Public Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Chemicals:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dordrecht
Springer
2002
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Environmental pollution
6 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XII, 352 S. graph. Darst., |
| ISBN: | 1402009208 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Coming to Terms with the Several Chemicals in Modern Society 2
1.2. The Nature of Chemical Hazards and Human Response
from Exposure to Chemical Substances 7
1.2.1. Classification of Chemical Toxicity 8
1.2.2. Factors Influencing Chemical Toxicity to Humans
and Human Response to Chemical Toxicants 9
1.2.3. Distribution and Storage of Toxicants in the Human Body 10
1.2.4. Scope of Chemical Hazard Problems: Lead Exposures as an Example 11
1.3. The Dose Makes the Poison -So, What Dose is Safe Enough? 15
1.4. Managing the Chemical Exposure Problem:
The Need for Public Health Risk Assessment 16
1.5. Suggested Further Reading 18
CHAPTER 2: HUMAN EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS 19
2.1. An Overview of Human Contact Sites and Target Organs Most
Susceptible to Chemical Exposures 19
2.1.1. Fundamentals of Human Physiology 20
2.1.2. Target Organ Toxicity 24
2.2. General Types of Human Exposures 25
2.3. The Nature of Chemical Exposure Problems 29
2.3.1. Human Exposures to Airborne Chemical Toxicants 30
2.3.2. Water Pollution Problems and Human Exposures to
Chemicals in Water 3 1
2.3.3. Contaminated Soil Problems and Human Exposures to
Chemicals on Land 32
2.3.4. Human Exposures to Chemicals in Foods 33
2.4. Public Health and Socio-Economic Implications
of Chemical Exposure Problems 34
2.4.1. The General Nature of Human Health Effects
from Chemical Exposures 38
2.5. Assessing Public Health Risks 40
2.6. Suggested Further Reading 41
viii
CHAPTER 3: PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS IN RISK ASSESSMENT 43
3.1. Fundamental Principles of Chemical Hazard, Exposure,
and Risk Assessments 43
3.1.1. The Nature of Chemical Hazard, Exposure, and Risk 44
3.1.2. Basis for Measuring Risks 46
3.1.3. What is Risk Assessment? 48
3.1.4. The Nature of Risk Assessments 49
3.1.5. Recognition of Uncertainty as an Integral Component
of Risk Assessments 50
3.2. Fundamental Concepts in Risk Assessment Practice 51
3.2.1. Qualitative versus Quantitative Risk Assessments 51
3.2.2. Conservatisms in Risk Assessments 52
3.2.3. Individual versus Group Risks 53
3.2.4. Consideration of Risk Perception Issues 54
3.3. Risk Acceptability and Risk Tolerance Criteria 55
3.3.1. The de Minimis or Acceptable Risk 56
3.4. General Attributes of Risk Assessment 57
3.4.1. The Purpose 58
3.4.2. The Attributes 59
3.4.3. Risk Assessment versus Risk Management 60
3.5. Risk Assessment as a Diagnostic Tool 61
3.5.1. Baseline Risk Assessments 62
3.5.2. Comparative Risk Assessments 62
3.5.3. Public Health Risk Assessments 64
3.5.4. Risk Assessment Implementation Strategy 67
3.6. Risk Assessment as an Holistic Tool
for Environmental and Public Health Management 68
3.7. Suggested Further Reading 69
CHAPTER 4: PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF A PUBLIC HEALTH
RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CHEMICAL EXPOSURE PROBLEMS 7±
4.1. Characterization of Chemical Exposure Problems 71
4.1.1 I actor-, Affecting l-.xposure Characterization 72
4.2. The Risk Assessment Process 73
4.2.1 Ha/arJ Identhkation and Accounting 74
4.2.2. IApoMuv-Response I.valuation 75
4.2.3. Exposure Assessment and AnaKsis 76
4.2.4. Risk C haracten/aliim and Consequence Determination 76
4.3. (.eneral Considerations in Public Health Risk Assessments 77
4.3.!. Determining Exposure-related Health Effects 78
4.3.2. Evaluating hacto s that Influence Adverse Health Outcome 79
4.4. Human Health Risk Assessment in Practice 83
4.5. Suggested Further Reading 86
ix
CHAPTER 5: CHEMICAL HAZARD DETERMINATION 87
5.1. Chemical Hazard Identification: Sources of Chemical Hazards 87
5.2. Data Collection and Evaluation Considerations 88
5.2.1. Data Collection and Analysis Strategies 89
5.2.2. Reporting of Censored Laboratory Data 90
5.3. Statistical Evaluation of Chemical Sampling Data 92
5.3.1. Parametric versus Nonparametric Statistics 93
5.3.2. Statistical Evaluation of Non-detect1 Values 95
5.3.3. Selection of Statistical Averaging Techniques 95
5.4. Estimating Chemical Exposure Point Concentrations
from Limited Data 99
5.5. Determination of the Level of Chemical Hazard 102
5.6. Suggested Further Reading 103
CHAPTER 6: EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT: ANALYSIS OF
HUMAN INTAKE OF CHEMICALS 105
6.1. Fundamental Concepts and Requirements in the
Human Exposure Assessment Process 105
6.1.1. Factors Affecting Human Exposure to Chemical Hazards 106
6.1.2. Development of Human Exposure Scenarios 106
6.1.3. Chemical Intake versus Dose 108
6.1.4. Chronic versus Subchronic Exposures 109
6.1.5. Incorporating Chemical Bioavailability Adjustments
into Exposure Calculations 109
6.1.6. Chemical Transformation Products in Risk Assessment:
Incorporating Chemical Degradation into Exposure Calculations 110
6.2. Human Exposure Quantification: The Exposure Estimation Model 111
6.2.1. Potential Receptor Inhalation Exposures 113
6.2.2. Potential Receptor Ingestion Exposures 116
6.2.3. Potential Receptor Dermal Exposures 121
6.3. Establishing Exposure Intake Factors for Use in
the Computation of Chemical Intakes and Doses 122
6.3.1. Illustrative Example for Inhalation Exposures 123
6.3.2. Illustrative Example for Ingestion Exposures 128
6.3.3. Illustrative Example for Dermal Exposures 129
6.4. Receptor Age Adjustments to Human Exposure Factors 132
6.5. Spatial and Temporal Averaging of Chemical Exposure Estimates 132
6.6. Suggested Further Reading 135
CHAPTER 7: EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL TOXICITY 137
7.1. Fundamental Concepts and Principles in Toxicology 137
7.1.1. Mechanisms of Toxicity 138
7.1.2. Categorization of Human Toxic Effects from Chemical Exposures:
Carcinogenicity vs. Non-carcinogenicity 138
7.1.3. Manifestations of Toxicity 140
7.1.4. Dose-Response Relationships 141
X
7.2. Carcinogen Classification Systems 144
7.2.1. Weight-of-Evidence Classification 145
7.2.2. Strength-of-Evidence Classification 148
7.3. Evaluation of Chemical Toxicity 149
7.3.1. Hazard Effects Assessment 150
7.3.2. Dose-Response Assessment and Quantification 152
7.4. Determination of Toxicological Parameters
for Human Health Risk Assessments 155
7.4.1. Toxicity Parameters for Non-carcinogenic Effects 155
7.4.2. Toxicity Parameters for Carcinogenic Effects 161
7.4.3. The Use of Surrogate Toxicity Parameters 165
7.5. Mechanisms of Action and the Determination
of Human Health Hazard Effects 171
7.6. Suggested Further Reading 172
CHAPTER 8: CHEMICAL RISK CHARACTERIZATION AND
UNCERTAINTY ANALYSES 173
8.1. Fundamental Issues and Considerations Affecting
the Risk Characterization Process 173
8.1.1. Corrections for Non-Standard Population Groups 174
8.1.2. Adjustments for Chemical Absorption:
Administered vs. Absorbed Dose 176
8.1.3. Aggregate Effects of Chemical Mixtures and Multiple Exposures 177
8.1.4. Fundamental Considerations in the Health Assessment of Carcinogens 179
8.2. Carcinogenic Risk Effects:
Estimation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human Health 183
8.2.1. Population Excess Cancer Burden 184
8.2.2. Carcinogenic Risk Computations: Illustration of
the Processes for Calculating Carcinogenic Risks 186
8.3. Non-cancer Risk Effects:
Estimation of Non-carcinogenic Hazards to Human Health 188
8.3.1. Chronic versus Subchronic Non-carcinogenic Effects 190
8.3.2. Non-carcinogenic Hazard Computations: Illustration of
the Processes for Calculating Non-carcinogenic Hazards 191
8.4. Risk Presentation 193
8.4.1. Graphical Presentation of the Risk Summary Information 196
8.5. Uncertainty and Variability Issues in Risk Assessment 201
8.5.1. Types and Nature of Variability 201
8.5.2. Types and Nature of Uncertainty 202
8.5.3. Common Sources of Uncertainty in
Public Health Endangerment Assessments 203
8.5.4. The Need for Uncertainty and Variability Analyses 206
8.6. Characterization of Data Variability and Uncertainties 206
8.6.1. Qualitative Analysis of Uncertainties 207
8.6.2. Quantitative Analysis of Uncertainties 208
8.7. Presenting and Managing Uncertain Risks:
The Role of Sensitivity Analyses 211
8.8. Suggested Further Reading 212
xi
CHAPTER 9: DETERMINATION OF ACCEPTABLE AND
SAFE LEVELS OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURE 213
9.1. Requirements and Criteria for Establishing
Risk-Based Chemical Exposure Levels 213
9.1.1. Miscellaneous Methods for Establishing Environmental Quality Goals 214
9.2. Assessing the Safety of Chemicals in Consumer Products 217
9.2.1. Determination of Tolerable Chemical Concentrations 217
9.3. Determination of Risk-Based Chemical Exposure Levels 218
9.3.1. RBCELs for Carcinogenic Constituents 219
9.3.2. RBCELs for Non-carcinogenic Effects of Chemical Constituents 222
9.4. Establishing Risk-Based Cleanup Limits for Contaminated Lands 224
9.4.1. Soil Chemical Limits for Carcinogenic Contaminants 226
9.4.2. Soil Chemical Limits for the Non-carcinogenic Effects
of Site Contaminants 227
9.5. Establishing Risk-Based Cleanup Limits for Contaminated Waters 229
9.5.1. Water Chemical Limits for Carcinogenic Contaminants 229
9.5.2. Water Chemical Limits for the Non-carcinogenic Effects
of Site Contaminants 231
9.6. A Preferable Health-Protective Chemical Level 232
9.6.1. The Modified RBCEL for Carcinogenic Chemicals 232
9.6.2. The Modified RBCEL for Non-carcinogenic Constituents 233
9.6.3. Incorporating Degradation Rates into the Estimation
of Environmental Quality Criteria 234
9.7. Public Health Goals vs. Risk-Based Chemical Exposure Levels 235
9.8. Suggested Further Reading 235
CHAPTER 10: DESIGN OF PUBLIC HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT
PROGRAMS 237
10.1. Risk Assessment as a Cost-Effective Tool in the Formulation
of Public Health and Environmental Management Decisions 237
10.2. Comparative Risk Analysis: Application of Environmental Decision
Analysis Methods to Public Health Risk Management Programs 239
10.2.1. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 240
10.2.2. Risk-Cost-Benefit Optimization 240
10.2.3. Multi-attribute Decision Analysis and Utility Theory Applications 241
10.3. The General Nature of Risk Management Programs 245
10.4. A Framework for Risk Management Programs 247
10.5. Risk Communication as a Facilitator of Risk Management 249
10.5.1. Designing an Effectual Risk Communication Program 250
10.6. The Use of Contemporary Risk Mapping Tools:
GIS in Public Health Risk Management Applications 251
10.6.1. Utilization of GIS in Risk Assessment and
Environmental Management Programs 252
10.6.2. The Role of GIS Applications in Environmental Management 255
10.7. Suggested Further Reading 255
xii
CHAPTER 11: THE ROLE OF RISK ASSESSMENT IN
PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY DECISIONS 257
11.1. General Scope of Public Health Risk Assessment Practice 257
11.1.1. Illustrative Examples of Public Health Risk Assessment in Practice 258
11.2. The Public Health Risk Assessment Paradigm 264
11.3. Suggested Further Reading 272
LIST OF REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 275
APPENDIX A: Glossary of Selected Terms and Definitions 297
APPENDIX B: Selected Tools, Chemical Exposure Models,
and Chemical Databases for Public Health Risk Policy Decision-Making 325
APPENDIX C: Toxicity Index Parameters for Selected Chemicals 337
APPENDIX D: Selected Units of Measurements Noteworthy Expressions 341
INDEX 345
|
| adam_txt |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Coming to Terms with the Several Chemicals in Modern Society 2
1.2. The Nature of Chemical Hazards and Human Response
from Exposure to Chemical Substances 7
1.2.1. Classification of Chemical Toxicity 8
1.2.2. Factors Influencing Chemical Toxicity to Humans
and Human Response to Chemical Toxicants 9
1.2.3. Distribution and Storage of Toxicants in the Human Body 10
1.2.4. Scope of Chemical Hazard Problems: Lead Exposures as an Example 11
1.3. 'The Dose Makes the Poison'-So, What Dose is Safe Enough? 15
1.4. Managing the Chemical Exposure Problem:
The Need for Public Health Risk Assessment 16
1.5. Suggested Further Reading 18
CHAPTER 2: HUMAN EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS 19
2.1. An Overview of Human Contact Sites and Target Organs Most
Susceptible to Chemical Exposures 19
2.1.1. Fundamentals of Human Physiology 20
2.1.2. Target Organ Toxicity 24
2.2. General Types of Human Exposures 25
2.3. The Nature of Chemical Exposure Problems 29
2.3.1. Human Exposures to Airborne Chemical Toxicants 30
2.3.2. Water Pollution Problems and Human Exposures to
Chemicals in Water 3 1
2.3.3. Contaminated Soil Problems and Human Exposures to
Chemicals on Land 32
2.3.4. Human Exposures to Chemicals in Foods 33
2.4. Public Health and Socio-Economic Implications
of Chemical Exposure Problems 34
2.4.1. The General Nature of Human Health Effects
from Chemical Exposures 38
2.5. Assessing Public Health Risks 40
2.6. Suggested Further Reading 41
viii
CHAPTER 3: PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS IN RISK ASSESSMENT 43
3.1. Fundamental Principles of Chemical Hazard, Exposure,
and Risk Assessments 43
3.1.1. The Nature of Chemical Hazard, Exposure, and Risk 44
3.1.2. Basis for Measuring Risks 46
3.1.3. What is Risk Assessment? 48
3.1.4. The Nature of Risk Assessments 49
3.1.5. Recognition of Uncertainty as an Integral Component
of Risk Assessments 50
3.2. Fundamental Concepts in Risk Assessment Practice 51
3.2.1. Qualitative versus Quantitative Risk Assessments 51
3.2.2. Conservatisms in Risk Assessments 52
3.2.3. Individual versus Group Risks 53
3.2.4. Consideration of Risk Perception Issues 54
3.3. Risk Acceptability and Risk Tolerance Criteria 55
3.3.1. The de Minimis or 'Acceptable' Risk 56
3.4. General Attributes of Risk Assessment 57
3.4.1. The Purpose 58
3.4.2. The Attributes 59
3.4.3. Risk Assessment versus Risk Management 60
3.5. Risk Assessment as a Diagnostic Tool 61
3.5.1. Baseline Risk Assessments 62
3.5.2. Comparative Risk Assessments 62
3.5.3. Public Health Risk Assessments 64
3.5.4. Risk Assessment Implementation Strategy 67
3.6. Risk Assessment as an Holistic Tool
for Environmental and Public Health Management 68
3.7. Suggested Further Reading 69
CHAPTER 4: PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF A PUBLIC HEALTH
RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CHEMICAL EXPOSURE PROBLEMS 7±
4.1. Characterization of Chemical Exposure Problems 71
4.1.1 I actor-, Affecting l-.xposure Characterization 72
4.2. The Risk Assessment Process 73
4.2.1 Ha/arJ Identhkation and Accounting 74
4.2.2. IApoMuv-Response I.valuation 75
4.2.3. Exposure Assessment and AnaKsis 76
4.2.4. Risk C haracten/aliim and Consequence Determination 76
4.3. (.eneral Considerations in Public Health Risk Assessments 77
4.3.!. Determining Exposure-related Health Effects 78
4.3.2. Evaluating hacto's that Influence Adverse Health Outcome 79
4.4. Human Health Risk Assessment in Practice 83
4.5. Suggested Further Reading 86
ix
CHAPTER 5: CHEMICAL HAZARD DETERMINATION 87
5.1. Chemical Hazard Identification: Sources of Chemical Hazards 87
5.2. Data Collection and Evaluation Considerations 88
5.2.1. Data Collection and Analysis Strategies 89
5.2.2. Reporting of Censored'Laboratory Data 90
5.3. Statistical Evaluation of Chemical Sampling Data 92
5.3.1. Parametric versus Nonparametric Statistics 93
5.3.2. Statistical Evaluation of Non-detect1 Values 95
5.3.3. Selection of Statistical Averaging Techniques 95
5.4. Estimating Chemical Exposure Point Concentrations
from Limited Data 99
5.5. Determination of the Level of Chemical Hazard 102
5.6. Suggested Further Reading 103
CHAPTER 6: EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT: ANALYSIS OF
HUMAN INTAKE OF CHEMICALS 105
6.1. Fundamental Concepts and Requirements in the
Human Exposure Assessment Process 105
6.1.1. Factors Affecting Human Exposure to Chemical Hazards 106
6.1.2. Development of Human Exposure Scenarios 106
6.1.3. Chemical Intake versus Dose 108
6.1.4. Chronic versus Subchronic Exposures 109
6.1.5. Incorporating Chemical Bioavailability Adjustments
into Exposure Calculations 109
6.1.6. Chemical Transformation Products in Risk Assessment:
Incorporating Chemical Degradation into Exposure Calculations 110
6.2. Human Exposure Quantification: The Exposure Estimation Model 111
6.2.1. Potential Receptor Inhalation Exposures 113
6.2.2. Potential Receptor Ingestion Exposures 116
6.2.3. Potential Receptor Dermal Exposures 121
6.3. Establishing 'Exposure Intake Factors' for Use in
the Computation of Chemical Intakes and Doses 122
6.3.1. Illustrative Example for Inhalation Exposures 123
6.3.2. Illustrative Example for Ingestion Exposures 128
6.3.3. Illustrative Example for Dermal Exposures 129
6.4. Receptor Age Adjustments to Human Exposure Factors 132
6.5. Spatial and Temporal Averaging of Chemical Exposure Estimates 132
6.6. Suggested Further Reading 135
CHAPTER 7: EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL TOXICITY 137
7.1. Fundamental Concepts and Principles in Toxicology 137
7.1.1. Mechanisms of Toxicity 138
7.1.2. Categorization of Human Toxic Effects from Chemical Exposures:
Carcinogenicity vs. Non-carcinogenicity 138
7.1.3. Manifestations of Toxicity 140
7.1.4. Dose-Response Relationships 141
X
7.2. Carcinogen Classification Systems 144
7.2.1. Weight-of-Evidence Classification 145
7.2.2. Strength-of-Evidence Classification 148
7.3. Evaluation of Chemical Toxicity 149
7.3.1. Hazard Effects Assessment 150
7.3.2. Dose-Response Assessment and Quantification 152
7.4. Determination of Toxicological Parameters
for Human Health Risk Assessments 155
7.4.1. Toxicity Parameters for Non-carcinogenic Effects 155
7.4.2. Toxicity Parameters for Carcinogenic Effects 161
7.4.3. The Use of Surrogate Toxicity Parameters 165
7.5. Mechanisms of Action and the Determination
of Human Health Hazard Effects 171
7.6. Suggested Further Reading 172
CHAPTER 8: CHEMICAL RISK CHARACTERIZATION AND
UNCERTAINTY ANALYSES 173
8.1. Fundamental Issues and Considerations Affecting
the Risk Characterization Process 173
8.1.1. Corrections for 'Non-Standard' Population Groups 174
8.1.2. Adjustments for Chemical Absorption:
Administered vs. Absorbed Dose 176
8.1.3. Aggregate Effects of Chemical Mixtures and Multiple Exposures 177
8.1.4. Fundamental Considerations in the Health Assessment of Carcinogens 179
8.2. Carcinogenic Risk Effects:
Estimation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human Health 183
8.2.1. Population Excess Cancer Burden 184
8.2.2. Carcinogenic Risk Computations: Illustration of
the Processes for Calculating Carcinogenic Risks 186
8.3. Non-cancer Risk Effects:
Estimation of Non-carcinogenic Hazards to Human Health 188
8.3.1. Chronic versus Subchronic Non-carcinogenic Effects 190
8.3.2. Non-carcinogenic Hazard Computations: Illustration of
the Processes for Calculating Non-carcinogenic Hazards 191
8.4. Risk Presentation 193
8.4.1. Graphical Presentation of the Risk Summary Information 196
8.5. Uncertainty and Variability Issues in Risk Assessment 201
8.5.1. Types and Nature of Variability 201
8.5.2. Types and Nature of Uncertainty 202
8.5.3. Common Sources of Uncertainty in
Public Health Endangerment Assessments 203
8.5.4. The Need for Uncertainty and Variability Analyses 206
8.6. Characterization of Data Variability and Uncertainties 206
8.6.1. Qualitative Analysis of Uncertainties 207
8.6.2. Quantitative Analysis of Uncertainties 208
8.7. Presenting and Managing Uncertain Risks:
The Role of Sensitivity Analyses 211
8.8. Suggested Further Reading 212
xi
CHAPTER 9: DETERMINATION OF 'ACCEPTABLE' AND
'SAFE' LEVELS OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURE 213
9.1. Requirements and Criteria for Establishing
Risk-Based Chemical Exposure Levels 213
9.1.1. Miscellaneous Methods for Establishing Environmental Quality Goals 214
9.2. Assessing the Safety of Chemicals in Consumer Products 217
9.2.1. Determination of 'Tolerable' Chemical Concentrations 217
9.3. Determination of Risk-Based Chemical Exposure Levels 218
9.3.1. RBCELs for Carcinogenic Constituents 219
9.3.2. RBCELs for Non-carcinogenic Effects of Chemical Constituents 222
9.4. Establishing Risk-Based Cleanup Limits for Contaminated Lands 224
9.4.1. Soil Chemical Limits for Carcinogenic Contaminants 226
9.4.2. Soil Chemical Limits for the Non-carcinogenic Effects
of Site Contaminants 227
9.5. Establishing Risk-Based Cleanup Limits for Contaminated Waters 229
9.5.1. Water Chemical Limits for Carcinogenic Contaminants 229
9.5.2. Water Chemical Limits for the Non-carcinogenic Effects
of Site Contaminants 231
9.6. A 'Preferable' Health-Protective Chemical Level 232
9.6.1. The Modified RBCEL for Carcinogenic Chemicals 232
9.6.2. The Modified RBCEL for Non-carcinogenic Constituents 233
9.6.3. Incorporating Degradation Rates into the Estimation
of Environmental Quality Criteria 234
9.7. Public Health Goals vs. Risk-Based Chemical Exposure Levels 235
9.8. Suggested Further Reading 235
CHAPTER 10: DESIGN OF PUBLIC HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT
PROGRAMS 237
10.1. Risk Assessment as a Cost-Effective Tool in the Formulation
of Public Health and Environmental Management Decisions 237
10.2. Comparative Risk Analysis: Application of Environmental Decision
Analysis Methods to Public Health Risk Management Programs 239
10.2.1. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 240
10.2.2. Risk-Cost-Benefit Optimization 240
10.2.3. Multi-attribute Decision Analysis and Utility Theory Applications 241
10.3. The General Nature of Risk Management Programs 245
10.4. A Framework for Risk Management Programs 247
10.5. Risk Communication as a Facilitator of Risk Management 249
10.5.1. Designing an Effectual Risk Communication Program 250
10.6. The Use of Contemporary Risk Mapping Tools:
GIS in Public Health Risk Management Applications 251
10.6.1. Utilization of GIS in Risk Assessment and
Environmental Management Programs 252
10.6.2. The Role of GIS Applications in Environmental Management 255
10.7. Suggested Further Reading 255
xii
CHAPTER 11: THE ROLE OF RISK ASSESSMENT IN
PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY DECISIONS 257
11.1. General Scope of Public Health Risk Assessment Practice 257
11.1.1. Illustrative Examples of Public Health Risk Assessment in Practice 258
11.2. The Public Health Risk Assessment Paradigm 264
11.3. Suggested Further Reading 272
LIST OF REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 275
APPENDIX A: Glossary of Selected Terms and Definitions 297
APPENDIX B: Selected Tools, Chemical Exposure Models,
and Chemical Databases for Public Health Risk Policy Decision-Making 325
APPENDIX C: Toxicity Index Parameters for Selected Chemicals 337
APPENDIX D: Selected Units of Measurements Noteworthy Expressions 341
INDEX 345 |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
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| id | DE-604.BV035154146 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:47:58Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:26:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1402009208 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016961352 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Er8 |
| owner_facet | DE-Er8 |
| physical | XII, 352 S. graph. Darst., |
| publishDate | 2002 |
| publishDateSearch | 2002 |
| publishDateSort | 2002 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Environmental pollution |
| series2 | Environmental pollution |
| spelling | Public Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Chemicals Dordrecht Springer 2002 XII, 352 S. graph. Darst., txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environmental pollution 6 Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 gnd rswk-swf Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd rswk-swf Exposition Medizin (DE-588)4153403-7 gnd rswk-swf Multiple chemical sensitivity (DE-588)4460826-3 gnd rswk-swf Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd rswk-swf Öffentliches Gesundheitswesen (DE-588)4139691-1 gnd rswk-swf Öffentliches Gesundheitswesen (DE-588)4139691-1 s Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 s Exposition Medizin (DE-588)4153403-7 s 1\p DE-604 Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 s Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 s Multiple chemical sensitivity (DE-588)4460826-3 s 2\p DE-604 Asante-Duah, D. Kofi Sonstige oth Environmental pollution 6 (DE-604)BV022451627 6 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016961352&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Public Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Chemicals Environmental pollution Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 gnd Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd Exposition Medizin (DE-588)4153403-7 gnd Multiple chemical sensitivity (DE-588)4460826-3 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd Öffentliches Gesundheitswesen (DE-588)4139691-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020754-7 (DE-588)4117281-4 (DE-588)4153403-7 (DE-588)4460826-3 (DE-588)4186812-2 (DE-588)4139691-1 |
| title | Public Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Chemicals |
| title_auth | Public Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Chemicals |
| title_exact_search | Public Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Chemicals |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Public Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Chemicals |
| title_full | Public Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Chemicals |
| title_fullStr | Public Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Chemicals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Public Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Chemicals |
| title_short | Public Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Chemicals |
| title_sort | public health risk assessment for human exposure to chemicals |
| topic | Gesundheit (DE-588)4020754-7 gnd Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd Exposition Medizin (DE-588)4153403-7 gnd Multiple chemical sensitivity (DE-588)4460826-3 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd Öffentliches Gesundheitswesen (DE-588)4139691-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gesundheit Umweltchemikalie Exposition Medizin Multiple chemical sensitivity Umweltverschmutzung Öffentliches Gesundheitswesen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016961352&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022451627 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT asanteduahdkofi publichealthriskassessmentforhumanexposuretochemicals |