Plastics fundamentals, properties, and testing:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Plastics engineering
74 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index Erscheint: Juli 2008 |
| Beschreibung: | Getr. Zählung |
| ISBN: | 9781420080605 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plastics fundamentals, properties, and testing |c Manas Chanda ; Salil K. Roy |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a Getr. Zählung | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Plastics engineering |v 74 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 500 | |a Erscheint: Juli 2008 | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Plastics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plastics |x Testing | |
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| 830 | 0 | |a Plastics engineering |v 74 |w (DE-604)BV001900231 |9 74 | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016990388&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Klappentext |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138358052487168 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
.......................................................................................... xiü
Authors
.........................................................................................xvii
Characteristics of Polymers
............................................................ 1-1
1.1
What
Isa
Polymer?
......................................................................... 1-1
1.2
Molecular Weight of Polymers
.............................................................. 1-3
1.2.1
Number-Average Molecular Weight (Mn)
.......................................... 1-3
1.2.2
Weight-Average Molecular Weight (Mw)
........................................... 1-3
1.2.3
Viscosity-Average Molecular Weight (Mv)
.......................................... 1-4
1.2.4
Polydispersity Index
................................................................ 1-4
1.3
Polymerization Processes
................................................................... 1-6
1.3.1
Addition or Chain Polymerization
................................................. 1-6
1.3.2
Coordination Addition Polymerization
............................................ 1-11
1.3.3
Step Polymerization
............................................................... 1-14
1.3.4
Supramolecular Polymerization
................................................... 1-18
1.3.5
Copolymerization
................................................................. 1-22
1.4
Configurations of Polymer Molecules
...................................................... 1-24
1.5
Conformations of a Polymer Molecule
.................................................... 1-25
1.6
Polymer Crystallinity
...................................................................... 1-26
1.6.1
Determinants of Polymer Crystallinity
............................................ 1-27
1.7
The Amorphous State
..................................................................... 1-28
1.8
Structural Shape of Polymer Molecules
.................................................... 1-29
1.9
Thermal Transitions in Polymers
.......................................................... 1-31
1.9.1
Tg and Tm
........................................................................ 1-31
1.9.2
Regions of Viscoelastic Behavior
.................................................. 1-34
1.9.3
Factors Affecting Tg
............................................................... 1-36
1.9.3.1
Chain Flexibility
.......................................................... 1-36
1.9.3.2
Steric Effects
............................................................. 1-37
1.9.3.3
Configuration^ Effects
................................................... 1-37
1.9.3.4
Effect of Cross-Linking
................................................... 1-38
1.9.4
Factors Affecting Tm
.............................................................. 1-38
1.9.4.1
Symmetry
................................................................ 1-38
1.9.4.2
Intermolecular Bonding
.................................................. 1-39
1.9.4.3
Tacticity
.................................................................. 1-40
1.9.4.4
Branching, Chain Flexibility, and Molecular Weight
...................... 1-40
1.9.5
Relation between
Гт
and Tg
...................................................... 1-40
vu
vin
1.10
Designing a Polymer Structure for Improved Properties
................................... 1-40
1.11
Cross-Linking of Polymer Chains
.......................................................... 1-42
1.11.1
Reactions of Functional Groups
................................................... 1-42
1.11.2
Vulcanization
..................................................................... 1-45
1.11.3
Radiation Cross-Linking
.......................................................... 1-49
1.11.4
Photochemical Cross-Linking
..................................................... 1-51
1.11.5
Ionic Cross-Linking
............................................................... 1-52
1.12
Solubility Behavior of Polymers
........................................................... 1-53
1.12.1
Solubility Parameter
............................................................... 1-53
1.13
Effects of Corrosives on Polymers
......................................................... 1 -60
1.14
Thermal Stability and Flame Retardation
.................................................. 1-63
1.14.1
Thermal Degradation
............................................................. 1-67
1.14.2
Ablation
.......................................................................... 1-69
1.14.3
Flame Retardation
................................................................ 1-70
1.15
Deterioration of Polymers
................................................................. 1-70
1.15.1
Chemical Deterioration
........................................................... 1-71
1.15.2
Degradation by Radiation
......................................................... 1-74
1.15.3
Microbiological Deterioration
..................................................... 1-74
1.16
Stabilization of Polymers
.................................................................. 1-75
1.16.1
Antioxidants and Related Compounds
............................................ 1-76
1.16.2
Chemical Structures of Antioxidants
.............................................. 1-78
1.16.3
Stabilization of Selected Polymers
................................................. 1-80
1.16.3.1
Polypropylene
......................................................... 1-82
1.16.3.2
Polyethylene
........................................................... 1-82
1.16.3.3
Polystyrene
............................................................ 1-83
1.16.3.4
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymers
.......................... 1-83
1.16.3.5
Polycarbonate
......................................................... 1-83
1.16.3.6
Nylons
................................................................. 1-83
1.16.3.7
Thermoplastic Elastomers
.............................................. 1-84
1.16.3.8
Polyacetal
.............................................................. 1-85
1.16.3.9
Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
................................................... 1-85
1.16.3.10
Rubber
................................................................ 1-86
1.17
Metal Deactivators
........................................................................ 1-86
1.18
Light Stabilizers
........................................................................... 1-88
1.18.1
Light Stabilizer Classes
............................................................ 1-89
1.18.1.1
UV Absorbers
.......................................................... 1-90
1.18.1.2
Quenchers
............................................................. 1-91
1.18.1.3 Hydroperoxide
Decomposers
.......................................... 1-92
1.18.1.4
Free-Radical Scavengers
................................................ 1-93
1.19
Light Stabilizers for Selected Plastics
....................................................... 1-96
1.19.1
Polypropylene
..................................................................... 1-96
1.19.2
Polyethylene
...................................................................... 1-96
1.19.3
Styrenie
Polymers
................................................................. 1-97
1.19.4
Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
.............................................................. 1-97
1.19.5
Polycarbonate
..................................................................... 1-98
1.19.6
Polyacrylates
...................................................................... 1-98
1.19.7
Polyacetal
......................................................................... 1-98
1.19.8
Polyurethanes
..................................................................... 1-98
1.19.9 Polyamides........................................................................ 1-99
1.20
Diffusion and Permeability
................................................................ 1-99
1.20.1
Diffusion
......................................................................... 1-100
1.20.2
Permeability
.....................................................................1-100
1.21
Polymer Compounding
..................................................................1-101
1.21.1
Fillers
............................................................................ 1-103
1.22
Plasticizers
,
1.22.1
Phthalic
Acid Esters
......
1.22.2
Phosphoric
Acid Esters
...
1.22.3
Fatty Acid
Esters
.........
1.22.4
Polymeric
Plasticizers
___
1.22.5
Miscellaneous
Plasticizers
1.23
Antistatic Agents .
1.23
Л
External Antistatic Agents
..................
1.23.2
Internal Antistatic Agents
..................
1.23.3
Chemical Composition of Antistatic Agents
1.24
Flame
Retardants.
1.23.3.1
Antistatic Agents Containing Nitrogen
...
1.23.3.2
Antistatic Agents Containing Phosphorus
1.23.3.3
Antistatic Agents Containing Sulfur
......
1.23.3.4
Betaine-Type Antistatic Agents
...........
1.23.3.5
Nonionic Antistatic Agents
...............
1.24.1
Halogen Compounds
...................
1.24.2
Phosphorus Compounds
................
1.24.3
Halogen-Antimony Synergetic Mixtures.
1.24.4
Intumescent
Flame
Retardants
..........
1.25
Smoke Suppressants
.
1.26
Colorants
...........
1.27
Antimicrobials
......
1.28
Toxicity
of Plastics
..
1.28.1
Plastic Devices in Pharmacy and Medicine
1.28.1.1
Packing
............................
1.28.1.2
Tubings and Blood Bag Assemblies
.
1.28.1.3
Implants
...........................
1.28.1.4
Adhesives
..........................
1.28.1.5
Dental Materials
...................
1.28.1.6
Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery
.
1.28.2
Biodegradable Plastics
...................
1.28.3
Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics
..............
1.28.4
Toxicity
of Plastic Combustion Products
1.28.5
Toxicity
Testing
.........................
References
.
ix
-104
-108
-108
-108
-109
-110
-111
-111
-112
-112
-113
-114
-115
-115
-115
-115
-116
-117
-118
-119
-119
-119
-120
-121
-121
-122
-122
-122
-122
-122
-123
-124
-124
-125
-125
-125
2
Plastics Properties and Testing
.........................................................2-1
2.1
Introduction
............................................................................... 2-1
2.2
Mechanical Properties
...................................................................... 2-1
2.2.1
Stress and Strain
................................................................... 2-2
2.2.2
Stress-Strain Behavior
............................................................. 2-4
2.2.3
Viscoelastic Behavior of Plastics
.................................................... 2-7
2.2.3.1
Modulus and Compliance
................................................ 2-8
2.2.4
Stress-Strain-Time Behavior
....................................................... 2-8
2.2.4.1
The WLF Equations
...................................................... 2-9
2.2.5
Creep Behavior
................................................................... 2-11
2.2.6
Maxwell Model
................................................................... 2-12
2.2.6.1
Stress-Strain Relation
................................................... 2-13
2.2.6.2
Generalized Maxwell Model
............................................. 2-15
2.2.7
Kelvin or
Voigt
Model
............................................................ 2-17
2.2.7.1
Stress-Strain Relation
................................................... 2-18
2.2.8
Four-Element Model
.............................................................. 2-19
2.2.9
Zener Model
...................................................................... 2-20
2.2.10
Superposition Principle
........................................................... 2-21
2.2.11
Isometric and Isochronous Curves
................................................2-22
2.2.12
Pseudoelastic Design Method
......................................................2-23
2.2.13
Effect of Temperature
............................................................. 2-26
2.2.14
Time-Temperature Superposition
.................................................2-26
2.2.15
Dynamic Mechanical Properties
...................................................2-28
2.2.15.1
Maxwell Element
........................................................2-29
2.2.15.2
Terminology of Dynamic Mechanical Experiments
.......................2-32
2.2.15.3
Dynamic Mechanical Behavior at Thermal Transitions
...................2-34
2.2.16
Rheological Behavior
.............................................................. 2-35
2.2.16.1
Classification of Fluid Behavior
.........................................2-36
2.2.16.2
Effect of Shear Rate on Viscosity
........................................2-39
2.2.16.3
Effect of Molecular Weight on Viscosity
.................................2-39
2.2.16.4
Effect of Temperature on Polymer Viscosity
.............................2-40
2.2.16.5
Effect of Pressure on Viscosity
...........................................2-41
2.2.16.6
Weissenberg Effects
......................................................2-41
2.2.16.7
Irregular Flow or Melt Fracture
..........................................2-42
2.2.17
Measurement of Viscosity
.........................................................2-42
2.2.17.1
Rotational Viscometers
..................................................2-43
2.2.17.2
Capillary Rheometers
...................................................2-44
2.2.18
Plastics Fractures
..................................................................2-46
2.2.19
Impact Behavior of Plastics
........................................................2-46
2.2.20
Fatigue of Plastics
................................................................. 2-50
2.2.21
Hardness
.......................................................................... 2-52
2.2.22
Indentation Hardness
.............................................................2-52
2.2.22.1
Brinell Hardness Number
...............................................2-52
2.2.22.2
Vickers Hardness Number
...............................................2-53
2.2.22.3
Knoop
Hardness Number
...............................................2-53
2.2.22.4
Rockwell Hardness Number
.............................................2-53
2.2.22.5
Barcol Hardness
.........................................................2-53
2.2.22.6
Durometer
Hardness
....................................................2-54
2.2.23
Rebound Hardness
................................................................2-54
2.2.24
Scratch Hardness
..................................................................2-55
2.2.25
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Polymers
............................................2-55
2.3
Reinforced Plastics
........................................................................2-57
2.3.1
Types of Reinforcement
...........................................................2-58
2.3.2
Types of Matrix
...................................................................2-58
2.3.3
Analysis of Reinforced Plastics
....................................................2-58
2.3.3.1
Continuous Fibers
......................................................2-59
2.3.3.2
Discontinuous Fibers
....................................................2-62
2.3.3.3
Fiber Length Less than IQ
................................................2-64
2.3.3.4
Fiber Length Equal to /c
.................................................2-65
2.3.3.5
Fiber Length Greater than ic
............................................2-65
2.3.4
Deformation Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic
.................................2-66
2.3.5
Fracture of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics
..............................................2-66
2.3.5.1
Tension
.................................................................2-67
2.3.5.2
Compression
............................................................2-67
2.3.5.3
Flexure or Shear
........................................................2-67
2.3.6
Fatigue Behavior of Reinforced Plastics
............................................2-68
2.3.7
Impact Behavior of Reinforced Plastics
............................................2-68
2.4
Electrical Properties
.......................................................................2-68
2.4.1
Dielectric Strength
................................................................2-69
2.4.2
Insulation Resistance
..............................................................2-70
2.4.3
Arc Resistance
....................................................................2-71
2.4.4
Dielectric Constant
...............................................................2-72
2.4.4.1
Polarization and
Dipole
Moment
........................................ 2-74
2.4.4.2
Dielectric Constant versus Frequency
.................................... 2-76
2.4.4.3
Dielectric Constant versus Temperature
................................. 2-76
2.4.4.4
Dielectric Losses
........................................................ 2-77
2.4.4.5
Dielectric Losses of Polar Polymers
...................................... 2-78
2.5
Optical Properties
......................................................................... 2-78
2.5.1
Optical Clarity
.................................................................... 2-79
2.5.2
Index of Refraction
............................................................... 2-80
2.5.3
Piped Lighting Effect
.............................................................. 2-81
2.5.4
Stress-Optical Characteristics
...................................................... 2-83
2.6
Thermal Properties
........................................................................ 2-83
2.6.1
Specific Heat
...................................................................... 2-83
2.6.2
Thermal Expansion
............................................................... 2-84
2.6.3
Thermal Conductivity
............................................................ 2-86
2.6.4
Transition Temperatures and Temperature Limitations
............................ 2-88
2.6.5
Standard Properties of Plastics
.................................................... 2-90
2.7
Identification of Common Plastics
......................................................... 2-91
2.7.1
Behaviors on Heating and Ignition
................................................ 2-91
2.7.2
Tests for Characteristic Elements
.................................................. 2-92
2.7.3
Specific Tests
...................................................................... 2-95
References
.....................................................................................2-102
Appendices
Al
Conversion of Units
.......................................................................
Al
-
A2 Index of Trade Names, Manufacturers, and Suppliers of Antioxidants
......................
A2-
A3 Index of Trade Names, Manufacturers, and Suppliers of Metal Deactivators
................
A3-
A4 Index of Trade Names, Manufacturers, and Suppliers of Light Stabilizers
...................
A4-
A5 Formulations of Flame-Retarded Selected Thermoplastics
..................................
A5-
A6 Index of Trade Names and Suppliers of Flame
Retardants
..................................
A6-
A7 Harmonic Motion of a Maxwell Model
....................................................
A7-
Index
.............................................................................................
I-
MATERIALS SCIENCE
Plastics Fundamentals, Properties,
and Testing
Derived from the fourth edition of the well-known Plastics Technology Handbook, Plastics Fitmlamem
als.
Properties, and Testing covers the behavior, characterization, ctnd evaluation of polymers. With a
lucid approach and
.1
wealth of valuable information, this book looks at the remarkable versatility of
this nonmetallic class of materials.
Examining polymers at the molecular level, the book first discusses their inherent properties anil how
their end-use properties can
lx-·
influenced through changes in the molecular architecture or incorporation
of various fillers and additives. The authors coherently present a wide spectrum of topics by sequentially
introducing structural aspects, properties, and applications. They then proceed to explore the mechanical.
electrical, optical, and thermal properties of polymers,
prov iding
theoretical derivations where necessary
as well as explanations on molecular and structural features. To identify the principles involved, the
book also furnishes the bases of mam standard test methods according I and BS
2782
specifications.
Features
Covers the macromolecular aspects of polymer behavior, including conformation, amorphous and
stalline
states, thermal transitions, cross-linking, deterioration, stabilization, diffusion, permeability,
toxicity
.
and biodegradability
Discusses the functions of compounding agents, metal deactivators, light stabilizers, plasticiz«
antistatic agents,
tlame
retardants,
smoke suppressants, colorants, and antimicrobials in
piasi
Presents mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties, including stress-strain behavior,
dielectric strength, optical clarity, and thermal conductivity
Includes a useful guide for identifying common plastics
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface
. xiü
Authors
.xvii
Characteristics of Polymers
. 1-1
1.1
What
Isa
Polymer?
. 1-1
1.2
Molecular Weight of Polymers
. 1-3
1.2.1
Number-Average Molecular Weight (Mn)
. 1-3
1.2.2
Weight-Average Molecular Weight (Mw)
. 1-3
1.2.3
Viscosity-Average Molecular Weight (Mv)
. 1-4
1.2.4
Polydispersity Index
. 1-4
1.3
Polymerization Processes
. 1-6
1.3.1
Addition or Chain Polymerization
. 1-6
1.3.2
Coordination Addition Polymerization
. 1-11
1.3.3
Step Polymerization
. 1-14
1.3.4
Supramolecular Polymerization
. 1-18
1.3.5
Copolymerization
. 1-22
1.4
Configurations of Polymer Molecules
. 1-24
1.5
Conformations of a Polymer Molecule
. 1-25
1.6
Polymer Crystallinity
. 1-26
1.6.1
Determinants of Polymer Crystallinity
. 1-27
1.7
The Amorphous State
. 1-28
1.8
Structural Shape of Polymer Molecules
. 1-29
1.9
Thermal Transitions in Polymers
. 1-31
1.9.1
Tg and Tm
. 1-31
1.9.2
Regions of Viscoelastic Behavior
. 1-34
1.9.3
Factors Affecting Tg
. 1-36
1.9.3.1
Chain Flexibility
. 1-36
1.9.3.2
Steric Effects
. 1-37
1.9.3.3
Configuration^ Effects
. 1-37
1.9.3.4
Effect of Cross-Linking
. 1-38
1.9.4
Factors Affecting Tm
. 1-38
1.9.4.1
Symmetry
. 1-38
1.9.4.2
Intermolecular Bonding
. 1-39
1.9.4.3
Tacticity
. 1-40
1.9.4.4
Branching, Chain Flexibility, and Molecular Weight
. 1-40
1.9.5
Relation between
Гт
and Tg
. 1-40
vu
vin
1.10
Designing a Polymer Structure for Improved Properties
. 1-40
1.11
Cross-Linking of Polymer Chains
. 1-42
1.11.1
Reactions of Functional Groups
. 1-42
1.11.2
Vulcanization
. 1-45
1.11.3
Radiation Cross-Linking
. 1-49
1.11.4
Photochemical Cross-Linking
. 1-51
1.11.5
Ionic Cross-Linking
. 1-52
1.12
Solubility Behavior of Polymers
. 1-53
1.12.1
Solubility Parameter
. 1-53
1.13
Effects of Corrosives on Polymers
. 1 -60
1.14
Thermal Stability and Flame Retardation
. 1-63
1.14.1
Thermal Degradation
. 1-67
1.14.2
Ablation
. 1-69
1.14.3
Flame Retardation
. 1-70
1.15
Deterioration of Polymers
. 1-70
1.15.1
Chemical Deterioration
. 1-71
1.15.2
Degradation by Radiation
. 1-74
1.15.3
Microbiological Deterioration
. 1-74
1.16
Stabilization of Polymers
. 1-75
1.16.1
Antioxidants and Related Compounds
. 1-76
1.16.2
Chemical Structures of Antioxidants
. 1-78
1.16.3
Stabilization of Selected Polymers
. 1-80
1.16.3.1
Polypropylene
. 1-82
1.16.3.2
Polyethylene
. 1-82
1.16.3.3
Polystyrene
. 1-83
1.16.3.4
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymers
. 1-83
1.16.3.5
Polycarbonate
. 1-83
1.16.3.6
Nylons
. 1-83
1.16.3.7
Thermoplastic Elastomers
. 1-84
1.16.3.8
Polyacetal
. 1-85
1.16.3.9
Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
. 1-85
1.16.3.10
Rubber
. 1-86
1.17
Metal Deactivators
. 1-86
1.18
Light Stabilizers
. 1-88
1.18.1
Light Stabilizer Classes
. 1-89
1.18.1.1
UV Absorbers
. 1-90
1.18.1.2
Quenchers
. 1-91
1.18.1.3 Hydroperoxide
Decomposers
. 1-92
1.18.1.4
Free-Radical Scavengers
. 1-93
1.19
Light Stabilizers for Selected Plastics
. 1-96
1.19.1
Polypropylene
. 1-96
1.19.2
Polyethylene
. 1-96
1.19.3
Styrenie
Polymers
. 1-97
1.19.4
Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
. 1-97
1.19.5
Polycarbonate
. 1-98
1.19.6
Polyacrylates
. 1-98
1.19.7
Polyacetal
. 1-98
1.19.8
Polyurethanes
. 1-98
1.19.9 Polyamides. 1-99
1.20
Diffusion and Permeability
. 1-99
1.20.1
Diffusion
. 1-100
1.20.2
Permeability
.1-100
1.21
Polymer Compounding
.1-101
1.21.1
Fillers
. 1-103
1.22
Plasticizers
,
1.22.1
Phthalic
Acid Esters
.
1.22.2
Phosphoric
Acid Esters
.
1.22.3
Fatty Acid
Esters
.
1.22.4
Polymeric
Plasticizers
_
1.22.5
Miscellaneous
Plasticizers
1.23
Antistatic Agents .
1.23
Л
External Antistatic Agents
.
1.23.2
Internal Antistatic Agents
.
1.23.3
Chemical Composition of Antistatic Agents
1.24
Flame
Retardants.
1.23.3.1
Antistatic Agents Containing Nitrogen
.
1.23.3.2
Antistatic Agents Containing Phosphorus
1.23.3.3
Antistatic Agents Containing Sulfur
.
1.23.3.4
Betaine-Type Antistatic Agents
.
1.23.3.5
Nonionic Antistatic Agents
.
1.24.1
Halogen Compounds
.
1.24.2
Phosphorus Compounds
.
1.24.3
Halogen-Antimony Synergetic Mixtures.
1.24.4
Intumescent
Flame
Retardants
.
1.25
Smoke Suppressants
.
1.26
Colorants
.
1.27
Antimicrobials
.
1.28
Toxicity
of Plastics
.
1.28.1
Plastic Devices in Pharmacy and Medicine
1.28.1.1
Packing
.
1.28.1.2
Tubings and Blood Bag Assemblies
.
1.28.1.3
Implants
.
1.28.1.4
Adhesives
.
1.28.1.5
Dental Materials
.
1.28.1.6
Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery
.
1.28.2
Biodegradable Plastics
.
1.28.3
Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics
.
1.28.4
Toxicity
of Plastic Combustion Products
1.28.5
Toxicity
Testing
.
References
.
ix
-104
-108
-108
-108
-109
-110
-111
-111
-112
-112
-113
-114
-115
-115
-115
-115
-116
-117
-118
-119
-119
-119
-120
-121
-121
-122
-122
-122
-122
-122
-123
-124
-124
-125
-125
-125
2
Plastics Properties and Testing
.2-1
2.1
Introduction
. 2-1
2.2
Mechanical Properties
. 2-1
2.2.1
Stress and Strain
. 2-2
2.2.2
Stress-Strain Behavior
. 2-4
2.2.3
Viscoelastic Behavior of Plastics
. 2-7
2.2.3.1
Modulus and Compliance
. 2-8
2.2.4
Stress-Strain-Time Behavior
. 2-8
2.2.4.1
The WLF Equations
. 2-9
2.2.5
Creep Behavior
. 2-11
2.2.6
Maxwell Model
. 2-12
2.2.6.1
Stress-Strain Relation
. 2-13
2.2.6.2
Generalized Maxwell Model
. 2-15
2.2.7
Kelvin or
Voigt
Model
. 2-17
2.2.7.1
Stress-Strain Relation
. 2-18
2.2.8
Four-Element Model
. 2-19
2.2.9
Zener Model
. 2-20
2.2.10
Superposition Principle
. 2-21
2.2.11
Isometric and Isochronous Curves
.2-22
2.2.12
Pseudoelastic Design Method
.2-23
2.2.13
Effect of Temperature
. 2-26
2.2.14
Time-Temperature Superposition
.2-26
2.2.15
Dynamic Mechanical Properties
.2-28
2.2.15.1
Maxwell Element
.2-29
2.2.15.2
Terminology of Dynamic Mechanical Experiments
.2-32
2.2.15.3
Dynamic Mechanical Behavior at Thermal Transitions
.2-34
2.2.16
Rheological Behavior
. 2-35
2.2.16.1
Classification of Fluid Behavior
.2-36
2.2.16.2
Effect of Shear Rate on Viscosity
.2-39
2.2.16.3
Effect of Molecular Weight on Viscosity
.2-39
2.2.16.4
Effect of Temperature on Polymer Viscosity
.2-40
2.2.16.5
Effect of Pressure on Viscosity
.2-41
2.2.16.6
Weissenberg Effects
.2-41
2.2.16.7
Irregular Flow or Melt Fracture
.2-42
2.2.17
Measurement of Viscosity
.2-42
2.2.17.1
Rotational Viscometers
.2-43
2.2.17.2
Capillary Rheometers
.2-44
2.2.18
Plastics Fractures
.2-46
2.2.19
Impact Behavior of Plastics
.2-46
2.2.20
Fatigue of Plastics
. 2-50
2.2.21
Hardness
. 2-52
2.2.22
Indentation Hardness
.2-52
2.2.22.1
Brinell Hardness Number
.2-52
2.2.22.2
Vickers Hardness Number
.2-53
2.2.22.3
Knoop
Hardness Number
.2-53
2.2.22.4
Rockwell Hardness Number
.2-53
2.2.22.5
Barcol Hardness
.2-53
2.2.22.6
Durometer
Hardness
.2-54
2.2.23
Rebound Hardness
.2-54
2.2.24
Scratch Hardness
.2-55
2.2.25
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Polymers
.2-55
2.3
Reinforced Plastics
.2-57
2.3.1
Types of Reinforcement
.2-58
2.3.2
Types of Matrix
.2-58
2.3.3
Analysis of Reinforced Plastics
.2-58
2.3.3.1
Continuous Fibers
.2-59
2.3.3.2
Discontinuous Fibers
.2-62
2.3.3.3
Fiber Length Less than IQ
.2-64
2.3.3.4
Fiber Length Equal to /c
.2-65
2.3.3.5
Fiber Length Greater than ic
.2-65
2.3.4
Deformation Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic
.2-66
2.3.5
Fracture of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics
.2-66
2.3.5.1
Tension
.2-67
2.3.5.2
Compression
.2-67
2.3.5.3
Flexure or Shear
.2-67
2.3.6
Fatigue Behavior of Reinforced Plastics
.2-68
2.3.7
Impact Behavior of Reinforced Plastics
.2-68
2.4
Electrical Properties
.2-68
2.4.1
Dielectric Strength
.2-69
2.4.2
Insulation Resistance
.2-70
2.4.3
Arc Resistance
.2-71
2.4.4
Dielectric Constant
.2-72
2.4.4.1
Polarization and
Dipole
Moment
. 2-74
2.4.4.2
Dielectric Constant versus Frequency
. 2-76
2.4.4.3
Dielectric Constant versus Temperature
. 2-76
2.4.4.4
Dielectric Losses
. 2-77
2.4.4.5
Dielectric Losses of Polar Polymers
. 2-78
2.5
Optical Properties
. 2-78
2.5.1
Optical Clarity
. 2-79
2.5.2
Index of Refraction
. 2-80
2.5.3
Piped Lighting Effect
. 2-81
2.5.4
Stress-Optical Characteristics
. 2-83
2.6
Thermal Properties
. 2-83
2.6.1
Specific Heat
. 2-83
2.6.2
Thermal Expansion
. 2-84
2.6.3
Thermal Conductivity
. 2-86
2.6.4
Transition Temperatures and Temperature Limitations
. 2-88
2.6.5
Standard Properties of Plastics
. 2-90
2.7
Identification of Common Plastics
. 2-91
2.7.1
Behaviors on Heating and Ignition
. 2-91
2.7.2
Tests for Characteristic Elements
. 2-92
2.7.3
Specific Tests
. 2-95
References
.2-102
Appendices
Al
Conversion of Units
.
Al
-
A2 Index of Trade Names, Manufacturers, and Suppliers of Antioxidants
.
A2-
A3 Index of Trade Names, Manufacturers, and Suppliers of Metal Deactivators
.
A3-
A4 Index of Trade Names, Manufacturers, and Suppliers of Light Stabilizers
.
A4-
A5 Formulations of Flame-Retarded Selected Thermoplastics
.
A5-
A6 Index of Trade Names and Suppliers of Flame
Retardants
.
A6-
A7 Harmonic Motion of a Maxwell Model
.
A7-
Index
.
I-
MATERIALS SCIENCE
Plastics Fundamentals, Properties,
and Testing
Derived from the fourth edition of the well-known Plastics Technology Handbook, Plastics Fitmlamem
'als.
Properties, and Testing covers the behavior, characterization, ctnd evaluation of polymers. With a
lucid approach and
.1
wealth of valuable information, this book looks at the remarkable versatility of
this nonmetallic class of materials.
Examining polymers at the molecular level, the book first discusses their inherent properties anil how
their end-use properties can
lx-·
influenced through changes in the molecular architecture or incorporation
of various fillers and additives. The authors coherently present a wide spectrum of topics by sequentially
introducing structural aspects, properties, and applications. They then proceed to explore the mechanical.
electrical, optical, and thermal properties of polymers,
prov iding
theoretical derivations where necessary
as well as explanations on molecular and structural features. To identify the principles involved, the
book also furnishes the bases of mam standard test methods according I and BS
2782
specifications.
Features
Covers the macromolecular aspects of polymer behavior, including conformation, amorphous and
stalline
states, thermal transitions, cross-linking, deterioration, stabilization, diffusion, permeability,
toxicity
.
and biodegradability
Discusses the functions of compounding agents, metal deactivators, light stabilizers, plasticiz«
antistatic agents,
tlame
retardants,
smoke suppressants, colorants, and antimicrobials in
piasi
Presents mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties, including stress-strain behavior,
dielectric strength, optical clarity, and thermal conductivity
Includes a useful guide for identifying common plastics |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Chanda, Manas 1940- Roy, Salil K. 1939- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)136724868 (DE-588)136725007 |
| author_facet | Chanda, Manas 1940- Roy, Salil K. 1939- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Chanda, Manas 1940- |
| author_variant | m c mc s k r sk skr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035183672 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TA455 |
| callnumber-raw | TA455.P5 |
| callnumber-search | TA455.P5 |
| callnumber-sort | TA 3455 P5 |
| callnumber-subject | TA - General and Civil Engineering |
| classification_rvk | UV 9000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)213408603 (DE-599)BVBBV035183672 |
| dewey-full | 620.1/923 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| dewey-raw | 620.1/923 |
| dewey-search | 620.1/923 |
| dewey-sort | 3620.1 3923 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Physik |
| discipline_str_mv | Physik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035183672 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:58:55Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:26:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781420080605 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2008011623 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016990388 |
| oclc_num | 213408603 |
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| physical | Getr. Zählung |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Plastics engineering |
| series2 | Plastics engineering |
| spelling | Chanda, Manas 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)136724868 aut Plastics fundamentals, properties, and testing Manas Chanda ; Salil K. Roy Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 2009 Getr. Zählung txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Plastics engineering 74 Includes bibliographical references and index Erscheint: Juli 2008 Plastics Plastics Testing Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 s DE-604 Roy, Salil K. 1939- Verfasser (DE-588)136725007 aut Plastics engineering 74 (DE-604)BV001900231 74 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016990388&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016990388&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Chanda, Manas 1940- Roy, Salil K. 1939- Plastics fundamentals, properties, and testing Plastics engineering Plastics Plastics Testing Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033676-1 |
| title | Plastics fundamentals, properties, and testing |
| title_auth | Plastics fundamentals, properties, and testing |
| title_exact_search | Plastics fundamentals, properties, and testing |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Plastics fundamentals, properties, and testing |
| title_full | Plastics fundamentals, properties, and testing Manas Chanda ; Salil K. Roy |
| title_fullStr | Plastics fundamentals, properties, and testing Manas Chanda ; Salil K. Roy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plastics fundamentals, properties, and testing Manas Chanda ; Salil K. Roy |
| title_short | Plastics fundamentals, properties, and testing |
| title_sort | plastics fundamentals properties and testing |
| topic | Plastics Plastics Testing Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Plastics Plastics Testing Kunststoff |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016990388&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016990388&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV001900231 |
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