexterity, and the vessel obviously served
been suggested. In all types of bowls decorative motifs, at as a device for some sort of competition at table,
times very simple, at others quite opulent and reminiscent The makers of the
Stalać
tableware used a few basic sgraf-
of deep carving, fit the available inner surface in shape and
fitto
ornaments to create a variety of combinations. One of
arrangement. A similar observation goes for the plates, the most common motifs is the row of stylized vine scrolls
although they occur in small numbers (Fig.
53).
and palmettes (Fig.
65/1, 2).
It occurs on almost all shapes,
Containers for liquids such as pitchers and jugs occupy from bowls to jugs and pitchers, occasionally as the only orna-
a special place in the tableware of
Stalać,
and for more than
ment, but
usually in combination with other motifs. It had
one reason (Figs.
5^62).
They obviously come from the been adopted from Byzantine sources via Bulgarian pottery-
same potteries as bowls, as evidenced by some distinctive making centres, but it was at
Stalać
that it reached its peak,
technological features, especially their fabric, the colour of owing to, among other things, an advanced use of templates,
glazed surfaces and a number of decorative motifs. It is a It also resulted in a regular rhythm of alternating scrolls and
fact, however, that their amount at
Stalać
is almost equal to palmettes without much variation. Vessels with the motif
that of bowls, and that they occur in small numbers or not carved freehand occur rarely A freehand design is that of bands
at all in the pottery material from other contemporary sites. incised with hatched or cross-hatched lines (Fig.
65/3-5).
As a matter of fact, they used to be manufactured by The medallion is another frequent motif occurring on
Byzantine, Bulgarian and Greek centres, but in significantly almost all types of vessels. The simplest form consists of a
different shapes, with monochrome glazes or not glazed at compass-incised circle inscribed with a variously stylized
all. As
a resiüt,
the published reports have classified them as floral motif. The compass was also used for mcising styHzed
23$
♦
SUMMARY
♦
flowers, sometimes with a large number of petals, but always by the holes in the footring for hanging the vessel. Such
regularly patterned. The medallions also occur in the form holes are observable on other vessel types occurring at Sta-
of a »wind rose« made with the compass, while the
radiat-
lać
in large numbers.
ing lines ending in spirals were hand-incised (Fig.
66/1-9).
Human representations have been registered on a jug and
Characteristic of the
Stalać
pottery is a stylized flower with a pitcher, in both cases combined with geometrical motifs
tlae ends of its petals cut (Figs.
51/1, 59/14).
The ornament (Figs.
55/4; 60/7).
The vessel where a human head is sur-
was stamped and is close to the
champlevé
technique if the mounted by an incised cross presumably had a particular
surface layer between the petals is removed. function, possibly religious. Attention should be drawn to
Basically, the medallions are also a legacy of Byzantine two water vessels bearing fragmentary texts incised before
glazed pottery, with the difference that they are more diverse firing and glazing. Unfortunately, they cannot be fully
and more decorative, especially when composed of several reconstructed (Figs.
58/5; 66/15).
To judge from the sur-
different motifs. They often reflect tlae potter s imaginative- viving letters, those were either the potters3 names or some
ness and skill, but the influence of die architectural stone sort of reference to the liquid they contained,
decoration in tlae medieval Serbian
Morava
style was not at In addition to the sgraffito technique, the pottery was
all insignificant. In mat regard, tlae wood carving of the pe- also decorated by painting in brown, dark brown and green
riod should also be taken into account, as well as the wall- on a lighter background. A smaller number of jugs and
painting for, for example, the rows of overlapping arched pitchers are painted with straight or spiral bands, shaded
lines (Fig.
55/2, 4).
rhomboid fields, and one vessel bears the depiction of tlae
Of the sgrafitto motifs, the tree of life holds a prominent tree of life (Fig.
57/4-7).
The painted surfaces were covered
place. In addition to a decorative, it also played a symbolic with a thin colourless glaze, nowhere near in quality to the
role (Figs.
54/1; 66/10, 11).
It only occurs on jugs and glossy glaze on the sgrafitto-decorated vessels. Obviously,
pitchers, and mosdy on die large-sized ones because of their its purpose was not decorative, but it simply served as a pro-
larger available surfaces. Usually on tlae front or sides of
ves- tective
coating over the ornament. This class of vessels came
sels,
it may be placed on a base or surmounted by a small from a particular pottery which has not been located so far.
cross. This ornament also occurs on Bulgarian medieval sites, During tlae fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries it sup-
but rarely or never in tlae form of stylization found on me plied some urban and monastic settlements in what now is
Stalać
pottery. At
Stalać,
the tree of life is simple, in dae form western Serbia, and it seems that die output of anodaer one
of
а
fir twig, but much more often in the form of
а
large and was intended for tiae inhabitants of the fortress of Smedere-
very decorative leaf with dense coiled lobes. It occurs in
aia
vo
in tlae first half of tlae fifteenth century. Tlae thin colour-
almost identical form on a jug from
Novo Brdo,
which may less glaze is also characteristic of some jugs painted with a
be assumed to have come from
Stalać
by trade. white slip (Fig.
57/1-3).
These, however, are local products,
Unlike the prevailing geometric and vegetal motifs as suggested by dae large number of such vessels which are
allowing many and imaginative combinations, animal and neither glazed nor ornamented.
human motifs are scarce. Fish and birds have only been
reg-
Glassware finds are relatively few. Although tlae recove-
istered on two vessels, tiae one with medallions containing red material is highly fragmented, apparently tiae threaded
peacocks placed back to back being particularly noteworthy and pranted drinlcing glasses of thin transparent glass were
(Fig.
51/9).
Although unique, this bowl is not a piece of in common use (Fig.
67/1-3).
Ribbed glasses were less fre-
fine craftsmanship. The medallions are incised carefully but quent, and stemmed glasses have been registered in a single
quite deeply, while tiae frieze of stylized vine scrolls is quite case (Fig.
67/4, 5).
The first three types, characteristic of fa-
carelessly executed. The scrolls are varied in size and irregu-
mous
Murano
glass, began to be produced at
Dubrovnik
lar
in shape, and
palmettes
are occasionally omitted. This all from tiae turn of tiae fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. They
indicates a local production, which is additionally favoured came to
Stalać
from tiae Adriatic coastal centres,
Dubrovnik
♦
MEDIEVAL STALAC
♦
in
particular,
along the usual trade routes. The same routes
were travelled by biconical bottles of the same quality as the
glasses (Fig.
67/6-8).
A fragmented fluted bottle neck shows
that diis type was not as widely used as the biconical type
(Fig.
67/9).
The fragment is cobalt blue, which is typical of
Murano
glassware, to which the stemmed piece is attribut¬
able too. A mosque lamp of Syrian origin, surviving in two
fragments, found its way to
Stalać
either by trade or some
other contact (Fig.
67/10).
Although it seems reasonable to assume that, in addi¬
tion to earthenware and glassware, various wooden vessels
were in use at
Stalać,
there is only circumstantial evidence to
corroborate the assumption. In fact, the only finds are metal
parts of wooden buckets such as handles, handle-holders
which used to be nailed into the wood, and hoops. From
the amount of such finds, buckets seem to have been wide¬
ly used, and from an entirely preserved hoop and surviving
handles, they seem to have been medium-sized, with a
diameter of about
21
cm at the mouth and
33
cm at the bot¬
tom. Observable on the hoop are punctured ornaments and
traces of red paint, which suggests that the bucket bodies
might have been decorated in a similar manner.
A similar situation is with metal vessels. Only two smaller-
-sized lead vessels have been discovered, while larger vessels
made of sheet iron have been inferred from small and quite
deformed fragments (Fig.
68/1-3).
These fragments mostly
come from inside or around the well, the same as the bucket
hoops.
Among all metal finds, construction nails of various sizes
constitute the largest group. They mostly come from the
zones where timber structures used to be, which also goes
for latches, hinges, keys and parts of locks, some of which
have survived almost intact (Figs.
70, 71).
To judge from die finds of weaponry, the garrison was
well-equipped with all kinds of the then existing arms. The
most numerous are metal arrowheads, this weapon having
been widely used. They are of various shapes: leaf-shaped,
rhomboid or barbed (Fig.
72).
All types were simultaneous¬
ly in use, and the differences in shape and size result from
their different functions talcing into account factors such as
the force of impact, range, penetration of chain mail armour,
and even wild game hunt. For the same purposes were used
spears with leaf-shaped, pyramidal, three-sided heads or
with elongated and very thin tips, the size of which was pro¬
portional to the length of the shaft (Fig.
74/1-6).
An object
made of coarsely wrought iron with a wide funnel-shaped
mouth was sunken into the ground and used as a spear hol¬
der (Fig.
74/7).
In addition to the bow and arrow, the crossbow, as an
improved type of side-arms, was also in use. This is eviden¬
ced by a large number of missile heads with massive pyram¬
idal tips and wide funnel-shaped sockets for wooden shafts,
as well as some parts of the mechanism involved in drawing
the string (Fig.
73).
Most of these finds come from a zone
along the rampart of the Castle, which suggests that in addi¬
tion to the simple crossbow the composite type installed on
the battlements was also in use.
Large two-edged swords have not been registered at Sta¬
ke. Instead, shorter single-edged swords with simple flat hilts
were in use (Fig.
75/1-3).
Such swords had no crossguards,
but a simple stopper, whose function was also to make it
easier for the user to draw the sword from its scabbard (Fig.
75/4, 5).
Having been of wood or leather-coated wood, the
scabbards have not survived. Instead, parts of their metal fit¬
tings, both decorative and functional, have been found (Fig.
75/6-11).
АД
swords are fragmented, not broken but cut in
half in order to be reused as scrap metal.
For the defence of fortresses various devices for hurling
stone balls were used. The fact that most balls found at Sta-
lać
are of locally quarried gneiss suggests they were manu¬
factured either in the fortress or in its outlying settlement.
A smaller number made of sandstone are unfailingly larger
and of finer craftsmanship. As there is no sandstone source
in the vicinity, they must have been brought from some other
place of production. They are always found in smaller frag¬
ments, which may be indicative of a battle.
The archaeological finds include parts of the soldier and
horse equipment (Figs.
76, 77, 79).
Several rectangular plates
of thick sheet iron, part of the body armour, have been re¬
covered, while spurs of die late Gothic type were an impor¬
tant element of the equestrian equipment. Some of the spurs
seem to have been locally manufactured, as suggested by
their improvised shape and the way in which they were fas¬
tened to footwear on the model of imported specimens.
240
♦
SUMMARY
Parts of reins show that different types were in use, ranging
from simple to complex, allowing better command. On the
other hand, decorative fittings for the headstall are largely
uniform in terms of style (Fig.
80).
This class of finds inclu¬
des a number of buckles and loops for reins, several horse¬
shoes and fetters for hobbling the horse (Fig.
78, 81).
Although domestic trades and crafts were not exclusive
to civilian settlements but were also practised in fortified
enclosures such as
Stalać,
they are not always or adequately
archaeologically documented. In addition to a large number
of knives and other metal artefacts for everyday use, our
attention is drawn to the presence of farming tools such as
scythes and spades (Fig.
84/1-3, 8).
They were certainly used
for purposes other than those they were originally intended
for. A smaller type of the pruning knife, however, must have
been used in vine growing, and their number within the area
of the Castle is a reliable proof that this activity played a sig¬
nificant role (Fig.
84/4-6).
The finds of hooks and fishing
net sinkers show that fishing significantly contributed to the
diet, and the same probably goes for hunting given the reg¬
istered amount of wild animal bones (Fig.
85).
It is interest¬
ing that a pit lined with hydraulic mortar not far from the
residence has yielded several net sinlcers. Filled with water,
the pit served for keeping the nets wet (Structure
17).
Domestic activities, such as sewing, spinning and weav¬
ing, have been attested by a small number of artefacts, which
is expected given that the finds come from a fortress (Figs.
86, 87).
Crafts have not left much trace either. Such finds
mostly amount to tools, not very numerous, of which speci¬
alized knives with curved blades and stamping tools suggest
leather working (Fig.
88).
Far more numerous and diverse are
wood-working tools (Fig.
89),
while metalworking is attested
by both tools and the remains of two smithies (Structures
10,11).
A very important find is that of four ingots, two lead
and two bronze, one of each found intact (Fig.
90/11,12).
Ritual objects are also important, to mention but small
stone icons carved in relief and showing the busts of the
Virgin, St Nicholas, St Michael, St Panteleimon and an un¬
identified female saint with two children (Fig.
91/1-4).
They reflect the varying skills of their makers. Two are awk¬
wardly carved with disproportionately depicted body parts,
while the icon showing the Virgin and St Nicholas reveals a
more skilful and more careful hand. One fragmented icon,
in the upper part of which a fragment of the incised cross is
only discernible, seems to have been unfinished. This and
the fact that they all are carved from the same kind of stone
suggest that they came from a nearby monastic centre. This
assumption is favoured by a few more icons retrieved from
the
Stalać
area, most of which were carved in a similar, very
basic manner.
A lead ampulla for the holy oil bearing the images of Sts
Demetrios
and Theodore was imported from
Thessaloniki
(Fig.
92/3),
where such objects with similar or even identi¬
cal images were produced at the church of St
Demetrios,
especially in the twelfth but also during the thirteenth cen¬
tury. Pilgrims carried them across the Christian world,
including the Balkans. The ampulla arrived in
Stalać
only in
the late fifteenth century, either tardily acquired in the place
of its production or inherited from an earlier owner. It was
carried as an amulet and protection against all manner
òf
evils, and so was a small lead cross worn as a pendant (Fig.
92/2).
Another lead cross was used as an
appliqué,
perhaps
on a wooden cross (Fig.
92/1).
The upper part of a bronze thurible belongs to the rela¬
tively large collection of such finds from the territory of
modern-day Serbia (Fig.
92/4).
Although they are characte¬
ristic of the Gothic production of cult objects, German in
particular, whence they came to the central Balkans, there are
good grounds to assume that they used to be made in me¬
dieval Serbia too on the model of the imported ones. The
imported goods- of central-European provenance include
the fragment of a bronze candlestick and the figure of a bird
which used to adorn the thurible (Fig.
92/5, 6).
The finds of jewellery are quite rare and quite simple
(Fig.
93).
The only pieces of some luxury are the ring with the
representation of die two-headed eagle, and two buttons,
decorative rather than functional.
In spite of the fair verifiably held at
Stalać,
which was an
occasion for various transactions, the archaeological material
contains a relatively small number of artefacts that might
have arrived in that way. Trade seems to have been centred
on goods that could not leave any visible material trace, or
perhaps their absence from die recovered material is attribu¬
table to incomplete excavation. From what has been found
2*1
MEDIEVAL
STALAĆ
so far
it may be reliably inferred that the most intense trade re¬
lations were maintained with the Adriatic coastal towns,
Du¬
brovnik
in particular, whence glassware and, in part, weapons
were imported. Trade with the northern neighbours, Hun¬
gary and other central-European countries, does not seem
to have played a significant role regardless of the political si¬
tuation in Serbia under Despot Stefan and his occasionally
close relations with Hungary. To judge from the finds from
Stalać,
trade was limited to a very small range of goods. Apart
from bronze cult objects characteristic of central Europe,
worthy of note are a jug of kaolin clay produced in Hungary
and small fragments of three beakers belonging to the same
pottery production (Fig.
56/5).
The objects of the material culture do not indicate any
trade with the southern neighbours. By the time
Stalać
be¬
came active, these lands had already been conquered by the
Ottomans, which resulted in the decline of many crafts the
products of which had used to be exported to the north.
The importation of Byzantine pottery ceased, and the spo¬
radic finds of
verifiably
Thessalonian origin might have
found their way to
Stalać
at an earlier date.
Trade relations were most intense with Bulgaria. From
larger settlements, usually urban, a varied assortment of goods
was imported all through to the end of the fourteenth cen¬
tury, as suggested by some artefacts found at
Stalać.
It is
best seen from tableware, not only from the imported pieces
but also from their faithful copies. All this suggests that the
population of
Stalać
largely relied on local production. The
assumption is plausible given the weH-developed crafts in
Serbia at the time, and the country s overall prosperity lar¬
gely based on its rich mineral resources. This also led to a
lively domestic trade, between larger urban and economic
centres. Some contacts are observable, for example, between
Stalać
and
Novo Brdo,
especially from earthenware decorat¬
ed with sgrafitto and painted ornaments, or between
Stalać
and the fortress at Prokuplje, where identical ceramic and
metal products occur. In these cases, trade routes usually led
from
Stalać
to other centres of consumption, especially for
trade in luxury glazed pottery. A significant reason for set¬
ting up the local pottery-making production is the fine-
quality clay extracted at the bottom of
Stalać,
which had led
to a large brickyard as early as the period of Antiquity.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Minic, Dušica Vukadin, Obrenija |
| author_facet | Minic, Dušica Vukadin, Obrenija |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Minic, Dušica |
| author_variant | d m dm o v ov |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035201461 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DR2125 |
| callnumber-raw | DR2125.S725 |
| callnumber-search | DR2125.S725 |
| callnumber-sort | DR 42125 S725 |
| callnumber-subject | DR - Balkan Peninsula |
| classification_rvk | NF 1685 NF 6785 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)317362600 (DE-599)BSZ288074580 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1300-1500 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1300-1500 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Stalać (Serbia) Antiquities Stalać (Serbia) History Stalać (DE-588)4711409-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Stalać (Serbia) Antiquities Stalać (Serbia) History Stalać |
| id | DE-604.BV035201461 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:28:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788680093536 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017007915 |
| oclc_num | 317362600 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M157 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-M157 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 |
| physical | 287 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Arheološki Inst. |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Monografije / Arheološki Institut |
| spelling | Minic, Dušica Verfasser aut Srednjovekovni Stalać = Medieval Stalać Dušica Minić ; Obrenija Vukadin Medieval Stalać Beograd Arheološki Inst. 2007 287 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografije / Arheološki Institut Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1300-1500 gnd rswk-swf Funde Geschichte Excavations (Archaeology) Serbia Stalać Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Stalać (Serbia) Antiquities Stalać (Serbia) History Stalać (DE-588)4711409-5 gnd rswk-swf Stalać (DE-588)4711409-5 g Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Geschichte 1300-1500 z DE-604 Vukadin, Obrenija Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017007915&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017007915&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Minic, Dušica Vukadin, Obrenija Srednjovekovni Stalać = Medieval Stalać Funde Geschichte Excavations (Archaeology) Serbia Stalać Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4711409-5 |
| title | Srednjovekovni Stalać = Medieval Stalać |
| title_alt | Medieval Stalać |
| title_auth | Srednjovekovni Stalać = Medieval Stalać |
| title_exact_search | Srednjovekovni Stalać = Medieval Stalać |
| title_full | Srednjovekovni Stalać = Medieval Stalać Dušica Minić ; Obrenija Vukadin |
| title_fullStr | Srednjovekovni Stalać = Medieval Stalać Dušica Minić ; Obrenija Vukadin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Srednjovekovni Stalać = Medieval Stalać Dušica Minić ; Obrenija Vukadin |
| title_short | Srednjovekovni Stalać |
| title_sort | srednjovekovni stalac medieval stalac |
| title_sub | = Medieval Stalać |
| topic | Funde Geschichte Excavations (Archaeology) Serbia Stalać Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Geschichte Excavations (Archaeology) Serbia Stalać Stalać (Serbia) Antiquities Stalać (Serbia) History Stalać |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017007915&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017007915&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT minicdusica srednjovekovnistalacmedievalstalac AT vukadinobrenija srednjovekovnistalacmedievalstalac AT minicdusica medievalstalac AT vukadinobrenija medievalstalac |