Holdings: Molecular catalysts for energy conversion

Molecular catalysts for energy conversion:

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Bibliographic Details
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2009
Series:	Springer Series in Materials Science 111
Subjects:	Katalysator Organokatalyse Elektrochemische Energieumwandlung Aufsatzsammlung
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XXII, 512 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9783540707301

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245	1	0	\|a Molecular catalysts for energy conversion \|c Tatsuhiro Okada ; Masao Kaneko, ed.
264		1	\|a Berlin [u.a.] \|b Springer \|c 2009
300			\|a XXII, 512 S. \|b Ill., graph. Darst.
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490	1		\|a Springer Series in Materials Science \|v 111
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adam_text	Contents Preface ....................................................... V List of Contributors ..........................................XVII List of Abbreviations ......................................... XXI 1 Historical Overview and Fundamental Aspects of Molecular Catalysts for Energy Conversion T. Okada, T. Abe, and M. Kaneko ................................ 1 1.1 Introduction: Why Molecular Catalysts? A New Era of Biomimetic Approach Toward Efficient Energy Conversion Systems .......... 1 1.2 Molecular Catalysts for Fuel Cell Reactions .................... 2 1.2.1 Oxygen Reduction Catalysts ........................... 3 1.2.2 Fuel Oxidation Catalysts .............................. 13 1.3 Molecular Catalysts for Artificial Photosynthetic Reaction ....... 17 1.3.1 Water Oxidation Catalyst ............................. 18 1.3.2 Reduction Catalyst ................................... 18 1.3.3 Photodevices for Photoinduced Chemical Reaction in the Water Phase ................................... 25 1.4 Summary .................................................. 29 References ..................................................... 30 2 Charge Transport in Molecular Catalysis in a Heterogeneous Phase M. Kaneko and T. Okada ........................................ 37 2.1 Introduction ............................................... 37 2.2 Charge Transport (CT) by Molecules in a Heterogeneous Phase . . 38 2.2.1 General Overview .................................... 38 2.2.2 Mechanism of Charge Transport ........................ 39 2.3 Charge Transfer by Molecules Under Photoexcited State in a Heterogeneous Phase ................................... 46 X Contents 2.3.1 Overview ............................................ 46 2.3.2 Mechanism of Charge Transfer at Photoexcited State in a Heterogeneous Phase ............................. 47 2.4 Charge Transfer and Electrochemical Reactions in Metal Complexes ................................................. 50 2.4.1 Charge Transfer in Metal Complexes .................... 50 2.4.2 Charge Transfer at Electrode Surfaces .................. 53 2.4.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Metal Macrocycles ........ 55 2.5 Proton Transport in Polymer Electrolytes ..................... 59 2.5.1 Proton Transfer Reactions ............................. 59 2.5.2 Proton Transport in Polymer Electrolytes ............... 60 2.6 Summary .................................................. 62 References ..................................................... 63 3 Electrochemical Methods for Catalyst Evaluation in Fuel Cells and Solar Cells T. Okada and M. Kaneko ........................................ 67 3.1 Introduction ............................................... 67 3.2 Electrochemical Measuring System for Catalyst Research in Fuel Cells ............................................... 68 3.2.1 Reference Electrode .................................. 68 3.2.2 Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode .......................... 69 3.2.3 Gas Electrodes of Half-Cell Configuration ............... 74 3.2.4 Fuel Cell Test Station ................................. 76 3.2.5 Electrochemical Methods for Electrocatalysts ............ 79 3.3 Electrochemical Measuring System for Heterogeneous Charge Transport and Solar Cells ................................... 86 3.3.1 Testing Method of Charge Transport in Heterogeneous Systems ............................. 86 3.3.2 Evaluation of Charge Transport by Redox Molecules Incorporated in a Heterogeneous Phase ................. 88 3.3.3 AC Impedance Spectroscopy to Evaluate Charge Transport, Conductivity, Double-Layer Capacitance, and Electrode Reaction ............................... 89 3.3.4 I-V Characteristics of Solar Cells ....................... 93 3.3.5 Impedance Spectroscopy to Evaluate Multistep Charge Transport of a Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell ................. 94 3.4 Summary .................................................. 97 References ..................................................... 101 4 Molecular Catalysts for Fuel Cell Anodes T. Okada ...................................................... 103 4.1 Introduction ............................................... 103 4.2 Concept of Composite Electrocatalysts in Fuel Cells ............ 105 4.3 Methanol Oxidation Reaction ................................ 107 Contents XI 4.3.1 Mechanism of Methanol Oxidation Reaction ............. 107 4.3.2 New Electrocatalysts for Methanol Oxidation Reaction .... 108 4.3.3 Structure of Composite Catalysts ....................... 112 4.4 Formic Acid Oxidation Reaction ............................. 118 4.4.1 Mechanism of Formic Acid Oxidation ................... 118 4.4.2 Formic Acid Oxidation on Composite Catalysts .......... 119 4.5 CO-Tolerant Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction . . 123 4.5.1 Electrochemical and Fuel Cell Testing ................... 123 4.5.2 Durability Testing .................................... 127 4.5.3 Structural Characterization ............................ 129 4.6 Summary .................................................. 134 References ..................................................... 135 5 Macrocycles for Fuel Cell Cathodes K. Oyaizu, H. Murata, and M. Yuasa .............................. 139 5.1 Introduction ............................................... 139 5.2 Molecular Design of Macrocycles for Fuel Cell Cathodes ...................................... 141 5.3 Diporphyrin Cobalt Complexes and Related Catalysts ........... 142 5.3.1 Diporphyrin Cobalt Complexes ......................... 142 5.3.2 Polypyrrole Cobalt Complexes ......................... 144 5.3.3 Cobalt Thienylporphyrins ............................. 149 5.4 Porphyrin Assemblies Based on Intermolecular Interaction ....... 153 5.5 Multinuclear Complexes as Electron Reservoirs ................. 158 5.6 Summary .................................................. 159 References ..................................................... 160 6 Platinum-Free Catalysts for Fuel Cell Cathode N. Koshino and H. Higashimura .................................. 163 6.1 Introduction ............................................... 163 6.2 Drawbacks of Using Pt as Catalysts in PEFC .................. 164 6.3 Mechanistic Aspects of Oxygen Reduction by Cathode Catalyst . . 165 6.4 Platinum-Free Catalysts for Fuel Cell Cathode ................. 166 6.4.1 Metal Particles ....................................... 167 6.4.2 Metal Oxides, Carbides, Nitrides, and Chalcogenides ...... 168 6.4.3 Carbon Materials .................................... 171 6.4.4 Metal Complex-Based Catalysts ........................ 172 6.4.5 Catalysts Designed from Dinuclear Metal Complexes ...... 177 6.5 Summary .................................................. 180 References ..................................................... 181 7 Novel Support Materials for Fuel Cell Catalysts J. Nakamura ................................................... 185 7.1 Introduction ............................................... 185 7.2 Performance of Electrocatalysts Using Carbon Nanotubes ....... 187 7.2.1 H2-O2 Fuel Cell ...................................... 187 XII Contents 7.2.2 DMFC .............................................. 191 7.3 Why Is Carbon Nanotube So Effective as Support Material? ..... 194 References ..................................................... 197 8 Molecular Catalysts for Electrochemical Solar Cells and Artificial Photosynthesis M. Kaneko ..................................................... 199 8.1 Introduction ............................................... 199 8.2 Overview on Principles of Molecule-Based Solar Cells ........... 200 8.2.1 Photon Absorption ................................... 201 8.2.2 Suppression of Charge Recombination to Achieve Effective Charge Separation ........................... 201 8.2.3 Diffusion of Separated Charges ......................... 202 8.2.4 Electrode Reaction ................................... 202 8.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) ............................. 202 8.4 Artificial Photosynthesis .................................... 208 8.5 Dark Catalysis for Artificial Photosynthesis .................... 211 8.5.1 Dark Catalysis for Water Oxidation .................... 212 8.5.2 Dark Catalysis for Proton Reduction ................... 213 8.6 Conclusion and Future Scopes ............................... 213 References ..................................................... 214 9 Molecular Design of Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells К. Нага ....................................................... 217 9.1 Introduction ............................................... 217 9.2 Metal-Complex Sensitizers ................................... 219 9.2.1 Molecular Structures of Ru-Complex Sensitizers .......... 219 9.2.2 Electron-Transfer Processes ............................ 224 9.2.3 Performance of DSSCs Based on Ru Complexes .......... 226 9.2.4 Other Metal-Complex Sensitizers for DSSCs ............. 229 9.3 Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines .............................. 230 9.4 Organic Dyes .............................................. 231 9.4.1 Molecular Structures of Organic-Dye Sensitizers for DSSCs ........................................... 231 9.4.2 Performance of DSSCs Based on Organic Dyes ........... 236 9.4.3 Electron Transfer from Organic Dyes to TiO2 ............ 237 9.4.4 Electron Diffusion Length ............................. 240 9.5 Stability .................................................. 242 9.5.1 Photochemical and Thermal Stability of Sensitizers ....... 242 9.5.2 Long-Term Stability of Solar-Cell Performance ........... 243 9.6 Summary and Perspectives .................................. 244 References ..................................................... 245 Contents XIII 10 Fabrication of Charge Carrier Paths for High Efficiency Cells T. Kogo, Y. Ogomi, and S. Hayase ................................ 251 10.1 Introduction ............................................... 251 10.2 Fabrication of Electron-Paths ................................ 252 10.3 Suppression of Black-Dye Aggregation in a Pressurized CO2 Atmosphere ............................................... 255 10.4 Two-Layer TiO2 Structure for Efficient Light Harvesting ........ 256 10.5 TCO-Less Ail-Metal Electrode-Type DSC ..................... 257 10.6 Ion-Path in Quasi-Solid Medium ............................. 257 10.7 Summary .................................................. 260 References ..................................................... 260 11 Environmental Cleaning by Molecular Photocatalysts D. Wöhrle, M. Капеко, К. Nagai, О. Suvorova, and R. Gerdes ....... 263 11.1 Introduction ............................................... 263 11.2 Oxidative Methods for the Photodegradation of Pollutants in Wastewater .................................. 264 11.2.1 Comparison of Different Methods of UV Processes for Water Cleaning ................................... 264 11.2.2 Photodegradation of Pollutants with Oxygen in the Visible Region of Light .......................... 268 11.3 Visible Light Decomposition of Ammonia to Nitrogen with Ru(bpy)3 + as Sensitizer ................................ 287 11.3.1 Nitrogen Pollutants and Their Photodecomposition ....... 287 11.3.2 Photochemical Electron Relay with Ammonia ............ 287 11.3.3 Photochemical Decomposition of Ammonia to Dinitrogen by a Photosensitized Electron Relay .................... 290 11.4 Visible Light Responsive Organic Semiconductors as Photocatalysts ........................................... 291 11.4.1 Photoelectrochemical Character of Organic Semiconductors in Water Phase ........................ 291 11.4.2 Photoelectrochemical Oxidations by Irradiation with Visible Light .................................... 292 11.4.3 Photochemical Decomposition of Amines Using Visible Light and Organic Semiconductors ......... 293 References ..................................................... 294 12 Optical Oxygen Sensor N. Asakura and I. Okura ......................................... 299 12.1 Introduction ............................................... 300 12.2 Theoretical Aspect of Optical Oxygen Sensor of Porphyrins ...... 300 12.2.1 Advantage of Optical Oxygen Sensing ................... 300 12.2.2 Principle of Optical Oxygen Sensor ..................... 301 12.2.3 Brief History of Optical Oxygen Sensors ................. 303 XIV Contents 12.3 Optical Oxygen Sensor by Phosphorescence Intensity ........... 304 12.3.1 Phosphorescent Compounds ........................... 304 12.3.2 Immobilization of Phosphorescent Molecules for Optical Oxygen Sensor and Measurement System .............................................. 304 12.3.3 Optical Oxygen Sensor with Platinum Octaethylporphyrin Polystyrene Film (PtOEP-PS Film) .................... 307 12.3.4 Optical Oxygen Sensor with PtOEP and Supports ........ 309 12.3.5 Application of Optical Oxygen Sensor for Air Pressure Measurements ......................... 311 12.4 Optical Oxygen Sensor by Phosphorescence Lifetime Measurements ............................................. 313 12.4.1 Advantages of Phosphorescence Lifetime Measurement .... 313 12.4.2 Phosphorescence Lifetime Measurement ................. 314 12.4.3 Distribution of Oxygen Concentration Inside Single Living Cell by Phosphorescence Lifetime Measurement .......... 315 12.5 Optical Oxygen Sensor T -Т Absorption ....................... 318 12.5.1 Advantage of Optical Oxygen Sensor Based on T -Т Absorption ................................... 320 12.5.2 Optical Oxygen Sensor Based on the Photoexcited Triplet Lifetime Measurement ................................ 320 12.5.3 Optical Oxygen Sensor Based on Stationary T -Т Absorption (Stationary Quenching) ................ 325 12.6 Summary .................................................. 327 References ..................................................... 327 13 Adsorption and Electrode Processes H. Shiroishi .................................................... 329 13.1 Introduction ............................................... 329 13.2 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics ........................... 330 13.2.1 Langmuir Isotherms .................................. 330 13.2.2 Freundlich Isotherm .................................. 332 13.2.3 Temkin Isotherm ..................................... 332 13.2.4 Application for Selective Reaction on Metal Surface by Adsórbate ......................... 334 13.3 Slab Optical Waveguide Spectroscopy ......................... 339 13.3.1 Principle ............................................ 340 13.3.2 Application of Slab Optical Waveguide Spectroscopy ...... 342 13.4 Methods of Digital Simulation for Electrochemical Measurements ............................................. 344 13.4.1 Formulation of Electrochemical System ................. 344 13.4.2 Finite Differential Methods ............................ 351 13.5 Digital Simulation for Polymer-Coated Electrodes .............. 354 13.5.1 Hydrostatic Condition ................................ 355 13.5.2 Hydrodynamic Condition .............................. 357 Contents XV 13.6 Classical Monte Carlo Simulation for Charge Propagation in Redox Polymer.......................................... 358 13.6.1 Visualization of Charge Propagation.................... 359 13.6.2 Determination of a Charge Hopping Distance ............ 361 References ..................................................... 363 14 Spectroscopie Studies of Molecular Processes on Electrocatalysts A. Kuzume and M. Ito .......................................... 367 14.1 Introduction ............................................... 367 14.2 The Preparation and Spectroscopie Characterization of Fuel Cell Catalysts .................................................. 369 14.2.1 Catalyst Preparation by Electroless Plating and Direct Hydrogen Reduction Methods: Practical Application for High Performance PEFC ................ 369 14.2.2 In Situ IRAS Studies of Methanol Oxidation on Fuel Cell Catalysts ................................ 377 14.3 Spectroscopie Studies of Methanol Oxidation on Pt Surfaces ..... 382 14.3.1 Electrooxidation of Methanol on Pt(lll) in Acid Solutions: Effects of Electrolyte Anions during Electrocatalytic Reactions ........................................... 382 14.3.2 Methanol Oxidation Mechanisms on Pt(lll) Surfaces ..... 388 14.4 Conclusions ................................................ 392 References ..................................................... 393 15 Strategies for Structural and Energy Calculation of Molecular Catalysts S. Tsuzuki and M. Saito ......................................... 395 15.1 Introduction ............................................... 395 15.2 Computational Methods ..................................... 396 15.3 Basis Set and Electron Correlation Effects on Geometry and Conformational Energy .................................. 397 15.4 Intermolecular Forces ....................................... 397 15.5 Basis and Electron Correlation Effects on Intermolecular Interactions ................................................ 398 15.6 Calculations of Transition Metal Complexes ................... 402 15.7 Examples of the Ab Initio Calculation for Molecular Catalysts .. . 402 15.8 Summary .................................................. 409 References ..................................................... 409 16 Future Technologies on Molecular Catalysts T. Okada and M. Kaneko ........................................ 411 16.1 Introduction ............................................... 411 16.2 Road Map for Clean Energy Society .......................... 412 16.3 Hydrogen Production ....................................... 415 16.3.1 Natural Gas ......................................... 415 XVI Contents 16.3.2 Renewable Energy Source ............................. 415 16.3.3 Biomass ............................................. 417 16.4 Hydrogen Utilization ........................................ 418 16.4.1 Hydrogen Storage .................................... 419 16.4.2 Energy Conversion ................................... 419 16.5 Biomimetic Approach and Role of Molecular Catalysts for Energy-Efficient Utilization ............................... 420 16.6 Summary .................................................. 421 References ..................................................... 422 Index ......................................................... 423
adam_txt	Contents Preface . V List of Contributors .XVII List of Abbreviations . XXI 1 Historical Overview and Fundamental Aspects of Molecular Catalysts for Energy Conversion T. Okada, T. Abe, and M. Kaneko . 1 1.1 Introduction: Why Molecular Catalysts? A New Era of Biomimetic Approach Toward Efficient Energy Conversion Systems . 1 1.2 Molecular Catalysts for Fuel Cell Reactions . 2 1.2.1 Oxygen Reduction Catalysts . 3 1.2.2 Fuel Oxidation Catalysts . 13 1.3 Molecular Catalysts for Artificial Photosynthetic Reaction . 17 1.3.1 Water Oxidation Catalyst . 18 1.3.2 Reduction Catalyst . 18 1.3.3 Photodevices for Photoinduced Chemical Reaction in the Water Phase . 25 1.4 Summary . 29 References . 30 2 Charge Transport in Molecular Catalysis in a Heterogeneous Phase M. Kaneko and T. Okada . 37 2.1 Introduction . 37 2.2 Charge Transport (CT) by Molecules in a Heterogeneous Phase . . 38 2.2.1 General Overview . 38 2.2.2 Mechanism of Charge Transport . 39 2.3 Charge Transfer by Molecules Under Photoexcited State in a Heterogeneous Phase . 46 X Contents 2.3.1 Overview . 46 2.3.2 Mechanism of Charge Transfer at Photoexcited State in a Heterogeneous Phase . 47 2.4 Charge Transfer and Electrochemical Reactions in Metal Complexes . 50 2.4.1 Charge Transfer in Metal Complexes . 50 2.4.2 Charge Transfer at Electrode Surfaces . 53 2.4.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Metal Macrocycles . 55 2.5 Proton Transport in Polymer Electrolytes . 59 2.5.1 Proton Transfer Reactions . 59 2.5.2 Proton Transport in Polymer Electrolytes . 60 2.6 Summary . 62 References . 63 3 Electrochemical Methods for Catalyst Evaluation in Fuel Cells and Solar Cells T. Okada and M. Kaneko . 67 3.1 Introduction . 67 3.2 Electrochemical Measuring System for Catalyst Research in Fuel Cells . 68 3.2.1 Reference Electrode . 68 3.2.2 Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode . 69 3.2.3 Gas Electrodes of Half-Cell Configuration . 74 3.2.4 Fuel Cell Test Station . 76 3.2.5 Electrochemical Methods for Electrocatalysts . 79 3.3 Electrochemical Measuring System for Heterogeneous Charge Transport and Solar Cells . 86 3.3.1 Testing Method of Charge Transport in Heterogeneous Systems . 86 3.3.2 Evaluation of Charge Transport by Redox Molecules Incorporated in a Heterogeneous Phase . 88 3.3.3 AC Impedance Spectroscopy to Evaluate Charge Transport, Conductivity, Double-Layer Capacitance, and Electrode Reaction . 89 3.3.4 I-V Characteristics of Solar Cells . 93 3.3.5 Impedance Spectroscopy to Evaluate Multistep Charge Transport of a Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell . 94 3.4 Summary . 97 References . 101 4 Molecular Catalysts for Fuel Cell Anodes T. Okada . 103 4.1 Introduction . 103 4.2 Concept of Composite Electrocatalysts in Fuel Cells . 105 4.3 Methanol Oxidation Reaction . 107 Contents XI 4.3.1 Mechanism of Methanol Oxidation Reaction . 107 4.3.2 New Electrocatalysts for Methanol Oxidation Reaction . 108 4.3.3 Structure of Composite Catalysts . 112 4.4 Formic Acid Oxidation Reaction . 118 4.4.1 Mechanism of Formic Acid Oxidation . 118 4.4.2 Formic Acid Oxidation on Composite Catalysts . 119 4.5 CO-Tolerant Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction . . 123 4.5.1 Electrochemical and Fuel Cell Testing . 123 4.5.2 Durability Testing . 127 4.5.3 Structural Characterization . 129 4.6 Summary . 134 References . 135 5 Macrocycles for Fuel Cell Cathodes K. Oyaizu, H. Murata, and M. Yuasa . 139 5.1 Introduction . 139 5.2 Molecular Design of Macrocycles for Fuel Cell Cathodes . 141 5.3 Diporphyrin Cobalt Complexes and Related Catalysts . 142 5.3.1 Diporphyrin Cobalt Complexes . 142 5.3.2 Polypyrrole Cobalt Complexes . 144 5.3.3 Cobalt Thienylporphyrins . 149 5.4 Porphyrin Assemblies Based on Intermolecular Interaction . 153 5.5 Multinuclear Complexes as Electron Reservoirs . 158 5.6 Summary . 159 References . 160 6 Platinum-Free Catalysts for Fuel Cell Cathode N. Koshino and H. Higashimura . 163 6.1 Introduction . 163 6.2 Drawbacks of Using Pt as Catalysts in PEFC . 164 6.3 Mechanistic Aspects of Oxygen Reduction by Cathode Catalyst . . 165 6.4 Platinum-Free Catalysts for Fuel Cell Cathode . 166 6.4.1 Metal Particles . 167 6.4.2 Metal Oxides, Carbides, Nitrides, and Chalcogenides . 168 6.4.3 Carbon Materials . 171 6.4.4 Metal Complex-Based Catalysts . 172 6.4.5 Catalysts Designed from Dinuclear Metal Complexes . 177 6.5 Summary . 180 References . 181 7 Novel Support Materials for Fuel Cell Catalysts J. Nakamura . 185 7.1 Introduction . 185 7.2 Performance of Electrocatalysts Using Carbon Nanotubes . 187 7.2.1 H2-O2 Fuel Cell . 187 XII Contents 7.2.2 DMFC . 191 7.3 Why Is Carbon Nanotube So Effective as Support Material? . 194 References . 197 8 Molecular Catalysts for Electrochemical Solar Cells and Artificial Photosynthesis M. Kaneko . 199 8.1 Introduction . 199 8.2 Overview on Principles of Molecule-Based Solar Cells . 200 8.2.1 Photon Absorption . 201 8.2.2 Suppression of Charge Recombination to Achieve Effective Charge Separation . 201 8.2.3 Diffusion of Separated Charges . 202 8.2.4 Electrode Reaction . 202 8.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) . 202 8.4 Artificial Photosynthesis . 208 8.5 Dark Catalysis for Artificial Photosynthesis . 211 8.5.1 Dark Catalysis for Water Oxidation . 212 8.5.2 Dark Catalysis for Proton Reduction . 213 8.6 Conclusion and Future Scopes . 213 References . 214 9 Molecular Design of Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells К. Нага . 217 9.1 Introduction . 217 9.2 Metal-Complex Sensitizers . 219 9.2.1 Molecular Structures of Ru-Complex Sensitizers . 219 9.2.2 Electron-Transfer Processes . 224 9.2.3 Performance of DSSCs Based on Ru Complexes . 226 9.2.4 Other Metal-Complex Sensitizers for DSSCs . 229 9.3 Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines . 230 9.4 Organic Dyes . 231 9.4.1 Molecular Structures of Organic-Dye Sensitizers for DSSCs . 231 9.4.2 Performance of DSSCs Based on Organic Dyes . 236 9.4.3 Electron Transfer from Organic Dyes to TiO2 . 237 9.4.4 Electron Diffusion Length . 240 9.5 Stability . 242 9.5.1 Photochemical and Thermal Stability of Sensitizers . 242 9.5.2 Long-Term Stability of Solar-Cell Performance . 243 9.6 Summary and Perspectives . 244 References . 245 Contents XIII 10 Fabrication of Charge Carrier Paths for High Efficiency Cells T. Kogo, Y. Ogomi, and S. Hayase . 251 10.1 Introduction . 251 10.2 Fabrication of Electron-Paths . 252 10.3 Suppression of Black-Dye Aggregation in a Pressurized CO2 Atmosphere . 255 10.4 Two-Layer TiO2 Structure for Efficient Light Harvesting . 256 10.5 TCO-Less Ail-Metal Electrode-Type DSC . 257 10.6 Ion-Path in Quasi-Solid Medium . 257 10.7 Summary . 260 References . 260 11 Environmental Cleaning by Molecular Photocatalysts D. Wöhrle, M. Капеко, К. Nagai, О. Suvorova, and R. Gerdes . 263 11.1 Introduction . 263 11.2 Oxidative Methods for the Photodegradation of Pollutants in Wastewater . 264 11.2.1 Comparison of Different Methods of UV Processes for Water Cleaning . 264 11.2.2 Photodegradation of Pollutants with Oxygen in the Visible Region of Light . 268 11.3 Visible Light Decomposition of Ammonia to Nitrogen with Ru(bpy)3 + as Sensitizer . 287 11.3.1 Nitrogen Pollutants and Their Photodecomposition . 287 11.3.2 Photochemical Electron Relay with Ammonia . 287 11.3.3 Photochemical Decomposition of Ammonia to Dinitrogen by a Photosensitized Electron Relay . 290 11.4 Visible Light Responsive Organic Semiconductors as Photocatalysts . 291 11.4.1 Photoelectrochemical Character of Organic Semiconductors in Water Phase . 291 11.4.2 Photoelectrochemical Oxidations by Irradiation with Visible Light . 292 11.4.3 Photochemical Decomposition of Amines Using Visible Light and Organic Semiconductors . 293 References . 294 12 Optical Oxygen Sensor N. Asakura and I. Okura . 299 12.1 Introduction . 300 12.2 Theoretical Aspect of Optical Oxygen Sensor of Porphyrins . 300 12.2.1 Advantage of Optical Oxygen Sensing . 300 12.2.2 Principle of Optical Oxygen Sensor . 301 12.2.3 Brief History of Optical Oxygen Sensors . 303 XIV Contents 12.3 Optical Oxygen Sensor by Phosphorescence Intensity . 304 12.3.1 Phosphorescent Compounds . 304 12.3.2 Immobilization of Phosphorescent Molecules for Optical Oxygen Sensor and Measurement System . 304 12.3.3 Optical Oxygen Sensor with Platinum Octaethylporphyrin Polystyrene Film (PtOEP-PS Film) . 307 12.3.4 Optical Oxygen Sensor with PtOEP and Supports . 309 12.3.5 Application of Optical Oxygen Sensor for Air Pressure Measurements . 311 12.4 Optical Oxygen Sensor by Phosphorescence Lifetime Measurements . 313 12.4.1 Advantages of Phosphorescence Lifetime Measurement . 313 12.4.2 Phosphorescence Lifetime Measurement . 314 12.4.3 Distribution of Oxygen Concentration Inside Single Living Cell by Phosphorescence Lifetime Measurement . 315 12.5 Optical Oxygen Sensor T -Т Absorption . 318 12.5.1 Advantage of Optical Oxygen Sensor Based on T -Т Absorption . 320 12.5.2 Optical Oxygen Sensor Based on the Photoexcited Triplet Lifetime Measurement . 320 12.5.3 Optical Oxygen Sensor Based on Stationary T -Т Absorption (Stationary Quenching) . 325 12.6 Summary . 327 References . 327 13 Adsorption and Electrode Processes H. Shiroishi . 329 13.1 Introduction . 329 13.2 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics . 330 13.2.1 Langmuir Isotherms . 330 13.2.2 Freundlich Isotherm . 332 13.2.3 Temkin Isotherm . 332 13.2.4 Application for Selective Reaction on Metal Surface by Adsórbate . 334 13.3 Slab Optical Waveguide Spectroscopy . 339 13.3.1 Principle . 340 13.3.2 Application of Slab Optical Waveguide Spectroscopy . 342 13.4 Methods of Digital Simulation for Electrochemical Measurements . 344 13.4.1 Formulation of Electrochemical System . 344 13.4.2 Finite Differential Methods . 351 13.5 Digital Simulation for Polymer-Coated Electrodes . 354 13.5.1 Hydrostatic Condition . 355 13.5.2 Hydrodynamic Condition . 357 Contents XV 13.6 Classical Monte Carlo Simulation for Charge Propagation in Redox Polymer. 358 13.6.1 Visualization of Charge Propagation. 359 13.6.2 Determination of a Charge Hopping Distance . 361 References . 363 14 Spectroscopie Studies of Molecular Processes on Electrocatalysts A. Kuzume and M. Ito . 367 14.1 Introduction . 367 14.2 The Preparation and Spectroscopie Characterization of Fuel Cell Catalysts . 369 14.2.1 Catalyst Preparation by Electroless Plating and Direct Hydrogen Reduction Methods: Practical Application for High Performance PEFC . 369 14.2.2 In Situ IRAS Studies of Methanol Oxidation on Fuel Cell Catalysts . 377 14.3 Spectroscopie Studies of Methanol Oxidation on Pt Surfaces . 382 14.3.1 Electrooxidation of Methanol on Pt(lll) in Acid Solutions: Effects of Electrolyte Anions during Electrocatalytic Reactions . 382 14.3.2 Methanol Oxidation Mechanisms on Pt(lll) Surfaces . 388 14.4 Conclusions . 392 References . 393 15 Strategies for Structural and Energy Calculation of Molecular Catalysts S. Tsuzuki and M. Saito . 395 15.1 Introduction . 395 15.2 Computational Methods . 396 15.3 Basis Set and Electron Correlation Effects on Geometry and Conformational Energy . 397 15.4 Intermolecular Forces . 397 15.5 Basis and Electron Correlation Effects on Intermolecular Interactions . 398 15.6 Calculations of Transition Metal Complexes . 402 15.7 Examples of the Ab Initio Calculation for Molecular Catalysts . . 402 15.8 Summary . 409 References . 409 16 Future Technologies on Molecular Catalysts T. Okada and M. Kaneko . 411 16.1 Introduction . 411 16.2 Road Map for Clean Energy Society . 412 16.3 Hydrogen Production . 415 16.3.1 Natural Gas . 415 XVI Contents 16.3.2 Renewable Energy Source . 415 16.3.3 Biomass . 417 16.4 Hydrogen Utilization . 418 16.4.1 Hydrogen Storage . 419 16.4.2 Energy Conversion . 419 16.5 Biomimetic Approach and Role of Molecular Catalysts for Energy-Efficient Utilization . 420 16.6 Summary . 421 References . 422 Index . 423
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spelling	Molecular catalysts for energy conversion Tatsuhiro Okada ; Masao Kaneko, ed. Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2009 XXII, 512 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer Series in Materials Science 111 Katalysator (DE-588)4029919-3 gnd rswk-swf Organokatalyse (DE-588)7636906-7 gnd rswk-swf Elektrochemische Energieumwandlung (DE-588)4151758-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Elektrochemische Energieumwandlung (DE-588)4151758-1 s Katalysator (DE-588)4029919-3 s Organokatalyse (DE-588)7636906-7 s DE-604 Okada, Tatsuhiro Sonstige (DE-588)136578969 oth Kaneko, Masao 1942- Sonstige (DE-588)123824516 oth Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-540-70758-5 Springer Series in Materials Science 111 (DE-604)BV000683335 111 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016960384&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Molecular catalysts for energy conversion Springer Series in Materials Science Katalysator (DE-588)4029919-3 gnd Organokatalyse (DE-588)7636906-7 gnd Elektrochemische Energieumwandlung (DE-588)4151758-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4029919-3 (DE-588)7636906-7 (DE-588)4151758-1 (DE-588)4143413-4
title	Molecular catalysts for energy conversion
title_auth	Molecular catalysts for energy conversion
title_exact_search	Molecular catalysts for energy conversion
title_exact_search_txtP	Molecular catalysts for energy conversion
title_full	Molecular catalysts for energy conversion Tatsuhiro Okada ; Masao Kaneko, ed.
title_fullStr	Molecular catalysts for energy conversion Tatsuhiro Okada ; Masao Kaneko, ed.
title_full_unstemmed	Molecular catalysts for energy conversion Tatsuhiro Okada ; Masao Kaneko, ed.
title_short	Molecular catalysts for energy conversion
title_sort	molecular catalysts for energy conversion
topic	Katalysator (DE-588)4029919-3 gnd Organokatalyse (DE-588)7636906-7 gnd Elektrochemische Energieumwandlung (DE-588)4151758-1 gnd
topic_facet	Katalysator Organokatalyse Elektrochemische Energieumwandlung Aufsatzsammlung
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work_keys_str_mv	AT okadatatsuhiro molecularcatalystsforenergyconversion AT kanekomasao molecularcatalystsforenergyconversion

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