Rubber curing and properties:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton, FL
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis
2009
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index Erscheint: Dezember 2008 |
| Beschreibung: | 210 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781420085228 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 020 | |a 9781420085228 |c alk. paper |9 978-1-4200-8522-8 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Vergnaud, Jean-Maurice |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Rubber curing and properties |c Jean-Maurice Vergnaud ; Iosif-Daniel Rosca |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, FL |b CRC Press, Taylor & Francis |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a 210 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 500 | |a Erscheint: Dezember 2008 | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Rubber | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Rosca, Iosif-Daniel |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016992916&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016992916&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Klappentext |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016992916 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138362011910144 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Chapter
1
Bird s Eye View of the Cure Process, First Attempts
................................................1
1.1
Method Based on the Capacity of Liquid Absorption
......................................1
1.1.1
Principle of the Method
.........................................................................1
1.1.2
Experimental
..........................................................................................1
1.1.3
Experimental Results and Discussion
....................................................2
1.1.4
Calculation of the State of Cure
.............................................................3
1.1.5
Temperature Dependence and Reference Temperature
.........................4
1.1.6
New Model Built by Hands and
Horsfall
...............................................5
1.1.7
Verification of the Method on Thick Rubber Samples
..........................5
1.1.8
Conclusions on This Method
.................................................................5
1.2
Numerical Evaluation of the State of Cure
.......................................................7
1.2.1
Principle of the Method
.........................................................................7
1.2.2
Theoretical
.............................................................................................7
1.2.3
Results
....................................................................................................8
1.3
Heat Conduction and Vulcanization in Molds
..................................................8
1.3.1
Principle of the Method
.........................................................................8
1.3.2
Theoretical
.............................................................................................8
1.3.3
Theoretical and Experimental Results
.................................................10
1.3.4
Remarks on the Calorimetry Studies
...................................................
U
1.4
Evaluation of Temperature and Extent of Cure during the Process
................11
1.4.1
Scheme of the Method
.........................................................................11
1.4.2
Theoretical
...........................................................................................12
1.4.3
Kinetic Study Using Isothermal Calorimetry
......................................12
1.4.4
Results and Applications
......................................................................13
1.4.5
Conclusions
..........................................................................................13
1.5
Expression of the Cure Reaction
.....................................................................15
1.5.1
S-Shaped SOC-Time Curves and Scorch Period at the
Beginning of the Cure
..........................................................................16
1.5.2
Cure Reaction Defined by a Complex Reaction System
......................16
1.6
General Conclusions
.......................................................................................17
References
................................................................................................................18
Chapter
2
General Study on Heat Transfer
...............................................................................21
2.1
Various Means of Heat Transfer
.....................................................................21
2.1.1
Heat Conduction
..................................................................................21
2.1.2
Heat Convection
...................................................................................21
2.1.3
Heat Radiation
.....................................................................................22
2.2
Heat
Conduction
..............................................................................................22
2.2.1
Principie
of Heat
Conduction
...............................................................22
2.2.2
Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
...........................................22
2.2.3
General Solution of Heat Conduction (Separation of Variables)
.........24
2.2.4
Initial and Boundary Conditions
.........................................................25
2.2.4.1
Initial Conditions
...................................................................25
2.2.4.2
Boundary Conditions
.............................................................25
2.3
Heat Convection
..............................................................................................26
2.3.1
Forced Heat Convection
.......................................................................27
2.3.2
Natural (Free) Heat Convection
...........................................................27
2.4
Solutions of the Equations of Heat Transfer
...................................................28
2.4.1
Sheet Heated on Both Sides with Infinite Heat Transfer
at the Interface
.....................................................................................28
2.4.2
Heat Transfer through a Rubber Sheet Immersed
in a Large Volume of Fluid
..................................................................31
2.5
Thermal Properties of Rubbers
.......................................................................32
2.5.1
Specific Heat
........................................................................................32
2.5.2
Thermal Conductivity
..........................................................................33
2.5.3
Thermal Diffusivity
.............................................................................33
2.5.4
Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient
........................................................34
2.5.5
Conclusions on Gum Rubbers
..............................................................34
2.6
Heating or Cooling Stages without Cure Reaction
.........................................35
2.6.1
Cooling Stage of a Perfectly Cured Rubber Sheet
in Motionless Fluid
.......................................................................................35
2.6.1.1
Case of Motionless Air at Room Temperature
in Laminar Mode
..................................................................35
2.6.1.2
Case of Motionless Air at Room Temperature
in Turbulent Mode
.................................................................36
2.6.2
Cooling of Perfectly Cured Rubber in Stirred Fluid
...........................39
2.6.2.1
Case of Stirred Air in a Vertical Position
..............................39
2.6.2.2
Case of Stirred Water in a Vertical Position
..........................39
2.6.3
Heating Stage of the Cured Rubber in the Mold
.................................39
2.7
Conclusions on Heat Transfer Boundary Conditions
......................................42
References
................................................................................................................44
Chapter
3
Kinetics of the Cure Reaction
..................................................................................47
3.1
Calorimetry: Principle, Theory, and Techniques
............................................47
3.1.1
Principle of Calorimetry
......................................................................47
3.1.2
Theoretical Considerations in Calorimetry
.........................................48
3.1.2.1
Case of the Calorimeter with a Cylindrical Sample
..............48
3.1.2.2
Case of the Calorimeter with a Horizontal Sensible
Detector, Plane in Shape
.......................................................49
3.1.3
Isothermal Calorimetry Techniques
....................................................50
3.1.3.1
Measure of the Cure Enthalpy under Isothermal
Conditions
.............................................................................50
3.1.3.2
Kinetics of the Overall Cure Reaction
..................................51
3.1.4
Calorimetry in Scanning Mode
...........................................................53
3.1.4.1
Measure of the Cure Enthalpy in Scanning Mode
................53
3.1.4.2
Kinetics of the Cure Reaction
...............................................54
3.1.5
Conclusions on Calorimetry Techniques
.............................................57
3.2
Increase in Stiffness during Cure: Isothermal MDR
......................................58
3.2.1
Presentation of the Technique
..............................................................58
3.2.2
Process of Cure in Isothermal MDR
...................................................58
3.2.2.1
Experimental
.........................................................................59
3.2.2.2
Theoretical Treatment
...........................................................60
3.2.2.3
Results Obtained by Calorimetry
..........................................61
3.2.2.4
Results Obtained by Using Either MDR or Calorimetry
......62
3.2.3
Conclusions on the Process in Isothermal MDR
.................................66
3.3
MDR in Scanning Mode with Constant Heating Rate
...................................67
3.3.1
Presentation of the Technique
..............................................................67
3.3.2
Theoretical Treatment
..........................................................................68
3.3.2.1
Assumptions
..........................................................................68
3.3.2.2
Mathematical Treatment
........................................................68
3.3.3
Results Obtained with MDR in Scanning Mode
.................................69
3.3.3.1
Material and Apparatus Used for the Study
..........................69
3.3.3.2
Calculation of the Torque-Temperature Curve
.....................69
3.3.3.3
Profiles of Temperature and State of Cure
in the Rubber Sample
............................................................71
3.3.3.4
Evaluation of the Kinetic Parameters from the Curves
Obtained in Scanning Mode
.................................................72
3.3.4
Conclusions on the MDR in Scanning Mode
......................................73
3.4
Improvements for MDR in Scanning Mode
...................................................74
3.4.1
MDR Scanned with Change in Heating Rate
......................................74
3.4.2
MDR with Square-Root Time-Temperature Dependence
..................75
3.4.2.1
Theoretical Treatment of the Process
....................................76
3.4.2.2
Materials and Apparatus
.......................................................76
3.4.3
Results Calculated with the MDR Run with This Method
..................76
3.5
Conclusions
.....................................................................................................79
References
................................................................................................................79
Chapter
4
Cure of Rubber in Mold
...........................................................................................
83
4.1
Rubber-Mold Relation
....................................................................................
83
4.1.1
Process of Heating and Cure
...............................................................83
4.1.1.1
Mathematical Treatment
........................................................83
4.1.1.2
Numerical Treatment of the Problem
....................................84
4.1.2
Effect
of the Position of the Heating System
.......................................84
4.1.2.1
Mold-Rubber System
............................................................84
4.1.2.2
Results Obtained for the Cure of the Rubber Sheet
..............85
4.2
Effect of the Thickness of the Rubber Sheet
..................................................89
4.3
Effect of the Enthalpy of Cure
........................................................................92
4.4
Effect of the Temperature on the Cure
............................................................98
4.5
Effect of the Kinetic Parameters of the Cure
................................................101
4.5.1
Effect of the Order of the Overall Reaction
.......................................102
4.5.2
Effect of the Activation Energy
.........................................................104
4.6
Effect
Postcure
of a Rubber Sheet
.................................................................106
4.7
Cure of Rubber-Metal Sandwiches
..............................................................110
4.7.1
Theoretical Study of the Process of Cure
..........................................
Ill
4.7.2
Results
................................................................................................112
4.8
Simultaneous Cure of Various Kinds of Rubbers
.........................................114
4.8.1
Theoretical Approach of the Process
.................................................114
4.8.2
Results for Bilayer Rubber Compounds
.............................................115
4.9
General Conclusions
.....................................................................................117
References
..............................................................................................................118
Chapter
5
Cure of Rubber with Injection Molding
.................................................................121
5.1
Principles of the Technique
...........................................................................121
5.2
Evaluation of the Operational Conditions in the Injection System
...............122
5.2.1
Theory
................................................................................................122
5.2.1.1
Heating Stage in the Reservoir before Injection
..................122
5.2.1.2
Injection Stage of the Rubber in the Mold
..........................123
5.2.2
Results for the Heating Stage in the Reservoir
..................................123
5.3
Heating Stage and Cure in the Mold
.............................................................124
5.3.1
Theoretical for the Stage of Cure in the Mold
...................................124
5.3.2
Results Obtained by Calculation
.......................................................125
5.4
Conclusions on Injection Molding
................................................................132
References
..............................................................................................................133
Chapter
6
Mechanical Properties of Rubbers
..............................................................................135
6.1
Mechanical Properties of Unvulcanized Rubbers
........................................135
6.1.1
Principle of Viscoelastic Behavior
...............................................135
6.1.2
Measure of Plasticity and Flow Rate with Plastimeters
....................135
6.1.2.1
Compression Plastimeters: Plate Test and Disc Test
...........135
6.1.2.2
Rotation Plastimeters: Mooney Viscometer
........................135
6.1.2.3
Extrusion Plastimeters and Die Swell
.................................136
6.1.2.4
Miscellaneous Processibility Tests
......................................136
6.1.2.5
Correlation between Plastimeters
........................................136
6.1.3
Scorch Time Measure
........................................................................136
6.2
Mechanical Properties of Vulcanized Rubbers
............................................138
6.2.1
Tests Run under Static Conditions
.....................................................138
6.2.1.1
Hardness of Rubber
.............................................................138
6.2.1.2
Tensile Stress/Strain
............................................................139
6.2.1.3
Compression Stress/Strain
...................................................140
6.2.1.4
Shear Stress/Strain
...............................................................142
6.2.1.5
Tear Tests
.............................................................................142
6.2.2
Dynamic Stress and Strain Properties
...............................................143
6.2.2.1
Dynamic Compression Property of Vulcanized Rubber
.....144
6.3
Conclusions on the Mechanical Properties of Rubbers
................................145
6.3.1
Conclusions Concerned with Unvulcanized Rubber
.........................145
6.3.2
Conclusions Concerned with Vulcanized Rubber
.............................146
References
..............................................................................................................146
Chapter
7
Resistance of Rubber to Liquids
............................................................................149
7.1
Effect of Liquids on Rubber and Its Measures
..............................................149
7.1.1
Measurement of the Swelling
............................................................149
7.1.2
Standard Tests
....................................................................................150
7.2
Liquid Transport by Diffusion
......................................................................150
7.2.1
Principle of Diffusion
........................................................................150
7.2.2
Differential Equations of Diffusion
...................................................151
7.2.2.1
Case of a One-Dimensional Diffusion through
a Thin Sheet
........................................................................151
7.2.2.2
Radial Diffusion through the Plane Section of a
Cylinder or a Sphere
............................................................152
7.2.3
Initial and Boundary Conditions
.......................................................152
7.2.4
General Solution of the Equations of Diffusion in Sheets
.................153
7.2.5
Solution of Diffusion in Sheets with Infinite Coefficient
of Convection
.....................................................................................154
7.2.6
Case of Rubber Sheets in Contact with a Liquid
...............................155
7.2.7
Determination of the Parameters of Diffusion
..................................155
7.2.8
Equation of Radial Diffusion with Change in Dimension
of the Sphere
......................................................................................156
7.2.9
General Equation of One-Dimension Diffusion
................................158
7.3
Diffusion of the Curing Agent during the Cure
............................................158
7.4
Examples of Diffusion of Liquids in Rubbers
..............................................160
7.4.1
Diffusion of Liquids through a Sheet with Change in Dimensions...
160
7.4.1.1
Experimental Procedures
....................................................160
7.4.1.2
Results and Conclusions
...................................................... 161
7.4.2
Diffusion of Liquids in EPDM Sheets with Different
Percentages of Peroxide
..................................................................... 62
7.4.2.1
Experimental
.......................................................................162
7.4.2.2
Results on Kinetics of Absorption and Discussion
.............162
7.4.2.3 Anisotropie
Swelling of EPDM Rubber Discs
....................164
7.5
Drying of Rubbers Containing a Liquid
.......................................................167
7.5.1
Operational Conditions
......................................................................168
7.5.2
Experimental Results and Discussion
................................................168
7.6
Permeability of Rubbers to Vapors and Gases
..............................................170
7.6.1
Principle of the Transfers
...................................................................170
7.6.2
Theoreticals of the Process
................................................................170
7.6.3
Measurements of the Permeability of Gases
.....................................171
7.6.3.1
Constant Volume Method
....................................................171
7.6.3.2
Constant Pressure Method
...................................................172
7.6.3.3
Carrier Gas Method
.............................................................172
7.6.4
Measurements of the Permeability of Vapors
....................................172
7.7
Conclusions on Rubber Resistance to Liquids
..............................................172
References
..............................................................................................................173
Chapter
8
Methods of Recycling Waste Tire Rubber
.............................................................177
8.1
General Consideration
...................................................................................177
8.2
Scrap Tire Disposal in Previous Studies before
1974...................................177
8.2.1
Problems Set Down by Scrap Tire Disposal in
1974.........................177
8.2.2
Physical Applications
.........................................................................178
8.2.3
Fuel Value and Incineration
...............................................................180
8.2.4
Chemical Applications
.......................................................................180
8.2.4.1
Reclaiming
...........................................................................180
8.2.4.2
Pyrolysis
..............................................................................181
8.2.4.3
Carbon Black Manufacture
.................................................181
8.2.4.4 Biodegradation....................................................................181
8.3
Reclaiming Processes in Progress
................................................................182
8.3.1
Artificial Reefs and Highway Abutments
..........................................182
8.3.2
Asphalt Component and Road Base
...................................................182
8.3.3
Cure of Scrap Rubber Powder with Addition of New Rubber
...........183
8.3.4
Cure of Scrap Rubber Powder without Addition of New Rubber
......185
8.3.4.1
Vibration Isolation Rubber Sheets
.......................................185
8.3.4.2
Rubber Sheets Absorbing Impact Noises in Houses
...........188
8.3.5
Concrete Component
.........................................................................189
8.3.6
Pyrolysis of Scrap Rubber
..................................................................189
8.3.7
Distribution of Scrap Rubber into Polymers
......................................191
8.4
Tentative Conclusions on Tire Rubber Recycling
.........................................191
References
..............................................................................................................192
Chapter
9
Rubber: Cure and Properties
.................................................................................197
9.1
Conclusions
...................................................................................................197
9.1.1
Evaluation of the State of Cure and Kinetics of Cure
.......................199
Appendix
...............................................................................................................203
Suggested Reading
...............................................................................................205
Index
......................................................................................................................207
MATERIALS SCIENCE
RUBBER
CURING and PROPERTIES
In today s world, quality rubber products are defined not only by their strength,
durability, and elasticity, but also by their recyclabiiity. During the curing of rubber,
an irreversible reaction takes place leading to the creation of a new three-
dimensional molecular network where the plastic and viscous material is converted
into an elastic one. Ultimately, it is the effectiveness of the curing process that
determines the quality of that material.
Rubber Curing and Properties features the work of Professor Jean-
Maurice Vergnaud, one of the world s foremost authorities on rubber curing,
who teams with chemical engineer Dr. losif-Daniel
Rosca,
to produce the most
comprehensive reference available in this field. Including valuable data that will
allow researchers and engineers to find solutions to their own problems, this
practical work
—
•
Offers an insightful bird s eye view of the history of the cure process
•
Considers the complex problems associated with heat transfer and the
methods used for evaluating the kinetics of curing
•
Examines the principles and methods involved with the curing of rubber sheets
in molds using monodirectional and three-directional heating systems.
as well as time-saving injection molding
•
Evaluates the mechanical properties of both unvulcanized and
vulcanized rubber
•
Looks at ways to relate the mechanical properties of rubber under
dynamic conditions to the state of cure
•
Explains the complex issue of the resistance of rubber to liquids and gas
•
Discusses a number of solutions to ongoing problems with recycling scrap
rubber, including approaches for using it as raw material
The main findings of this remarkable reference are presented in terms of
equations and figures. In all cases, theoretical treatments are offered in a didactic
manner, so that readers who are not fully familiar with the terms can. nevertheless,
easily understand emerging developments in the field.
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Chapter
1
Bird's Eye View of the Cure Process, First Attempts
.1
1.1
Method Based on the Capacity of Liquid Absorption
.1
1.1.1
Principle of the Method
.1
1.1.2
Experimental
.1
1.1.3
Experimental Results and Discussion
.2
1.1.4
Calculation of the State of Cure
.3
1.1.5
Temperature Dependence and Reference Temperature
.4
1.1.6
New Model Built by Hands and
Horsfall
.5
1.1.7
Verification of the Method on Thick Rubber Samples
.5
1.1.8
Conclusions on This Method
.5
1.2
Numerical Evaluation of the State of Cure
.7
1.2.1
Principle of the Method
.7
1.2.2
Theoretical
.7
1.2.3
Results
.8
1.3
Heat Conduction and Vulcanization in Molds
.8
1.3.1
Principle of the Method
.8
1.3.2
Theoretical
.8
1.3.3
Theoretical and Experimental Results
.10
1.3.4
Remarks on the Calorimetry Studies
.
U
1.4
Evaluation of Temperature and Extent of Cure during the Process
.11
1.4.1
Scheme of the Method
.11
1.4.2
Theoretical
.12
1.4.3
Kinetic Study Using Isothermal Calorimetry
.12
1.4.4
Results and Applications
.13
1.4.5
Conclusions
.13
1.5
Expression of the Cure Reaction
.15
1.5.1
S-Shaped SOC-Time Curves and Scorch Period at the
Beginning of the Cure
.16
1.5.2
Cure Reaction Defined by a Complex Reaction System
.16
1.6
General Conclusions
.17
References
.18
Chapter
2
General Study on Heat Transfer
.21
2.1
Various Means of Heat Transfer
.21
2.1.1
Heat Conduction
.21
2.1.2
Heat Convection
.21
2.1.3
Heat Radiation
.22
2.2
Heat
Conduction
.22
2.2.1
Principie
of Heat
Conduction
.22
2.2.2
Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
.22
2.2.3
General Solution of Heat Conduction (Separation of Variables)
.24
2.2.4
Initial and Boundary Conditions
.25
2.2.4.1
Initial Conditions
.25
2.2.4.2
Boundary Conditions
.25
2.3
Heat Convection
.26
2.3.1
Forced Heat Convection
.27
2.3.2
Natural (Free) Heat Convection
.27
2.4
Solutions of the Equations of Heat Transfer
.28
2.4.1
Sheet Heated on Both Sides with Infinite Heat Transfer
at the Interface
.28
2.4.2
Heat Transfer through a Rubber Sheet Immersed
in a Large Volume of Fluid
.31
2.5
Thermal Properties of Rubbers
.32
2.5.1
Specific Heat
.32
2.5.2
Thermal Conductivity
.33
2.5.3
Thermal Diffusivity
.33
2.5.4
Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient
.34
2.5.5
Conclusions on Gum Rubbers
.34
2.6
Heating or Cooling Stages without Cure Reaction
.35
2.6.1
Cooling Stage of a Perfectly Cured Rubber Sheet
in Motionless Fluid
.35
2.6.1.1
Case of Motionless Air at Room Temperature
in Laminar Mode
.35
2.6.1.2
Case of Motionless Air at Room Temperature
in Turbulent Mode
.36
2.6.2
Cooling of Perfectly Cured Rubber in Stirred Fluid
.39
2.6.2.1
Case of Stirred Air in a Vertical Position
.39
2.6.2.2
Case of Stirred Water in a Vertical Position
.39
2.6.3
Heating Stage of the Cured Rubber in the Mold
.39
2.7
Conclusions on Heat Transfer Boundary Conditions
.42
References
.44
Chapter
3
Kinetics of the Cure Reaction
.47
3.1
Calorimetry: Principle, Theory, and Techniques
.47
3.1.1
Principle of Calorimetry
.47
3.1.2
Theoretical Considerations in Calorimetry
.48
3.1.2.1
Case of the Calorimeter with a Cylindrical Sample
.48
3.1.2.2
Case of the Calorimeter with a Horizontal Sensible
Detector, Plane in Shape
.49
3.1.3
Isothermal Calorimetry Techniques
.50
3.1.3.1
Measure of the Cure Enthalpy under Isothermal
Conditions
.50
3.1.3.2
Kinetics of the Overall Cure Reaction
.51
3.1.4
Calorimetry in Scanning Mode
.53
3.1.4.1
Measure of the Cure Enthalpy in Scanning Mode
.53
3.1.4.2
Kinetics of the Cure Reaction
.54
3.1.5
Conclusions on Calorimetry Techniques
.57
3.2
Increase in Stiffness during Cure: Isothermal MDR
.58
3.2.1
Presentation of the Technique
.58
3.2.2
Process of Cure in Isothermal MDR
.58
3.2.2.1
Experimental
.59
3.2.2.2
Theoretical Treatment
.60
3.2.2.3
Results Obtained by Calorimetry
.61
3.2.2.4
Results Obtained by Using Either MDR or Calorimetry
.62
3.2.3
Conclusions on the Process in Isothermal MDR
.66
3.3
MDR in Scanning Mode with Constant Heating Rate
.67
3.3.1
Presentation of the Technique
.67
3.3.2
Theoretical Treatment
.68
3.3.2.1
Assumptions
.68
3.3.2.2
Mathematical Treatment
.68
3.3.3
Results Obtained with MDR in Scanning Mode
.69
3.3.3.1
Material and Apparatus Used for the Study
.69
3.3.3.2
Calculation of the Torque-Temperature Curve
.69
3.3.3.3
Profiles of Temperature and State of Cure
in the Rubber Sample
.71
3.3.3.4
Evaluation of the Kinetic Parameters from the Curves
Obtained in Scanning Mode
.72
3.3.4
Conclusions on the MDR in Scanning Mode
.73
3.4
Improvements for MDR in Scanning Mode
.74
3.4.1
MDR Scanned with Change in Heating Rate
.74
3.4.2
MDR with Square-Root Time-Temperature Dependence
.75
3.4.2.1
Theoretical Treatment of the Process
.76
3.4.2.2
Materials and Apparatus
.76
3.4.3
Results Calculated with the MDR Run with This Method
.76
3.5
Conclusions
.79
References
.79
Chapter
4
Cure of Rubber in Mold
.
83
4.1
Rubber-Mold Relation
.
83
4.1.1
Process of Heating and Cure
.83
4.1.1.1
Mathematical Treatment
.83
4.1.1.2
Numerical Treatment of the Problem
.84
4.1.2
Effect
of the Position of the Heating System
.84
4.1.2.1
Mold-Rubber System
.84
4.1.2.2
Results Obtained for the Cure of the Rubber Sheet
.85
4.2
Effect of the Thickness of the Rubber Sheet
.89
4.3
Effect of the Enthalpy of Cure
.92
4.4
Effect of the Temperature on the Cure
.98
4.5
Effect of the Kinetic Parameters of the Cure
.101
4.5.1
Effect of the Order of the Overall Reaction
.102
4.5.2
Effect of the Activation Energy
.104
4.6
Effect
Postcure
of a Rubber Sheet
.106
4.7
Cure of Rubber-Metal Sandwiches
.110
4.7.1
Theoretical Study of the Process of Cure
.
Ill
4.7.2
Results
.112
4.8
Simultaneous Cure of Various Kinds of Rubbers
.114
4.8.1
Theoretical Approach of the Process
.114
4.8.2
Results for Bilayer Rubber Compounds
.115
4.9
General Conclusions
.117
References
.118
Chapter
5
Cure of Rubber with Injection Molding
.121
5.1
Principles of the Technique
.121
5.2
Evaluation of the Operational Conditions in the Injection System
.122
5.2.1
Theory
.122
5.2.1.1
Heating Stage in the Reservoir before Injection
.122
5.2.1.2
Injection Stage of the Rubber in the Mold
.123
5.2.2
Results for the Heating Stage in the Reservoir
.123
5.3
Heating Stage and Cure in the Mold
.124
5.3.1
Theoretical for the Stage of Cure in the Mold
.124
5.3.2
Results Obtained by Calculation
.125
5.4
Conclusions on Injection Molding
.132
References
.133
Chapter
6
Mechanical Properties of Rubbers
.135
6.1
Mechanical Properties of Unvulcanized Rubbers
.135
6.1.1
Principle of Viscoelastic Behavior
.135
6.1.2
Measure of Plasticity and Flow Rate with Plastimeters
.135
6.1.2.1
Compression Plastimeters: Plate Test and Disc Test
.135
6.1.2.2
Rotation Plastimeters: Mooney Viscometer
.135
6.1.2.3
Extrusion Plastimeters and Die Swell
.136
6.1.2.4
Miscellaneous Processibility Tests
.136
6.1.2.5
Correlation between Plastimeters
.136
6.1.3
Scorch Time Measure
.136
6.2
Mechanical Properties of Vulcanized Rubbers
.138
6.2.1
Tests Run under Static Conditions
.138
6.2.1.1
Hardness of Rubber
.138
6.2.1.2
Tensile Stress/Strain
.139
6.2.1.3
Compression Stress/Strain
.140
6.2.1.4
Shear Stress/Strain
.142
6.2.1.5
Tear Tests
.142
6.2.2
Dynamic Stress and Strain Properties
.143
6.2.2.1
Dynamic Compression Property of Vulcanized Rubber
.144
6.3
Conclusions on the Mechanical Properties of Rubbers
.145
6.3.1
Conclusions Concerned with Unvulcanized Rubber
.145
6.3.2
Conclusions Concerned with Vulcanized Rubber
.146
References
.146
Chapter
7
Resistance of Rubber to Liquids
.149
7.1
Effect of Liquids on Rubber and Its Measures
.149
7.1.1
Measurement of the Swelling
.149
7.1.2
Standard Tests
.150
7.2
Liquid Transport by Diffusion
.150
7.2.1
Principle of Diffusion
.150
7.2.2
Differential Equations of Diffusion
.151
7.2.2.1
Case of a One-Dimensional Diffusion through
a Thin Sheet
.151
7.2.2.2
Radial Diffusion through the Plane Section of a
Cylinder or a Sphere
.152
7.2.3
Initial and Boundary Conditions
.152
7.2.4
General Solution of the Equations of Diffusion in Sheets
.153
7.2.5
Solution of Diffusion in Sheets with Infinite Coefficient
of Convection
.154
7.2.6
Case of Rubber Sheets in Contact with a Liquid
.155
7.2.7
Determination of the Parameters of Diffusion
.155
7.2.8
Equation of Radial Diffusion with Change in Dimension
of the Sphere
.156
7.2.9
General Equation of One-Dimension Diffusion
.158
7.3
Diffusion of the Curing Agent during the Cure
.158
7.4
Examples of Diffusion of Liquids in Rubbers
.160
7.4.1
Diffusion of Liquids through a Sheet with Change in Dimensions.
160
7.4.1.1
Experimental Procedures
.160
7.4.1.2
Results and Conclusions
. 161
7.4.2
Diffusion of Liquids in EPDM Sheets with Different
Percentages of Peroxide
.'62
7.4.2.1
Experimental
.162
7.4.2.2
Results on Kinetics of Absorption and Discussion
.162
7.4.2.3 Anisotropie
Swelling of EPDM Rubber Discs
.164
7.5
Drying of Rubbers Containing a Liquid
.167
7.5.1
Operational Conditions
.168
7.5.2
Experimental Results and Discussion
.168
7.6
Permeability of Rubbers to Vapors and Gases
.170
7.6.1
Principle of the Transfers
.170
7.6.2
Theoreticals of the Process
.170
7.6.3
Measurements of the Permeability of Gases
.171
7.6.3.1
Constant Volume Method
.171
7.6.3.2
Constant Pressure Method
.172
7.6.3.3
Carrier Gas Method
.172
7.6.4
Measurements of the Permeability of Vapors
.172
7.7
Conclusions on Rubber Resistance to Liquids
.172
References
.173
Chapter
8
Methods of Recycling Waste Tire Rubber
.177
8.1
General Consideration
.177
8.2
Scrap Tire Disposal in Previous Studies before
1974.177
8.2.1
Problems Set Down by Scrap Tire Disposal in
1974.177
8.2.2
Physical Applications
.178
8.2.3
Fuel Value and Incineration
.180
8.2.4
Chemical Applications
.180
8.2.4.1
Reclaiming
.180
8.2.4.2
Pyrolysis
.181
8.2.4.3
Carbon Black Manufacture
.181
8.2.4.4 Biodegradation.181
8.3
Reclaiming Processes in Progress
.182
8.3.1
Artificial Reefs and Highway Abutments
.182
8.3.2
Asphalt Component and Road Base
.182
8.3.3
Cure of Scrap Rubber Powder with Addition of New Rubber
.183
8.3.4
Cure of Scrap Rubber Powder without Addition of New Rubber
.185
8.3.4.1
Vibration Isolation Rubber Sheets
.185
8.3.4.2
Rubber Sheets Absorbing Impact Noises in Houses
.188
8.3.5
Concrete Component
.189
8.3.6
Pyrolysis of Scrap Rubber
.189
8.3.7
Distribution of Scrap Rubber into Polymers
.191
8.4
Tentative Conclusions on Tire Rubber Recycling
.191
References
.192
Chapter
9
Rubber: Cure and Properties
.197
9.1
Conclusions
.197
9.1.1
Evaluation of the State of Cure and Kinetics of Cure
.199
Appendix
.203
Suggested Reading
.205
Index
.207
MATERIALS SCIENCE
RUBBER
CURING and PROPERTIES
In today's world, quality rubber products are defined not only by their strength,
durability, and elasticity, but also by their recyclabiiity. During the curing of rubber,
an irreversible reaction takes place leading to the creation of a new three-
dimensional molecular network where the plastic and viscous material is converted
into an elastic one. Ultimately, it is the effectiveness of the curing process that
determines the quality of that material.
Rubber Curing and Properties features the work of Professor Jean-
Maurice Vergnaud, one of the world's foremost authorities on rubber curing,
who teams with chemical engineer Dr. losif-Daniel
Rosca,
to produce the most
comprehensive reference available in this field. Including valuable data that will
allow researchers and engineers to find solutions to their own problems, this
practical work
—
•
Offers an insightful bird's eye view of the history of the cure process
•
Considers the complex problems associated with heat transfer and the
methods used for evaluating the kinetics of curing
•
Examines the principles and methods involved with the curing of rubber sheets
in molds using monodirectional and three-directional heating systems.
as well as time-saving injection molding
•
Evaluates the mechanical properties of both unvulcanized and
vulcanized rubber
•
Looks at ways to relate the mechanical properties of rubber under
dynamic conditions to the state of cure
•
Explains the complex issue of the resistance of rubber to liquids and gas
•
Discusses a number of solutions to ongoing problems with recycling scrap
rubber, including approaches for using it as raw material
The main findings of this remarkable reference are presented in terms of
equations and figures. In all cases, theoretical treatments are offered in a didactic
manner, so that readers who are not fully familiar with the terms can. nevertheless,
easily understand emerging developments in the field. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Vergnaud, Jean-Maurice Rosca, Iosif-Daniel |
| author_facet | Vergnaud, Jean-Maurice Rosca, Iosif-Daniel |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Vergnaud, Jean-Maurice |
| author_variant | j m v jmv i d r idr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035186234 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TS1891 |
| callnumber-raw | TS1891 |
| callnumber-search | TS1891 |
| callnumber-sort | TS 41891 |
| callnumber-subject | TS - Manufactures |
| classification_rvk | UV 9150 |
| classification_tum | WER 670f CIT 760f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)212843942 (DE-599)BVBBV035186234 |
| dewey-full | 678/.2 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 678 - Elastomers and elastomer products |
| dewey-raw | 678/.2 |
| dewey-search | 678/.2 |
| dewey-sort | 3678 12 |
| dewey-tens | 670 - Manufacturing |
| discipline | Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035186234 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:59:49Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:26:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781420085228 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2008030736 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016992916 |
| oclc_num | 212843942 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-91S DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-91S DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | 210 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | CRC Press, Taylor & Francis |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Vergnaud, Jean-Maurice Verfasser aut Rubber curing and properties Jean-Maurice Vergnaud ; Iosif-Daniel Rosca Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, Taylor & Francis 2009 210 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Erscheint: Dezember 2008 Rubber Rosca, Iosif-Daniel Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016992916&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016992916&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Vergnaud, Jean-Maurice Rosca, Iosif-Daniel Rubber curing and properties Rubber |
| title | Rubber curing and properties |
| title_auth | Rubber curing and properties |
| title_exact_search | Rubber curing and properties |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Rubber curing and properties |
| title_full | Rubber curing and properties Jean-Maurice Vergnaud ; Iosif-Daniel Rosca |
| title_fullStr | Rubber curing and properties Jean-Maurice Vergnaud ; Iosif-Daniel Rosca |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rubber curing and properties Jean-Maurice Vergnaud ; Iosif-Daniel Rosca |
| title_short | Rubber curing and properties |
| title_sort | rubber curing and properties |
| topic | Rubber |
| topic_facet | Rubber |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016992916&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016992916&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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