Verfügbarkeit: Life and death in a Roman city

Life and death in a Roman city: excavation of a Roman cemetery with a mass grave at 120 - 122 London Road, Gloucester

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Simmonds, D. B. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Oxford Oxford Archaeological Unit 2008
Schriftenreihe:	Oxford archaeology monograph 6
Schlagworte:	Excavations (Archaeology) / England / Gloucester Cemeteries / England / Gloucester Mass burials / England / Gloucester Romans / England / Gloucester Cemeteries > England > Gloucester Excavations (Archaeology) > England > Gloucester Mass burials > England > Gloucester Romans > England > Gloucester Römerzeit Funde Gräberfeld Ausgrabung Gloucester (England) / Antiquities, Roman Gloucester (England) > Antiquities, Roman Gloucester
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-173) and index
Beschreibung:	XVI, 182 S. Ill. (some col.), col. maps 30 cm

Internformat

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245	1	0	\|a Life and death in a Roman city \|b excavation of a Roman cemetery with a mass grave at 120 - 122 London Road, Gloucester \|c by Andrew Simmonds, Nicholas Márquez-Grant and Louise Loe ; with contributions by Paul Booth ... [et al.] ; illustrations by Frances Chaloner ... [et al.]
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................ix List of Plates .....................................................................................................................................xi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................xiii Summary .........................................................................................................................................xv Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................................xvi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................1 Location, Geology and Topography ....................................................................................................1 Archaeological Background ................................................................................................................1 The development of Roman Gloucester ..........................................................................................1 The cemeteries of Roman Gloucester ..............................................................................................6 The Wotton cemetery ...................................................................................................................6 The hospital of St Mary Magdalen and post-medieval development of the site ...............................7 The Excavation ...................................................................................................................................7 Previous evaluation of the site ........................................................................................................7 The stages of excavation .................................................................................................................7 Excavation methodology .................................................................................................................7 Location of the archive ....................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 2: ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION ..............................................................................9 Geology and Pleistocene Faunal Remains ...........................................................................................9 Activity Pre-dating the Cemetery ........................................................................................................9 The Roman Cemetery .........................................................................................................................9 Pre-Flavian burials ..........................................................................................................................9 Late lst-early 2nd century burials .................................................................................................12 2nd century or later burials ...........................................................................................................13 3^-401 century burials .................................................................................................................13 Mass grave ...................................................................................................................................14 Other features ...............................................................................................................................18 The tombstones ..........................................................................................................................18 Gully 1358.................................................................................................................................19 Pit 1301.....................................................................................................................................19 The Burials ......................................................................................................................................19 The cremation burials ...................................................................................................................19 Urned cremation burials .............................................................................................................19 Un-urned cremation burials ........................................................................................................19 The inhumation burials ................................................................................................................20 The grave pits ............................................................................................................................20 The body ...................................................................................................................................21 Discrepant burial rites: prone, decapitated and disarticulated burials ..........................................21 Coffins and other containers .......................................................................................................24 Grave goods ..............................................................................................................................25 Ceramic grave goods ..................................................................................................................25 Footwear ..................................................................................................................................25 Jewellery ...................................................................................................................................26 Animal remains .........................................................................................................................26 Medieval and Post-medieval Activity ...............................................................................................26 Radiocarbon Dating .........................................................................................................................28 CHAPTER 3: THE HUMAN REMAINS ...............................................................................................29 Unburnt Human Bone by Nicholas Ma rquez-Grant and Louise Loe .........................................................29 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................29 Skeletal biology ............................................................................................................................29 Life and Death in a Roman City Osteologica! methodology ..........................................................................................................29 Inventory, condition and completeness ...........................................................................................29 Estimation of biological age and sex ..............................................................................................29 Metric and non-metric analysis ....................................................................................................30 Taphonomy ...............................................................................................................................30 Background to the Crossbones methodology ....................................................................................31 Comparative samples ..................................................................................................................32 Results ..........................................................................................................................................32 The discrete inhumations ............................................................................................................32 Condition and completeness .........................................................................................................32 Biological age and sex .................................................................................................................32 Metrical analysis .......................................................................................................................33 Non-metric traits .......................................................................................................................33 The mass grave ..........................................................................................................................34 Condition and completeness .........................................................................................................34 Taphonomy ...............................................................................................................................36 Minimum number of individuals ..................................................................................................38 Recovery rate ............................................................................................................................39 Biological age and sex .................................................................................................................40 Metrical analysis .......................................................................................................................40 Non-metric traits .......................................................................................................................40 Dental health status by Nicholas Mdrquez-Grant ...............................................................................41 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................41 Materials ...................................................................................................................................42 Subadult sample ........................................................................................................................42 Adult sample .............................................................................................................................42 Methods ....................................................................................................................................42 Results ......................................................................................................................................43 The discrete burial assemblage ...................................................................................................43 The adult sample .......................................................................................................................43 The subadult sample ...................................................................................................................45 The mass grave assemblage ........................................................................................................46 Comparison with the discrete skeletons ......................................................................................48 The subadult sample ...................................................................................................................49 Palaeopathology by Louise Loe ........................................................................................................49 Methods ....................................................................................................................................49 Results ......................................................................................................................................50 Discrete inhumations ..................................................................................................................50 The mass grave ..........................................................................................................................61 The disarticulated material by Nicholas Mdrquez-Grant ....................................................................66 Isotope analysis ............................................................................................................................67 Discussion of the unburnt human remains by Louise Loe, Nicholas Mdrquez-Grant and Jonny Geber....................................................................................................................................67 Some caveats .............................................................................................................................67 The under-representation of the youngest ....................................................................................69 The mortality profiles ................................................................................................................69 Taphonomy ................................................................................................................................70 Pathology and physical attributes among the discrete skeletons and the mass grave skeletons .....71 Conclusions and future potential ................................................................................................72 The Burnt Human Bone by Nicholas Mdrquez-Grant ............................................................................72 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................72 Methods ........................................................................................................................................72 Background: the cremation process .............................................................................................73 Results ..........................................................................................................................................73 Condition and completeness .......................................................................................................73 Weight and skeletal part representation .....................................................................................73 Minimum number of individuals, sex and age determination .......................................................75 Non-metric traits .......................................................................................................................76 Fragmentation ..................................,........................................................................................76 Colour .......................................................................................................................................76 IV Contents Palaeopathology............................................................................................................................76 Periostitis .................................................................................................................................76 Joint disease.............................................................................................................................. 77 Dental conditions...................................................................................................................... 77 Further observations ..................................................................................................................77 Discussion of the cremation burials ..............................................................................................77 Skeletal biology and palaeopathology........................................................................................77 Efficiency of cremation and the funerary rite ...............................................................................78 Cremated human bone from non-cremation burial contexts ..........................................................79 CHAPTERS THE GRAVE CATALOGUE ...........................................................................................81 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................81 Catalogue of Graves .........................................................................................................................81 Inhumation grave 1143..................................................................................................................81 Inhumation grave 1144..................................................................................................................81 Inhumation grave 1145..................................................................................................................81 Inhumation grave 1146..................................................................................................................83 Inhumation grave 1147..................................................................................................................84 Inhumation grave 1148..................................................................................................................84 Inhumation grave 1150..................................................................................................................84 Inhumation grave 1151..................................................................................................................84 Inhumation grave 1167..................................................................................................................85 Inhumation grave 1218..................................................................................................................86 Inhumation grave 1219..................................................................................................................86 Inhumation grave 1228..................................................................................................................86 Inhumation grave 1229..................................................................................................................86 Inhumation grave 1230..................................................................................................................86 Inhumation grave 1234..................................................................................................................87 Inhumation grave 1240..................................................................................................................87 Inhumation grave 1243..................................................................................................................87 Inhumation grave 1246..................................................................................................................87 Inhumation grave 1264..................................................................................................................87 Inhumation grave 1275..................................................................................................................87 Inhumation grave 1283..................................................................................................................88 Inhumation grave 1284..................................................................................................................88 Inhumation grave 1288..................................................................................................................88 Inhumation grave 1315..................................................................................................................88 Inhumation grave 1319..................................................................................................................88 Inhumation grave 1330..................................................................................................................89 Inhumation grave 1334..................................................................................................................89 Inhumation grave 1344..................................................................................................................89 Inhumation grave 1352..................................................................................................................89 Inhumation grave 1353..................................................................................................................89 Inhumation grave 1362..................................................................................................................90 Inhumation grave 1369..................................................................................................................90 Inhumation grave 1370..................................................................................................................90 Inhumation grave 1374..................................................................................................................90 Inhumation grave 1388..................................................................................................................90 Inhumation grave 1398..................................................................................................................91 Inhumation grave 1403..................................................................................................................91 Inhumation grave 1407..................................................................................................................91 Inhumation grave 1422..................................................................................................................91 Inhumation grave 1427..................................................................................................................91 Inhumation grave 1501..................................................................................................................91 Inhumation grave 1503..................................................................................................................92 Inhumation grave 1504..................................................................................................................92 Inhumation grave 1505..................................................................................................................92 Inhumation grave 1507..................................................................................................................92 Inhumation grave 1508..................................................................................................................92 v Life and Death in a Roman City Inhumation grave 1720..................................................................................................................93 Inhumation grave 1721..................................................................................................................93 Inhumation grave 1722..................................................................................................................93 Inhumation grave 1723..................................................................................................................93 Inhumation grave 1724..................................................................................................................93 Inhumation grave 1755..................................................................................................................94 Inhumation grave 1756..................................................................................................................94 Inhumation grave 1757..................................................................................................................94 Inhumation grave 1758..................................................................................................................94 Inhumation grave 1759..................................................................................................................94 Inhumation grave 1760..................................................................................................................94 Inhumation grave 1761..................................................................................................................94 Inhumation grave 1762..................................................................................................................95 Inhumation grave 1763..................................................................................................................95 Inhumation grave 1764..................................................................................................................95 Inhumation grave 1765..................................................................................................................95 Inhumation grave 1772..................................................................................................................95 Inhumation grave 2027..................................................................................................................95 Catalogue of Cremations ..................................................................................................................96 Cremation burial 1196...................................................................................................................96 Cremation burial 1209...................................................................................................................96 Cremation burial 1227...................................................................................................................96 Cremation burial 1266...................................................................................................................96 Cremation burial 1766...................................................................................................................97 Cremation burial 1767...................................................................................................................97 Cremation burial 1768...................................................................................................................97 Cremation burial 1769...................................................................................................................97 Cremation burial 1770...................................................................................................................97 CHAPTER 5: THE FINDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE .......................................................99 The Pottery by Jane Timby ..................................................................................................................99 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................99 Fabrics and forms .........................................................................................................................99 Pottery from burials ......................................................................................................................99 Pottery from cremation burials ..................................................................................................99 Pottery from inhumations and memorial .................................................................................101 Pottery from grave backfills ......................................................................................................101 Pottery from the mass grave .....................................................................................................101 Pottery from buried soils ..........................................................................................................102 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................102 Catalogue of illustrated sherds .....................................................................................................103 The Coins by Paul Booth ...................................................................................................................103 The Small Finds by Hilary Cool .........................................................................................................104 Introduction .................................................................................................................................104 The glass vessels ..........................................................................................................................104 Small finds from cremation burials ..............................................................................................104 Cremation burial 1209...............................................................................................................104 Cremation burial 1266............................................................................................................... 1°5 Cremation burial 1766............................................................................................................... Small finds from inhumation burials ........................................................................................... Inhumation grave 114Â .............................................................................................................. Inhumation grave 1151.............................................................................................................. П Inhumation grave 1230.............................................................................................................. 1Ю inhumation grave 1246.............................................................................................................. Inhumation grave 1352......................................................................................................· Inhumation grave 1362..............................................................................-............................... Inhumation grave 1505.............................................................................................................. Small finds from the mass grave.................. ................................................................................ Small finds from other contexts .................................................................................................... И5 VI Contents The Nails by Kelly Powell..................................................................................................................115 Introduction .................................................................................................................................115 Nails from cremation burials .......................................................................................................115 Nails from inhumation burials .....................................................................................................115 Structural nails .........................................................................................................................115 Hobnails.. .................................................................................................................................115 Nails from the mass grave ...........................................................................................................115 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................116 The Sculptural Stone by Martin Henig and Roger Tomiin ....................................................................116 Tombstone 1................................................................................................................................116 Discussion ................................................................................................................................117 Tombstone 2................................................................................................................................117 Discussion ................................................................................................................................118 Other Worked or Utilised Stone by Ruth Shaffrey ..............................................................................118 The Ceramic Building Material by Cynthia Poole ...............................................................................118 The Animal Bone by Fay Worley .......................................................................................................119 Introduction .................................................................................................................................119 Results .........................................................................................................................................119 Animal bone from cremation burials .........................................................................................120 Animal bone from inhumation burials .......................................................................................120 Possible inhumation burial or memorial 1149..............................................................................120 Material from grave back-fills ......................................................................................................120 Animal bone from the mass grave .............................................................................................120 Animal bone from other features ...............................................................................................121 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................121 The Fish Bone by Rebecca Nicholson ..................................................................................................122 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION OF THE ROMAN CEMETERY ...............................................................123 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................123 The Development of the Wotton Cemetery .....................................................................................123 The siting of the cemetery ...........................................................................................................123 The growth of the cemetery .........................................................................................................123 The layout and organisation of the cemetery ................................................................................125 Funerary Rites .................................................................................................................................127 The funerary process ...................................................................................................................127 Cremation burials ........................................................................................................................127 The pyre ...................................................................................................................................127 The grave .................................................................................................................................128 Inhumation burials ......................................................................................................................130 Placing the body .......................................................................................................................130 Discrepant burial rites: prone ană decapitated burials ...............................................................131 Containing the body: coffins, cists and shrouds ..........................................................................133 Adorning the body ....................................................................................................................134 Accompanying the body: food and drink ....................................................................................134 Accompanying the body: footwear .............................................................................................135 Commemorating the dead ............................................................................................................135 Grave markers ..........................................................................................................................135 Mourning and feasts .................................................................................................................136 Cenotaphs, memorials and ritual deposits .................................................................................137 Funerary rites for children ...........................................................................................................138 Burial and Belief .............................................................................................................................138 The Mass Grave ..............................................................................................................................139 The mass grave and the Antonine Plague ....................................................................................140 The People of Roman Gloucester ....................................................................................................141 The structure of the population ....................................................................................................141 Health ..........................................................................................................................................143 Status and society ........................................................................................................................143 The peopling of Roman Gloucester ..............................................................................................144 vn Life and Death in a Roman City APPENDICES .....................................................................................................................................147 Appendix 1: Dental Health Status Methodology ..............................................................................147 Appendix 2: Summary of Disarticulated Human Bone .....................................................................148 Appendix 3: Oxygen and Strontium Analysis of Tooth Enamel by Carolyn Chenery ...........................150 Appendix 4: Detailed Records of Cremations ..................................................................................154 Appendix 5: Photomicrographs of the Tombstones by Kevin Hayward ...............................................159 Appendix 6: The Pleistocene Vertebrate Remains by Dr Danielle Schreve ...........................................160 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................165 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................175 vm
adam_txt	Contents List of Figures .ix List of Plates .xi List of Tables .xiii Summary .xv Acknowledgements .xvi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .1 Location, Geology and Topography .1 Archaeological Background .1 The development of Roman Gloucester .1 The cemeteries of Roman Gloucester .6 The Wotton cemetery .6 The hospital of St Mary Magdalen and post-medieval development of the site .7 The Excavation .7 Previous evaluation of the site .7 The stages of excavation .7 Excavation methodology .7 Location of the archive .8 CHAPTER 2: ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION .9 Geology and Pleistocene Faunal Remains .9 Activity Pre-dating the Cemetery .9 The Roman Cemetery .9 Pre-Flavian burials .9 Late lst-early 2nd century burials .12 2nd century or later burials .13 3^-401 century burials .13 Mass grave .14 Other features .18 The tombstones .18 Gully 1358.19 Pit 1301.19 The Burials .19 The cremation burials .19 Urned cremation burials .19 Un-urned cremation burials .19 The inhumation burials .20 The grave pits .20 The body .21 Discrepant burial rites: prone, decapitated and disarticulated burials .21 Coffins and other containers .24 Grave goods .25 Ceramic grave goods .25 Footwear .25 Jewellery .26 Animal remains .26 Medieval and Post-medieval Activity .26 Radiocarbon Dating .28 CHAPTER 3: THE HUMAN REMAINS .29 Unburnt Human Bone by Nicholas Ma'rquez-Grant and Louise Loe .29 Introduction .29 Skeletal biology .29 Life and Death in a Roman City Osteologica! methodology .29 Inventory, condition and completeness .29 Estimation of biological age and sex .29 Metric and non-metric analysis .30 Taphonomy .30 Background to the Crossbones methodology .31 Comparative samples .32 Results .32 The discrete inhumations .32 Condition and completeness .32 Biological age and sex .32 Metrical analysis .33 Non-metric traits .33 The mass grave .34 Condition and completeness .34 Taphonomy .36 Minimum number of individuals .38 Recovery rate .39 Biological age and sex .40 Metrical analysis .40 Non-metric traits .40 Dental health status by Nicholas Mdrquez-Grant .41 Introduction .41 Materials .42 Subadult sample .42 Adult sample .42 Methods .42 Results .43 The discrete burial assemblage .43 The adult sample .43 The subadult sample .45 The mass grave assemblage .46 Comparison with the discrete skeletons .48 The subadult sample .49 Palaeopathology by Louise Loe .49 Methods .49 Results .50 Discrete inhumations .50 The mass grave .61 The disarticulated material by Nicholas Mdrquez-Grant .66 Isotope analysis .67 Discussion of the unburnt human remains by Louise Loe, Nicholas Mdrquez-Grant and Jonny Geber.67 Some caveats .67 The under-representation of the youngest .69 The mortality profiles .69 Taphonomy .70 Pathology and physical attributes among the discrete skeletons and the mass grave skeletons .71 Conclusions and future potential .72 The Burnt Human Bone by Nicholas Mdrquez-Grant .72 Introduction .72 Methods .72 Background: the cremation process .73 Results .73 Condition and completeness .73 Weight and skeletal part representation .73 Minimum number of individuals, sex and age determination .75 Non-metric traits .76 Fragmentation .,.76 Colour .76 IV Contents Palaeopathology.76 Periostitis .76 Joint disease. 77 Dental conditions. 77 Further observations .77 Discussion of the cremation burials .77 Skeletal biology and palaeopathology.77 Efficiency of cremation and the funerary rite .78 Cremated human bone from non-cremation burial contexts .79 CHAPTERS THE GRAVE CATALOGUE .81 Introduction .81 Catalogue of Graves .81 Inhumation grave 1143.81 Inhumation grave 1144.81 Inhumation grave 1145.81 Inhumation grave 1146.83 Inhumation grave 1147.84 Inhumation grave 1148.84 Inhumation grave 1150.84 Inhumation grave 1151.84 Inhumation grave 1167.85 Inhumation grave 1218.86 Inhumation grave 1219.86 Inhumation grave 1228.86 Inhumation grave 1229.86 Inhumation grave 1230.86 Inhumation grave 1234.87 Inhumation grave 1240.87 Inhumation grave 1243.87 Inhumation grave 1246.87 Inhumation grave 1264.87 Inhumation grave 1275.87 Inhumation grave 1283.88 Inhumation grave 1284.88 Inhumation grave 1288.88 Inhumation grave 1315.88 Inhumation grave 1319.88 Inhumation grave 1330.89 Inhumation grave 1334.89 Inhumation grave 1344.89 Inhumation grave 1352.89 Inhumation grave 1353.89 Inhumation grave 1362.90 Inhumation grave 1369.90 Inhumation grave 1370.90 Inhumation grave 1374.90 Inhumation grave 1388.90 Inhumation grave 1398.91 Inhumation grave 1403.91 Inhumation grave 1407.91 Inhumation grave 1422.91 Inhumation grave 1427.91 Inhumation grave 1501.91 Inhumation grave 1503.92 Inhumation grave 1504.92 Inhumation grave 1505.92 Inhumation grave 1507.92 Inhumation grave 1508.92 v Life and Death in a Roman City Inhumation grave 1720.93 Inhumation grave 1721.93 Inhumation grave 1722.93 Inhumation grave 1723.93 Inhumation grave 1724.93 Inhumation grave 1755.94 Inhumation grave 1756.94 Inhumation grave 1757.94 Inhumation grave 1758.94 Inhumation grave 1759.94 Inhumation grave 1760.94 Inhumation grave 1761.94 Inhumation grave 1762.95 Inhumation grave 1763.95 Inhumation grave 1764.95 Inhumation grave 1765.95 Inhumation grave 1772.95 Inhumation grave 2027.95 Catalogue of Cremations .96 Cremation burial 1196.96 Cremation burial 1209.96 Cremation burial 1227.96 Cremation burial 1266.96 Cremation burial 1766.97 Cremation burial 1767.97 Cremation burial 1768.97 Cremation burial 1769.97 Cremation burial 1770.97 CHAPTER 5: THE FINDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE .99 The Pottery by Jane Timby .99 Introduction .99 Fabrics and forms .99 Pottery from burials .99 Pottery from cremation burials .99 Pottery from inhumations and 'memorial' .101 Pottery from grave backfills .101 Pottery from the mass grave .101 Pottery from buried soils .102 Discussion .102 Catalogue of illustrated sherds .103 The Coins by Paul Booth .103 The Small Finds by Hilary Cool .104 Introduction .104 The glass vessels .104 Small finds from cremation burials .104 Cremation burial 1209.104 Cremation burial 1266. 1°5 Cremation burial 1766. Small finds from inhumation burials . Inhumation grave 114Â . Inhumation grave 1151. П" Inhumation grave 1230. 1Ю inhumation grave 1246. Inhumation grave 1352.· Inhumation grave 1362.-. Inhumation grave 1505. Small finds from the mass grave. . Small finds from other contexts . И5 VI Contents The Nails by Kelly Powell.115 Introduction .115 Nails from cremation burials .115 Nails from inhumation burials .115 Structural nails .115 Hobnails. .115 Nails from the mass grave .115 Discussion .116 The Sculptural Stone by Martin Henig and Roger Tomiin .116 Tombstone 1.116 Discussion .117 Tombstone 2.117 Discussion .118 Other Worked or Utilised Stone by Ruth Shaffrey .118 The Ceramic Building Material by Cynthia Poole .118 The Animal Bone by Fay Worley .119 Introduction .119 Results .119 Animal bone from cremation burials .120 Animal bone from inhumation burials .120 Possible inhumation burial or 'memorial' 1149.120 Material from grave back-fills .120 Animal bone from the mass grave .120 Animal bone from other features .121 Discussion .121 The Fish Bone by Rebecca Nicholson .122 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION OF THE ROMAN CEMETERY .123 Introduction .123 The Development of the Wotton Cemetery .123 The siting of the cemetery .123 The growth of the cemetery .123 The layout and organisation of the cemetery .125 Funerary Rites .127 The funerary process .127 Cremation burials .127 The pyre .127 The grave .128 Inhumation burials .130 Placing the body .130 Discrepant burial rites: prone ană decapitated burials .131 Containing the body: coffins, cists and shrouds .133 Adorning the body .134 Accompanying the body: food and drink .134 Accompanying the body: footwear .135 Commemorating the dead .135 Grave markers .135 Mourning and feasts .136 Cenotaphs, memorials and ritual deposits .137 Funerary rites for children .138 Burial and Belief .138 The Mass Grave .139 The mass grave and the Antonine Plague .140 The People of Roman Gloucester .141 The structure of the population .141 Health .143 Status and society .143 The peopling of Roman Gloucester .144 vn Life and Death in a Roman City APPENDICES .147 Appendix 1: Dental Health Status Methodology .147 Appendix 2: Summary of Disarticulated Human Bone .148 Appendix 3: Oxygen and Strontium Analysis of Tooth Enamel by Carolyn Chenery .150 Appendix 4: Detailed Records of Cremations .154 Appendix 5: Photomicrographs of the Tombstones by Kevin Hayward .159 Appendix 6: The Pleistocene Vertebrate Remains by Dr Danielle Schreve .160 BIBLIOGRAPHY .165 INDEX .175 vm
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geographic	Gloucester (England) / Antiquities, Roman Gloucester (England) Antiquities, Roman Gloucester (DE-588)4086740-7 gnd
geographic_facet	Gloucester (England) / Antiquities, Roman Gloucester (England) Antiquities, Roman Gloucester
id	DE-604.BV035174721
illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-02T22:55:35Z
indexdate	2024-07-09T21:26:42Z
institution	BVB
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016981594
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open_access_boolean
owner	DE-12
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physical	XVI, 182 S. Ill. (some col.), col. maps 30 cm
psigel	gbd_4_0904
publishDate	2008
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publisher	Oxford Archaeological Unit
record_format	marc
series	Oxford archaeology monograph
series2	Oxford archaeology monograph
spelling	Simmonds, D. B. Verfasser (DE-588)127331689 aut Life and death in a Roman city excavation of a Roman cemetery with a mass grave at 120 - 122 London Road, Gloucester by Andrew Simmonds, Nicholas Márquez-Grant and Louise Loe ; with contributions by Paul Booth ... [et al.] ; illustrations by Frances Chaloner ... [et al.] Oxford Oxford Archaeological Unit 2008 XVI, 182 S. Ill. (some col.), col. maps 30 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford archaeology monograph 6 Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-173) and index Excavations (Archaeology) / England / Gloucester Cemeteries / England / Gloucester Mass burials / England / Gloucester Romans / England / Gloucester Cemeteries England Gloucester Excavations (Archaeology) England Gloucester Mass burials England Gloucester Romans England Gloucester Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Gloucester (England) / Antiquities, Roman Gloucester (England) Antiquities, Roman Gloucester (DE-588)4086740-7 gnd rswk-swf Britannien als Provinz [Barrington p. 8 & 9] (DE-2581)TH000004033 gbd Gloucester (DE-588)4086740-7 g Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 s Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s DE-604 Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Oxford archaeology monograph 6 (DE-604)BV014584861 6 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016981594&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Simmonds, D. B. Life and death in a Roman city excavation of a Roman cemetery with a mass grave at 120 - 122 London Road, Gloucester Oxford archaeology monograph Excavations (Archaeology) / England / Gloucester Cemeteries / England / Gloucester Mass burials / England / Gloucester Romans / England / Gloucester Cemeteries England Gloucester Excavations (Archaeology) England Gloucester Mass burials England Gloucester Romans England Gloucester Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4071980-7 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4086740-7
title	Life and death in a Roman city excavation of a Roman cemetery with a mass grave at 120 - 122 London Road, Gloucester
title_auth	Life and death in a Roman city excavation of a Roman cemetery with a mass grave at 120 - 122 London Road, Gloucester
title_exact_search	Life and death in a Roman city excavation of a Roman cemetery with a mass grave at 120 - 122 London Road, Gloucester
title_exact_search_txtP	Life and death in a Roman city excavation of a Roman cemetery with a mass grave at 120 - 122 London Road, Gloucester
title_full	Life and death in a Roman city excavation of a Roman cemetery with a mass grave at 120 - 122 London Road, Gloucester by Andrew Simmonds, Nicholas Márquez-Grant and Louise Loe ; with contributions by Paul Booth ... [et al.] ; illustrations by Frances Chaloner ... [et al.]
title_fullStr	Life and death in a Roman city excavation of a Roman cemetery with a mass grave at 120 - 122 London Road, Gloucester by Andrew Simmonds, Nicholas Márquez-Grant and Louise Loe ; with contributions by Paul Booth ... [et al.] ; illustrations by Frances Chaloner ... [et al.]
title_full_unstemmed	Life and death in a Roman city excavation of a Roman cemetery with a mass grave at 120 - 122 London Road, Gloucester by Andrew Simmonds, Nicholas Márquez-Grant and Louise Loe ; with contributions by Paul Booth ... [et al.] ; illustrations by Frances Chaloner ... [et al.]
title_short	Life and death in a Roman city
title_sort	life and death in a roman city excavation of a roman cemetery with a mass grave at 120 122 london road gloucester
title_sub	excavation of a Roman cemetery with a mass grave at 120 - 122 London Road, Gloucester
topic	Excavations (Archaeology) / England / Gloucester Cemeteries / England / Gloucester Mass burials / England / Gloucester Romans / England / Gloucester Cemeteries England Gloucester Excavations (Archaeology) England Gloucester Mass burials England Gloucester Romans England Gloucester Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd
topic_facet	Excavations (Archaeology) / England / Gloucester Cemeteries / England / Gloucester Mass burials / England / Gloucester Romans / England / Gloucester Cemeteries England Gloucester Excavations (Archaeology) England Gloucester Mass burials England Gloucester Romans England Gloucester Römerzeit Funde Gräberfeld Ausgrabung Gloucester (England) / Antiquities, Roman Gloucester (England) Antiquities, Roman Gloucester
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016981594&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV014584861
work_keys_str_mv	AT simmondsdb lifeanddeathinaromancityexcavationofaromancemeterywithamassgraveat120122londonroadgloucester

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