Cleaning-in-place: dairy, food and beverage operations
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Blackwell
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Society of Dairy Technology series
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, , 250 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25cm |
| ISBN: | 9781405155038 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 020 | |a 9781405155038 |c (hbk.) : £95.00 |9 978-1-4051-5503-8 | ||
| 020 | |z 1405155038 |9 1-4051-5503-8 | ||
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Cleaning-in-place |b dairy, food and beverage operations |c ed. by Adnan Tamime |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Blackwell |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, , 250 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 25cm | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Society of Dairy Technology series | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 0 | |a Dairying / Equipment and supplies / Cleaning | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Dairy plants / Equipment and supplies / Cleaning | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Dairy plants |x Equipment and supplies |x Cleaning | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Dairying |x Equipment and supplies |x Cleaning | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Lebensmittelverarbeitung |0 (DE-588)4167045-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Molkerei |0 (DE-588)4125979-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Getränkeindustrie |0 (DE-588)4157182-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Molkerei |0 (DE-588)4125979-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Reinigungsverfahren |0 (DE-588)4391913-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Hygienegerechte Konstruktion |0 (DE-588)7616012-9 |D s |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE TO TECHNICAL SERIES PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION PREFACE TO SECOND
EDITION PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
CONTRIBUTORS
XVI
XVLL
XVL1L
XIX XX
1 PRINCIPLES OF CLEANING-IN-PLACE (CIP) M. WALTON
5 6 6 7
7 7 8 8 9
1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5
1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5
INTRODUCTION CLEANING-IN-PLACE (CLP): DEFINITION CIP SYSTEMS: HARDWARE
THE PROCESSES OF CLEANING
LA.L REMOVAL OF GROSS DEBRIS (PRODUCT RECOVERY) 1A.2 PRE-RINSE 1 A.3
DETERGENT CIRCULATION 1AA INTERMEDIATE RINSE
1A.5 SECOND DETERGENT CIRCULATION (OPTIONAL)
LA.6 SECOND INTERMEDIATE RINSE LA.7 DISINFECTION 1A.8 FINAL RINSE
1.5 PLANNING A CLEANING PROJECT 1.5.1 WHAT IS THE PHYSICAL NATURE OFTHE
PLANT OR EQUIPMENT TO BE CLEANED?
WHAT STANDARDS OF CLEANING ARE REQUIRED?
WHAT IS THE NATURE OFTHE SOIL TO BE REMOVED?
WHEN IS THE CLEANING TO BE UNDERTAKEN?
THE SELECTION OF DETERGENTS THE ATTRIBUTES OF DETERGENTS THE MECHANISMS
OF SOIL REMOVAL 1.6 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
1.1
1.2 1.3 IA
2 FLUID FLOW DYNAMICS M..T. LEWIS
10
2.1 INTRODUCTION 10
IMAGE 2
VI CONTENTS
2.2 SOME BACKGROUND PRINCIPLES 10
2.3 SOME BACKGROUND INFORMATION II
2.3.1 TEMPERATURE 13
2.3.2 VOLUMETRIC FLOWRATE 13
2.3.3 DENSITY 13
2.3.4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 14
2.3.5 VISCOSITY (TN AND RHEOLOGY 14
2.3.6 CONTINUITY EQUATIONS AND ENERGY BALANCES 15
2.4 STREAMLINE AND TURBULENT FLOW 17
2.5 CALCULATION OF FRICTIONAL LOSS IN A STRAIGHT PIPE 19
2.6 PUMP CHARACTERISTICS 23
2.7 TANK CLEANING HEADS AND FALLING FILMS 25
2.8 SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 26
2.9 APPENDIX: DEFINITIONS AND EQUATIONS 27
2.9.1 PRESSURE 27
2.9.2 VOLUME AND VOLUMETRIC FLOWRATE 27
2.9.3 TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS 28
2.9.4 TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE 29
2.9.5 FIXED POINTS 29
2.9.6 ENERGY UNITS 29
2.9.7 SOME CONVERSION FACTORS 29
2.9.8 SPECIFIC HEAT 30
2.9.9 DENSITY OF MILK 30
2.9.10 VISCOSITY 30
REFERENCES 30
FULIHER READING 31
3 WATER SUPPLIES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY 32
S.1. WALKER
3.1 INTRODUCTION 32
3.2 SOURCES OF WATER 32
3.2.1 NATURAL WATER AND RAINWATER 33
3.2.2 AUTHORITY-PROVIDED WATER 35
3.2.3 WATER FROM PRODUCTS 36
3.2.4 WATER FROM RECYCLING 36
3.3 IMPROVING WATER QUALITY 37
3.4 EQUIPMENT FOR IMPROVING WATER QUALITY (COARSE REMOVAL) 37
3.4.1 SCREENS AND STRAINERS 39
3.4.2 BAG AND CARTRIDGE FILTERS 40
3.4.3 SAND-TYPE FILTERS 40
3.4.4 SEPARATORS 40
3.5 EQUIPMENT FOR IMPROVING WATER QUALITY (FINE REMOVAL) 41
3.5.1 SOFTENERS 41
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS VII
3.5.2 REVERSE OSMOSIS 41
3.5.3 ELECTRO DEIONISATION (EDI) 41
3.6 APPLICATIONS OF WATER IN THE DAIRY 41
3.6.1 WATER AS AN INGREDIENT 41
3.6.2 WATER AS A COOLING AGENT 42
3.6.3 WATER IN HEATING APPLICATIONS 43
WATER FOR BOILERS 43
WATER AS CONDENSATE RETURN 45
3.6.4 WATER FOR GENERAL USE 45
3.6.5 WATER FOR CLEANING PURPOSES 47
3.7 WATER LEAVING THE DAIRY 47
3.7.1 MINIMUM TREATMENT 47
3.7.2 BUFFERING OF WASTEWATER 48
3.7.3 EFFLUENT TREATMENT 48
INITIAL SCREEN 48
BALANCING TANKS 49
PHASE SEPARATOR 49
3.7.4 WASTEWATER TREATMENT 51
DISCHARGE FROM SITE 51
RECYCLE TO THE FACTORY 51
RECYCLE AS GREY WATER TO EFFLUENT PLANT 51
FURTHER TREATMENT 52
3.7.5 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PLANTS 53
MICRO-ORGANISMS 53
MICROBIAL NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY 54
LOW ORGANIC LOADING 54
LOW OXYGEN LEVEL 54
REFERENCES 54
4 CHEMISTRY OF DETERGENTS AND DISINFECTANTS 56
W.J. WATKINSON
4.1 INTRODUCTION 56
4.2 WHY DO WE CLEAN? 56
4.2.1 APPEARANCE 56
4.2.2 MICRO-ORGANISM CONTAMINATION 56
4.2.3 PLANT EFFICIENCY 57
4.2.4 SAFETY 57
4.3 SOIL TO BE REMOVED 57
4.4 CHEMISTRY OF WATER 58
4.5 WATER ATTRIBUTES IMPORTANT TO DAIRY AND BEVERAGE CLEANING AND
DISINFECTION 58 4.6 BASIC DETERGENCY: HOW DOES A DETERGENT WORK? 59
4.6.1 CHEMICAL REACTION 60
4.6.2 SOLVENT CLEANING 60
IMAGE 4
VIII CONTENTS
4.6.3 ABRASIVE CLEANING 4.6.4 DISPERSION-SUSPENSION CLEANING 4.7 WHAT
MATERIALS MAKE UP A DETERGENT?
4.7.1 SURFACTANTS: SYNTHETIC SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS 4.7.2 INORGANIC
COMPONENTS OF DETERGENTS, OR BUILDERS CAUSTIC SODA (SODIUM HYDROXIDE)
SODA ASH (SODIUM CARBONATE)
SILICATES PHOSPHATES
4.7.3 SEQUESTRANTS 4.7.4 ACIDS 4.8 FACTORS AFFECTING DETERGENT
PERFORMANCE 4.9 METHODS OF APPLICATION 4.9.1 MANUAL CLEANING 4.9.2
CIRCULATION CLEANING ECIP, SPRAY CLEANING) 4.9.3 SOAK-CLEANING 4.9.4
SPRAY-WASHING 4.9.5 LONG-CONTACT VERTICAL SURFACE CLEANING USING FOAMS
OR GELS 4.10 THE SCIENCE OF DISINFECTION 4.10.1 BACKGROUND 4.10.2
OBJECTIVES OF EFFECTIVE DISINFECTION 4.10.3 FACTORS AFFECTING THE
PERFORMANCE OF DISINFECTANTS
TIME TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION SURFACE TENSION PH
NUMBER AND LOCATION OF ORGANISMS ORGANIC MATTER METAL IONS TYPE OF
ORGANISMS 4.10.4 CHOOSING THE MOST APPROPRIATE DISINFECTANT
HEAT OXIDISING DISINFECTANTS NON-OXIDISING SURFACTANT-BASED
DISINFECTANTS 4.11 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND THEIR CORROSION: INFLUENCE
ON CHOICE OF
DETERGENTS AND DISINFECTANTS 4.11.1 ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS 4.11.2 MILD
STEEL 4.11.3 STAINLESS STEEL 4.11.4 COPPER 4.11.5 GALVANISING 4.12
CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
60 60 62 62 63 63 63 64 64 65 65 65 66 66 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 68 68 68
69 69 69 70
70 70 70 71 71
71
74
77 77 79 79 79 79 79 80
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS IX
5 DESIGNING FOR CLEANABILITY 81
A.P.M. HASTING
5.1 BACKGROUND 81
5.2 EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND INSTALLATION 82
5.2.1 EUROPEAN UNION (EU) REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS 82
5.2.2 THE EUROPEAN HYGIENIC ENGINEERING AND DESIGN GROUP (EHEDG) 82 5.3
HYGIENIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES 83
5.4 HYGIENIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 85
5.4.1 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 85
STAINLESS STEEL 85
PLASTICS 86
ELASTOMERS 86
5.4.2 SURFACE FINISH 87
5.4.3 JOINTS 88
5.4.4 OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES 90
FASTENERS 90
DRAINAGE 91
INTERNAL ANGLES. CORNERS AND DEAD SPACES 92
BEARINGS AND SHAFT SEALS 93
INSTRUMENTATION 93
5.5 CLEANING PROCESS EQUIPMENT 94
5.5.1 EFFECT OF FLUID FLOW ON CLEANING 94
5.5.2 PIPELINES 96
5.5.3 PUMPS 97
5.5.4 VALVES 98
5.5.5 HEAT EXCHANGERS 100
PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS (PHE) 100
TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGERS (THE) 101
SCRAPED SURFACE HEAT EXCHANGERS (SSHE) 103
5.5.6 TANKS 103
5.6 CONCLUSIONS 105
REFERENCES 106
6 PERSPECTIVES IN TANK CLEANING: HYGIENE REQUIREMENTS, DEVICE SELECTION,
RISK EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY 108
R. PACKMAN. B. KNUDSEN AND I. HANSEN
6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 BACKGROUND 6.2.1 MORE THAN JUST EQUIPMENT 6.2.2
MANY ASPECTS OF TANK CLEANING
6.2.3 WAYS TO TACKLE TANK HYGIENE CLEANING-OUT-OF-PLACE (COP)
CLEANING-IN-PLACE (CIP) 6.3 TWO BASIC APPROACHES TO TANK CLEANING
108 LOS 108 109 109 109
109 110
IMAGE 6
X CONTENTS
6.3.1 HIGH VOLUME/LOW PRESSURE 110
6.3.2 LOW VOLUME/HIGH PRESSURE III
6.4 KEY PARAMETERS IN DETERMINING TANK-CLEANING EFFECTIVENESS 112
6.4.1 THE SINNER CIRCLE 112
6.4.2 MECHANICAL FORCES: HYDRAULIC ENERGY AND COVERAGE 113
6.4.3 SYSTEM PARAMETERS 114
6.4.4 OPERATING PARAMETERS 114
6.4.5 DISTRIBUTION DEVICE PARAMETERS AFFECTING CLEANING PERFORMANCE 116
6.4.6 NOZZLE DESIGN 116
6.4.7 DIFFERENCE IN MECHANICAL ENERGY APPLIED BY STATIC SPRAY BALLS AND
ROTARY JET HEADS 117
6.5 TANK-CLEANING TECHNOLOGIES 117
6.5. I STATIC SPRAY BALLS 118
DESCRIPTION 118
HOW THEY WORK 119
MOUNTING 119
APPLICATIONS 119
ADVANTAGES 121
DISADVANTAGES 121
6.5.2 ROTARY SPRAY HEADS 121
DESCRIPTION 121
HOW THEY WORK 123
MOUNTING 123
APPLICATIONS 123
ADVANTAGES 123
DISADVANTAGES 123
6.5.3 ROTARY JET HEADS 125
DESCRIPTION 125
HOW THEY WORK 126
MOUNTING 126
APPLICATIONS 126
ADVANTAGES 127
DISADVANTAGES 129
6.5.4 CLEANING TANKS THAT INCLUDE INTERNAL FITTINGS AND OTHER EQUIPMENT
129 6.5.5 SELECTION AND SIZING OFTANK-CLEANING EQUIPMENT 130
FLOWRATE 130
EFFECTIVE CLEANING DISTANCE 131
SIMULATION SOFTWARE 136
6.5.6 UPGRADING TANK-CLEANING SYSTEMS: TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO) AND
RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH 136
6.5.7 RISK ASSESSMENT EXAMPLE 137
RESIDUE TYPE 137
TANK DESIGN 137
METHODOLOGY 138
MONITORABILITY 138
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XI
REPEATABILITY 138
CLEANING MATERIALS 138
TESTING 139
6.5.8 PERSPECTIVES ASSOCIATED WITH CIP TANK CLEANING 139
6.5.9 TANK-CLEANING DEVICES 140
6.5.10 CLEANING VALIDATION 142
6.5.11 CASESTUDY 143
6.6 CONCLUSIONS 144
REFERENCES 145
7 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF CIP SYSTEMS 146
D. LLOYD
7.1 INTRODUCTION 146
7.1.1 FULL RECOVERY SYSTEM: THREE TANKS C1P 146
7.1.2 HOW MUCH CIP? 147
7.1.3 SIZEOFTHECIPEQUIPMENT 147
7.1.4 HOT OR COLD PRE-RINSE? 147
7.1.5 CHOICEOFSCAVENGEPUMP 147
7.1.6 CHOICE OF SPRAY HEAD 149
7.1.7 CONTROL UNITS 149
7.1.8 SUPERMARKETS 150
7.2 PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL CLEANING 150
7.2.1 SOIL REMOVAL 150
7.2.2 SOIL REMOVAL PARAMETERS 150
7.2.3 CHEMICAL SOIL REMOVAL AND DISINFECTANTS 150
7.3 APPLICATIONOFCIP 152
7.3.1 PIPELINE CLEANING 152
7.3.2 VESSEL CLEANING 153
CIP APPLICATION 153
CIP RETURN OR SCAVENGE 153
7.4 TYPES OFCIP SYSTEM 154
7.4.1 SINGLE-USE SYSTEM 154
7.4.2 PARTIAL RECOVERY SYSTEM 154
7.4.3 FULL RECOVERY SYSTEM WITH HEATED RINSE TANK (OPTIONAL) 154
7.5 VERIFICATION 155
7.6 CONTROL SYSTEMS L55
7.6.1 SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION 155
7.6.2 INSTRUMENTATION 156
7.6.3 MECHANICAL COMPONENTS 156
7.7 DESIGN INFORMATION 157
7.7.1 PIPELINE CAPACITIES 157
7.7.2 DETERGENT TANK CAPACITIES 157
7.7.3 CLEANING VELOCITY 158
7.7.4 PRESSURE DROP 159
BIBLIOGRAPHY 163
IMAGE 8
XII CONTENTS
8 ASSESSMENT OF CLEANING EFFICIENCY T 64
K. ASTERIADOU AND P. FRYER
8.1 INTRODUCTION 164
8.2 VALIDATION 164
8.2.1 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 166
8.2.2 VISUAL EXAMINATION 166
8.2.3 ACTION FOLLOWING AN UNSATISFACTORY PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 168 8.3
VERIFICATION 168
8.3.1 SURFACES 168
8.3.2 FLUSH/RINSE MATERIAL 169
8.3.3 WATER QUALITY 169
8.3.4 IN-PROCESS MATERIAL 169
8.4 FREQUENCY OF ASSESSMENT/SAMPLING 170
8.4.1 EQUIPMENT/SURFACES 170
8.4.2 PRODUCT 171
METHOD OF SAMPLING 171
HEAT-TREATED PRODUCT 171
PACKED PRODUCT 171
SWABBING AND RINSING METHODS 172
8.5 MONITORING 172
8.5.1 RESULTS FROM SYSTEM MONITORING 173
8.5.2 INTERPRETING RESULTS AND TAKING ACTION 174
8.6 THE COMMERCIAL BENEFITS OF ASSESSMENT 176
8.7 CONCLUSIONS 176
REFERENCES 176
9 MANAGEMENT OF CIP OPERATIONS 178
KJ. BURGESS
9.1 BACKGROUND TO CLEANING-IN-PLACE (CIP) 178
9.2 SOME CIP OPERATION BASICS 179
9.2.1 CIP PARAMETERS 179
9.2.2 PEOPLE INVOLVED 179
9.2.3 KEY STEPS IN CIP IMPLEMENTATION 179
9.2.4 A TYPICAL CIP SEQUENCE 180
9.2.5 CLEANING THE CIP SYSTEM 181
9.3 CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL SUPPLIERS 181
9.4 TROUBLESHOOTING CIP 182
9.4.1 POSITIVE FACTORS 182
9.4.2 NEGATIVE FACTORS 182
9.5 CIP AND OPERATIONAL GOALS 183
9.6 CIP MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY 183
9.6.1 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ISSUES 183
9.6.2 CIPAND DUE DILIGENCE 183
9.6.3 CI P AND HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINT (HACCP) SYSTEM
184
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XIII
9.6.4 SOME ASPECTS OF GOOD PRACTICE 185
9.7 CIP MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY 185
9.7.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH CIP 185
EXPOSURE TO CLEANING CHEMICALS 186
SLIPS AND TRIPS 187
FALLS 188
MACHINERY 188
HANDLING 188
TRANSPORT 188
9.7.2 SAFE CRP 189
9.8 CTP MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY 189
9.8.1 CRP COST INPUTS 189
9.8.2 PRODUCT RECOVERY 190
PRODUCT RECLAIM 190
PRODUCT PURGING 191
PRODUCT SCHEDULING 191
9.9 CIP MANAGEMENT REVIEW AND IMPROVEMENT 191
9.9.1 CTPREVIEW 191
CRP CHANGE REVIEW 192
CRP VERIFICATION 192
9.9.2 CRP IMPROVEMENT 193
9.10 CONCLUSIONS 193
REFERENCES 194
10 MEMBRANE FILTRATION 195
C.E. ASKEW, S. TE POELE AND F. SKOU
10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.2 MEMBRANE FILTRATION PROCESSES 10.3 MEMBRANE
PROCESS DESIGN 10.3.1 MEMBRANE MATERIAL
10.3.2 MEMBRANE MODULE DESIGN 10.3.3 METHODS OF OPERATION 10.4 MEMBRANE
FILTRATION IN DAIRIES 10.4.1 MICROFILTRATION (MF)
10.4.2 ULTRAFILTRATION (U F) 10.4.3 DIAFILTRATION (OF) 10.4.4
NANOFILTRATION (N F) 10.4.5 REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) 10.5 DAMAGE THAT CAN
OCCUR TO MEMBRANES
10.6 HOW DO MEMBRANES BECOME FOULED OR SOILED?
10.6.1 CONCENTRATION POLARISATION AND MEMBRANE FOULING 10.6.2 MEMBRANE
FOULING IN DAIRY PROCESSING 10.6.3 FOULING CONTROL 10.7 CLEANING
MEMBRANE FILTRATION INSTALLATIONS
195 195 196 198 198 200 202 202 203 203 203 204 204 206
206 207 208 209
IMAGE 10
XIV CONTENTS
10.7.1 BACKGROUND 209
10.7.2 CLEANING FOULED MEMBRANES 210
PRODUCT PROCESSED AND SOIL TYPE 211
MEMBRANE INSTALLATION AND TYPE 211
LEVEL OF MEMBRANE FOULING 213
PH AND TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY 213
CHLORINE SENSITIVITY 214
EQUIPMENT AND MEMBRANE MANUFACTURER S ENDORSEMENTS 214 CUSTOMER
PREFERENCES 215
LOCAL LEGISLATION 215
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 215
10.7.3 CLEANING AGENTS 216
10.7.4 CLEANING REGIME 217
10.8 MONITORING AND RECORDING 218
10.9 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 219
10.9.1 ULTRASONIC CLEANING 219
10.9.2 MICROSIEVES 220
10.9.3 HIGH TOLERANT MEMBRANES 220
10.10 CONCLUSIONS 220
RETERENCES 221
11 LABORATORY TEST METHODS 223
W.J. WATKINSON
11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 TEST METHODS FOR IN-USE SOLUTIONS 11.2.1
ALKALINITY 11.2.2 ACIDITY
11.2.3 ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRA-ACETIC ACID (EDTA) 11.2.4 TOTAL EDTA 11.2.5
TOTAL WATER HARDNESS 11.2.6 DISINFECTANTS
AVAILABLE CHLORINE AVAILABLE IODINE AVAILABLE OXYGEN PERACETIC ACID
CONTENT QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (QACS)
MISCELLANEOUS TESTS
11.3 QUALITATIVE TEST METHODS FOR NEAT DETERGENTS 11.3.1 ALKALINITY
SILICATES PHOSPHATES
CARBONATES
11.3.2 ACIDS NITRIC ACID
223 223 223 224 225 225 226
226 226 226 227 227 227 227 229 229 229 229 229 229 230
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS XV
PHOSPHORIC ACID 230
HYDROCHLORIC ACID 230
SULPHURIC ACID 230
11.3.3 WATER-CONDITIONING AGENTS 230
REDUCING AGENTS 230
OXIDISING AGENTS 231
SURFACTANTS 231
MISCELLANEOUS 232
11.4 QUANTITATIVE TESTS FOR NEAT DETERGENTS 233
11.4.1 ALKALINITY 233
FREE AND TOTAL ALKALINITY 233
11.4.2 INORGANIC SILICATE 233
11.4.3 INORGANIC PHOSPHATE 234
11.4.4 CARBONATES 235
11.4.5 ACIDITY 235
11.4.6 WATER-CONDITIONING AGENTS 236
ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRA-ACETIC ACID (EDTA) 236
SODIUM GLUCONATE/HEPTONATE BY DIMEDONE COMPLEX 236
11.4.7 OXIDISING AGENTS 237
AVAILABLE CHLORINE 237
AVAILABLE IODINE 237
AVAILABLE OXYGEN 237
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND PERACETIC ACID (PAA) IN PERACETIC ACID PRODUCTS
237
11.4.8 SURFACTANTS 238
DETENNINATION OF ANIONIC SURFACTANTS 238
DETENNINATION OF CATIONIC SURFACTANTS 239
11.4.9 MISCELLANEOUS 239
DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE 239
DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE 240
PREPARATION OF REAGENTS 240
PREPARATION OF INDICATORS 242
REFERENCES 242
INDEX 243
THE COLOUR PLATE SECTION CAN BEFOUNDBETWEENPAGES 138 AND 139
|
| adam_txt |
IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE TO TECHNICAL SERIES PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION PREFACE TO SECOND
EDITION PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
CONTRIBUTORS
XVI
XVLL
XVL1L
XIX XX
1 PRINCIPLES OF CLEANING-IN-PLACE (CIP) M. WALTON
5 6 6 7
7 7 8 8 9
1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5
1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5
INTRODUCTION CLEANING-IN-PLACE (CLP): DEFINITION CIP SYSTEMS: HARDWARE
THE PROCESSES OF CLEANING
LA.L REMOVAL OF GROSS DEBRIS (PRODUCT RECOVERY) 1A.2 PRE-RINSE 1 A.3
DETERGENT CIRCULATION 1AA INTERMEDIATE RINSE
1A.5 SECOND DETERGENT CIRCULATION (OPTIONAL)
LA.6 SECOND INTERMEDIATE RINSE LA.7 DISINFECTION 1A.8 FINAL RINSE
1.5 PLANNING A CLEANING PROJECT 1.5.1 WHAT IS THE PHYSICAL NATURE OFTHE
PLANT OR EQUIPMENT TO BE CLEANED?
WHAT STANDARDS OF CLEANING ARE REQUIRED?
WHAT IS THE NATURE OFTHE SOIL TO BE REMOVED?
WHEN IS THE CLEANING TO BE UNDERTAKEN?
THE SELECTION OF DETERGENTS THE ATTRIBUTES OF DETERGENTS THE MECHANISMS
OF SOIL REMOVAL 1.6 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
1.1
1.2 1.3 IA
2 FLUID FLOW DYNAMICS M.T. LEWIS
10
2.1 INTRODUCTION 10
IMAGE 2
VI CONTENTS
2.2 SOME BACKGROUND PRINCIPLES 10
2.3 SOME BACKGROUND INFORMATION II
2.3.1 TEMPERATURE 13
2.3.2 VOLUMETRIC FLOWRATE 13
2.3.3 DENSITY 13
2.3.4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 14
2.3.5 VISCOSITY (TN AND RHEOLOGY 14
2.3.6 CONTINUITY EQUATIONS AND ENERGY BALANCES 15
2.4 STREAMLINE AND TURBULENT FLOW 17
2.5 CALCULATION OF FRICTIONAL LOSS IN A STRAIGHT PIPE 19
2.6 PUMP CHARACTERISTICS 23
2.7 TANK CLEANING HEADS AND FALLING FILMS 25
2.8 SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 26
2.9 APPENDIX: DEFINITIONS AND EQUATIONS 27
2.9.1 PRESSURE 27
2.9.2 VOLUME AND VOLUMETRIC FLOWRATE 27
2.9.3 TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS 28
2.9.4 TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE 29
2.9.5 FIXED POINTS 29
2.9.6 ENERGY UNITS 29
2.9.7 SOME CONVERSION FACTORS 29
2.9.8 SPECIFIC HEAT 30
2.9.9 DENSITY OF MILK 30
2.9.10 VISCOSITY 30
REFERENCES 30
FULIHER READING 31
3 WATER SUPPLIES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY 32
S.1. WALKER
3.1 INTRODUCTION 32
3.2 SOURCES OF WATER 32
3.2.1 NATURAL WATER AND RAINWATER 33
3.2.2 AUTHORITY-PROVIDED WATER 35
3.2.3 WATER FROM PRODUCTS 36
3.2.4 WATER FROM RECYCLING 36
3.3 IMPROVING WATER QUALITY 37
3.4 EQUIPMENT FOR IMPROVING WATER QUALITY (COARSE REMOVAL) 37
3.4.1 SCREENS AND STRAINERS 39
3.4.2 BAG AND CARTRIDGE FILTERS 40
3.4.3 SAND-TYPE FILTERS 40
3.4.4 SEPARATORS 40
3.5 EQUIPMENT FOR IMPROVING WATER QUALITY (FINE REMOVAL) 41
3.5.1 SOFTENERS 41
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS VII
3.5.2 REVERSE OSMOSIS 41
3.5.3 ELECTRO DEIONISATION (EDI) 41
3.6 APPLICATIONS OF WATER IN THE DAIRY 41
3.6.1 WATER AS AN INGREDIENT 41
3.6.2 WATER AS A COOLING AGENT 42
3.6.3 WATER IN HEATING APPLICATIONS 43
WATER FOR BOILERS 43
WATER AS CONDENSATE RETURN 45
3.6.4 WATER FOR GENERAL USE 45
3.6.5 WATER FOR CLEANING PURPOSES 47
3.7 WATER LEAVING THE DAIRY 47
3.7.1 MINIMUM TREATMENT 47
3.7.2 BUFFERING OF WASTEWATER 48
3.7.3 EFFLUENT TREATMENT 48
INITIAL SCREEN 48
BALANCING TANKS 49
PHASE SEPARATOR 49
3.7.4 WASTEWATER TREATMENT 51
DISCHARGE FROM SITE 51
RECYCLE TO THE FACTORY 51
RECYCLE AS 'GREY WATER' TO EFFLUENT PLANT 51
FURTHER TREATMENT 52
3.7.5 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PLANTS 53
MICRO-ORGANISMS 53
MICROBIAL NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY 54
LOW ORGANIC LOADING 54
LOW OXYGEN LEVEL 54
REFERENCES 54
4 CHEMISTRY OF DETERGENTS AND DISINFECTANTS 56
W.J. WATKINSON
4.1 INTRODUCTION 56
4.2 WHY DO WE CLEAN? 56
4.2.1 APPEARANCE 56
4.2.2 MICRO-ORGANISM CONTAMINATION 56
4.2.3 PLANT EFFICIENCY 57
4.2.4 SAFETY 57
4.3 SOIL TO BE REMOVED 57
4.4 CHEMISTRY OF WATER 58
4.5 WATER ATTRIBUTES IMPORTANT TO DAIRY AND BEVERAGE CLEANING AND
DISINFECTION 58 4.6 BASIC DETERGENCY: HOW DOES A DETERGENT WORK? 59
4.6.1 CHEMICAL REACTION 60
4.6.2 SOLVENT CLEANING 60
IMAGE 4
VIII CONTENTS
4.6.3 ABRASIVE CLEANING 4.6.4 DISPERSION-SUSPENSION CLEANING 4.7 WHAT
MATERIALS MAKE UP A DETERGENT?
4.7.1 SURFACTANTS: SYNTHETIC SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS 4.7.2 INORGANIC
COMPONENTS OF DETERGENTS, OR BUILDERS CAUSTIC SODA (SODIUM HYDROXIDE)
SODA ASH (SODIUM CARBONATE)
SILICATES PHOSPHATES
4.7.3 SEQUESTRANTS 4.7.4 ACIDS 4.8 FACTORS AFFECTING DETERGENT
PERFORMANCE 4.9 METHODS OF APPLICATION 4.9.1 MANUAL CLEANING 4.9.2
CIRCULATION CLEANING ECIP, SPRAY CLEANING) 4.9.3 SOAK-CLEANING 4.9.4
SPRAY-WASHING 4.9.5 LONG-CONTACT VERTICAL SURFACE CLEANING USING FOAMS
OR GELS 4.10 THE SCIENCE OF DISINFECTION 4.10.1 BACKGROUND 4.10.2
OBJECTIVES OF EFFECTIVE DISINFECTION 4.10.3 FACTORS AFFECTING THE
PERFORMANCE OF DISINFECTANTS
TIME TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION SURFACE TENSION PH
NUMBER AND LOCATION OF ORGANISMS ORGANIC MATTER METAL IONS TYPE OF
ORGANISMS 4.10.4 CHOOSING THE MOST APPROPRIATE DISINFECTANT
HEAT OXIDISING DISINFECTANTS NON-OXIDISING SURFACTANT-BASED
DISINFECTANTS 4.11 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND THEIR CORROSION: INFLUENCE
ON CHOICE OF
DETERGENTS AND DISINFECTANTS 4.11.1 ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS 4.11.2 MILD
STEEL 4.11.3 STAINLESS STEEL 4.11.4 COPPER 4.11.5 GALVANISING 4.12
CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
60 60 62 62 63 63 63 64 64 65 65 65 66 66 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 68 68 68
69 69 69 70
70 70 70 71 71
71
74
77 77 79 79 79 79 79 80
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS IX
5 DESIGNING FOR CLEANABILITY 81
A.P.M. HASTING
5.1 BACKGROUND 81
5.2 EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND INSTALLATION 82
5.2.1 EUROPEAN UNION (EU) REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS 82
5.2.2 THE EUROPEAN HYGIENIC ENGINEERING AND DESIGN GROUP (EHEDG) 82 5.3
HYGIENIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES 83
5.4 HYGIENIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 85
5.4.1 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 85
STAINLESS STEEL 85
PLASTICS 86
ELASTOMERS 86
5.4.2 SURFACE FINISH 87
5.4.3 JOINTS 88
5.4.4 OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES 90
FASTENERS 90
DRAINAGE 91
INTERNAL ANGLES. CORNERS AND DEAD SPACES 92
BEARINGS AND SHAFT SEALS 93
INSTRUMENTATION 93
5.5 CLEANING PROCESS EQUIPMENT 94
5.5.1 EFFECT OF FLUID FLOW ON CLEANING 94
5.5.2 PIPELINES 96
5.5.3 PUMPS 97
5.5.4 VALVES 98
5.5.5 HEAT EXCHANGERS 100
PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS (PHE) 100
TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGERS (THE) 101
SCRAPED SURFACE HEAT EXCHANGERS (SSHE) 103
5.5.6 TANKS 103
5.6 CONCLUSIONS 105
REFERENCES 106
6 PERSPECTIVES IN TANK CLEANING: HYGIENE REQUIREMENTS, DEVICE SELECTION,
RISK EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY 108
R. PACKMAN. B. KNUDSEN AND I. HANSEN
6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 BACKGROUND 6.2.1 MORE THAN JUST EQUIPMENT 6.2.2
MANY ASPECTS OF TANK CLEANING
6.2.3 WAYS TO TACKLE TANK HYGIENE CLEANING-OUT-OF-PLACE (COP)
CLEANING-IN-PLACE (CIP) 6.3 TWO BASIC APPROACHES TO TANK CLEANING
108 LOS 108 109 109 109
109 110
IMAGE 6
X CONTENTS
6.3.1 HIGH VOLUME/LOW PRESSURE 110
6.3.2 LOW VOLUME/HIGH PRESSURE III
6.4 KEY PARAMETERS IN DETERMINING TANK-CLEANING EFFECTIVENESS 112
6.4.1 THE SINNER CIRCLE 112
6.4.2 MECHANICAL FORCES: HYDRAULIC ENERGY AND COVERAGE 113
6.4.3 SYSTEM PARAMETERS 114
6.4.4 OPERATING PARAMETERS 114
6.4.5 DISTRIBUTION DEVICE PARAMETERS AFFECTING CLEANING PERFORMANCE 116
6.4.6 NOZZLE DESIGN 116
6.4.7 DIFFERENCE IN MECHANICAL ENERGY APPLIED BY STATIC SPRAY BALLS AND
ROTARY JET HEADS 117
6.5 TANK-CLEANING TECHNOLOGIES 117
6.5. I STATIC SPRAY BALLS 118
DESCRIPTION 118
HOW THEY WORK 119
MOUNTING 119
APPLICATIONS 119
ADVANTAGES 121
DISADVANTAGES 121
6.5.2 ROTARY SPRAY HEADS 121
DESCRIPTION 121
HOW THEY WORK 123
MOUNTING 123
APPLICATIONS 123
ADVANTAGES 123
DISADVANTAGES 123
6.5.3 ROTARY JET HEADS 125
DESCRIPTION 125
HOW THEY WORK 126
MOUNTING 126
APPLICATIONS 126
ADVANTAGES 127
DISADVANTAGES 129
6.5.4 CLEANING TANKS THAT INCLUDE INTERNAL FITTINGS AND OTHER EQUIPMENT
129 6.5.5 SELECTION AND SIZING OFTANK-CLEANING EQUIPMENT 130
FLOWRATE 130
EFFECTIVE CLEANING DISTANCE 131
SIMULATION SOFTWARE 136
6.5.6 UPGRADING TANK-CLEANING SYSTEMS: TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO) AND
RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH 136
6.5.7 RISK ASSESSMENT EXAMPLE 137
RESIDUE TYPE 137
TANK DESIGN 137
METHODOLOGY 138
MONITORABILITY 138
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XI
REPEATABILITY 138
CLEANING MATERIALS 138
TESTING 139
6.5.8 PERSPECTIVES ASSOCIATED WITH CIP TANK CLEANING 139
6.5.9 TANK-CLEANING DEVICES 140
6.5.10 CLEANING VALIDATION 142
6.5.11 CASESTUDY 143
6.6 CONCLUSIONS 144
REFERENCES 145
7 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF CIP SYSTEMS 146
D. LLOYD
7.1 INTRODUCTION 146
7.1.1 FULL RECOVERY SYSTEM: THREE TANKS C1P 146
7.1.2 HOW MUCH CIP? 147
7.1.3 SIZEOFTHECIPEQUIPMENT 147
7.1.4 HOT OR COLD PRE-RINSE? 147
7.1.5 CHOICEOFSCAVENGEPUMP 147
7.1.6 CHOICE OF SPRAY HEAD 149
7.1.7 CONTROL UNITS 149
7.1.8 SUPERMARKETS 150
7.2 PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL CLEANING 150
7.2.1 SOIL REMOVAL 150
7.2.2 SOIL REMOVAL PARAMETERS 150
7.2.3 CHEMICAL SOIL REMOVAL AND DISINFECTANTS 150
7.3 APPLICATIONOFCIP 152
7.3.1 PIPELINE CLEANING 152
7.3.2 VESSEL CLEANING 153
CIP APPLICATION 153
CIP RETURN OR SCAVENGE 153
7.4 TYPES OFCIP SYSTEM 154
7.4.1 SINGLE-USE SYSTEM 154
7.4.2 PARTIAL RECOVERY SYSTEM 154
7.4.3 FULL RECOVERY SYSTEM WITH HEATED RINSE TANK (OPTIONAL) 154
7.5 VERIFICATION 155
7.6 CONTROL SYSTEMS L55
7.6.1 SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION 155
7.6.2 INSTRUMENTATION 156
7.6.3 MECHANICAL COMPONENTS 156
7.7 DESIGN INFORMATION 157
7.7.1 PIPELINE CAPACITIES 157
7.7.2 DETERGENT TANK CAPACITIES 157
7.7.3 CLEANING VELOCITY 158
7.7.4 PRESSURE DROP 159
BIBLIOGRAPHY 163
IMAGE 8
XII CONTENTS
8 ASSESSMENT OF CLEANING EFFICIENCY T 64
K. ASTERIADOU AND P. FRYER
8.1 INTRODUCTION 164
8.2 VALIDATION 164
8.2.1 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 166
8.2.2 VISUAL EXAMINATION 166
8.2.3 ACTION FOLLOWING AN UNSATISFACTORY PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 168 8.3
VERIFICATION 168
8.3.1 SURFACES 168
8.3.2 FLUSH/RINSE MATERIAL 169
8.3.3 WATER QUALITY 169
8.3.4 IN-PROCESS MATERIAL 169
8.4 FREQUENCY OF ASSESSMENT/SAMPLING 170
8.4.1 EQUIPMENT/SURFACES 170
8.4.2 PRODUCT 171
METHOD OF SAMPLING 171
HEAT-TREATED PRODUCT 171
PACKED PRODUCT 171
SWABBING AND RINSING METHODS 172
8.5 MONITORING 172
8.5.1 RESULTS FROM SYSTEM MONITORING 173
8.5.2 INTERPRETING RESULTS AND TAKING ACTION 174
8.6 THE COMMERCIAL BENEFITS OF ASSESSMENT 176
8.7 CONCLUSIONS 176
REFERENCES 176
9 MANAGEMENT OF CIP OPERATIONS 178
KJ. BURGESS
9.1 BACKGROUND TO CLEANING-IN-PLACE (CIP) 178
9.2 SOME CIP OPERATION BASICS 179
9.2.1 CIP PARAMETERS 179
9.2.2 PEOPLE INVOLVED 179
9.2.3 KEY STEPS IN CIP IMPLEMENTATION 179
9.2.4 A TYPICAL CIP SEQUENCE 180
9.2.5 CLEANING THE CIP SYSTEM 181
9.3 CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL SUPPLIERS 181
9.4 TROUBLESHOOTING CIP 182
9.4.1 POSITIVE FACTORS 182
9.4.2 NEGATIVE FACTORS 182
9.5 CIP AND OPERATIONAL GOALS 183
9.6 CIP MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY 183
9.6.1 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ISSUES 183
9.6.2 CIPAND DUE DILIGENCE 183
9.6.3 CI P AND HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINT (HACCP) SYSTEM
184
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XIII
9.6.4 SOME ASPECTS OF GOOD PRACTICE 185
9.7 CIP MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY 185
9.7.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH CIP 185
EXPOSURE TO CLEANING CHEMICALS 186
SLIPS AND TRIPS 187
FALLS 188
MACHINERY 188
HANDLING 188
TRANSPORT 188
9.7.2 SAFE CRP 189
9.8 CTP MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY 189
9.8.1 CRP COST INPUTS 189
9.8.2 PRODUCT RECOVERY 190
PRODUCT RECLAIM 190
PRODUCT PURGING 191
PRODUCT SCHEDULING 191
9.9 CIP MANAGEMENT REVIEW AND IMPROVEMENT 191
9.9.1 CTPREVIEW 191
CRP CHANGE REVIEW 192
CRP VERIFICATION 192
9.9.2 CRP IMPROVEMENT 193
9.10 CONCLUSIONS 193
REFERENCES 194
10 MEMBRANE FILTRATION 195
C.E. ASKEW, S. TE POELE AND F. SKOU
10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.2 MEMBRANE FILTRATION PROCESSES 10.3 MEMBRANE
PROCESS DESIGN 10.3.1 MEMBRANE MATERIAL
10.3.2 MEMBRANE MODULE DESIGN 10.3.3 METHODS OF OPERATION 10.4 MEMBRANE
FILTRATION IN DAIRIES 10.4.1 MICROFILTRATION (MF)
10.4.2 ULTRAFILTRATION (U F) 10.4.3 DIAFILTRATION (OF) 10.4.4
NANOFILTRATION (N F) 10.4.5 REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) 10.5 DAMAGE THAT CAN
OCCUR TO MEMBRANES
10.6 HOW DO MEMBRANES BECOME FOULED OR SOILED?
10.6.1 CONCENTRATION POLARISATION AND MEMBRANE FOULING 10.6.2 MEMBRANE
FOULING IN DAIRY PROCESSING 10.6.3 FOULING CONTROL 10.7 CLEANING
MEMBRANE FILTRATION INSTALLATIONS
195 195 196 198 198 200 202 202 203 203 203 204 204 206
206 207 208 209
IMAGE 10
XIV CONTENTS
10.7.1 BACKGROUND 209
10.7.2 CLEANING FOULED MEMBRANES 210
PRODUCT PROCESSED AND SOIL TYPE 211
MEMBRANE INSTALLATION AND TYPE 211
LEVEL OF MEMBRANE FOULING 213
PH AND TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY 213
CHLORINE SENSITIVITY 214
EQUIPMENT AND MEMBRANE MANUFACTURER'S ENDORSEMENTS 214 CUSTOMER
PREFERENCES 215
LOCAL LEGISLATION 215
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 215
10.7.3 CLEANING AGENTS 216
10.7.4 CLEANING REGIME 217
10.8 MONITORING AND RECORDING 218
10.9 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 219
10.9.1 ULTRASONIC CLEANING 219
10.9.2 MICROSIEVES 220
10.9.3 HIGH TOLERANT MEMBRANES 220
10.10 CONCLUSIONS 220
RETERENCES 221
11 LABORATORY TEST METHODS 223
W.J. WATKINSON
11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 TEST METHODS FOR IN-USE SOLUTIONS 11.2.1
ALKALINITY 11.2.2 ACIDITY
11.2.3 ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRA-ACETIC ACID (EDTA) 11.2.4 TOTAL EDTA 11.2.5
TOTAL WATER HARDNESS 11.2.6 DISINFECTANTS
AVAILABLE CHLORINE AVAILABLE IODINE AVAILABLE OXYGEN PERACETIC ACID
CONTENT QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (QACS)
MISCELLANEOUS TESTS
11.3 QUALITATIVE TEST METHODS FOR NEAT DETERGENTS 11.3.1 ALKALINITY
SILICATES PHOSPHATES
CARBONATES
11.3.2 ACIDS NITRIC ACID
223 223 223 224 225 225 226
226 226 226 227 227 227 227 229 229 229 229 229 229 230
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS XV
PHOSPHORIC ACID 230
HYDROCHLORIC ACID 230
SULPHURIC ACID 230
11.3.3 WATER-CONDITIONING AGENTS 230
REDUCING AGENTS 230
OXIDISING AGENTS 231
SURFACTANTS 231
MISCELLANEOUS 232
11.4 QUANTITATIVE TESTS FOR NEAT DETERGENTS 233
11.4.1 ALKALINITY 233
FREE AND TOTAL ALKALINITY 233
11.4.2 INORGANIC SILICATE 233
11.4.3 INORGANIC PHOSPHATE 234
11.4.4 CARBONATES 235
11.4.5 ACIDITY 235
11.4.6 WATER-CONDITIONING AGENTS 236
ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRA-ACETIC ACID (EDTA) 236
SODIUM GLUCONATE/HEPTONATE BY DIMEDONE COMPLEX 236
11.4.7 OXIDISING AGENTS 237
AVAILABLE CHLORINE 237
AVAILABLE IODINE 237
AVAILABLE OXYGEN 237
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND PERACETIC ACID (PAA) IN PERACETIC ACID PRODUCTS
237
11.4.8 SURFACTANTS 238
DETENNINATION OF ANIONIC SURFACTANTS 238
DETENNINATION OF CATIONIC SURFACTANTS 239
11.4.9 MISCELLANEOUS 239
DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE 239
DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE 240
PREPARATION OF REAGENTS 240
PREPARATION OF INDICATORS 242
REFERENCES 242
INDEX 243
THE COLOUR PLATE SECTION CAN BEFOUNDBETWEENPAGES 138 AND 139 |
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| author_GND | (DE-588)11091726X |
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| bvnumber | BV035124691 |
| callnumber-first | S - Agriculture |
| callnumber-label | SF247 |
| callnumber-raw | SF247 |
| callnumber-search | SF247 |
| callnumber-sort | SF 3247 |
| callnumber-subject | SF - Animal Culture |
| classification_tum | LAN 810f LEB 080f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)176861443 (DE-599)GBV52668383X |
| dewey-full | 637 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 637 - Processing dairy and related products |
| dewey-raw | 637 |
| dewey-search | 637 |
| dewey-sort | 3637 |
| dewey-tens | 630 - Agriculture and related technologies |
| discipline | Agrarwissenschaft Lebensmitteltechnologie Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau |
| discipline_str_mv | Agrarwissenschaft Lebensmitteltechnologie Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau |
| edition | 3. ed. |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV035124691 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:22:24Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:22:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781405155038 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016792296 |
| oclc_num | 176861443 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XXII, , 250 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25cm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Blackwell |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Society of Dairy Technology series |
| spelling | Cleaning-in-place dairy, food and beverage operations ed. by Adnan Tamime 3. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Blackwell 2008 XXII, , 250 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Society of Dairy Technology series Includes bibliographical references and index Dairying / Equipment and supplies / Cleaning Dairy plants / Equipment and supplies / Cleaning Dairy plants Equipment and supplies Cleaning Dairying Equipment and supplies Cleaning Reinigungsverfahren (DE-588)4391913-3 gnd rswk-swf Hygienegerechte Konstruktion (DE-588)7616012-9 gnd rswk-swf Lebensmittelverarbeitung (DE-588)4167045-0 gnd rswk-swf Molkerei (DE-588)4125979-8 gnd rswk-swf Getränkeindustrie (DE-588)4157182-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Molkerei (DE-588)4125979-8 s Reinigungsverfahren (DE-588)4391913-3 s Hygienegerechte Konstruktion (DE-588)7616012-9 s DE-604 Lebensmittelverarbeitung (DE-588)4167045-0 s Getränkeindustrie (DE-588)4157182-4 s b DE-604 Tamime, Adnan Y. ca. 20./21. Jh. Sonstige (DE-588)11091726X oth OEBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016792296&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Cleaning-in-place dairy, food and beverage operations Dairying / Equipment and supplies / Cleaning Dairy plants / Equipment and supplies / Cleaning Dairy plants Equipment and supplies Cleaning Dairying Equipment and supplies Cleaning Reinigungsverfahren (DE-588)4391913-3 gnd Hygienegerechte Konstruktion (DE-588)7616012-9 gnd Lebensmittelverarbeitung (DE-588)4167045-0 gnd Molkerei (DE-588)4125979-8 gnd Getränkeindustrie (DE-588)4157182-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4391913-3 (DE-588)7616012-9 (DE-588)4167045-0 (DE-588)4125979-8 (DE-588)4157182-4 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Cleaning-in-place dairy, food and beverage operations |
| title_auth | Cleaning-in-place dairy, food and beverage operations |
| title_exact_search | Cleaning-in-place dairy, food and beverage operations |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Cleaning-in-place dairy, food and beverage operations |
| title_full | Cleaning-in-place dairy, food and beverage operations ed. by Adnan Tamime |
| title_fullStr | Cleaning-in-place dairy, food and beverage operations ed. by Adnan Tamime |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cleaning-in-place dairy, food and beverage operations ed. by Adnan Tamime |
| title_short | Cleaning-in-place |
| title_sort | cleaning in place dairy food and beverage operations |
| title_sub | dairy, food and beverage operations |
| topic | Dairying / Equipment and supplies / Cleaning Dairy plants / Equipment and supplies / Cleaning Dairy plants Equipment and supplies Cleaning Dairying Equipment and supplies Cleaning Reinigungsverfahren (DE-588)4391913-3 gnd Hygienegerechte Konstruktion (DE-588)7616012-9 gnd Lebensmittelverarbeitung (DE-588)4167045-0 gnd Molkerei (DE-588)4125979-8 gnd Getränkeindustrie (DE-588)4157182-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Dairying / Equipment and supplies / Cleaning Dairy plants / Equipment and supplies / Cleaning Dairy plants Equipment and supplies Cleaning Dairying Equipment and supplies Cleaning Reinigungsverfahren Hygienegerechte Konstruktion Lebensmittelverarbeitung Molkerei Getränkeindustrie Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016792296&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tamimeadnany cleaninginplacedairyfoodandbeverageoperations |