Ukraïnsʹka etnična spilʹnota: etnohenez, istorija, etnonimija
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Ukrainian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bila Cerkva
Pšonkivsʹkyj
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | 303 p. ill., maps 20 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789668545788 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Balušok, Vasylʹ H. |d 1954- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)103336311 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ukraïnsʹka etnična spilʹnota |b etnohenez, istorija, etnonimija |c Vasylʹ Balušok |
| 264 | 1 | |a Bila Cerkva |b Pšonkivsʹkyj |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a 303 p. |b ill., maps |c 20 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Ethnology / Ukraine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a National characteristics, Ukrainian | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Names, Ethnological / Ukraine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ethnology |z Ukraine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Names, Ethnological |z Ukraine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a National characteristics, Ukrainian | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Ethnogenese |0 (DE-588)4121225-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Ukraine / Civilization | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Ukraine / History | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Ukraine |x Civilization | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Ukraine |x History | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Зміст
Передмова
Частина перша
ЕТНОГЕНЕЗ УКРАЇНЦІВ
Розділ перший
Теоретико-методологічні основи та понитійно-термінологічні аспекти
ц
дослідження етногенезу українців
Розділ другий
Українська етногенетична ніша
48
Розділ третій
Етнокультурна ситуація на словенських землях України на часутво-
87
рення Київської Русі та давньоруський період.
Розділ четвертий
Етнічна ситуація на слов янських землях України в давньоруський
129
період. Формування українського етносу
Частина друга
ОСНОВНІ КОНТУРИ ЕТНІЧНОЇ ІСТОРІЇ УКРАЇНЦІВ У СЕРЕДНЬО¬
ВІЧНУ ІРАННЬОМОДЕРНУ ЕПОХИ
Вступ
179
Розділ перший
Стан заселеності українським населенням Центрально-Східної Украї-
185
ни
після монгольського завоювання, у зв *язку з проблемами етнічної
історії українців
Розділ другий
Етнополітична й етнічна ситуація в Україні від монгольського завою-
194
вання до ранньомодерних часів
Розділ третій
Феномен українського козацтва та його роль в етно-національній
222
історії України
Розділ четвертий
Загальноукраїнська етнонімія, як індикатор динаміки української 2б2
етнічної історії з кінця середньовіччя до новітніх часів
Висновки
281
Summary
286
Покажчики
293
Summary
Complex approach to the problem of ethnic genesis of the peoples
through using archeological, linguistic, historical, folldore, and anthropo¬
logical data is the core of author s concept. At the same time, each stage of
research requires special kind of sources to be used so that none of them
should be given leading role in research as a whole.
To solve the problem author uses the ethnic* theory developed by Soviet
ethnologists, especially the concept of an ethnic as a specific human
sociocultural
mechanism of adaptation to some natural and social
conditions. Moreover, author uses other concepts of ethnic, North American
concepts in particular, to the extent they emphasize a role of ethnic self-
identification and a role of intellectual elite in creating a top level of such
self-identification.
Proceeding from conception of ethnic as specifically human,
sociocul¬
tural
adaptation mechanism to some natural and social conditions, author
believes that a process of ethnic genesis to start up requires the so-called
ethno-generic niche. The niche is a local region of the
οικουμένη
distinguished by its natural, geographic (relief, climate, flora, fauna, and
waters, etc.) and social characteristics (formed in millenniums by tradition of
interaction between multiethnic local population and natural environment)
that manifests itself as the integrity through a united communication and
information network. As a number of certain natural conditions the niche
dictates a certain mode of life to local human population. Thus, the niche is a
factor behind a formation of certain ethnic culture that differs from cultures
provoked by other niches. By acknowledging the difference, as well as the
inner integrity (on the basis of a united communication and information
system) a local human population identifies itself as a certain ethnic culture,
which is the main indicator of emerging nation.
Natural base of the Ukrainian ethno-generic niche was formed
8-ю
thousand years ago after the disappearance of the last glacier. Forest-steppe
zone is the dominant landscape zone of this region. Initially, the south and
south-west steppe regions laid out of the Ukrainian ethno-generic niche. The
finalperiod offormation
of the niche fall on the third and fourth quarters of
the first millennium A. D. That was the time of the so-called Slavonic
Resettlement when the Slavs assimilated the local substrate population
absorbing their millennial cultural heritage. The region was characterized by
a united system of commercial and economic communications within the
We define ethnos (this word derived from Greek and means people , tribe , group of
people , crowd , family ) as the indigenous community which possesses separate
ethnic territory, culture peculiarities, self-consciousness, unlike ethnic groups. The last
we determine as diaspora ethnos parts.
286
political realms (tribe unions of Ants, Sklavines, Dulibs, Polianies and
Rus
Land state).
However the sub-niches of separate tribal ethnoses continued to exist.
This can be explained rather by poor development of communication,
including information systems than ethnic and cultural peculiarities of the
tribes during the Middle Ages. With the completion of formation of the
Ukrainian ethno-generic niche the process of origin of Ukrainians began.
By the time of formation of Ancient
Rus
state, a specific metaethnic and
cultural entity at the territory of the Slavs took its shape. It meant a specific
agriculture system, system of tools, handicrafts, settlement types, dwelling
types, and domestic utensils as well as a specific religious confession,
linguistic characteristics and political system. The entity included tribal
ethnoses of the
Pollane, Ulychi,
Tyvertci, Volyniane (and probably the
Dulibs and Buzhan, in the case they were not the predecessors of the
Volyniane ), partly the Drevliane, Siveriane and Drehovychy. The
population of the entity differed from the Slavs at the territories of Russia
and Bilorussia in terms of cultural, linguistic, and political parameters. One
can see the first signs of common proto-Ukrainian metaethnic self-
identification of the Slavonic population at the territory of Ukraine in the
Povisť
Vremennykh Lit in a form of ethno-centric image of the tribe
of Poliany depicted by Kyiv chronicler. In particulary, contrary to the
Slavonic tribal ethnoses at the territories of Russia and Byelorussia, Poliany
are shown as the most advanced people. At the same time, this ethno-centric
stereotype is extended to the other proto-Ukrainian ethnoses (except for the
Siveriany and Drevliany).
The formation of Ancient
Rus
at the end of the 9th and in the
io*
centuries that united all Slavonic population of Eastern Europe, restrained
ethno-generic process at the Ukrainian territory, as well as at the territories
of Russia and Byelorussia, as this process leveled the activity of a particular
(Ukrainian, Russian or Byelorussian) ethno-generic niche.
The process of feudal disintegration in the n* and 12th centuries
provoked the activity of the
subniches
of former tribal ethnoces. The so-
called land ethnoces emerged on the basis of the
subniches,
which to a large
extent coincided with the basic land
principates.
The main lands at the
territory of Ukraine were the following:
Rus
(consisted of the Kyiv and
Pereiaslav
principates),
Volodymyr {Volyniari), Galych, Chernigiv
(separated from the
Rus
land in the middle of the
її*
century), and also
South regions oiTuriv and Western regions of Siversk land. Thus, such land
ethnoces are fixed there as the
Rus ,
Volodymyrtsi {Volyntsy), Galychans,
Chernigivtsi, as well as the South part of Turivtsi and Western part of
Siveriany (Sevriuky). The latter tribal unions had also participated in the
ethnic genesis of the Byelorussians and Russians. Self-consciousness* of the
land ethnoses manifested themselves in ethnonyms, as well as in their own
287
interest
that differed from interest of the other lands, hostile to other
identical unions, and in the land ethnocentrism too. These land ethnoses
constituted the unity that one can define as the Ukrainian metaethnic. A land
étimos
is a normal phenomenon for the Early Middle Ages period and
partially the Developed Middle Ages period so that it is possible to observe
this phenomenon in other countries, especially the European countries.
However, with the decentralization of Ancient
Rus
the role of
Ukrainian ethno-generic niche increased. As a result, in the 12th century two
integrating centers (according to M. Braychevsky) at the territory of
Ukraine had intensified their integrating activity
-
the Halych-Volynian and
Chernigiv and joined their efforts in struggling for the Kyiv
principate.
Thus,
the new ethno-political unity was formed. The Northern and the North-
Eastem lands of
Rus4
-
Polotsk, Novhorod, and Rostov-Suzdal lands
-
had
separated themselves from Kyiv establiching their own ethno-political
unions. The appearance of the separate ethno-political union at the territory
of the South RusN resulted in the formation of the common South-Rus^s
communication systems, including the information system; and common
South-Rusvs ethnical elite had emerged. This, in its turn, had led to the
formulation and common usage of such ethnonym as
Rus
(plural)
/ Rusyn (singular) as a self-name at the end of the 12th and the beginning
of the 13th centuries. This fact was fixed in chronicles that testified the
higher ideological level of ethnic self-consciousness. At the end of the 13th
century the toponym was extended to the Northern and North-Eastern
lands. Moreover, that was the time when the derivative term the Russians ,
Russkije started pushing out the local land names in the Northern and
North-Eastern lands. The term Rusyn in the North was used rarely (due to
influence of the Kyiv writing school) in official language, and then
disappeared at all. During that time the ethnonym
Rus
/ Rusyn was in
use in Byelorussia, although the Ukrainians called the Byelorussians the
Lytva (plural)
/
Lytuyn (singular) in order to identify them. Ukrainians
maked for the Russian the exoethnonim Mosfaa , Moskovyty .
The appearance of the unified name for the whole South
Rus ys
lands at
the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century witnessed to the fact
that the ethnic formation process was nearing completion at that time. The
fact that this ethnonym was actually in use by quite different social strata,
including the lands that were politically separated from each other after the
Mongolian invasion, underpins the thesis about the ethnonym RusVRusyn
as a self-name of the population of the South
Rus
The ethnonym was in use
as the self-name of all Ukrainians up to the first half of 18th century, and
probably later. On the Right-bank Ukraine it was widely in used up to the
mid 19th century, while on the Western-Ukrainian lands
-
till the first half of
the 20th and even the mid 20th century, being replaced by the ethnonym the
Ukrainians . Preservation of the same self-name during the period of time
288
witnesses to the favour of preservation of the same type of identity and the
same ethnos. Therefore, the ethnos, which appeared at the territory of the
South
Rus
at the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century was
that of Ukrainian, although its name differed.
Author believes that the Ukrainian ethnos could not emerge at least
until the second half of the 16th century, because after the Mongolian
invasion the territory of Ukraine was captured by different states
(Litvánia,
Poland, Hungary, and Moldova) and divided into the separated parts.
A common system of communication, including the information system,
without which an ethnos can not exist, was almost destroyed, and ethnic
elite, including ethnic proto-intellectuals (the stratum of the scribers) who
usually take part in forming a top level of people s self-consciousness had
lost their influence and almost disappeared in some regions. A number of
Ukraine regions (Trans Carpathian Region and Bukovyna) remained
separated from the rest of Ukrainian lands even in the second half of the 16th
century. Had the ethnos not emerged before the period of disintegration of
the territory, the emergence was not possible because of the disintegration.
In general, the Ukrainian ethnos have not been unchangeable, but very
often was more or less transformed during all its history. After Tatar-Mongol
Empire different parts of Ukraine very often belonged to neighbouring
countries. That determined fact that the Ukrainian ethnos self-identification
existed as one endoethnonim for all the people. It also meaned the
depending on their regional sovereigns at that time. Kyiv remained a
cultural-religious centre of all the country during a long period of time. The
Ukrainians also kept memory of Kyiv-Rus s past. This memory was dying
withing time because of weakening of the own state and its cultural life and
also the weakening of the ukraining ethnic intelligence, which have to form
the higher level of self-consciousness of the whole ethnos.
The uniting of
Litva
and Poland within
Rzecz Pospolita
in
1569
stimulated cultural-ethnic development of the ucrainian ethnos and
rebirthed the highest level of ethnic self-consciousness within Ukrainian
intelligence. From the end of the 16th century we can see also the rebirth of
the well-known national-cultural process. At that period of time the realising
of the Ukrainian history as a rather long process was born. This fact revived
the idea of Rusvs (Rusyn) people as a third member of
Rech
Pospolita
(together with the Polish and Lithuanian people).
For all the time there existed rather clear concept about the unique
Ukrainian ethnic territory, nevetherless of the division of the Ukrainians for
numerous subethnic and ethnographical units (the last is typical for the
mid- and early modern times). The Ukrainians (or Rusyns for their selfname
in that time) as a unique ethnos understood very clearly their difference in
every-day life from the other people, including Slavs
-
Pols and Russians.
Such difference was less realized to Byelorussians. But it also existed at that
289
19-8149
period
of time as an exsoethnonims Lytva , Lytvyns . In such a way the
Ukrainians named Byelorussians and showed their difference from
themselves in language, the mode of life and as for the difference of their
historic destiny, because the history of Byelorussia is inseparably connected
with the history of
Litva,
while at that time the Ukrainians lived in more or
less separation.
The formation of the Ukrainian Cossacs within their own ethnocultural
complex and transformation them into the main social strata of the
Ukrainian society led to the changing of the Ukraine as a civilar phenomenon
and all the Ukrainian ethnos as a whole. In the after-Mongol period and at
the end of the 15th century and also in the first half of the 16th centuries their
appearance was also the answer for the total attack of the Great Assia steppe.
The formation of the Cossacs corrected the Ukrainian ethnic niche, which
became stepp-forest-stepp instead of the forest-stepp. From the beginning,
and in Zaporizhya
Sich
to the end of the
18
th century the Cossacs became
border, flibustieric society.
But, with some period of time, being sociopolitical structure, the
Ukrainian Cossacks began to fight and won the victory in the Cossack
revolution in the middle and the second half of the
17
th century. It became a
leading strata at the Getman state, which was formed with their help. All
these events led to the separation of Ukraine (to which
Bukovina
and
Zakarpattya were not joined by the Lublin Union) and renewal of the
separation of Ukrainian ethnos for the eastern and western
preunione
subethnic
subdivisiones.
The polonization of the Ukrainian gentry at the
right-bank of Dnepr and Western Ukraine and the weakening of the
Ukrainian ethnic elite groups took place there. Young Cossack public-
political upper strata of the eastern Ukraine have found itself under the
powerfull empire press of Russia. This strata also haven t stand its ground
and the second half of the 18th sentury in fact have lost its position as
ethnonational elite strata.
In fact, the Cossack revolution began the process of forming the nation.
This process haven t been completed. Instead of this, fastening itsself to the
society as a leading social strata, together with the heroism of its formation
and being the base for Ukrainian national movement in the 19th sentury in
its nationcreative activity, the Cossacks formed the basis for the creating of
the Ukrainian national myth and national culture. The existence and
activity of the Ukrainian Cossacks also gave an opportunity for developing
and occupation of
stepp
regions in South and South-East of Ukraine.
Until the 18th and probably to the 19th century the Ukrainian ethnos
preserved the same endoethnonim
Rus4
/
Rusyn . Its last fixation was
revealed nowadays at the eastern-central Ukraine in
1740
and in the sources
while in folklore
-
in the 1850s). In the result of the Moskow empire circles
activity Getman country was joined to the lands of Russia. This fact fastened
290
the appearance of a new
oficial
name
-
Malorosiyany . So, on the east-
ukrainian lands new regional selfname Ukrayintsy appeared during the
Cossack revolution, and the previous endoethnonim have been disturbed.
The selfname
Rus4, Rusyns
dissapeared in the middle of the 19th century and
in its second half on the right banks of Dnepr. In Volyn and Galychyna it
remains to thei9th, first half of 20th centyrieSjand in Zakarpattya
-
till the
middle, second half of 20th centyries. At that time the Ukrainian ethnos had
not single name in fact, but it existeded in realizing itself as a unique ethnos,
fixed in original source. This rare phenomenon of ethnic life was the result of
intervention the official circles of empire Moscow in Ukrainian ethnic
history, which destroyed old endoethnonim in eastern Ukraine.
In 19th
-
the begginning of the 20th century the Ukrainian national
intelligence gave the name Ukrayintsy for all the citizens of Ukraine. In such
a way they effectively fought against the efforts of Russia in monopolization
the ancient Rusv heritage. The Ukrainians perceived this self-name as their
own after the events of the Ukrainian revolution at the beginning of the 20th
century and the struggle of OUN-UPA. In Zakarpattya is was widened after
the joining of this region to Ukraine in
1944.
In fact the endoethnonim
Ukrainians became selfname of all the nation in the 20th century.
291
|
| adam_txt |
Зміст
Передмова
Частина перша
ЕТНОГЕНЕЗ УКРАЇНЦІВ
Розділ перший
Теоретико-методологічні основи та понитійно-термінологічні аспекти
ц
дослідження етногенезу українців
Розділ другий
Українська етногенетична ніша
48
Розділ третій
Етнокультурна ситуація на словенських землях України на часутво-
87
рення Київської Русі та давньоруський період.
Розділ четвертий
Етнічна ситуація на слов'янських землях України в давньоруський
129
період. Формування українського етносу
Частина друга
ОСНОВНІ КОНТУРИ ЕТНІЧНОЇ ІСТОРІЇ УКРАЇНЦІВ У СЕРЕДНЬО¬
ВІЧНУ ІРАННЬОМОДЕРНУ ЕПОХИ
Вступ
179
Розділ перший
Стан заселеності українським населенням Центрально-Східної Украї-
185
ни
після монгольського завоювання, у зв *язку з проблемами етнічної
історії українців
Розділ другий
Етнополітична й етнічна ситуація в Україні від монгольського завою-
194
вання до ранньомодерних часів
Розділ третій
Феномен українського козацтва та його роль в етно-національній
222
історії України
Розділ четвертий
Загальноукраїнська етнонімія, як індикатор динаміки української 2б2
етнічної історії з кінця середньовіччя до новітніх часів
Висновки
281
Summary
286
Покажчики
293
Summary
Complex approach to the problem of ethnic genesis of the peoples
through using archeological, linguistic, historical, folldore, and anthropo¬
logical data is the core of author's concept. At the same time, each stage of
research requires special kind of sources to be used so that none of them
should be given leading role in research as a whole.
To solve the problem author uses the ethnic* theory developed by Soviet
ethnologists, especially the concept of an ethnic as a specific human
sociocultural
mechanism of adaptation to some natural and social
conditions. Moreover, author uses other concepts of ethnic, North American
concepts in particular, to the extent they emphasize a role of ethnic self-
identification and a role of intellectual elite in creating a top level of such
self-identification.
Proceeding from conception of ethnic as specifically human,
sociocul¬
tural
adaptation mechanism to some natural and social conditions, author
believes that a process of ethnic genesis to start up requires the so-called
ethno-generic niche. The niche is a local region of the
οικουμένη
distinguished by its natural, geographic (relief, climate, flora, fauna, and
waters, etc.) and social characteristics (formed in millenniums by tradition of
interaction between multiethnic local population and natural environment)
that manifests itself as the integrity through a united communication and
information network. As a number of certain natural conditions the niche
dictates a certain mode of life to local human population. Thus, the niche is a
factor behind a formation of certain ethnic culture that differs from cultures
provoked by other niches. By acknowledging the difference, as well as the
inner integrity (on the basis of a united communication and information
system) a local human population identifies itself as a certain ethnic culture,
which is the main indicator of emerging nation.
Natural base of the Ukrainian ethno-generic niche was formed
8-ю
thousand years ago after the disappearance of the last glacier. Forest-steppe
zone is the dominant landscape zone of this region. Initially, the south and
south-west steppe regions laid out of the Ukrainian ethno-generic niche. The
finalperiod offormation
of the niche fall on the third and fourth quarters of
the first millennium A. D. That was the time of the so-called Slavonic
Resettlement when the Slavs assimilated the local substrate population
absorbing their millennial cultural heritage. The region was characterized by
a united system of commercial and economic communications within the
'
We define ethnos (this word derived from Greek and means 'people', 'tribe', 'group of
people', 'crowd', 'family') as the indigenous community which possesses separate
ethnic territory, culture peculiarities, self-consciousness, unlike ethnic groups. The last
we determine as diaspora ethnos parts.
286
political realms (tribe unions of Ants, Sklavines, Dulibs, Polianies and
Rus'
Land state).
However the sub-niches of separate tribal ethnoses continued to exist.
This can be explained rather by poor development of communication,
including information systems than ethnic and cultural peculiarities of the
tribes during the Middle Ages. With the completion of formation of the
Ukrainian ethno-generic niche the process of origin of Ukrainians began.
By the time of formation of Ancient
Rus
state, a specific metaethnic and
cultural entity at the territory of the Slavs took its shape. It meant a specific
agriculture system, system of tools, handicrafts, settlement types, dwelling
types, and domestic utensils as well as a specific religious confession,
linguistic characteristics and political system. The entity included tribal
ethnoses of the
Pollane, Ulychi,
Tyvertci, Volyniane (and probably the
Dulibs and Buzhan, in the case they were not the predecessors of the
Volyniane"), partly the Drevliane, Siveriane and Drehovychy. The
population of the entity differed from the Slavs at the territories of Russia
and Bilorussia in terms of cultural, linguistic, and political parameters. One
can see the first signs of common proto-Ukrainian metaethnic self-
identification of the Slavonic population at the territory of Ukraine in the
"Povisť
Vremennykh Lit" in a form of ethno-centric image of the "tribe"
of Poliany depicted by Kyiv chronicler. In particulary, contrary to the
Slavonic tribal ethnoses at the territories of Russia and Byelorussia, Poliany
are shown as the most advanced people. At the same time, this ethno-centric
stereotype is extended to the other proto-Ukrainian ethnoses (except for the
Siveriany and Drevliany).
The formation of Ancient
Rus'
at the end of the 9th and in the
io*
centuries that united all Slavonic population of Eastern Europe, restrained
ethno-generic process at the Ukrainian territory, as well as at the territories
of Russia and Byelorussia, as this process leveled the activity of a particular
(Ukrainian, Russian or Byelorussian) ethno-generic niche.
The process of feudal disintegration in the n* and 12th centuries
provoked the activity of the
subniches
of former tribal ethnoces. The so-
called land ethnoces emerged on the basis of the
subniches,
which to a large
extent coincided with the basic land
principates.
The main lands at the
territory of Ukraine were the following:
Rus'
(consisted of the Kyiv and
Pereiaslav
principates),
Volodymyr {Volyniari), Galych, Chernigiv
(separated from the
Rus
land in the middle of the
її*
century), and also
South regions oiTuriv and Western regions of Siversk land. Thus, such land
ethnoces are fixed there as the
Rus',
Volodymyrtsi {Volyntsy), Galychans,
Chernigivtsi, as well as the South part of Turivtsi and Western part of
Siveriany (Sevriuky). The latter tribal unions had also participated in the
ethnic genesis of the Byelorussians and Russians. Self-consciousness* of the
land ethnoses manifested themselves in ethnonyms, as well as in their own
287
interest
that differed from interest of the other lands, hostile to other
identical unions, and in the land ethnocentrism too. These land ethnoses
constituted the unity that one can define as the Ukrainian metaethnic. A land
étimos
is a normal phenomenon for the Early Middle Ages period and
partially the Developed Middle Ages period so that it is possible to observe
this phenomenon in other countries, especially the European countries.
However, with the decentralization of Ancient
Rus'
the role of
Ukrainian ethno-generic niche increased. As a result, in the 12th century two
"integrating centers" (according to M. Braychevsky) at the territory of
Ukraine had intensified their integrating activity
-
the Halych-Volynian and
Chernigiv and joined their efforts in struggling for the Kyiv
principate.
Thus,
the new ethno-political unity was formed. The Northern and the North-
Eastem lands of
Rus4
-
Polotsk, Novhorod, and Rostov-Suzdal lands
-
had
separated themselves from Kyiv establiching their own ethno-political
unions. The appearance of the separate ethno-political union at the territory
of the South RusN resulted in the formation of the common South-Rus^s
communication systems, including the information system; and common
South-Rusvs ethnical elite had emerged. This, in its turn, had led to the
formulation and common usage of such ethnonym as
"Rus"'
(plural)
/"Rusyn" (singular) as a self-name at the end of the 12th and the beginning
of the 13th centuries. This fact was fixed in chronicles that testified the
higher ideological level of ethnic self-consciousness. At the end of the 13th
century the toponym was extended to the Northern and North-Eastern
lands. Moreover, that was the time when the derivative term the "Russians",
"Russkije" started pushing out the local land names in the Northern and
North-Eastern lands. The term "Rusyn" in the North was used rarely (due to
influence of the Kyiv writing school) in official language, and then
disappeared at all. During that time the ethnonym
"Rus"'
/"Rusyn" was in
use in Byelorussia, although the Ukrainians called the Byelorussians the
"Lytva" (plural)
/
"Lytuyn" (singular) in order to identify them. Ukrainians
maked for the Russian the exoethnonim "Mosfaa", "Moskovyty".
The appearance of the unified name for the whole South
Rus ys
lands at
the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century witnessed to the fact
that the ethnic formation process was nearing completion at that time. The
fact that this ethnonym was actually in use by quite different social strata,
including the lands that were politically separated from each other after the
Mongolian invasion, underpins the thesis about the ethnonym "RusVRusyn"
as a self-name of the population of the South
Rus \
The ethnonym was in use
as the self-name of all Ukrainians up to the first half of 18th century, and
probably later. On the Right-bank Ukraine it was widely in used up to the
mid 19th century, while on the Western-Ukrainian lands
-
till the first half of
the 20th and even the mid 20th century, being replaced by the ethnonym the
"Ukrainians". Preservation of the same self-name during the period of time
288
witnesses to the favour of preservation of the same type of identity and the
same ethnos. Therefore, the ethnos, which appeared at the territory of the
South
Rus
"
at the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century was
that of Ukrainian, although its name differed.
Author believes that the Ukrainian ethnos could not emerge at least
until the second half of the 16th century, because after the Mongolian
invasion the territory of Ukraine was captured by different states
(Litvánia,
Poland, Hungary, and Moldova) and divided into the separated parts.
A common system of communication, including the information system,
without which an ethnos can not exist, was almost destroyed, and ethnic
elite, including ethnic proto-intellectuals (the stratum of the scribers) who
usually take part in forming a top level of people's self-consciousness had
lost their influence and almost disappeared in some regions. A number of
Ukraine regions (Trans Carpathian Region and Bukovyna) remained
separated from the rest of Ukrainian lands even in the second half of the 16th
century. Had the ethnos not emerged before the period of disintegration of
the territory, the emergence was not possible because of the disintegration.
In general, the Ukrainian ethnos have not been unchangeable, but very
often was more or less transformed during all its history. After Tatar-Mongol
Empire different parts of Ukraine very often belonged to neighbouring
countries. That determined fact that the Ukrainian ethnos self-identification
existed as one endoethnonim for all the people. It also meaned the
depending on their regional sovereigns at that time. Kyiv remained a
cultural-religious centre of all the country during a long period of time. The
Ukrainians also kept memory of Kyiv-Rus's past. This memory was dying
withing time because of weakening of the own state and its cultural life and
also the weakening of the ukraining ethnic intelligence, which have to form
the higher level of self-consciousness of the whole ethnos.
The uniting of
Litva
and Poland within
Rzecz Pospolita
in
1569
stimulated cultural-ethnic development of the ucrainian ethnos and
rebirthed the highest level of ethnic self-consciousness within Ukrainian
intelligence. From the end of the 16th century we can see also the rebirth of
the well-known national-cultural process. At that period of time the realising
of the Ukrainian history as a rather long process was born. This fact revived
the idea of "Rusvs (Rusyn) people" as a third member of
Rech
Pospolita
(together with the Polish and Lithuanian people).
For all the time there existed rather clear concept about the unique
Ukrainian ethnic territory, nevetherless of the division of the Ukrainians for
numerous subethnic and ethnographical units (the last is typical for the
mid- and early modern times). The Ukrainians (or Rusyns for their selfname
in that time) as a unique ethnos understood very clearly their difference in
every-day life from the other people, including Slavs
-
Pols and Russians.
Such difference was less realized to Byelorussians. But it also existed at that
289
19-8149
period
of time as an exsoethnonims "Lytva", "Lytvyns". In such a way the
Ukrainians named Byelorussians and showed their difference from
themselves in language, the mode of life and as for the difference of their
historic destiny, because the history of Byelorussia is inseparably connected
with the history of
Litva,
while at that time the Ukrainians lived in more or
less separation.
The formation of the Ukrainian Cossacs within their own ethnocultural
complex and transformation them into the main social strata of the
Ukrainian society led to the changing of the Ukraine as a civilar phenomenon
and all the Ukrainian ethnos as a whole. In the after-Mongol period and at
the end of the 15th century and also in the first half of the 16th centuries their
appearance was also the answer for the total attack of the Great Assia steppe.
The formation of the Cossacs corrected the Ukrainian ethnic niche, which
became stepp-forest-stepp instead of the forest-stepp. From the beginning,
and in Zaporizhya
Sich
to the end of the
18
th century the Cossacs became
border, flibustieric society.
But, with some period of time, being sociopolitical structure, the
Ukrainian Cossacks began to fight and won the victory in the Cossack
revolution in the middle and the second half of the
17
th century. It became a
leading strata at the Getman state, which was formed with their help. All
these events led to the separation of Ukraine (to which
Bukovina
and
Zakarpattya were not joined by the Lublin Union) and renewal of the
separation of Ukrainian ethnos for the eastern and western
preunione
subethnic
subdivisiones.
The polonization of the Ukrainian gentry at the
right-bank of Dnepr and Western Ukraine and the weakening of the
Ukrainian ethnic elite groups took place there. Young Cossack public-
political upper strata of the eastern Ukraine have found itself under the
powerfull empire press of Russia. This strata also haven't stand its ground
and the second half of the 18th sentury in fact have lost its position as
ethnonational elite strata.
In fact, the Cossack revolution began the process of forming the nation.
This process haven't been completed. Instead of this, fastening itsself to the
society as a leading social strata, together with the heroism of its formation
and being the base for Ukrainian national movement in the 19th sentury in
its nationcreative activity, the Cossacks formed the basis for the creating of
the Ukrainian national myth and national culture. The existence and
activity of the Ukrainian Cossacks also gave an opportunity for developing
and occupation of
stepp
regions in South and South-East of Ukraine.
Until the 18th and probably to the 19th century the Ukrainian ethnos
preserved the same endoethnonim
"Rus4"
/
"Rusyn". Its last fixation was
revealed nowadays at the eastern-central Ukraine in
1740
and in the sources
while in folklore
-
in the 1850s). In the result of the Moskow empire circles
activity Getman country was joined to the lands of Russia. This fact fastened
290
the appearance of a new
oficial
name
-
"Malorosiyany". So, on the east-
ukrainian lands new regional selfname "Ukrayintsy" appeared during the
Cossack revolution, and the previous endoethnonim have been disturbed.
The selfname
Rus4, Rusyns
dissapeared in the middle of the 19th century and
in its second half on the right banks of Dnepr. In Volyn and Galychyna it
remains to thei9th, first half of 20th centyrieSjand in Zakarpattya
-
till the
middle, second half of 20th centyries. At that time the Ukrainian ethnos had
not single name in fact, but it existeded in realizing itself as a unique ethnos,
fixed in original source. This rare phenomenon of ethnic life was the result of
intervention the official circles of empire Moscow in Ukrainian ethnic
history, which destroyed old endoethnonim in eastern Ukraine.
In 19th
-
the begginning of the 20th century the Ukrainian national
intelligence gave the name Ukrayintsy for all the citizens of Ukraine. In such
a way they effectively fought against the efforts of Russia in monopolization
the ancient Rusv heritage. The Ukrainians perceived this self-name as their
own after the events of the Ukrainian revolution at the beginning of the 20th
century and the struggle of OUN-UPA. In Zakarpattya is was widened after
the joining of this region to Ukraine in
1944.
In fact the endoethnonim
Ukrainians became selfname of all the nation in the 20th century.
291 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author | Balušok, Vasylʹ H. 1954- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)103336311 |
| author_facet | Balušok, Vasylʹ H. 1954- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Balušok, Vasylʹ H. 1954- |
| author_variant | v h b vh vhb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035123148 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK508 |
| callnumber-raw | DK508.42 |
| callnumber-search | DK508.42 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 3508.42 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)233522752 (DE-599)BVBBV035123148 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ukraine / Civilization Ukraine / History Ukraine Civilization Ukraine History Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ukraine / Civilization Ukraine / History Ukraine Civilization Ukraine History Ukraine |
| id | DE-604.BV035123148 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:21:53Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:22:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789668545788 |
| language | Ukrainian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016790773 |
| oclc_num | 233522752 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 303 p. ill., maps 20 cm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Pšonkivsʹkyj |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Balušok, Vasylʹ H. 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)103336311 aut Ukraïnsʹka etnična spilʹnota etnohenez, istorija, etnonimija Vasylʹ Balušok Bila Cerkva Pšonkivsʹkyj 2008 303 p. ill., maps 20 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Includes bibliographical references and index Ethnology / Ukraine National characteristics, Ukrainian Names, Ethnological / Ukraine Geschichte Ethnology Ukraine Names, Ethnological Ukraine Volk (DE-588)4063790-6 gnd rswk-swf Ethnogenese (DE-588)4121225-3 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine / Civilization Ukraine / History Ukraine Civilization Ukraine History Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 g Volk (DE-588)4063790-6 s DE-604 Ethnogenese (DE-588)4121225-3 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016790773&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016790773&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Balušok, Vasylʹ H. 1954- Ukraïnsʹka etnična spilʹnota etnohenez, istorija, etnonimija Ethnology / Ukraine National characteristics, Ukrainian Names, Ethnological / Ukraine Geschichte Ethnology Ukraine Names, Ethnological Ukraine Volk (DE-588)4063790-6 gnd Ethnogenese (DE-588)4121225-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4063790-6 (DE-588)4121225-3 (DE-588)4061496-7 |
| title | Ukraïnsʹka etnična spilʹnota etnohenez, istorija, etnonimija |
| title_auth | Ukraïnsʹka etnična spilʹnota etnohenez, istorija, etnonimija |
| title_exact_search | Ukraïnsʹka etnična spilʹnota etnohenez, istorija, etnonimija |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Ukraïnsʹka etnična spilʹnota etnohenez, istorija, etnonimija |
| title_full | Ukraïnsʹka etnična spilʹnota etnohenez, istorija, etnonimija Vasylʹ Balušok |
| title_fullStr | Ukraïnsʹka etnična spilʹnota etnohenez, istorija, etnonimija Vasylʹ Balušok |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ukraïnsʹka etnična spilʹnota etnohenez, istorija, etnonimija Vasylʹ Balušok |
| title_short | Ukraïnsʹka etnična spilʹnota |
| title_sort | ukrainsʹka etnicna spilʹnota etnohenez istorija etnonimija |
| title_sub | etnohenez, istorija, etnonimija |
| topic | Ethnology / Ukraine National characteristics, Ukrainian Names, Ethnological / Ukraine Geschichte Ethnology Ukraine Names, Ethnological Ukraine Volk (DE-588)4063790-6 gnd Ethnogenese (DE-588)4121225-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ethnology / Ukraine National characteristics, Ukrainian Names, Ethnological / Ukraine Geschichte Ethnology Ukraine Names, Ethnological Ukraine Volk Ethnogenese Ukraine / Civilization Ukraine / History Ukraine Civilization Ukraine History Ukraine |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016790773&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016790773&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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