Nga lindja në perëndim: aspekte të mendimit kritik shqiptar 1913 - 1944
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Albanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Prishtinë
Inst. Albanologjik i Prishtinës
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: From East to West. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 450 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789951411585 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Nga lindja në perëndim |b aspekte të mendimit kritik shqiptar 1913 - 1944 |c Resmije Kryeziu |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a From East to West |
| 264 | 1 | |a Prishtinë |b Inst. Albanologjik i Prishtinës |c 2008 | |
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| 500 | |a PST: From East to West. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1913-1944 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Philosophie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Criticism |z Albania |x History |y 20th century | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Albania |x Intellectual life |y 20th century | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1806958018815852544 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Pasqyra e lëndës
Ну
r
je
5
Kapitulli i
pare
Lëvizjet ideologjike ne Shqipëri gjatë viteve
1913-1944 9
-
Plagomat
e
prapambetjes dhe gjakimi pè*r qytetërimm
e
kombit
10
-
Djalëria
shqiptare
-
shpresa
e
kombit
■
-
Luhatj et shqiptare
—
ndërmj et
ideologi
ive
zotëruese evropiane
19
-
Orienti,
apo
oksidenti
23
-
Neoshqiptarizma
27
-
Ndikimi
і
mendimit
pozitivist
në mendimin
e
Branko
Merxhanit
29
-
Idealizmi i
Bergsonit dhe
filozofia
e
Niçes
në pikëpamjet e
Branko
Merxhanit
30
-
Koncepti mbi
racën
sipas
Branko
Merxhanit
32
-
Vangjel
Коса
-
forca
ndërtuese
e ideve
55
-
Revolucioni
rus dhe
Shqipëria
76
448_
Prof, dr.
Resmije Kryeziu
-
Qëndrimet
politike
të
Tajar Zavalanit
86
-
Elita
-
drejtim shpirtëror
і
kombit
93
-
Në
prag
të
Luftës së Dytë Botërore
95
KapitulH
і
dytë
II.
a) Në kërkim të modelit kulturor
101
-
Kultura
si
aspirate
dhe
analfabetizmi
si
realitet
102
-
Kultura dhe
qytetërimi
106
-
Modeli
perëndimor
і
kulturës
109
-
Kultura
kombëtare dhe pushtimi fashist
і
Shqipërisë
116
II.
b)
Probleme
të gjuhës në shkrimet
kritike
gjatëviteve
1913-1944 133
-
Tipologjia
e
shkrimeve për gjuhën dhe
autoritetet gjuhësore
134
-
Fishta dhe
Konica
kundër përzierj es sëdialekteve
140
-
Nevoja e
një
autoriteti
të padiskutueshëm letrar
145
IL c) Shtypi gjatë viteve
1913-1944 151
-
Zhvillimet
dramatike
në shoqërinë shqiptare
dhe shtypi
і
kohës
151
-
Për një shtyp të ri, për një etikë të
re
në
gazetari
159
-
Roli i
shtypit për ngritjen shpirtërore, morale
dhe
intelektuále
164
NGA LINDJA NË PERËNDIM
_449
-
Programi
iluminist
і
Mithat
Frashërit
—
dalj
a
nga
errësira shekullore
166
-
Rëndësia
e
shtypit
dhe
kodi i
gazetarisë
171
-
Polemika
-
luftë përdominim
175
II.
ç) Përkthimet
-
kultura
botërore në shqip
183
Përkthimi
-
emancipimi
kulturor
і
shqiptarëve
184
Vlerësimi
kritik
і
përkthimeve
185
Koliqi,
Noli
-
krijimi
і
gjedhes së suksesshme të përkthimit
199
Kapitulli
і
trete
Mendimi
kritik
mbi letërsinë
205
III.
a) Mendimi kritik mbi
poezinë
205
-
Vijimësia
e dominimit
të poezisë dhe paraqitja
e kritikës
letrare
205
-
Lasgushi, Asllani,
apo
Mjeda
236
-
Lindja
e
një
kritike
të
re
252
Ш.
b)
Proza
-
një lindje e vështirë në
kulturen
shqiptare
261
-
Proza e Koliqit dhe
kritika e
kohës
262
-
Proza në kontekstin e ri shoqëror
264
-
Shuteriqi-
fillet
e konceptit mbi lirinë e kufizuar
273
-
Për një
kulture"
të
re e
autoktone
279
450_
Prof, dr.
Resmije Kryeziu
-
Ideologjitë dhe krijimtaria shpirtërore
282
-
Letërsia
e
vendit
dhe ajo
evropiane
287
-
Vlerësime mbi prozën
e kohës
291
III.
c) Rrugët
e zhvillimit
të drames
299
-
Shkodra, Fishta dhe
drama shqipe
299
-
Tragj
edite e
Haxhiademit dhe
komeditë
e Floqit
306
-
Teatri
-
një dritare
e re
ne
kulturen shqiptare
320
-
Mendimi
і
kohës
për
dramën
dhe teatrin
329
IH.
ç) De
Rada, Naimi dhe Fishta, ose mendimi
kritik
mbi
epiken
shqiptare
336
-
Folklori dhe
Skënderbeu ne
shtresimet
e
epikës se De Rades
337
-
"Lanuta e
Maleis",
shpirti i
Kombit
343
III.
d)
Prirjet
letrare
në mendimin e kohës
358
III.
dh)
Çështje të periodizimit të
letërsisë shqipe
në mendimin
kritik
372
Përfundim
390
Contusion
404
Literatura
417
Treguesi i emrave
437
CONCLUSION
Its statehood found Albania with a scarce number of inte¬
llectuals. This small number lacked state-forming culture.
Amidst numerous topics conversed during
1913-1944,
Albanian intellectuals opened for discussion the great Albanian
dilemma regarding an orientation: towards East or West? This
was an urgent topic to be treated as it was the time when Alba¬
nia, after five centuries of subjugation under Ottoman Empire
had to determine its new identity under the newly created condi¬
tions and circumstances.
Mehdi
Frashëri,
Father Gjergj Fishta,
Krist
Maloki,
P. An¬
ton
Harapi,
Branko
Merxhani, Ismet
Toto,
Vangjel
Коса,
Tajar
Zavalani,
Nebil
Çika
and other intellectuals tried by all means to
find solutions to all the problems which weighed over the Alba¬
nian people of the time.
While Albania at that time was searching for the fastest
ways to come close to Europe, Europe struggled between two
ideologies which were not coinciding with the interest of the
Albanians
-
Italian fascism and German Nazism.
These ideologies aimed at changing the political and eco¬
nomic status of their own states on one hand, and on the other at
opposing the Communist ideology, which after World War One
began to spread precisely in those countries that had been defe¬
ated in that war.
NGA LINDJA NË PERËNDIM
_
Communism was spreading fast as a result of its ideo¬
logical propaganda and under the mask of equality for all.
A selection of one of these ideologies blooming at that
time in Europe had to be based on strong reasons. vComing from
a long political vacuum as a consequence of the absence of
independent statehood, Albanians were facing a situation that
left no room for mistakes. These mistakes were a reasonable
concern of its intelligentsia of the time. The core question they
asked themselves was: what direction should Albania take.
Wishing for Albania a road towards the West, without ha¬
ving to embrace the existing ideologies in Europe and in search
of the ways that led to the Occident', Albanian intellectuals
such as
Branko
Merxhani, Vangjel
Коса,
Nebil
Cika,
Ismet
Toto
and others discovered a new Albanian ideology 'neo-Albania-
nism'.
They revealed their neo-Albanian ideas in reviews such
"Demokratia", "Neo-shqiptarizma", "Illyria", "Minerva" and
"Përpjekja shqiptare"
('Albanian Effort') and through them they
were offering new tracks of journey towards Europe.
Neo-Albanianism was born by the end of the '20s and
developed further in the '30s. The most notable authors of this
current of philosophical and political thinking did not pretend to
give their engagement a political character, but they considered
instead that their neo-Albanianism would serve Albanians as a
guide towards the free world and the West. They built their
theories on sociological definitions. If the definitions of various
phenomena of the Albanian society at that time remind us of the
European political doctrines of the time this does not mean that
any if these political doctrines were supported by them. On the
contrary, in search of a political identity they were looking for
the most suitable methods for the time of the revival of the
Albanian state.
406_
Prof, dr.
Resmi.je
Kryeziu
Although neo-Albanianism had the national aspect as its
basis in the meantime it was the most important movement of
thinking based nevertheless on the
positivist
ideas of
Auguste
Comte
and
Emile Durkheim.
Positivism was close to the
Albanian intellectuals because it affirmed the ideas of science
and culture expansion. These ideas that were against the rem¬
nants of feudalism were included by new-Albanianism in its
program. At that time the social, cultural, and educational deve¬
lopment in Albania was at very low rank.
If during the Revival period it were the poets who arti¬
culated the nation during this period they were the political
thinkers who tried to implant in the minds of the Albanians the
idea about the nation thus standing against the evil, the
Bolshevik cloud coming from the East and pretending to cover
the entire Europe.
Communism was an anti-national ideology regardless of
the fact that it propagated its ideas as a new breath belonging to
the 20th century.
While the supporters of the national ideology tried to
protect the state from this destructive ideology the Russian-
Communist ideas of the October Revolution found their backing
in Albania by the forces of the so-called "The June Democratic
Revolution"
(1924)
andNoli's Government.
The neo-Albanianism ideologists aimed through their wri¬
tings to guide the Albanians to make the right choice and prepare
the right way so that they would not be leaning neither to
extreme right nor left.
In order for them to understand the way they should choo¬
se it was necessary for Albanians to learn and understand who
they indeed were. Albania was at the brinks of deep abyss of
acculturation and everything had to start from the first. In
1927,
'
illiteracy in Albania reached
84%'.
NGA LINDJA NË PERËNDIM
_
АО',
Opinions on which way should be chosen in order to move
towards emancipation and civilization of the country were
manifold: some thought that the Albanian people should
energetically and daringly develop by acquiring civilization me¬
thods in order for the Albanians to come out of the periphery of
developed nations. Some others, in majority, thought that a faster
development would be damaging to the country and people.
Albania was seeking for its own way and it lagged behind
in this search. It was trying to build its own kingdom as in order
to be part of Europe it considered it had to have a state and
political format similar to that of the rest of the surrounding
countries. This was a difficult task in a country with great divi¬
sions among the provinces, tribes, and intellectuals pretending to
belong to Albania but also wanting by all means to have their
province or tribe leading the country. In this misery of searching,
hobbles, falls and rises two decades were needed before the
poets of "European worth" began 'speaking'. (Italian poets were
translated by Ernest Koliqi). Although these translations were of
great value for cutting the ties created through centuries of
subjugation by the Eastern thinking it bore the risk of the
possibility of slipping to the embrace of
e
foreign identity, the
Italian one in this case, in the absence of its own authentic
cultural identity. Indeed, the Italian influence in Albania was
preceded by tits culture. It was very difficult to face up to the
Italian culture, which had become through its values an example
of Europe. The roots of the European culture occurred
m
the
Italian land. The Renascence as a cultural tempest had shaken
and ruined the medieval schemes of thinking. Dante and the
dbl to
l
1
the
civtó
and ruined the medieval sch
Pleiades of other Italian writers were adorable to
al
1
the
^
d tion
Ш
transationof
Pleiades of other Italian writ
nations and the Albanians made no exception.
Ш
"Great Poets of Italy
'
by Ernest Koliqi, although"to be
adm
red
for its values unraveling to a semi-iliterate Albaniaip
opte
represented, with or without the translator
s
^atoj^
bait. The independence of the Albanian
s
^e was fegi
e
andern
order to avoid its dissolution in more advanced and powenu
408_
Prof, dr.
Resmije Kryeziu
cultures it had to preserve and develop its own culture alongside
its respect for the cultures aimed at by the Albanian people.
With the dispersion of the concept of culture and concept
of civilization,
Branko
Merxhani wishes to free himself of the
fear engendered by embracing the European civilization, which
was an important process in Albania's development. He aimed at
protecting the national culture through this division, which in the
absence of institutional protection of the Albanian culture, would
be melted into the assimilating circles of European civilization.
As a protection from loss of identity would be the strengthening
of the national culture. He thought that only by a strong leaning
on these two directions of common plain of living among nations
who had gained their independence long before or who had
never lost it, they could become true members of Europe. By
aspiring Europe, he also aimed at cutting permanently the
century-old links that weighed heavily on the Albanian culture
and had become a burden of the past of subjugation, which had
dismembered her physically and were now threatening to
dismember her culturally as well.
The other groups promoting something different .from what
is connected with the nationality were those who, without
harming the national, but never mentioning it, praised and
magnified the values coming from abroad. No matter how
difficult it is to prevent such an action in backward countries,
insisting upon a promotion of foreign values without an equal
persistence for the promotion of national values crates a voluble
space to shun the national. Such things have been happening in
Albania and precisely those were supported by the Ministry of
Education as well. Following the declaration of independence
and creation of the new Albanian state, the Albanian language
too had its ways wide open.
At this period, competent language authorities, journalists
and newspaper editors treated a great number of language and
NGA LINDJANË PERËNDIM
extra-language topics, dealing first of all with the future of the
Albanian language and its unification
-
a need clearly expressed
early
m
the program of the Revival
-
but also other topics
dealing with the orthographic norm, problems initiated and
discussed seriously from the Literary Commission of
Shkodër
to
the Educational Congress of Lushnja. The question
-
Gheg or
Tosk
-
was discussed in the debates. However, unfortunately,
the straggle of prevailing of one dialect over the other often
began and ended in extra-scientific deliberations.
During the
1913-1944
period, a considerable number of
newspapers and reviews were published in Albania and abroad
covering the political, social, and cultural life of the country. The
number was great, but we are mentioning only the most
important ones, such as: Minerva,
Ora,
Illyria,
Dr
ita,
Zemi
naltë,
Demokrácia,
Hylli
і
dritës,
Leka, Tomori, Bashkimi i
kombit,
Fryma,
Fashìzmi,
Tomori i
vogël,
Bota e re,
Përpjekja shqiptare,
Dielli,
Kombi,
Albania, Drita,
and many others. These were
specialized outlets of political, social, religious, and literary
contents. During those years the press continued the tradition of
the previous periods, now under new conditions and
circumstances and with new concerns and topics.
The year
1922
was a year of great events in Albania: The
March Anti-Governmental Uprising was crushed, the USA
Government recognized the Albanian Government, the
Autocephalous Orthodox Church was declared, Ahmet Zogu
forms his government, Avni Rrustemi founded the Bashkimi
(Union) Society and began the publication of its newspaper, the
new status of Albania called The Extended Status ofLushnja was
issued. All of these represented important events for the destiny
of the nation.
In this context the role of the press would have the role of
an objective informer becoming the conscience of the nation
Frequently this was not the case. Those who wrote instead of
410_
Prof, dr.
Resmije Kryeziu
representing the interests of the people considered their own
individual interests and those of various groups whom they
represented and defended.
This clustering mentality putting the personal or group
interests over those of the Albanian state was featured by a new
political layer that was being born in Albania, which suffered
from an inherited decease of the slave, according to which before
the future of the state was projected a still unformed 'future' was
aimed at, which brought personal benefits.
This was a time burdened with other problems as well
which in this confusion made it impossible for the press to have
an impact and turn for the better the direction of the interests of
various groups.
The instructions given to the journalists and editors by the
intelligentsia of the time aimed at pointing a right direction for
the press. The advice on what to write was given with the
intention of having a faster education and information of the
people as an improved and worthy system.
Fishta saw journalism as a good way of raising the peop¬
le's awareness and enlighten their mind. Demanding accuracy
and journalism based on moral basis he wishes that those
Albanians who knew how to write and read have a mind cleared
of rumors and street hearsay in order to be able to preserve the
necessary values for a sound society.
However, the role of the press in the period between the
two wars, in all its complexity and zigzags, downfalls and uptur¬
ns, was great.
The historical and social context had in impact on the
upsurge of ideas of the European philosophical thinking through
which Albanian authors aimed at rising the awareness of the
Albanian people.
NGA LINDJA NË PERËNDIM
The press outlets gave a voice of the thinking of the time
and most advanced ideas which the Albanian intellectuals
brought in from Europe.
Great historical and social problems were enlightened and
a Western vision was offered for Albania's political orientation
after five centuries of being subjected to all kinds of subjugation.
The period between the two world wars, on a political,
social and cultural relevance, was special as it was a time when
the foundations of Albanian statehood and its Europeanization
were being laid. The intelligentsia of the '30s was educated in
European countries of tested cultural values. Many intellectuals
through the translation of literary masterpieces of the countries
from where they came aimed at enriching the Albanian culture,
which was then at its beginnings.
The translators of the period which continue up to this day
to be distinguished with their quality of selection and accuracy
of translation were: Fan. S. Noli,
Faik Konica,
Tajar
Zavalani,
Ernest Koliqi, Gjergj Fishta, Vangjel
Коса,
Lumo Skendo, etc.
They succeeded in rendering in Albanian, which was just
emerging from centuries of darkness, some of the masterpieces
of world authors (such as those of Shakespeare, Tolstoy,
Khayam,
Petrarca,
Dante,
Tasso,
Hugo, Manzoni, Goete.),
wishing to turn those authors into ideological, ethical, and
esthetic references for the subjugated Albanian people in order to
help them find their way towards their own emancipation.
Linguists, writers, literary critics, to a more or less degree
were dealing with translations and all of them tried to define and
analyze the issue of translation, so important for the culture
oí
a
nation, of the Albanian nation in this case, on both the sense of
multiplicity and quality of translations. They based the
e
analyses on their interests trying to have them in complicity with
the translation theories they knew.
412 _
Prof, dr.
Resmije Kryeziu
Opinions of certain authors who were aware of the
importance of communication among peoples, the level of
literary development in the country, and the need to enrich it
with world values, who knew the cultural level of the people,
their interest and preference to world authors, particularly of the
classics who became reference points for their own overall
emancipation were to be noted. These were talented, poets, eru¬
dite men, and connoisseurs of foreign languages who were dea¬
ling with translation and translation issues, such as: Fishta,
Xhuvani, Mjeda,
Konica,
and others who tired to present the
cultural and literary public with their thoughts and ideas which
they hoped would be helping literary translators in order that the
translated works would achieve proper language, literary and
content level. These writings represented an aspect of knowledge
and practical experience on the art of translation which would
help and serve both the translators and translation reviewers.
Since the declaration of independence to the beginning of
the '20s the Albanian literature was developed mainly as a
continuation of the National Revival period.
Poetry continued to remain the most used genre. Apart
from the patriotic motive, which ranks first, other motives too
began to find their place in the poetry of the time. This literary
output is followed by the literary criticism as well, which was at
its beginnings and as such was likely to have its first errors. A
literary work would be analyzed mainly through an ideological
angle of its author.
Albania of that time was a country knocking on the doors
of Europe even through the way of presentation of intellectual
contravening. From these various positions of critics regarding
Lasgush Pogradeci's work comes another meaning: Albanian
intelligentsia was beginning to position itself in various brands
of thinking characterizing the period in which Europe lived.
Developed and nourished with ideals of Francophone philosophy
Albanian intelligentsia preferred the liberty of thinking shaped
NGA LINDJA NË PERËNDIM
into art. This preference of breaking ideas, mixture of the real
with unreal, rising of man to the level of God, was opposed by a
different mentality, which was also being bom in Europe, which
did not see a leader in the poet. This mentality, or philosophy
respectively, which saw the leader somewhere else, was a cradle
from which later dangle national-socialism and Nazism.
The fiction published between two world wars in Albania,
as a more advanced genre of artistic expression, offered better
opportunities for the critics using critical analyses in making
literary works speak for both the works and overall cultural and
social circumstances. It was a new generation of critics who
articulated their ideas on new works published at that time in
Albania. In those critical writings a common thinking was
prevailing aimed at preventing ideas which they considered
devastating to the Albania
ofthat
period.
The ardent wish to become as soon as possible part of the
Western world seems to rekindle the fear mat without strong
foundations of the Albanian state and new European mentality it
may result on consequences in embracing European literary
currents without a deserving attention for the time and social,
cultural and political situation of Albania of the time. In the first
decades of the 20th century in a Europe exhausted by a bloody
world war various kinds of currents were born, among which
that of reality denial. Therefore, any kind of grafting of this
destructive mentality in Albania would bear tragic consequences
in
Albánja
for the restoration of the spiritual health of the
Albanian people in search of their identity in new social and
political circumstances.
Authors educated in the West tried to plant the seeds of
drama and theater in the dry land of Albania which scarce
acceptation and for the better part rejected as something that did
not belong. Both theater and drama as most complex genre ot
literature under such conditions would be impossible to yield
expected fruit. A year after Albania's occupation by Italy, when
414_
Prof, dr.
Resmije Kryeziu
the military machinery of Vitore
Emanueli
and arch-fascist
Mussolini tried to break the backbone of the Albanian national
resistance; when Mussolini declared in his speeches "Albania
e
nell
mio cuore"
('Albania is in my heart'), literary and creative
works were needed in order to strengthen the national conscience
and that is why particular attention was paid to the two major
figures of Albanian culture and literature, Nairn
Frashëri
and
Father Gjergj Fishta. Even though these two giants were with
profound Albanian convictions, although they were deeply
Albanian, they were also representatives of the largest religions
in Albania, Islam faith
-
Bektashi and the Christian one
-
Catholic. Leaning on these two figures was a good choice in
searching for a second revival at a time when the national feeling
stood above religious creed. Literary movements and historical
literary processes in the world grew through various manifesta¬
tions, programs, literary criticism or polemics between authors.
During these years and between the two world wars in Albania
there is no manifestation or program going on in the critical
thinking on the issues speaking of literary movements, directions
or new literary currents.
The absence of a manifestation or program in the critical
thinking of this period does not mean that the issues were not
discussed at all and that the issues were not a topic of discussion
by the writers and critics
ofthat
time.
Their approach to these issues varied and often the opini¬
ons on the subject not duly treated were of various kinds. The
lack and ignorance of terminology were cause to misinter¬
pretations as well. The terms used in the field of literary science,
such as literary direction, literary current, and literary school,
were used in various contexts and meanings. Hence, in the
periodicals of the time analytical articles of criticism were scarce
containing due evaluations characterizing the study of literature.
The lack of such true criticism represented an unsurpassable
challenge for the historians of literature in order to elaborate the
history of literature based on scientific criteria. Indeed, in this
NGA LINDJA NË PERËNDIM
_415
overall situation of critical thinking, apart from informative and
simply journalistic writings regarding literary production, in the
Albanian periodicals of the time there were authors who were
able to give their evaluation of the work or author, or his work in
general.
In some of these writings one may notice the use of vario¬
us analytical methods depending from author's background and
his knowledge of literature and literary criticism. In most cases
positivist,
expressionist, and impressionist criticisms prevail.
The most appreciated authors backed by the critics of the period
were Santo
Bevi, Ipolit
Ten, and in particular Benedetto
Croce.
Although these writings were of a high level compared to
informative writings on literature or polemics they do not reach a
particularly satisfying level.
Writings about the works are not analyzed based on
approach, explanation, description and evaluation, characterizing
the study of literature. However, in any case, these writings do
represent an effort to analyze and explain the phenomenon of
literature, its impact and the way of making that literature acces¬
sible to the readers.
It is important to point out the fact that in these writings
their authors develop some kind of a division of the literary
production in general. They speak of the old literature, National
Awakening, and new literature, as they call the literature being
created at that time. Some of the authors reject the old literature
altogether accepting from it but a few relevant language values.
They take events and historical dates as limits for the periods.
According to them, the National Awakening is connected to the
events of the League of Prizren, and the new literature begins
with independence, in
1912.
The categorization of literature
based on historic events was not proven to be valid, as literature
is not measured by dates but through thinking and values.
416_
Prof, dr.
Resmije Kryeziu
That period was closed by another. A still unconsolidated
Albania coming out of Nazi-fascist occupation was faced with a
new occupation, the Communist one that moved the proportions
of values which, lacking strong foundations, were totally obli¬
terated.
Unfortunately, Communism was imposed to Albania but it
also found a suitable foundation among the uneducated people
forcing in submission for four decades a chapter of its modern
history trying, once again, after the Ottoman rule to alter the
identity of the Albanian people.
Nevertheless, it may be concluded that the period between
the two world wars, as in many other domains, in the critical
thinking represented a pinnacle against the previous period and,
in many ways against the proceeding one. Apart from a plura¬
lism of views and dispersion of critical thinking it may be stated
that the greatest achievement in the context was a high level of
expression of views. Offering the Albanian thinking to the
Western European thinking this period undoubtedly marks one
of the most brilliant stages of the Albanian cultural development. |
| adam_txt |
Pasqyra e lëndës
Ну
r
je
5
Kapitulli i
pare
Lëvizjet ideologjike ne Shqipëri gjatë viteve
1913-1944 9
-
Plagomat
e
prapambetjes dhe gjakimi pè*r qytetërimm
e
kombit
10
-
Djalëria
shqiptare
-
shpresa
e
kombit
■
-
Luhatj et shqiptare
—
ndërmj et
ideologi
ive
zotëruese evropiane
19
-
Orienti,
apo
oksidenti
23
-
Neoshqiptarizma
27
-
Ndikimi
і
mendimit
pozitivist
në mendimin
e
Branko
Merxhanit
29
-
Idealizmi i
Bergsonit dhe
filozofia
e
Niçes
në pikëpamjet e
Branko
Merxhanit
30
-
Koncepti mbi
racën
sipas
Branko
Merxhanit
32
-
Vangjel
Коса
-
forca
ndërtuese
e ideve
55
-
Revolucioni
rus dhe
Shqipëria
76
448_
Prof, dr.
Resmije Kryeziu
-
Qëndrimet
politike
të
Tajar Zavalanit
86
-
Elita
-
drejtim shpirtëror
і
kombit
93
-
Në
prag
të
Luftës së Dytë Botërore
95
KapitulH
і
dytë
II.
a) Në kërkim të modelit kulturor
101
-
Kultura
si
aspirate
dhe
analfabetizmi
si
realitet
102
-
Kultura dhe
qytetërimi
106
-
Modeli
perëndimor
і
kulturës
109
-
Kultura
kombëtare dhe pushtimi fashist
і
Shqipërisë
116
II.
b)
Probleme
të gjuhës në shkrimet
kritike
gjatëviteve
1913-1944 133
-
Tipologjia
e
shkrimeve për gjuhën dhe
autoritetet gjuhësore
134
-
Fishta dhe
Konica
kundër përzierj es sëdialekteve
140
-
Nevoja e
një
autoriteti
të padiskutueshëm letrar
145
IL c) Shtypi gjatë viteve
1913-1944 151
-
Zhvillimet
dramatike
në shoqërinë shqiptare
dhe shtypi
і
kohës
151
-
Për një shtyp të ri, për një etikë të
re
në
gazetari
159
-
Roli i
shtypit për ngritjen shpirtërore, morale
dhe
intelektuále
164
NGA LINDJA NË PERËNDIM
_449
-
Programi
iluminist
і
Mithat
Frashërit
—
dalj
a
nga
errësira shekullore
166
-
Rëndësia
e
shtypit
dhe
kodi i
gazetarisë
171
-
Polemika
-
luftë përdominim
175
II.
ç) Përkthimet
-
kultura
botërore në shqip
183
Përkthimi
-
emancipimi
kulturor
і
shqiptarëve
184
Vlerësimi
kritik
і
përkthimeve
185
Koliqi,
Noli
-
krijimi
і
gjedhes së suksesshme të përkthimit
199
Kapitulli
і
trete
Mendimi
kritik
mbi letërsinë
205
III.
a) Mendimi kritik mbi
poezinë
205
-
Vijimësia
e dominimit
të poezisë dhe paraqitja
e kritikës
letrare
205
-
Lasgushi, Asllani,
apo
Mjeda
236
-
Lindja
e
një
kritike
të
re
252
Ш.
b)
Proza
-
një lindje e vështirë në
kulturen
shqiptare
261
-
Proza e Koliqit dhe
kritika e
kohës
262
-
Proza në kontekstin e ri shoqëror
264
-
Shuteriqi-
fillet
e konceptit mbi lirinë e kufizuar
273
-
Për një
kulture"
të
re e
autoktone
279
450_
Prof, dr.
Resmije Kryeziu
-
Ideologjitë dhe krijimtaria shpirtërore
282
-
Letërsia
e
vendit
dhe ajo
evropiane
287
-
Vlerësime mbi prozën
e kohës
291
III.
c) Rrugët
e zhvillimit
të drames
299
-
Shkodra, Fishta dhe
drama shqipe
299
-
Tragj
edite e
Haxhiademit dhe
komeditë
e Floqit
306
-
Teatri
-
një dritare
e re
ne
kulturen shqiptare
320
-
Mendimi
і
kohës
për
dramën
dhe teatrin
329
IH.
ç) De
Rada, Naimi dhe Fishta, ose mendimi
kritik
mbi
epiken
shqiptare
336
-
Folklori dhe
Skënderbeu ne
shtresimet
e
epikës se De Rades
337
-
"Lanuta e
Maleis",
shpirti i
Kombit
343
III.
d)
Prirjet
letrare
në mendimin e kohës
358
III.
dh)
Çështje të periodizimit të
letërsisë shqipe
në mendimin
kritik
372
Përfundim
390
Contusion
404
Literatura
417
Treguesi i emrave
437
CONCLUSION
Its statehood found Albania with a scarce number of inte¬
llectuals. This small number lacked state-forming culture.
Amidst numerous topics conversed during
1913-1944,
Albanian intellectuals opened for discussion the great Albanian
dilemma regarding an orientation: towards East or West? This
was an urgent topic to be treated as it was the time when Alba¬
nia, after five centuries of subjugation under Ottoman Empire
had to determine its new identity under the newly created condi¬
tions and circumstances.
Mehdi
Frashëri,
Father Gjergj Fishta,
Krist
Maloki,
P. An¬
ton
Harapi,
Branko
Merxhani, Ismet
Toto,
Vangjel
Коса,
Tajar
Zavalani,
Nebil
Çika
and other intellectuals tried by all means to
find solutions to all the problems which weighed over the Alba¬
nian people of the time.
While Albania at that time was searching for the fastest
ways to come close to Europe, Europe struggled between two
ideologies which were not coinciding with the interest of the
Albanians
-
Italian fascism and German Nazism.
These ideologies aimed at changing the political and eco¬
nomic status of their own states on one hand, and on the other at
opposing the Communist ideology, which after World War One
began to spread precisely in those countries that had been defe¬
ated in that war.
NGA LINDJA NË PERËNDIM
_
Communism was spreading fast as a result of its ideo¬
logical propaganda and under the mask of equality for all.
A selection of one of these ideologies blooming at that
time in Europe had to be based on strong reasons. vComing from
a long political vacuum as a consequence of the absence of
independent statehood, Albanians were facing a situation that
left no room for mistakes. These mistakes were a reasonable
concern of its intelligentsia of the time. The core question they
asked themselves was: what direction should Albania take.
Wishing for Albania a road towards the West, without ha¬
ving to embrace the existing ideologies in Europe and in search
of the ways that led to the Occident', Albanian intellectuals
such as
Branko
Merxhani, Vangjel
Коса,
Nebil
Cika,
Ismet
Toto
and others discovered a new Albanian ideology 'neo-Albania-
nism'.
They revealed their neo-Albanian ideas in reviews such
"Demokratia", "Neo-shqiptarizma", "Illyria", "Minerva" and
"Përpjekja shqiptare"
('Albanian Effort') and through them they
were offering new tracks of journey towards Europe.
Neo-Albanianism was born by the end of the '20s and
developed further in the '30s. The most notable authors of this
current of philosophical and political thinking did not pretend to
give their engagement a political character, but they considered
instead that their neo-Albanianism would serve Albanians as a
guide towards the free world and the West. They built their
theories on sociological definitions. If the definitions of various
phenomena of the Albanian society at that time remind us of the
European political doctrines of the time this does not mean that
any if these political doctrines were supported by them. On the
contrary, in search of a political identity they were looking for
the most suitable methods for the time of the revival of the
Albanian state.
406_
Prof, dr.
Resmi.je
Kryeziu
Although neo-Albanianism had the national aspect as its
basis in the meantime it was the most important movement of
thinking based nevertheless on the
positivist
ideas of
Auguste
Comte
and
Emile Durkheim.
Positivism was close to the
Albanian intellectuals because it affirmed the ideas of science
and culture expansion. These ideas that were against the rem¬
nants of feudalism were included by new-Albanianism in its
program. At that time the social, cultural, and educational deve¬
lopment in Albania was at very low rank.
If during the Revival period it were the poets who arti¬
culated the nation during this period they were the political
thinkers who tried to implant in the minds of the Albanians the
idea about the nation thus standing against the evil, the
Bolshevik cloud coming from the East and pretending to cover
the entire Europe.
Communism was an anti-national ideology regardless of
the fact that it propagated its ideas as a new breath belonging to
the 20th century.
While the supporters of the national ideology tried to
protect the state from this destructive ideology the Russian-
Communist ideas of the October Revolution found their backing
in Albania by the forces of the so-called "The June Democratic
Revolution"
(1924)
andNoli's Government.
The neo-Albanianism ideologists aimed through their wri¬
tings to guide the Albanians to make the right choice and prepare
the right way so that they would not be leaning neither to
extreme right nor left.
In order for them to understand the way they should choo¬
se it was necessary for Albanians to learn and understand who
they indeed were. Albania was at the brinks of deep abyss of
acculturation and everything had to start from the first. In
1927,
'
illiteracy in Albania reached
84%'.
NGA LINDJA NË PERËNDIM
_
АО',
Opinions on which way should be chosen in order to move
towards emancipation and civilization of the country were
manifold: some thought that the Albanian people should
energetically and daringly develop by acquiring civilization me¬
thods in order for the Albanians to come out of the periphery of
developed nations. Some others, in majority, thought that a faster
development would be damaging to the country and people.
Albania was seeking for its own way and it lagged behind
in this search. It was trying to build its own kingdom as in order
to be part of Europe it considered it had to have a state and
political format similar to that of the rest of the surrounding
countries. This was a difficult task in a country with great divi¬
sions among the provinces, tribes, and intellectuals pretending to
belong to Albania but also wanting by all means to have their
province or tribe leading the country. In this misery of searching,
hobbles, falls and rises two decades were needed before the
poets of "European worth" began 'speaking'. (Italian poets were
translated by Ernest Koliqi). Although these translations were of
great value for cutting the ties created through centuries of
subjugation by the Eastern thinking it bore the risk of the
possibility of slipping to the embrace of
e
foreign identity, the
Italian one in this case, in the absence of its own authentic
cultural identity. Indeed, the Italian influence in Albania was
preceded by tits culture. It was very difficult to face up to the
Italian culture, which had become through its values an example
of Europe. The roots of the European culture occurred
m
the
Italian land. The Renascence as a cultural tempest had shaken
and ruined the medieval schemes of thinking. Dante and the
dbl to
l
1
the
civtó
and ruined the medieval sch
Pleiades of other Italian writers were adorable to
al
1
the
^
d tion
Ш
transationof
Pleiades of other Italian writ
nations and the Albanians made no exception.
Ш
"Great Poets of Italy
'
by Ernest Koliqi, although"to be
adm
red
for its values unraveling to a semi-iliterate Albaniaip
opte
represented, with or without the translator
s
^atoj^
bait. The independence of the Albanian
s
^e was fegi
e
andern
order to avoid its dissolution in more advanced and powenu
408_
Prof, dr.
Resmije Kryeziu
cultures it had to preserve and develop its own culture alongside
its respect for the cultures aimed at by the Albanian people.
With the dispersion of the concept of culture and concept
of civilization,
Branko
Merxhani wishes to free himself of the
fear engendered by embracing the European civilization, which
was an important process in Albania's development. He aimed at
protecting the national culture through this division, which in the
absence of institutional protection of the Albanian culture, would
be melted into the assimilating circles of European civilization.
As a protection from loss of identity would be the strengthening
of the national culture. He thought that only by a strong leaning
on these two directions of common plain of living among nations
who had gained their independence long before or who had
never lost it, they could become true members of Europe. By
aspiring Europe, he also aimed at cutting permanently the
century-old links that weighed heavily on the Albanian culture
and had become a burden of the past of subjugation, which had
dismembered her physically and were now threatening to
dismember her culturally as well.
The other groups promoting something different .from what
is connected with the nationality were those who, without
harming the national, but never mentioning it, praised and
magnified the values coming from abroad. No matter how
difficult it is to prevent such an action in backward countries,
insisting upon a promotion of foreign values without an equal
persistence for the promotion of national values crates a voluble
space to shun the national. Such things have been happening in
Albania and precisely those were supported by the Ministry of
Education as well. Following the declaration of independence
and creation of the new Albanian state, the Albanian language
too had its ways wide open.
At this period, competent language authorities, journalists
and newspaper editors treated a great number of language and
NGA LINDJANË PERËNDIM
extra-language topics, dealing first of all with the future of the
Albanian language and its unification
-
a need clearly expressed
early
m
the program of the Revival
-
but also other topics
dealing with the orthographic norm, problems initiated and
discussed seriously from the Literary Commission of
Shkodër
to
the Educational Congress of Lushnja. The question
-
Gheg or
Tosk
-
was discussed in the debates. However, unfortunately,
the straggle of prevailing of one dialect over the other often
began and ended in extra-scientific deliberations.
During the
1913-1944
period, a considerable number of
newspapers and reviews were published in Albania and abroad
covering the political, social, and cultural life of the country. The
number was great, but we are mentioning only the most
important ones, such as: Minerva,
Ora,
Illyria,
Dr
ita,
Zemi
naltë,
Demokrácia,
Hylli
і
dritës,
Leka, Tomori, Bashkimi i
kombit,
Fryma,
Fashìzmi,
Tomori i
vogël,
Bota e re,
Përpjekja shqiptare,
Dielli,
Kombi,
Albania, Drita,
and many others. These were
specialized outlets of political, social, religious, and literary
contents. During those years the press continued the tradition of
the previous periods, now under new conditions and
circumstances and with new concerns and topics.
The year
1922
was a year of great events in Albania: The
March Anti-Governmental Uprising was crushed, the USA
Government recognized the Albanian Government, the
Autocephalous Orthodox Church was declared, Ahmet Zogu
forms his government, Avni Rrustemi founded the Bashkimi
(Union) Society and began the publication of its newspaper, the
new status of Albania called The Extended Status ofLushnja was
issued. All of these represented important events for the destiny
of the nation.
In this context the role of the press would have the role of
an objective informer becoming the conscience of the nation
Frequently this was not the case. Those who wrote instead of
410_
Prof, dr.
Resmije Kryeziu
representing the interests of the people considered their own
individual interests and those of various groups whom they
represented and defended.
This clustering mentality putting the personal or group
interests over those of the Albanian state was featured by a new
political layer that was being born in Albania, which suffered
from an inherited decease of the slave, according to which before
the future of the state was projected a still unformed 'future' was
aimed at, which brought personal benefits.
This was a time burdened with other problems as well
which in this confusion made it impossible for the press to have
an impact and turn for the better the direction of the interests of
various groups.
The instructions given to the journalists and editors by the
intelligentsia of the time aimed at pointing a right direction for
the press. The advice on what to write was given with the
intention of having a faster education and information of the
people as an improved and worthy system.
Fishta saw journalism as a good way of raising the peop¬
le's awareness and enlighten their mind. Demanding accuracy
and journalism based on moral basis he wishes that those
Albanians who knew how to write and read have a mind cleared
of rumors and street hearsay in order to be able to preserve the
necessary values for a sound society.
However, the role of the press in the period between the
two wars, in all its complexity and zigzags, downfalls and uptur¬
ns, was great.
The historical and social context had in impact on the
upsurge of ideas of the European philosophical thinking through
which Albanian authors aimed at rising the awareness of the
Albanian people.
NGA LINDJA NË PERËNDIM
The press outlets gave a voice of the thinking of the time
and most advanced ideas which the Albanian intellectuals
brought in from Europe.
Great historical and social problems were enlightened and
a Western vision was offered for Albania's political orientation
after five centuries of being subjected to all kinds of subjugation.
The period between the two world wars, on a political,
social and cultural relevance, was special as it was a time when
the foundations of Albanian statehood and its Europeanization
were being laid. The intelligentsia of the '30s was educated in
European countries of tested cultural values. Many intellectuals
through the translation of literary masterpieces of the countries
from where they came aimed at enriching the Albanian culture,
which was then at its beginnings.
The translators of the period which continue up to this day
to be distinguished with their quality of selection and accuracy
of translation were: Fan. S. Noli,
Faik Konica,
Tajar
Zavalani,
Ernest Koliqi, Gjergj Fishta, Vangjel
Коса,
Lumo Skendo, etc.
They succeeded in rendering in Albanian, which was just
emerging from centuries of darkness, some of the masterpieces
of world authors (such as those of Shakespeare, Tolstoy,
Khayam,
Petrarca,
Dante,
Tasso,
Hugo, Manzoni, Goete.),
wishing to turn those authors into ideological, ethical, and
esthetic references for the subjugated Albanian people in order to
help them find their way towards their own emancipation.
Linguists, writers, literary critics, to a more or less degree
were dealing with translations and all of them tried to define and
analyze the issue of translation, so important for the culture
oí
a
nation, of the Albanian nation in this case, on both the sense of
multiplicity and quality of translations. They based the
e
analyses on their interests trying to have them in complicity with
the translation theories they knew.
412 _
Prof, dr.
Resmije Kryeziu
Opinions of certain authors who were aware of the
importance of communication among peoples, the level of
literary development in the country, and the need to enrich it
with world values, who knew the cultural level of the people,
their interest and preference to world authors, particularly of the
classics who became reference points for their own overall
emancipation were to be noted. These were talented, poets, eru¬
dite men, and connoisseurs of foreign languages who were dea¬
ling with translation and translation issues, such as: Fishta,
Xhuvani, Mjeda,
Konica,
and others who tired to present the
cultural and literary public with their thoughts and ideas which
they hoped would be helping literary translators in order that the
translated works would achieve proper language, literary and
content level. These writings represented an aspect of knowledge
and practical experience on the art of translation which would
help and serve both the translators and translation reviewers.
Since the declaration of independence to the beginning of
the '20s the Albanian literature was developed mainly as a
continuation of the National Revival period.
Poetry continued to remain the most used genre. Apart
from the patriotic motive, which ranks first, other motives too
began to find their place in the poetry of the time. This literary
output is followed by the literary criticism as well, which was at
its beginnings and as such was likely to have its first errors. A
literary work would be analyzed mainly through an ideological
angle of its author.
Albania of that time was a country knocking on the doors
of Europe even through the way of presentation of intellectual
contravening. From these various positions of critics regarding
Lasgush Pogradeci's work comes another meaning: Albanian
intelligentsia was beginning to position itself in various brands
of thinking characterizing the period in which Europe lived.
Developed and nourished with ideals of Francophone philosophy
Albanian intelligentsia preferred the liberty of thinking shaped
NGA LINDJA NË PERËNDIM
into art. This preference of breaking ideas, mixture of the real
with unreal, rising of man to the level of God, was opposed by a
different mentality, which was also being bom in Europe, which
did not see a leader in the poet. This mentality, or philosophy
respectively, which saw the leader somewhere else, was a cradle
from which later dangle national-socialism and Nazism.
The fiction published between two world wars in Albania,
as a more advanced genre of artistic expression, offered better
opportunities for the critics using critical analyses in making
literary works speak for both the works and overall cultural and
social circumstances. It was a new generation of critics who
articulated their ideas on new works published at that time in
Albania. In those critical writings a common thinking was
prevailing aimed at preventing ideas which they considered
devastating to the Albania
ofthat
period.
The ardent wish to become as soon as possible part of the
Western world seems to rekindle the fear mat without strong
foundations of the Albanian state and new European mentality it
may result on consequences in embracing European literary
currents without a deserving attention for the time and social,
cultural and political situation of Albania of the time. In the first
decades of the 20th century in a Europe exhausted by a bloody
world war various kinds of currents were born, among which
that of reality denial. Therefore, any kind of grafting of this
destructive mentality in Albania would bear tragic consequences
in
Albánja
for the restoration of the spiritual health of the
Albanian people in search of their identity in new social and
political circumstances.
Authors educated in the West tried to plant the seeds of
drama and theater in the dry land of Albania which scarce
acceptation and for the better part rejected as something that did
not belong. Both theater and drama as most complex genre ot
literature under such conditions would be impossible to yield
expected fruit. A year after Albania's occupation by Italy, when
414_
Prof, dr.
Resmije Kryeziu
the military machinery of Vitore
Emanueli
and arch-fascist
Mussolini tried to break the backbone of the Albanian national
resistance; when Mussolini declared in his speeches "Albania
e
nell
mio cuore"
('Albania is in my heart'), literary and creative
works were needed in order to strengthen the national conscience
and that is why particular attention was paid to the two major
figures of Albanian culture and literature, Nairn
Frashëri
and
Father Gjergj Fishta. Even though these two giants were with
profound Albanian convictions, although they were deeply
Albanian, they were also representatives of the largest religions
in Albania, Islam faith
-
Bektashi and the Christian one
-
Catholic. Leaning on these two figures was a good choice in
searching for a second revival at a time when the national feeling
stood above religious creed. Literary movements and historical
literary processes in the world grew through various manifesta¬
tions, programs, literary criticism or polemics between authors.
During these years and between the two world wars in Albania
there is no manifestation or program going on in the critical
thinking on the issues speaking of literary movements, directions
or new literary currents.
The absence of a manifestation or program in the critical
thinking of this period does not mean that the issues were not
discussed at all and that the issues were not a topic of discussion
by the writers and critics
ofthat
time.
Their approach to these issues varied and often the opini¬
ons on the subject not duly treated were of various kinds. The
lack and ignorance of terminology were cause to misinter¬
pretations as well. The terms used in the field of literary science,
such as literary direction, literary current, and literary school,
were used in various contexts and meanings. Hence, in the
periodicals of the time analytical articles of criticism were scarce
containing due evaluations characterizing the study of literature.
The lack of such true criticism represented an unsurpassable
challenge for the historians of literature in order to elaborate the
history of literature based on scientific criteria. Indeed, in this
NGA LINDJA NË PERËNDIM
_415
overall situation of critical thinking, apart from informative and
simply journalistic writings regarding literary production, in the
Albanian periodicals of the time there were authors who were
able to give their evaluation of the work or author, or his work in
general.
In some of these writings one may notice the use of vario¬
us analytical methods depending from author's background and
his knowledge of literature and literary criticism. In most cases
positivist,
expressionist, and impressionist criticisms prevail.
The most appreciated authors backed by the critics of the period
were Santo
Bevi, Ipolit
Ten, and in particular Benedetto
Croce.
Although these writings were of a high level compared to
informative writings on literature or polemics they do not reach a
particularly satisfying level.
Writings about the works are not analyzed based on
approach, explanation, description and evaluation, characterizing
the study of literature. However, in any case, these writings do
represent an effort to analyze and explain the phenomenon of
literature, its impact and the way of making that literature acces¬
sible to the readers.
It is important to point out the fact that in these writings
their authors develop some kind of a division of the literary
production in general. They speak of the old literature, National
Awakening, and new literature, as they call the literature being
created at that time. Some of the authors reject the old literature
altogether accepting from it but a few relevant language values.
They take events and historical dates as limits for the periods.
According to them, the National Awakening is connected to the
events of the League of Prizren, and the new literature begins
with independence, in
1912.
The categorization of literature
based on historic events was not proven to be valid, as literature
is not measured by dates but through thinking and values.
416_
Prof, dr.
Resmije Kryeziu
That period was closed by another. A still unconsolidated
Albania coming out of Nazi-fascist occupation was faced with a
new occupation, the Communist one that moved the proportions
of values which, lacking strong foundations, were totally obli¬
terated.
Unfortunately, Communism was imposed to Albania but it
also found a suitable foundation among the uneducated people
forcing in submission for four decades a chapter of its modern
history trying, once again, after the Ottoman rule to alter the
identity of the Albanian people.
Nevertheless, it may be concluded that the period between
the two world wars, as in many other domains, in the critical
thinking represented a pinnacle against the previous period and,
in many ways against the proceeding one. Apart from a plura¬
lism of views and dispersion of critical thinking it may be stated
that the greatest achievement in the context was a high level of
expression of views. Offering the Albanian thinking to the
Western European thinking this period undoubtedly marks one
of the most brilliant stages of the Albanian cultural development. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Kryeziu, Resmije 1945- |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)406999581 (DE-599)BVBBV035156021 |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1913-1944 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1913-1944 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Albania History 1912-1944 Albania Intellectual life 20th century Philosophy Albania History 20th century Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Albania History 1912-1944 Albania Intellectual life 20th century Philosophy Albania History 20th century Albanien |
| id | DE-604.BV035156021 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:48:42Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T00:24:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789951411585 |
| language | Albanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016963205 |
| oclc_num | 406999581 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 450 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Inst. Albanologjik i Prishtinës |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kryeziu, Resmije 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)103244638 aut Nga lindja në perëndim aspekte të mendimit kritik shqiptar 1913 - 1944 Resmije Kryeziu From East to West Prishtinë Inst. Albanologjik i Prishtinës 2008 450 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: From East to West. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1913-1944 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Philosophie Criticism Albania History 20th century Ideologie (DE-588)4026486-5 gnd rswk-swf Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd rswk-swf Albania History 1912-1944 Albania Intellectual life 20th century Philosophy Albania History 20th century Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd rswk-swf Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 g Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 s Geschichte 1913-1944 z DE-604 Ideologie (DE-588)4026486-5 s Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016963205&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016963205&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kryeziu, Resmije 1945- Nga lindja në perëndim aspekte të mendimit kritik shqiptar 1913 - 1944 Geschichte Philosophie Criticism Albania History 20th century Ideologie (DE-588)4026486-5 gnd Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026486-5 (DE-588)4045791-6 (DE-588)4001028-4 |
| title | Nga lindja në perëndim aspekte të mendimit kritik shqiptar 1913 - 1944 |
| title_alt | From East to West |
| title_auth | Nga lindja në perëndim aspekte të mendimit kritik shqiptar 1913 - 1944 |
| title_exact_search | Nga lindja në perëndim aspekte të mendimit kritik shqiptar 1913 - 1944 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Nga lindja në perëndim aspekte të mendimit kritik shqiptar 1913 - 1944 |
| title_full | Nga lindja në perëndim aspekte të mendimit kritik shqiptar 1913 - 1944 Resmije Kryeziu |
| title_fullStr | Nga lindja në perëndim aspekte të mendimit kritik shqiptar 1913 - 1944 Resmije Kryeziu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nga lindja në perëndim aspekte të mendimit kritik shqiptar 1913 - 1944 Resmije Kryeziu |
| title_short | Nga lindja në perëndim |
| title_sort | nga lindja ne perendim aspekte te mendimit kritik shqiptar 1913 1944 |
| title_sub | aspekte të mendimit kritik shqiptar 1913 - 1944 |
| topic | Geschichte Philosophie Criticism Albania History 20th century Ideologie (DE-588)4026486-5 gnd Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Philosophie Criticism Albania History 20th century Ideologie Albania History 1912-1944 Albania Intellectual life 20th century Philosophy Albania History 20th century Albanien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016963205&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016963205&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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