Verfügbarkeit: Handbook of the solar-terrestrial environment

Handbook of the solar-terrestrial environment:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2007
Schlagworte:	Atmosfera Meteorologia física Radiação solar e terrestre Ionosphere Magnetosphere Atmospheric physics Solar-terrestrial physics Solar-terrestrische Physik Solar-terrestrische Beziehung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Beschreibung:	XIV, 539 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
ISBN:	3540463143 9783540463146

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MARC


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245	1	0	\|a Handbook of the solar-terrestrial environment \|c Yohsuke Kamide ... (ed.)
264		1	\|a Berlin [u.a.] \|b Springer \|c 2007
300			\|a XIV, 539 S. \|b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
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500			\|a Includes bibliographical references and index
650		7	\|a Atmosfera \|2 larpcal
650		7	\|a Meteorologia física \|2 larpcal
650		7	\|a Radiação solar e terrestre \|2 larpcal
650		4	\|a Ionosphere
650		4	\|a Magnetosphere
650		4	\|a Atmospheric physics
650		4	\|a Solar-terrestrial physics
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700	1		\|a Kamide, Yōsuke \|d 1943-2021 \|e Sonstige \|0 (DE-588)113242948 \|4 oth
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	YOHSUKE KAMIDE ABRAHAM C.-L CHIAN (EDS.) HANDBOOK OF THE SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT WITH 255 FIGURES, INCLUDING 63 COLOR FIGURES 4U SPRINGER CONTENTS 1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT A.C.-LCHIAN,Y.KAMIDE 1.1 INTRODUCTION 2 1.2 OVERVIEW AND HISTORY OF SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH 2 1.2.1 SUN 2 1.2.2 SOLARWIND 5 1.2.3 MAGNETOSPHERE-LONOSPHERE-THERMOSPHERE 7 1.2.4 GEOMAGNETISM AND GEOMAGNETIC STORMS/SUBSTORMS 9 1.2.5 AURORA 11 1.2.6 PLANETS AND COMETS 13 1.2.7 COSMIC RAYS 14 1.3 NATURE OF THE SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT 14 1.3.1 LINEAR WAVES 15 1.3.2 INSTABILITIES 16 1.3.3 NONLINEAR WAVES 17 1.3.4 TURBULENCE 18 1.4 APPLICATIONS 19 1.4.1 SPACE WEATHER AND SPACE CLIMATE 19 1.4.2 PLASMA ASTROPHYSICS 20 1.4.3 CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION 21 1.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 21 REFERENCES 22 PART 1 THE SUN 2 THE SOLAR INTERIOR - RADIAL STRUCTURE, ROTATION, SOLAR ACTIVITY CYCLE A. BRANDENBURG 2.1 INTRODUCTION 28 2.2 RADIAL STRUCTURE 28 2.2.1 GLOBAL ASPECTS 28 2.2.2 THERMAL AND HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM 29 2.2.3 TRANSITION TO ADIABATIC STRATIFICATION 30 2.2.4 MIXING LENGTH THEORY AND CONVECTION SIMULATIONS 31 2.3 HELIOSEISMOLOGY 33 2.3.1 QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION 34 2.3.2 INVERTING THE FREQUENCY SPECTRUM 34 2.3.3 THE SOLAR ABUNDANCE PROBLEM 37 2.3.4 INTERNAL SOLAR ROTATION RATE 37 2.3.5 LOCAL HELIOSEISMOLOGY 38 VIII CONTENTS 2.4 SOLAR ACTIVITY CYCLE 38 2.4.1 THE BUTTERFLY DIAGRAM 38 2.4.2 CYCLIC ACTIVITY ON OTHER SOLAR-LIKE STARS 39 2.4.3 GRAND MINIMA 39 2.4.4 ACTIVE REGIONS AND ACTIVE LONGITUDES 39 2.4.5 TORSIONAL OSCILLATIONS 40 2.5 DYNAMO THEORY 41 2.5.1 THE INDUCTION EQUATION 41 2.5.2 SMALL SCALE DYNAMO ACTION 42 2.5.3 MEAN FIELD THEORY 42 2.5.4 NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF A 44 2.5.5 OTHER EFFECTS 44 2.6 MODELS OFTHE SOLAR CYCLE 45 2.6.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODELS 45 2.6.2 DIFFERENT SOLAR DYNAMO SCENARIOS 45 2.6.3 NONLINEAR SATURATION 46 2.6.4 LOCATION OFTHE DYNAMO 48 2.7 DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION 48 2.7.1 MEAN FIELD THEORY OF DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION 48 2.7.2 THE A EFFECT FROM TURBULENCE SIMULATIONS 49 2.7.3 MERIDIONAL FLOW AND THE BAROCLINIC TERM 50 2.7.4 NEAR-SURFACE SHEAR LAYER 51 2.7.5 MAGNETIC EFFECTS 51 2.8 CONCLUSIONS 52 REFERENCES 53 3 SOLAR ATMOSPHERE 3.1 INTRODUCTION 56 E.R. PRIEST 3.1. 1 SOLAR ACTIVITY 57 3.1.2 THE SOLAR REVOLUTION 57 3.1.3 RECENT SURPRISES 59 3.2 THE ROLE OFTHE MAGNETIC FIELD 62 3.2.1 BASIC EQUATIONS 62 3.2.2 MAGNETIC WAVES 65 3.2.3 MAGNETIC RECONNECTION 66 3.3 PROMINENCES 70 3.4 SOLAR FLARES 71 3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 71 3.4.2 ENERGY RELEASE BY MAGNETIC RECONNECTION 73 3.4.3 CONDITIONSFOR FLARE OCCURRENCE 75 3.4.4 CATASTROPHE AND INSTABILITY MODELS FOR ERUPTION 76 3.5 CORONAL HEATING 76 3.5.1 INTRODUCTION 76 3.5.2 NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT ON GLOBAL ACTIVE REGION HEATING 80 3.5.3 HEATING BY MHD WAVES 81 3.5.4 HEATING BY MAGNETIC RECONNECTION 81 3.6 CONCLUSION 90 REFERENCES 91 CONTENTS IX 4 SOLAR WIND EN. PARKER 5 CORONAL MASS EJECTION PJ.CARGILL AND LK. HARM 6 SOLAR RADIO EMISSIONS J.-L BOUGERET AND M. PICK 4.1 INTRODUCTION 96 4.2 THE CORONA 96 4.3 OUTWARD DECLINE OF DENSITY AND PRESSURE 97 4.4 COMETS AND SOLAR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION 98 4.5 COSMIC RAY VARIATIONS 98 4.6 PLASMA IN INTERPLANETARY SPACE 99 4.7 THE STATE OFTHE CORONA 100 4.8 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF HYDRODYNAMICS AND MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS 101 4.9 KINETIC CONDITIONS IN THE CORONA 103 4.10 MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS 104 4.11 HYDRODYNAMIC EXPANSION OF THE SOLAR CORONA 105 4.12 SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS ON CORONAL TEMPERATURE 107 4.13 ANALOGY WITH EXPANSION THROUGH A LAVAL NOZZLE 108 4.14 GRAVITATIONAL THROTTLING OF CORONAL EXPANSION 109 4.15 WIND DENSITY AND SOLAR MASS LOSS 110 4.16 MAGNETIC FIELDS AND STREAMS IN THE SOLAR WIND 112 4.17 DISCUSSION 113 REFERENCES 114 5.1 INTRODUCTION 118 , 5.2 CMES AT THE SUN 119 5.2.1 PROPERTIES 120 5.2.2 WHAT CAUSES CMES: OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE 121 5.2.3 THEORETICAL IDEAS 125 5.3 INTERPLANETARY CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS 128 5.3.1 PROPERTIES AT 1 AU 128 5.3.2 PUTTING THE SOLAR AND INTERPLANETARY PARTS TOGETHER 130 5.4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 130 REFERENCES 131 6.1 INTRODUCTION *. 134 6.2 RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION 135 6.2.1 BASICS 135 6.2.2 SCATTERING OF RADIO WAVES 137 6.3 THERMAL RADIATION FROM THE SUN 137 6.3.1 MICROWAVE DOMAIN 137 6.3.2 DECIMETER-METER DOMAIN 137 6.4 SOLAR RADIO BURSTS 138 6.4.1 EMISSION MECHANISMS 139 6.4.2 ELECTRON BEAMS 139 6.4.3 REMOTE TRACKING OF COLLISIONLESS SHOCK WAVES 141 6.4.4 RADIO EMISSION FOLLOWING FLARES AND LARGE-SCALE DISTURBANCES 142 6.5 INSITU WAVEAND PARTICLE MEASUREMENTS 144 6.6 RADIO SIGNATURES OF CORONAL AND INTERPLANETARY CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS. 145 6.6.1 FLARE/CME EVENTS: LIFT-OFFAND ANGULAR SPREAD IN THE CORONA 146 6.6.2 DIRECT RADIO CME IMAGING 146 6.6.3 INTERPLANETARY CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS 147 X CONTENTS PART 2 THE EARTH 6.7 CONCLUSIONS: THE RELEVANCE OF RADIO OBSERVATIONS TO THE UNDERSTANDING OFTHE SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT 148 REFERENCES 150 7 MAGNETOSPHERE M.SCHUIZ 8 IONOSPHERE P.-LBIELLYANDD.AKAYDE 9 THERMOSPHERE S.KATO 7.1 INTRODUCTION 156 7.2 MAGNETIC CONFIGURATION 157 7.3 MAGNETOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELDS 164 7.4 MAGNETOSPHERIC CHARGED PARTICLES 173 7.5 SUMMARY 186 REFERENCES 187 8.1 PRODUCTION AND STRUCTURE 190 8.1.1 LONIZATION PROCESSES 190 8.1.2 PRIMARY IONOSPHERIC OUTPUTS 194 8.1.3 IONOSPHERIC STRUCTURE 196 8.2 DYNAMICS AND COUPLINGS 200 8.2.1 ELECTRODYNAMICS 200 8.2.2 ENERGETICS 204 8.2.3 FIELD ALIGNED TRANSPORT 207 8.2.4 COUPLING PROCESSES 212 8.3 OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING 214 8.3.1 INCOHERENT SCATTER 214 8.3.2 COHERENT RADARS 215 8.3.3 MODELING 217 8.4 CONCLUSION 217 REFERENCES ; 219 9.1 OUTLINE OF THETHERMOSPHERE 222 9.2 BASIC THERMOSPHERE DYNAMICS 224 9.2.1 TURBULENCE AND GRAVITY WAVES 224 9.2.2 WAVESANDWINDS 229 9.3 GCMSIMULATION 234 9.4 OBSERVATION 236 9.5 DYNAMICS OFTHE POLAR THERMOSPHERE 239 9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 242 REFERENCES 242 CONTENTS XI PART 3 SPACE PLASMAS 10 SPACE PLASMAS C. UBEROI 11 MAGNETIC RECONNECTION A. NISHIDA 12 NONLINEAR PLASMAS LSTENFLOANDP.K.SHUKLA 10.1 CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF PLASMAS 250 10.2 PARTICLES IN SPACE PLASMAS 252 10.2.1 MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD 252 10.2.2 PARTICLE DRIFTS 253 10.2.3 MAGNETIC MIRRORS 255 10.2.4 MOTION IN A DIPOLE MAGNETIC FIELD 256 10.2.5 CURRENTS 256 10.3 MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS FOR PLASMAS 257 10.4 PLASMA AS AN MHD FLUID 259 10.4.1 MHD EQUATIONS 260 10.4.2 MOTION OFTHE MAGNETIC FIELD 261 10.4.3 HYDROMAGNETIC EQUILIBRIUM 263 10.4.4 TRANSPORT COEFFICIENTS: ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 263 10.5 WAVES IN SPACE PLASMAS 264 10.5.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 264 10.5.2 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT FOR MAGNETIZED PLASMA 266 10.5.3 ELECTROSTATIC WAVES 268 10.5.4 MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC WAVES 269 10.5.5 KINETIC THEORY OF PLASMA WAVES 270 10.5.6 SURFACE WAVES 271 10.6 EQUILIBRIA AND THEIR STABILITY 273 10.6.1 INTERFACE INSTABILITIES 273 10.6.2 TWO-STREAM INSTABILITY 275 10.6.3 TEARING MODE INSTABILITY 276 10.7 CONCLUSION 277 REFERENCES 277 11.1 INTRODUCTION 280 11.2 RECONNECTION ON THE MAGNETOPAUSE 281 11.2.1 FORMATION AND TOPOLOGY OF OPEN FIELD LINES 281 11.2.2 STRUCTURE OFTHE MAGNETOPAUSE IN TERMS OF MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS... 283 11.2.3 DIRECT CONSEQUENCES OFTHE MAGNETOPAUSE RECONNECTION 289 11.3 RECONNECTIONINSIDETHEMAGNETOTAIL 292 11.3.1 SITES OFTHE MAGNETOTAIL RECONNECTION 292 11.3.2 STRUCTURE OFTHE RECONNECTION REGION 294 11.3.3 CONSEQUENCES OFTHE MAGNETOTAIL RECONNECTION 301 11.3.4 CAUSE OFTHE NEAR-EARTH RECONNECTION 306 REFERENCES 308 12.1 INTRODUCTION 312 12.2 STIMULATED SCATTERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 312 12.3 RESONANT THREE-WAVE INTERACTIONS IN PLASMAS 316 12.4 PARAMETRIC INSTABILITIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD-ALIGNED ALFVEN WAVES 318 12.5 KINETIC ALFVEN WAVES DRIVEN ZONAL FLOWS 320 XII CONTENTS 12.6 PONDEROMOTIVE FORCES AND PLASMA DENSITY MODIFICATIONS 322 12.7 MODULATED CIRCULARLY POLARIZED DISPERSIVE ALFVEN WAVES 323 12.8 ELECTRON JOULE HEATING 324 12.9 SELF-INTERACTION BETWEEN DSAWS 325 12.10 NONLINEAR DRIFT-ALFVEN-SHUKLA-VARMA MODES 325 12.11 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 327 REFERENCES 328 PART 4 PROCESSES IN THE SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT 13 THE AURORA B. HULTQVIST 14 GEOMAGNETIC STORMS Y.KAMIDEANDY.P.MALTSEV 13.1 INTRODUCTION 334 13.2 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONS 334 13.3 SPECTRUM, OPTICAL INTENSITY AND POWER 337 13.4 AURORAL FORMS AND STRUCTURING 339 13.5 AURORAL SUBSTORMS AND STORMS 342 13.6 AURORAL ELECTRODYNAMICS AND ENERGETIC PARTICLE PRECIPITATION 344 13.7 CORRELATIONS OF AURORA WITH VARIOUS SOLAR AND GEOPHYSICAL PHENOMENA. 348 13.8 AURORA AS A SOURCE OF PLASMA 349 13.9 THE AURORA AS A UNIVERSAL PHENOMENON 351 13.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS 352 REFERENCES 352 14.1 INTRODUCTION 356 14.2 WHAT IS A GEOMAGNETIC STORM? 356 14.3 RING CURRENT AS A DOMINANT SIGNATURE OF GEOMAGNETIC STORMS 358 14.4 SOLAR WIND CAUSES OF GEOMAGNETIC STORMS 359 14.5 MAGNETOSPHERIC GEOMETRY DURING GEOMAGNETIC STORMS 362 14.5.1 AURORAL ELECTROJETS 362 14.5.2 AURORAL OVAL 362 14.5.3 STANDOFF DISTANCE 363 14.5.4 STABLE TRAPPING BOUNDARY 363 14.6 STORM-TIME MAGNETIC FIELDS AND ELECTRIC FIELDS IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE.. 363 14.6.1 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OFTHE ELECTRIC CURRENTS 363 14.6.2 CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT CURRENT SYSTEMS TO DST 364 14.6.3 STORM-TIME ELECTRIC FIELDS IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE 366 14.7 DISCUSSION ON OPEN ISSUES OF GEOMAGNETIC STORM DYNAMICS 367 14.7.1 INFLUENCE OFTHE SOLAR WIND PARAMETERS ON DST 367 14.7.2 INFLUENCE OFTHE SUBSTORM EXPANSION PHASE ON DST 368 14.7.3 WHAT CAUSES STORM-TIME EQUATORWARD SHIFT OFTHE AURORAL OVAL? 370 14.7.4 WHY DOES THE IMF SOUTHWARD COMPONENT AFFECT DSTL 371 14.8 SUMMARY 372 REFERENCES 373 CONTENTS XIII 15 SUBSTORMS G. ROSTOKER 16 ULTRA LOW FREQUENCY WAVES IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE U. VILLANTE 17 SPACE WEATHER LI. LANZEROTTI 15.1 OBSERVATIONS 376 15.1.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 376 15.1.2 OBSERVATIONAL BASIS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THESUBSTORM CONCEPT: PRE-SATELLITE ERA 377 15.1.3 OBSERVATIONAL BASIS FOR THE EVOLUTION OFTHE SUBSTORM CONCEPT: SATELLITE ERA 378 15.1.4 THE SOLAR WIND AS A DRIVER OF SUBSTORM ACTIVITY 381 15.1.5 EVOLUTION OF A SUBSTORM OPTICALLY AND MAGNETICALLY: A CASE STUDY 382 15.2 PHYSICAL FRAMEWORKS FOR UNDERSTANDING SUBSTORMS 386 15.2.1 THE NEAR-EARTH NEUTRAL LINE (NENL) FRAMEWORK 386 15.2.2 NEAR-EARTH CURRENT DISRUPTION FRAMEWORK 388 15.2.3 BOUNDARY LAYER DYNAMICS MODEL 389 15.3 FINAL COMMENTS 391 REFERENCES 393 16.1 INTRODUCTION 398 16.2 LINEAR THEORY OF HYDROMAGNETIC WAVES 400 16.2.1 THE UNIFORM FIELD 400 16.2.2 THE DIPOLE FIELD 401 16.3 SOURCES OF GEOMAGNETIC PULSATIONS 402 ,16.3.1 UPSTREAM WAVES 402 16.3.2 KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY 403 16.3.3 ION-CYCLOTRON INSTABILITY 403 16.4 EFFECTS OFTHE IONOSPHERE AND FIELD LINE EIGENPERIODS 404 16.5 FIELD LINE RESONANCE 405 16.6 CAVITY RESONANCE 407 16.7 LOW FREQUENCY PULSATIONS 407 16.8 MID-FREQUENCY PULSATIONS 409 16.9 FLR AND MAGNETOSPHERIC DIAGNOSTICS 412 16.10 CAVITY/WAVEGUIDE MODES 414 16.11 HIGH FREQUENCY PULSATIONS 1 415 16.12 IRREGULAR PULSATIONS 417 16.13 CONCLUDING REMARKS 419 REFERENCES 419 17.1 INTRODUCTION 424 17.2 EARLY TECHNOLOGIES: TELEGRAPH AND WIRELESS 425 17.3 GROWTH IN ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGIES 427 17.4 THE SPACE AGE AND SPACE WEATHER 429 17.4.1 IONOSPHERE AND EARTH CURRENTS 429 17.4.2 IONOSPHERE AND WIRELESS 430 17.4.3 SOLARRADIONOISE 431 17.4.4 SPACE RADIATION EFFECTS 432 17.4.5 MAGNETIC FIELD VARIATIONS 436 17.4.6 MICROMETEOROIDS (AND SPACE DEBRIS) 436 17.4.7 ATMOSPHERE: LOW ALTITUDE SPACECRAFT DRAG 436 17.4.8 ATMOSPHERE WATER VAPOR 437 XIV CONTENTS 18 EFFECTS OFTHE SOLAR CYCLE ON THE EARTH S ATMOSPHERE K. LABITZKE 17.5 POLICY ISSUES 438 17.6 SUMMARY 439 REFERENCES 439 18.1 INTRODUCTION . 446 18.2 DATA AND METHODS 446 18.3 VARIABILITY IN THE STRATOSPHERE 447 18.4 INFLUENCES OFTHE 11-YEAR SUNSPOT CYCLE ON THE STRATOSPHERE 448 18.4.1 THE STRATOSPHERE DURING THE NORTHERN WINTER 448 18.4.2 THE STRATOSPHERE DURING THE NORTHERN SUMMER 453 18.5 THE SOLAR SIGNAL IN THE TROPOSPHERE 458 18.6 THE QBO-SOLAR-RELATIONSHIP THROUGHOUT THE YEAR 459 18.7 MODELS AND MECHANISMS 461 18.8 SUMMARY 463 REFERENCES 464 PART 5 PLANETS AND COMETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 19 PLANETARY MAGNETOSPHERES . 19.1 INTRODUCTION 470 M.G.KIVELSON 19.2 PARAMETERS THAT CONTROL MAGNETOSPHERIC CONFIGURATION AND DYNAMICS . 470 19.2.1 PROPERTIES OFTHE FLOWING PLASMA 470 19.2.2 PROPERTIES OFTHE PLANET OR MOON 473 19.2.3 DIMENSIONLESS RATIOS CONTROLLING SIZE AND DYNAMICS 473 19.3 A TOUR OF PLANETARY MAGNETOSPHERES 474 19.3.1 MINI-MAGNETOSPHERES 474 19.3.2 GIANT MAGNETOSPHERES OF RAPIDLY ROTATING PLANETS 480 19.3.3 UNCLASSIFIED MAGNETOSPHERES 490 19.3.4 MARS: A SPECIAL CASE 490 19.4 SUMMARY: SOME LESSONS FOR EARTH 491 REFERENCES 492 20 THE SOLAR-COMET INTERACTIONS 20.1 INTRODUCTION 494 D.A. MENDIS 20.2 COMETARY RESERVOIRS 494 20.3 THE NATURE OFTHE COMETARY NUCLEUS 496 20.4 INTERACTION WITH SOLAR RADIATION 498 20.5 THE INTERACTION WITH THE SOLAR WIND 501 20.6 COMETS AS PROBES OFTHE SOLAR WIND 507 REFERENCES 514 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 517 INDEX .- 529
adam_txt	YOHSUKE KAMIDE ABRAHAM C.-L CHIAN (EDS.) HANDBOOK OF THE SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT WITH 255 FIGURES, INCLUDING 63 COLOR FIGURES 4U SPRINGER CONTENTS 1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT A.C.-LCHIAN,Y.KAMIDE 1.1 INTRODUCTION 2 1.2 OVERVIEW AND HISTORY OF SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH 2 1.2.1 SUN 2 1.2.2 SOLARWIND 5 1.2.3 MAGNETOSPHERE-LONOSPHERE-THERMOSPHERE 7 1.2.4 GEOMAGNETISM AND GEOMAGNETIC STORMS/SUBSTORMS 9 1.2.5 AURORA 11 1.2.6 PLANETS AND COMETS 13 1.2.7 COSMIC RAYS 14 1.3 NATURE OF THE SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT 14 '1.3.1 LINEAR WAVES 15 1.3.2 INSTABILITIES 16 1.3.3 NONLINEAR WAVES 17 1.3.4 TURBULENCE 18 1.4 APPLICATIONS 19 1.4.1 SPACE WEATHER AND SPACE CLIMATE 19 1.4.2 PLASMA ASTROPHYSICS 20 1.4.3 CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION 21 1.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 21 REFERENCES 22 PART 1 THE SUN 2 THE SOLAR INTERIOR - RADIAL STRUCTURE, ROTATION, SOLAR ACTIVITY CYCLE A. BRANDENBURG 2.1 INTRODUCTION 28 2.2 RADIAL STRUCTURE 28 2.2.1 GLOBAL ASPECTS 28 2.2.2 THERMAL AND HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM 29 2.2.3 TRANSITION TO ADIABATIC STRATIFICATION 30 2.2.4 MIXING LENGTH THEORY AND CONVECTION SIMULATIONS 31 2.3 HELIOSEISMOLOGY 33 2.3.1 QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION 34 2.3.2 INVERTING THE FREQUENCY SPECTRUM 34 2.3.3 THE SOLAR ABUNDANCE PROBLEM 37 2.3.4 INTERNAL SOLAR ROTATION RATE 37 2.3.5 LOCAL HELIOSEISMOLOGY 38 VIII CONTENTS 2.4 SOLAR ACTIVITY CYCLE 38 2.4.1 THE BUTTERFLY DIAGRAM 38 2.4.2 CYCLIC ACTIVITY ON OTHER SOLAR-LIKE STARS 39 2.4.3 GRAND MINIMA 39 2.4.4 ACTIVE REGIONS AND ACTIVE LONGITUDES 39 2.4.5 TORSIONAL OSCILLATIONS 40 2.5 DYNAMO THEORY 41 2.5.1 THE INDUCTION EQUATION 41 2.5.2 SMALL SCALE DYNAMO ACTION 42 2.5.3 MEAN FIELD THEORY 42 2.5.4 NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF A 44 2.5.5 OTHER EFFECTS 44 2.6 MODELS OFTHE SOLAR CYCLE 45 2.6.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODELS 45 2.6.2 DIFFERENT SOLAR DYNAMO SCENARIOS 45 2.6.3 NONLINEAR SATURATION 46 2.6.4 LOCATION OFTHE DYNAMO 48 2.7 DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION 48 2.7.1 MEAN FIELD THEORY OF DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION 48 2.7.2 THE A EFFECT FROM TURBULENCE SIMULATIONS 49 2.7.3 MERIDIONAL FLOW AND THE BAROCLINIC TERM 50 2.7.4 NEAR-SURFACE SHEAR LAYER 51 2.7.5 MAGNETIC EFFECTS 51 2.8 CONCLUSIONS 52 REFERENCES 53 3 SOLAR ATMOSPHERE 3.1 INTRODUCTION 56 E.R. PRIEST 3.1. 1 SOLAR ACTIVITY 57 3.1.2 THE SOLAR REVOLUTION 57 3.1.3 RECENT SURPRISES 59 3.2 THE ROLE OFTHE MAGNETIC FIELD 62 3.2.1 BASIC EQUATIONS 62 3.2.2 MAGNETIC WAVES 65 3.2.3 MAGNETIC RECONNECTION 66 3.3 PROMINENCES 70 3.4 SOLAR FLARES 71 3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 71 3.4.2 ENERGY RELEASE BY MAGNETIC RECONNECTION 73 3.4.3 CONDITIONSFOR FLARE OCCURRENCE 75 3.4.4 CATASTROPHE AND INSTABILITY MODELS FOR ERUPTION 76 3.5 CORONAL HEATING 76 3.5.1 INTRODUCTION 76 3.5.2 NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT ON GLOBAL ACTIVE REGION HEATING 80 3.5.3 HEATING BY MHD WAVES 81 3.5.4 HEATING BY MAGNETIC RECONNECTION 81 3.6 CONCLUSION 90 REFERENCES 91 CONTENTS IX 4 SOLAR WIND EN. PARKER 5 CORONAL MASS EJECTION PJ.CARGILL AND LK. HARM 6 SOLAR RADIO EMISSIONS J.-L BOUGERET AND M. PICK 4.1 INTRODUCTION 96 4.2 THE CORONA 96 4.3 OUTWARD DECLINE OF DENSITY AND PRESSURE 97 4.4 COMETS AND SOLAR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION 98 4.5 COSMIC RAY VARIATIONS 98 4.6 PLASMA IN INTERPLANETARY SPACE 99 4.7 THE STATE OFTHE CORONA 100 4.8 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF HYDRODYNAMICS AND MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS 101 4.9 KINETIC CONDITIONS IN THE CORONA 103 4.10 MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS 104 4.11 HYDRODYNAMIC EXPANSION OF THE SOLAR CORONA 105 4.12 SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS ON CORONAL TEMPERATURE 107 4.13 ANALOGY WITH EXPANSION THROUGH A LAVAL NOZZLE 108 4.14 GRAVITATIONAL THROTTLING OF CORONAL EXPANSION 109 4.15 WIND DENSITY AND SOLAR MASS LOSS 110 4.16 MAGNETIC FIELDS AND STREAMS IN THE SOLAR WIND 112 4.17 DISCUSSION 113 REFERENCES 114 5.1 INTRODUCTION 118 , 5.2 CMES AT THE SUN 119 5.2.1 PROPERTIES 120 5.2.2 WHAT CAUSES CMES: OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE 121 5.2.3 THEORETICAL IDEAS 125 5.3 INTERPLANETARY CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS 128 5.3.1 PROPERTIES AT 1 AU 128 5.3.2 PUTTING THE SOLAR AND INTERPLANETARY PARTS TOGETHER 130 5.4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 130 REFERENCES 131 6.1 INTRODUCTION *. 134 6.2 RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION 135 6.2.1 BASICS 135 6.2.2 SCATTERING OF RADIO WAVES 137 6.3 THERMAL RADIATION FROM THE SUN 137 6.3.1 MICROWAVE DOMAIN 137 6.3.2 DECIMETER-METER DOMAIN 137 6.4 SOLAR RADIO BURSTS 138 6.4.1 EMISSION MECHANISMS 139 6.4.2 ELECTRON BEAMS 139 6.4.3 REMOTE TRACKING OF COLLISIONLESS SHOCK WAVES 141 6.4.4 RADIO EMISSION FOLLOWING FLARES AND LARGE-SCALE DISTURBANCES 142 6.5 INSITU WAVEAND PARTICLE MEASUREMENTS 144 6.6 RADIO SIGNATURES OF CORONAL AND INTERPLANETARY CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS. 145 6.6.1 FLARE/CME EVENTS: LIFT-OFFAND ANGULAR SPREAD IN THE CORONA 146 6.6.2 DIRECT RADIO CME IMAGING 146 6.6.3 INTERPLANETARY CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS 147 X CONTENTS PART 2 THE EARTH 6.7 CONCLUSIONS: THE RELEVANCE OF RADIO OBSERVATIONS TO THE UNDERSTANDING OFTHE SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT 148 REFERENCES 150 7 MAGNETOSPHERE M.SCHUIZ 8 IONOSPHERE P.-LBIELLYANDD.AKAYDE 9 THERMOSPHERE S.KATO 7.1 INTRODUCTION 156 7.2 MAGNETIC CONFIGURATION 157 7.3 MAGNETOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELDS 164 7.4 MAGNETOSPHERIC CHARGED PARTICLES 173 7.5 SUMMARY 186 REFERENCES 187 8.1 PRODUCTION AND STRUCTURE 190 8.1.1 LONIZATION PROCESSES 190 8.1.2 PRIMARY IONOSPHERIC OUTPUTS 194 8.1.3 IONOSPHERIC STRUCTURE 196 8.2 DYNAMICS AND COUPLINGS 200 8.2.1 ELECTRODYNAMICS 200 8.2.2 ENERGETICS 204 8.2.3 FIELD ALIGNED TRANSPORT 207 8.2.4 COUPLING PROCESSES 212 8.3 OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING 214 8.3.1 INCOHERENT SCATTER 214 8.3.2 COHERENT RADARS 215 8.3.3 MODELING 217 8.4 CONCLUSION 217 REFERENCES ; 219 9.1 OUTLINE OF THETHERMOSPHERE 222 9.2 BASIC THERMOSPHERE DYNAMICS 224 9.2.1 TURBULENCE AND GRAVITY WAVES 224 9.2.2 WAVESANDWINDS 229 9.3 GCMSIMULATION 234 9.4 OBSERVATION 236 9.5 DYNAMICS OFTHE POLAR THERMOSPHERE 239 9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 242 REFERENCES 242 CONTENTS XI PART 3 SPACE PLASMAS 10 SPACE PLASMAS C. UBEROI 11 MAGNETIC RECONNECTION A. NISHIDA 12 NONLINEAR PLASMAS LSTENFLOANDP.K.SHUKLA 10.1 CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF PLASMAS 250 10.2 PARTICLES IN SPACE PLASMAS 252 10.2.1 MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD 252 10.2.2 PARTICLE DRIFTS 253 10.2.3 MAGNETIC MIRRORS 255 10.2.4 MOTION IN A DIPOLE MAGNETIC FIELD 256 10.2.5 CURRENTS 256 10.3 MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS FOR PLASMAS 257 10.4 PLASMA AS AN MHD FLUID 259 10.4.1 MHD EQUATIONS 260 10.4.2 MOTION OFTHE MAGNETIC FIELD 261 10.4.3 HYDROMAGNETIC EQUILIBRIUM 263 10.4.4 TRANSPORT COEFFICIENTS: ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 263 10.5 WAVES IN SPACE PLASMAS 264 10.5.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 264 10.5.2 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT FOR MAGNETIZED PLASMA 266 10.5.3 ELECTROSTATIC WAVES 268 10.5.4 MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC WAVES 269 10.5.5 KINETIC THEORY OF PLASMA WAVES 270 10.5.6 SURFACE WAVES 271 10.6 EQUILIBRIA AND THEIR STABILITY 273 10.6.1 INTERFACE INSTABILITIES 273 10.6.2 TWO-STREAM INSTABILITY 275 10.6.3 TEARING MODE INSTABILITY 276 10.7 CONCLUSION 277 REFERENCES 277 11.1 INTRODUCTION 280 11.2 RECONNECTION ON THE MAGNETOPAUSE 281 11.2.1 FORMATION AND TOPOLOGY OF OPEN FIELD LINES 281 11.2.2 STRUCTURE OFTHE MAGNETOPAUSE IN TERMS OF MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS. 283 11.2.3 DIRECT CONSEQUENCES OFTHE MAGNETOPAUSE RECONNECTION 289 11.3 RECONNECTIONINSIDETHEMAGNETOTAIL 292 11.3.1 SITES OFTHE MAGNETOTAIL RECONNECTION 292 11.3.2 STRUCTURE OFTHE RECONNECTION REGION 294 11.3.3 CONSEQUENCES OFTHE MAGNETOTAIL RECONNECTION 301 11.3.4 CAUSE OFTHE NEAR-EARTH RECONNECTION 306 REFERENCES 308 12.1 INTRODUCTION 312 12.2 STIMULATED SCATTERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 312 12.3 RESONANT THREE-WAVE INTERACTIONS IN PLASMAS 316 12.4 PARAMETRIC INSTABILITIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD-ALIGNED ALFVEN WAVES 318 12.5 KINETIC ALFVEN WAVES DRIVEN ZONAL FLOWS 320 XII CONTENTS 12.6 PONDEROMOTIVE FORCES AND PLASMA DENSITY MODIFICATIONS 322 12.7 MODULATED CIRCULARLY POLARIZED DISPERSIVE ALFVEN WAVES 323 12.8 ELECTRON JOULE HEATING 324 12.9 SELF-INTERACTION BETWEEN DSAWS 325 12.10 NONLINEAR DRIFT-ALFVEN-SHUKLA-VARMA MODES 325 12.11 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 327 REFERENCES 328 PART 4 PROCESSES IN THE SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT 13 THE AURORA B. HULTQVIST 14 GEOMAGNETIC STORMS Y.KAMIDEANDY.P.MALTSEV 13.1 INTRODUCTION 334 13.2 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONS 334 13.3 SPECTRUM, OPTICAL INTENSITY AND POWER 337 13.4 AURORAL FORMS AND STRUCTURING 339 13.5 AURORAL SUBSTORMS AND STORMS 342 13.6 AURORAL ELECTRODYNAMICS AND ENERGETIC PARTICLE PRECIPITATION 344 13.7 CORRELATIONS OF AURORA WITH VARIOUS SOLAR AND GEOPHYSICAL PHENOMENA. 348 13.8 AURORA AS A SOURCE OF PLASMA 349 13.9 THE AURORA AS A UNIVERSAL PHENOMENON 351 13.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS 352 REFERENCES 352 14.1 INTRODUCTION 356 14.2 WHAT IS A GEOMAGNETIC STORM? 356 14.3 RING CURRENT AS A DOMINANT SIGNATURE OF GEOMAGNETIC STORMS 358 14.4 SOLAR WIND CAUSES OF GEOMAGNETIC STORMS 359 14.5 MAGNETOSPHERIC GEOMETRY DURING GEOMAGNETIC STORMS 362 14.5.1 AURORAL ELECTROJETS 362 14.5.2 AURORAL OVAL 362 14.5.3 STANDOFF DISTANCE 363 14.5.4 STABLE TRAPPING BOUNDARY 363 14.6 STORM-TIME MAGNETIC FIELDS AND ELECTRIC FIELDS IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE. 363 14.6.1 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OFTHE ELECTRIC CURRENTS 363 14.6.2 CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT CURRENT SYSTEMS TO DST 364 14.6.3 STORM-TIME ELECTRIC FIELDS IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE 366 14.7 DISCUSSION ON OPEN ISSUES OF GEOMAGNETIC STORM DYNAMICS 367 14.7.1 INFLUENCE OFTHE SOLAR WIND PARAMETERS ON DST 367 14.7.2 INFLUENCE OFTHE SUBSTORM EXPANSION PHASE ON DST 368 14.7.3 WHAT CAUSES STORM-TIME EQUATORWARD SHIFT OFTHE AURORAL OVAL? 370 14.7.4 WHY DOES THE IMF SOUTHWARD COMPONENT AFFECT DSTL 371 14.8 SUMMARY 372 REFERENCES 373 CONTENTS XIII 15 SUBSTORMS G. ROSTOKER 16 ULTRA LOW FREQUENCY WAVES IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE U. VILLANTE 17 SPACE WEATHER LI. LANZEROTTI 15.1 OBSERVATIONS 376 15.1.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 376 15.1.2 OBSERVATIONAL BASIS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THESUBSTORM CONCEPT: PRE-SATELLITE ERA 377 15.1.3 OBSERVATIONAL BASIS FOR THE EVOLUTION OFTHE SUBSTORM CONCEPT: SATELLITE ERA 378 15.1.4 THE SOLAR WIND AS A DRIVER OF SUBSTORM ACTIVITY 381 15.1.5 EVOLUTION OF A SUBSTORM OPTICALLY AND MAGNETICALLY: A CASE STUDY 382 15.2 PHYSICAL FRAMEWORKS FOR UNDERSTANDING SUBSTORMS 386 15.2.1 THE NEAR-EARTH NEUTRAL LINE (NENL) FRAMEWORK 386 15.2.2 NEAR-EARTH CURRENT DISRUPTION FRAMEWORK 388 15.2.3 BOUNDARY LAYER DYNAMICS MODEL 389 15.3 FINAL COMMENTS 391 REFERENCES 393 16.1 INTRODUCTION 398 16.2 LINEAR THEORY OF HYDROMAGNETIC WAVES 400 16.2.1 THE UNIFORM FIELD 400 16.2.2 THE DIPOLE FIELD 401 16.3 SOURCES OF GEOMAGNETIC PULSATIONS 402 ,16.3.1 UPSTREAM WAVES 402 16.3.2 KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY 403 16.3.3 ION-CYCLOTRON INSTABILITY 403 16.4 EFFECTS OFTHE IONOSPHERE AND FIELD LINE EIGENPERIODS 404 16.5 FIELD LINE RESONANCE 405 16.6 CAVITY RESONANCE 407 16.7 LOW FREQUENCY PULSATIONS 407 16.8 MID-FREQUENCY PULSATIONS 409 16.9 FLR AND MAGNETOSPHERIC DIAGNOSTICS 412 16.10 CAVITY/WAVEGUIDE MODES 414 16.11 HIGH FREQUENCY PULSATIONS 1 415 16.12 IRREGULAR PULSATIONS 417 16.13 CONCLUDING REMARKS 419 REFERENCES 419 17.1 INTRODUCTION 424 17.2 EARLY TECHNOLOGIES: TELEGRAPH AND WIRELESS 425 17.3 GROWTH IN ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGIES 427 17.4 THE SPACE AGE AND SPACE WEATHER 429 17.4.1 IONOSPHERE AND EARTH CURRENTS 429 17.4.2 IONOSPHERE AND WIRELESS 430 17.4.3 SOLARRADIONOISE 431 17.4.4 SPACE RADIATION EFFECTS 432 17.4.5 MAGNETIC FIELD VARIATIONS 436 17.4.6 MICROMETEOROIDS (AND SPACE DEBRIS) 436 17.4.7 ATMOSPHERE: LOW ALTITUDE SPACECRAFT DRAG 436 17.4.8 ATMOSPHERE WATER VAPOR 437 XIV CONTENTS 18 EFFECTS OFTHE SOLAR CYCLE ON THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE K. LABITZKE 17.5 POLICY ISSUES 438 17.6 SUMMARY 439 REFERENCES 439 18.1 INTRODUCTION ". 446 18.2 DATA AND METHODS 446 18.3 VARIABILITY IN THE STRATOSPHERE 447 18.4 INFLUENCES OFTHE 11-YEAR SUNSPOT CYCLE ON THE STRATOSPHERE 448 18.4.1 THE STRATOSPHERE DURING THE NORTHERN WINTER 448 18.4.2 THE STRATOSPHERE DURING THE NORTHERN SUMMER 453 18.5 THE SOLAR SIGNAL IN THE TROPOSPHERE 458 18.6 THE QBO-SOLAR-RELATIONSHIP THROUGHOUT THE YEAR 459 18.7 MODELS AND MECHANISMS 461 18.8 SUMMARY 463 REFERENCES 464 PART 5 PLANETS AND COMETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 19 PLANETARY MAGNETOSPHERES . 19.1 INTRODUCTION 470 M.G.KIVELSON 19.2 PARAMETERS THAT CONTROL MAGNETOSPHERIC CONFIGURATION AND DYNAMICS . 470 19.2.1 PROPERTIES OFTHE FLOWING PLASMA 470 19.2.2 PROPERTIES OFTHE PLANET OR MOON 473 19.2.3 DIMENSIONLESS RATIOS CONTROLLING SIZE AND DYNAMICS 473 19.3 A TOUR OF PLANETARY MAGNETOSPHERES 474 19.3.1 MINI-MAGNETOSPHERES 474 19.3.2 GIANT MAGNETOSPHERES OF RAPIDLY ROTATING PLANETS 480 19.3.3 UNCLASSIFIED MAGNETOSPHERES 490 19.3.4 MARS: A SPECIAL CASE 490 19.4 SUMMARY: SOME LESSONS FOR EARTH 491 REFERENCES 492 20 THE SOLAR-COMET INTERACTIONS 20.1 INTRODUCTION 494 D.A. MENDIS 20.2 COMETARY RESERVOIRS 494 20.3 THE NATURE OFTHE COMETARY NUCLEUS 496 20.4 INTERACTION WITH SOLAR RADIATION 498 20.5 THE INTERACTION WITH THE SOLAR WIND 501 20.6 COMETS AS PROBES OFTHE SOLAR WIND 507 REFERENCES 514 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 517 INDEX .- 529
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spellingShingle	Handbook of the solar-terrestrial environment Atmosfera larpcal Meteorologia física larpcal Radiação solar e terrestre larpcal Ionosphere Magnetosphere Atmospheric physics Solar-terrestrial physics Solar-terrestrische Physik (DE-588)4321917-2 gnd Solar-terrestrische Beziehung (DE-588)4137593-2 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4321917-2 (DE-588)4137593-2
title	Handbook of the solar-terrestrial environment
title_auth	Handbook of the solar-terrestrial environment
title_exact_search	Handbook of the solar-terrestrial environment
title_exact_search_txtP	Handbook of the solar-terrestrial environment
title_full	Handbook of the solar-terrestrial environment Yohsuke Kamide ... (ed.)
title_fullStr	Handbook of the solar-terrestrial environment Yohsuke Kamide ... (ed.)
title_full_unstemmed	Handbook of the solar-terrestrial environment Yohsuke Kamide ... (ed.)
title_short	Handbook of the solar-terrestrial environment
title_sort	handbook of the solar terrestrial environment
topic	Atmosfera larpcal Meteorologia física larpcal Radiação solar e terrestre larpcal Ionosphere Magnetosphere Atmospheric physics Solar-terrestrial physics Solar-terrestrische Physik (DE-588)4321917-2 gnd Solar-terrestrische Beziehung (DE-588)4137593-2 gnd
topic_facet	Atmosfera Meteorologia física Radiação solar e terrestre Ionosphere Magnetosphere Atmospheric physics Solar-terrestrial physics Solar-terrestrische Physik Solar-terrestrische Beziehung
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