Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Norwich, NY
PDL (Plastics Design Libr.)
2007
|
| Series: | PDL handbook series
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents only Publisher description Contributor biographical information Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xvii, 404 p. ill. |
| ISBN: | 9780815515494 0815515499 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Drobny, Jiri G. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1050691377 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers |c Jiri George Drobny |
| 264 | 1 | |a Norwich, NY |b PDL (Plastics Design Libr.) |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a xvii, 404 p. |b ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a PDL handbook series | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Elastomers |v Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Thermoplastics |v Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Thermoplast |0 (DE-588)4059844-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Elastomer |0 (DE-588)4014162-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Thermoplast |0 (DE-588)4059844-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Elastomer |0 (DE-588)4014162-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |8 1\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Elastomer |0 (DE-588)4014162-7 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0716/2007017882.html |3 Table of contents only | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0743/2007017882-d.html |3 Publisher description | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0743/2007017882-b.html |3 Contributor biographical information | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016783996&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
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| _version_ | 1804138091616665600 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface
.............................................................. xvii
1
Introduction
............................................................ 1
1.1
Elasticity and Elastomers
............................................... 1
1.2
Thermoplastic Elastomers
.............................................. 2
1.2.1
Phase Structure
............................................... 2
1.2.2
Methods of Synthesis of Thermoplastic Elastomers
...................... 3
1.2.2.1
Methods of Synthesis of Block Copolymers
..................... 3
1.2.2.2
Methods of Synthesis of Other Thermoplastic Elastomers
........... 4
1.2.3
Phase Separation
.............................................. 4
1.2.4
Classification of Thermoplastic Elastomers
............................ 5
1.2.4.1
Nomenclature of Block Copolymers
........................... 5
1.2.5
Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermoplastic Elastomers
............... 6
1.2.6
Demand for Thermoplastic Elastomers
and Its Growth
................................................ 7
References
............................................................. 7
2
A Brief History of Thermoplastic Elastomers
................................... 9
References
............................................................ 10
3
Additives
.............................................................. 13
3.1
Antioxidants
....................................................... 13
3.2
Light Stabilizers
.................................................... 13
3.2.1
UV Absorbers
................................................ 14
3.2.2
Quenchers
.................................................. 14
3.2.3
Free Radical Scavengers
........................................ 14
3.2.4
Evaluation of UV Stability
........................................ 14
3.3
Nucleating Agents
................................................... 14
3.4
Flame
Retardants
................................................... 15
3.4.1
Flammability Tests
............................................. 16
3.5
Colorants
......................................................... 17
3.5.1
Optical Properties of Colorants
.................................... 17
3.5.2
Characteristics of Colorants
...................................... 17
3.5.3
Inorganic Pigments
............................................ 17
3.5.4
Organic Pigments
............................................. 18
3.5.5
Special Effect Pigments
......................................... 18
3.5.6
Colorant Forms
............................................... 18
3.6
Antistatic Agents
.................................................... 19
3.6.1
Types of Antistatic Agents
....................................... 19
3.6.2
Electrically Conductive Materials
................................... 19
3.7
Slip Agents
........................................................ 19
3.8
Antiblocking Agents
.................................................. 20
3.9
Processing Aids
.................................................... 20
3.10
Fillers and Reinforcements
............................................ 20
3.10.1
Fillers Commonly Used in Thermoplastic Polymers
..................... 21
3.10.1.1
Cubic and Spheroidal Fillers
............................... 21
3.10.1.2
Platy
Fillers
........................................... 22
3.10.1.3
Fibrous Fillers
......................................... 22
3.10.1.4
Nanofillers
............................................ 22
3.11
Plasticizers
........................................................ 23
3.11.1
Types of Plasticizers
........................................... 23
3.11.2
Methods of Incorporation
........................................ 23
3.12
Other Additives
..................................................... 23
3.13
Selection of Additives
................................................ 24
vii
Contents
3.14
Health, Hygiene, and Safety
........................................... 25
References
............................................................ 25
Processing Methods Applicable to Thermoplastic Elastomers
..................... 29
4.1
Introduction
....................................................... 29
4.1.1
Properties Influencing Processing
.................................. 29
4.1.1.1
Flow Properties
........................................ 29
4.1.1.2
Thermal Properties
...................................... 31
4.1.1.3
Shrinkage and Warping
.................................. 32
4.1.2
Pre-Processing
............................................... 33
4.1.2.1
Drying
............................................... 34
4.1.2.2
Coloring
.............................................. 34
4.2
Mixing and Blending
................................................. 35
4.2.1
Basic Concepts Pertaining to Mixing
................................ 36
4.2.1.1
Melting
.............................................. 36
4.2.1.2
Rheology and Flow Pertaining to Mixing
....................... 36
4.2.1.3
Residence Time
........................................ 38
4.2.1.4
Specific Mechanical Energy
............................... 38
4.2.2
Polymer Blends
............................................... 39
4.2.3
Mixing Equipment
............................................. 40
4.2.3.1
Batch Mixers
.......................................... 40
4.2.3.2
Continuous Mixers
...................................... 42
4.2.3.3
Other Mixing Machinery
.................................. 43
4.2.4
Material Feeding and Feeders
.................................... 47
4.2.5
Finishing Operations
........................................... 47
4.2.5.1
Filtration
............................................. 47
4.2.5.2
Size Reduction
......................................... 47
4.3
Extrusion
......................................................... 51
4.3.1
Fundamentals of Extrusion Processes
............................... 51
4.3.2
The Extruder
................................................. 52
4.3.3
Extrusion Methods
............................................. 54
4.3.3.1
Film and Sheet Extrusion
................................. 55
4.3.3.2
Coextrusion
........................................... 60
4.3.3.3
Wire Coating
.......................................... 60
4.3.3.4
Extrusion of Pipe and Tubing
.............................. 62
4.3.3.5
Extrusion of Profiles
..................................... 65
4.3.3.6
Extrusion Coating
....................................... 65
4.3.4
Process Control in Extrusion
..................................... 65
4.4
Injection Molding
.................................................... 66
4.4.1
General Considerations
........................................ 66
4.4.2
Basic Technology
............................................. 67
4.4.3
The Process
................................................. 67
4.4.4
Injection Molding Machinery
...................................... 67
4.4.4.1
Clamp Unit
........................................... 68
4.4.4.2
Injection Unit
.......................................... 69
4.4.4.3
Power Systems
........................................ 72
4.4.4.4
Control Systems
........................................ 72
4.4.5
The Injection Mold
............................................. 74
4.4.5.1
Injection Mold Components
................................ 74
4.4.5.2
Injection Mold Types
.................................... 74
4.4.6
Injection Mold Feed Systems
..................................... 76
4.4.6.1
Cold Runners
.......................................... 77
4.4.6.2
Sprues
.............................................. 78
4.4.6.3
Gates
............................................... 78
4.4.6.4
Hot Runners
.......................................... 80
4.4.7
Injection Mold Features
......................................... 81
4.4.7.1
Materials
............................................. 81
4.4.7.2
Cooling
.............................................. 81
4.4.7.3
Venting
.............................................. 83
Contents
4.4.7.4
Ejection
.............................................. 84
4.4.8
Materials of Construction
........................................ 84
4.4.9
Dimensional Stability of Parts
..................................... 84
4.5
Compression Molding
................................................ 86
4.5.1
Types of Compression Molds
..................................... 87
4.5.2
The Compression Molding Press
.................................. 89
4.5.3
Compression Molding of Thermoplastics
............................. 89
4.6
Transfer Molding
.................................................... 90
4.6.1
Background
................................................. 90
4.6.2
Transfer-In Compression Molding
.................................. 90
4.6.3
Plunger Molding
.............................................. 91
4.6.4
Screw Transfer Molding
......................................... 91
4.6.5
Types of Transfer Molds
........................................ 91
4.6.6
Transfer Molding of TPEs
....................................... 93
4.6.6.1
Mold Design
.......................................... 93
4.6.6.2
Operation of the Mold
.................................... 96
4.6.6.3
Transfer Molding Process Variables
.......................... 96
4.7
Blow Molding
...................................................... 97
4.7.1
Blow Molding Processes
........................................ 97
4.7.1.1
The Extruder
.......................................... 98
4.7.1.2
The
Parison
Head
...................................... 98
4.7.2
Extrusion Blow Molding
.......................................... 99
4.7.3
Injection Blow Molding
......................................... 102
4.7.4
Stretch Blow Molding
.......................................... 102
4.7.5
Dip Blow Molding
............................................. 103
4.7.6
Multiblock Blow Molding
........................................ 104
4.7.7
Coextrusion Blow Molding Techniques
.............................. 104
4.7.8
Sequential Extrusion
........................................... 104
4.7.9
Molds for Blow Molding
......................................... 105
4.7.9.1
Basic Features
....................................... 105
4.7.9.2
Pinch-Off Zone
........................................ 105
4.7.9.3
Blowing and Calibrating Devices
........................... 106
4.7.9.4
Venting and Surface Finish
............................... 106
4.7.9.5
Cooling
............................................. 107
4.7.10
Examples of Blow Molded Parts
.................................. 108
4.8
Rotational Molding
................................................. 108
4.8.1
Background
................................................ 108
4.8.2
Basic Process Technology
...................................... 109
4.8.3
Rotational Molding Equipment
................................... 110
4.8.3.1
Batch Systems
........................................ 111
4.8.3.2
Carousel Machines
..................................... 111
4.8.3.3
Shuttle Machines
...................................... 112
4.8.3.4
Clamshell Machines
.................................... 112
4.8.4
Equipment and Process Design
.................................. 112
4.8.4.1
Molds
.............................................. 112
4.8.4.2
Mold Surface Preparation
................................ 114
4.8.5
Operation of Rotomolding Processes
.............................. 114
4.8.5.1
Oven Dwell Time
...................................... 115
4.8.5.2
Cooling Cycle
........................................ 117
4.8.5.3
Venting
............................................. 117
4.8.5.4
Part Stripping
......................................... 117
4.8.5.5
Rotation Rate and Ratio
................................. 118
4.8.6
Rotolining Process
............................................ 118
4.8.7
Melting of Polymer and Part Formation
............................. 119
4.8.8
Troubleshooting
.............................................. 120
4.8.9
Conclusion
................................................. 120
4.9
Foaming of Thermoplastics
........................................... 121
4.9.1
Introduction
................................................. 121
4.9.2
Background
................................................ 121
x
Contents
4.9.3
Foaming Technology
.......................................... 121
4.9.3.1
Mechanical Foaming
................................... 122
4.9.3.2
Chemical Foaming
..................................... 122
4.9.3.3
Physical Foaming
..................................... 122
4.9.4
Foam Manufacturing Processes
.................................. 123
4.10
Thermoforming
.................................................... 124
4.10.1
Process Basics
.............................................. 124
4.10.2
Process Factors
............................................. 125
4.10.2.1
Forming Force
........................................ 126
4.10.2.2
Mold Type
........................................... 127
4.10.2.3
Sheet Prestretch
...................................... 127
4.10.2.4
Material Input
........................................ 128
4.10.2.5
Process Phase
....................................... 128
4.10.2.6
Heating
............................................. 128
4.11
Calendering
...................................................... 129
4.12
Secondary Manufacturing Processes
.................................... 129
4.12.1
Film and Sheet Orientation
...................................... 129
4.12.1.1
Machine Direction Orientation
............................. 130
4.12.1.2
Transverse Direction Orientation
........................... 131
4.12.1.3
Biaxial Orientation
..................................... 131
4.12.1.4
Heat Shrinkable Films and Tubing
......................... 132
4.12.2
Welding
................................................... 133
4.12.2.1
Heated Tool Welding
................................... 133
4.12.2.2
Hot Gas Welding
...................................... 133
4.12.2.3
Ultrasonic Welding
..................................... 134
4.12.2.4
Spin Welding
......................................... 135
4.12.2.5
Infrared Welding
...................................... 136
4.12.2.6
High Frequency Welding
................................ 136
4.12.2.7
Vibration Welding
..................................... 137
4.12.2.8
Induction Welding
..................................... 137
4.12.2.9
Microwave Welding
.................................... 138
4.12.2.10Other Welding Methods
................................. 139
4.12.3
Adhesive Bonding
............................................ 141
4.12.3.1
Principles of Adhesive Bonding
............................ 141
4.12.3.2
Methods of Surface Treatment
............................ 142
4.12.3.3
Types of Polymeric Adhesives
............................ 145
4.12.3.4
Application of Adhesives
................................ 146
4.12.3.5
Formation of an Adhesive Bond
........................... 146
4.12.3.6
Measurement of the Bond Strength
......................... 146
4.12.4
Mechanical Fastening
......................................... 147
4.12.5
Decorating
................................................. 148
4.12.5.1
Appliqués
........................................... 148
4.12.5.2
Painting
............................................ 148
4.12.5.3
In-Mold Decorating
.................................... 148
4.12.5.4
Metallization
......................................... 148
4.12.5.5
Printing
............................................. 149
4.12.5.6
Other Decorating Processes
.............................. 150
4.12.6
Cross-Linking
............................................... 150
4.13
General Processing Technology of TPEs
................................. 150
4.13.1
Compounding of TPEs
......................................... 150
4.13.2
Injection Molding
............................................. 151
4.13.2.1
Overmolding
......................................... 152
4.14
Process Simulation
................................................. 153
4.15
Product Development and Testing
...................................... 153
References
........................................................... 154
5
Styrenie
Block Copolymers
.............................................. 161
5.1
Introduction
...................................................... 161
5.2
Polystyrene-Polydiene Block Copolymers
................................. 162
Contents
5.2.1
Synthesis of Polystyrene-Polydiene Block Copolymers
.................. 162
5.2.2
Morphology of Polystyrene-Polydiene Block Copolymers
................ 163
5.2.3
Critical Molecular Weight for Domain Formation
....................... 164
5.2.4
Properties of Polystyrene-Polydiene Block Copolymers
................. 165
5.2.4.1
Structure-Property Relationships
.......................... 165
5.2.4.2
Tensile Properties
..................................... 166
5.2.4.3
Viscous and Viscoelastic Properties
........................ 166
5.2.4.4
Solution Properties
.................................... 167
5.2.4.5
Swelling
............................................ 168
5.2.5
Formulating
Styrenie
TPEs
...................................... 168
5.2.5.1
Formulating S-B-S Block Copolymers
...................... 168
5.2.5.2
Formulating S-EB-S Block Copolymers
..................... 169
5.2.6
Compounding
............................................... 170
5.2.6.1
Melt Mixing
.......................................... 170
5.2.6.2
Dry Blending
......................................... 170
5.2.6.3
Solution Mixing
....................................... 170
5.2.7
Processing of Compounds from SBCs
............................. 171
5.2.7.1
Extrusion
........................................... 171
5.2.7.2
Injection Molding
...................................... 172
5.2.7.3
Blow Molding
........................................ 173
5.2.7.4
Thermoforming
....................................... 173
5.2.7.5
Compression Molding
.................................. 173
5.2.7.6
Bonding and Sealing
................................... 173
5.3
SBCs Synthesized by Carbocationic Polymerization
......................... 173
5.3.1
The Polymerization Process
..................................... 173
5.3.2
Properties of S-IB-S Block Copolymers
............................ 174
References
........................................................... 175
Thermoplastic Elastomers Prepared by Dynamic Vulcanization
................... 179
6.1
Introduction
...................................................... 179
6.2
The Dynamic Vulcanization Process
..................................... 180
6.3
Properties of Blends Prepared by Dynamic Vulcanization
...................... 181
6.3.1
TPVs Based on Polyolefins
..................................... 181
6.3.1.1
TPVs from EPDM-Polyolefin Blends
........................ 181
6.3.1.2
TPVs from
Diene
Rubbers and Polyolefins
................... 181
6.3.1.3
TPVs from Butyl and Halobutyl Rubber and PP Resins
.......... 182
6.3.1.4
TPVs from Butadiene-Acrylonitrile Rubber and
Polyamides........ 182
6.3.1.5
TPVs Based on Polyacrylate Rubber and
Polyamides........... 185
6.4
Processing and Fabrication of TPVs
..................................... 185
6.4.1
Rheology
.................................................. 185
6.4.2
Extrusion
.................................................. 185
6.4.3
Injection Molding
............................................. 186
6.4.4
Compression Molding
......................................... 186
6.4.5
Blow Molding
............................................... 187
6.4.6
Thermoforming
.............................................. 187
6.4.7
Calendering
................................................ 187
6.4.8
Extrusion Foaming
............................................ 187
6.4.9
Bonding of TPVs
............................................. 188
References
........................................................... 189
Polyolefin-Based Thermoplastic Elastomers
.................................. 191
7.1
Introduction
...................................................... 191
7.2
Thermoplastic Polyolefin Blends
........................................ 191
7.2.1
Compounding of TPOs
........................................ 193
7.3
Morphology
...................................................... 193
7.4
Properties of TPOs
................................................. 193
7.4.1
Mechanical Properties of TPOs
.................................. 193
7.4.1.1
Stress-Strain Properties
................................. 193
7.4.2
Service Temperatures
......................................... 194
7.4.3
Weathering
................................................. 195
xii Contents
7.4.4
Chemical Resistance
.......................................... 195
7.4.5
Adhesion
.................................................. 195
7.4.6
Electrical Properties
........................................... 195
7.5
Processing of TPOs
................................................ 195
7.5.1
Injection Molding
............................................. 196
7.5.1.1
Equipment and Process Conditions
......................... 196
7.5.1.2
Mold Design
......................................... 196
7.5.2
Extrusion
.................................................. 196
7.5.2.1
Equipment and Process Conditions
......................... 196
7.5.3
Other Processing Methods
...................................... 197
7.6
Painting of TPOs
.................................................. 198
References
........................................................... 198
8
Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Halogen-Containing Polyolefins
.............. 201
8.1
Introduction
...................................................... 201
8.2
Blends of
PVC
with Nitrite Rubber
(NBR)................................. 201
8.2.1
Melt Compounding and Processing
................................ 202
8.2.2
Physical and Mechanical Properties
............................... 202
8.2.3
Other Properties
............................................. 202
8.3
Blends of
PVC
with Other Elastomers
................................... 203
8.3.1
Blends of
PVC
with Copolyester Elastomers
......................... 203
8.3.2
Blends of
PVC
with Thermoplastic
Polyurethane
Elastomers
.............. 204
8.4
Melt-Processable Rubber
............................................. 204
8.4.1
Physical and Mechanical Properties
............................... 205
8.4.2
Chemical Resistance
.......................................... 206
8.4.3
Weather and Flame Resistance
.................................. 206
8.4.4
Electrical Properties
........................................... 207
8.4.5
Grades of MPR
.............................................. 207
8.4.6
Blends with Other Polymers
..................................... 208
8.4.7
Processing
................................................. 209
8.4.7.1
Injection Molding
...................................... 209
8.4.7.2
Extrusion
........................................... 209
8.4.7.3
Extrusion Blow Molding
................................. 210
8.4.7.4
Calendering
......................................... 211
8.4.7.5
Compression Molding
.................................. 211
8.4.7.6
Bonding and Welding
................................... 212
8.5
Thermoplastic Fluorocarbon Elastomer
................................... 212
References
........................................................... 213
9
Thermoplastic
Polyurethane
Elastomers
..................................... 215
9.1
Introduction
...................................................... 215
9.2
Synthesis of TPUs
................................................. 216
9.2.1
Raw Materials for TPUs
........................................ 216
9.2.1.1
Raw Materials for Soft Segments
.......................... 216
9.2.1.2
Raw Materials for Hard Segments
......................... 216
9.2.1.3
Other Raw Materials
................................... 217
9.3
Morphology
...................................................... 218
9.3.1
Morphology of Hard Segments
................................... 218
9.4
Thermal Transitions
................................................ 218
9.5
Properties
....................................................... 219
9.5.1
Mechanical Properties
......................................... 219
9.5.1.1
Stress-Strain Properties
................................. 221
9.5.1.2
Compression Set
...................................... 221
9.5.1.3
Hardness
................................. 221
9.5.1.4
Stiffness
............................................ 221
9.5.1.5
Dynamic Properties
.................................... 221
9.5.2
Thermal Properties
.................... 222
9.5.3
Hydrolytic Stability
........................................... 222
9.5.4
Chemical Resistance
........................................ 223
9.5.5
Abrasion Resistance
........................................ 223
Contents
9.5.6
Ultraviolet Stability
............................................ 223
9.5.7
Electrical Properties
........................................... 223
9.6
Processing of TPUs
................................................ 223
9.6.1
Rheology of TPUs
............................................ 224
9.6.2
Drying
.................................................... 224
9.6.3
Injection Molding
............................................. 224
9.6.3.1
Operating Conditions
................................... 227
9.6.3.2
Insert Molding
........................................ 228
9.6.3.3
The Use of Regrind
.................................... 228
9.6.4
Extrusion
.................................................. 228
9.6.4.1
Screw Design
........................................ 228
9.6.4.2
Die Design
.......................................... 229
9.6.4.3
Extrusion Temperature Profiles
............................ 229
9.6.4.4
Extrusion Methods Used
................................ 229
9.6.4.5
PostExtrusion Conditioning
............................... 229
9.6.5
Calendering
................................................ 229
9.6.6
Blowmolding
................................................ 229
9.6.7
Thermoforming
.............................................. 229
9.7
Blends of TPU with Other Polymers
..................................... 230
9.8
Bonding and Welding
............................................... 230
9.8.1
Heat Welding and Sealing
...................................... 230
9.8.2
Solvent and Adhesive Bonding
................................... 230
References
........................................................... 230
10
Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on
Polyamides............................. 235
10.1
Introduction
...................................................... 235
10.2
Synthesis
........................................................ 235
10.2.1
Synthesis of PEAs, PEEAs, and PCEAs
............................ 235
10.2.2
Synthesis of PE-b-As
.......................................... 236
10.2.3
Synthesis of Other Thermoplastic PolyamideElastomers
................. 236
10.3
Morphology
...................................................... 237
10.4
Structure-Property Relationships
....................................... 238
10.5
Physical and Mechanical Properties
..................................... 238
10.5.1
Tensile Properties
............................................ 238
10.5.2
Properties at Elevated Temperatures
.............................. 239
10.5.3
Tear Strength
............................................... 241
10.5.4
Abrasion Resistance
.......................................... 241
10.5.5
Compression Set
............................................. 242
10.5.6
Flex Properties
.............................................. 242
10.6
Chemical and Solvent Resistance
...................................... 242
10.7
Electrical Properties
................................................ 243
10.8
Other Properties
................................................... 243
10.8.1
Weatherability
............................................... 243
10.8.2
Adhesion
.................................................. 243
10.9
Compounding
..................................................... 243
10.10
Processing
....................................................... 244
10.10.1
Rheology
.................................................. 244
10.10.2
Drying
.................................................... 244
10.10.3
Injection Molding
............................................. 244
10.10.4
Extrusion
.................................................. 245
10.10.5
Other Processing Methods
...................................... 245
10.11
Bonding and Welding
............................................... 245
10.11.1
Bonding
................................................... 245
10.11.2
Welding
................................................... 246
References
........................................................... 246
11
Thermoplastic Polyether Ester Elastomers
.................................. 249
11.1
Introduction
...................................................... 249
11.2
Synthesis
........................................................ 249
11.3
Morphology
...................................................... 249
xiv Contents
11.4
Properties of Commercial COPEs
...................................... 250
11.4.1
Stress-Strain Properties
....................................... 250
11.4.2
Dynamic Properties
........................................... 250
11.4.3
Cut Growth Resistance
........................................ 251
11.4.4
Impact Resistance
............................................ 251
11.4.5
Responses to Changes of Temperature
............................ 252
11.4.6
Abrasion Resistance
.......................................... 252
11.4.7
Electrical Properties
........................................... 253
11.4.8
Chemical Resistance
.......................................... 253
11.4.9
Other Properties
............................................. 254
11.5
COPE Blends
..................................................... 255
11.5.1
Blends of Different Grades of COPE
............................... 255
11.5.2
Blends with Other Polymers
..................................... 255
11.6
Processing
....................................................... 255
11.6.1
General
................................................... 255
11.6.2
Melt Rheology
............................................... 256
11.6.3
Injection Molding
............................................. 257
11.6.3.1
Screw Design
........................................ 257
11.6.3.2
Clamping Force
....................................... 257
11.6.3.3
Molding Conditions
.................................... 257
11.6.3.4
Molds
.............................................. 257
11.6.3.5
Shrinkage
........................................... 258
11.6.3.6
Overmolding (Insert Molding)
............................. 259
11.6.4
Extrusion
.................................................. 259
11.6.4.1
Screw Design
........................................ 259
11.6.4.2
Processing Conditions
.................................. 259
11.6.5
Blow Molding
............................................... 261
11.6.5.1
Processing Conditions
.................................. 261
11.6.6
Melt Casting
................................................ 261
11.6.7
Rotational Molding
............................................ 262
11.6.8
Welding and Bonding
.......................................... 262
11.6.8.1
Welding
............................................ 262
11.6.8.2
Bonding and Adhesion
.................................. 262
11.6.9
Finishing
................................................... 262
References
........................................................... 263
12
lonomeric Thermoplastic Elastomers
...................................... 265
12.1
Introduction
...................................................... 265
12.2
Synthesis
........................................................ 265
12.3
Morphology
...................................................... 265
12.4
Properties and Processing
............................................ 266
References
........................................................... 267
13
Other Thermoplastic Elastomers
.......................................... 269
13.1
Elastomeric Star Block Copolymers
..................................... 269
13.1.1
General Methods for the Synthesis of
Star Copolymers
............................................. 269
13.1.2
Physical Properties of Star Block Copolymers
........................ 270
13.2
TPEs Based on Interpenetrating Networks
................................ 270
13.2.1
Synthesis of Thermoplastic IPNs
................................. 271
13.2.2
Properties and Processing of Thermoplastic IPNs
..................... 271
13.3
ТРЕ
Based on Polyacrylates
.......................................... 272
13.3.1
Synthesis of Triblock Copolymers Based on Methyl Methacrylate and Butadiene
272
13.3.2
Properties of M-B-M Triblock Copolymers
......................... 272
13.3.3
Synthesis of
Poly(MMA-řBA-MMA)
Elastomers
...................... 272
13.3.4
Synthesis of PolyiMMA-b-Alkylacrylate-o-MMA)
....................... 272
13.3.5
Mechanical Properties of Fully Acrylic Triblock and Branched Block Copolymers
273
References
........................................................... 273
Contents
14
Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Recycled Rubber and Plastics
............... 277
14.1
Introduction
...................................................... 277
14.2
EPDM Scrap
..................................................... 277
14.3
Butadiene-acrylonitrile Rubber
(NBR)
Scrap
............................... 277
14.4
Recycled Rubber
.................................................. 277
14.5
Waste Latex
...................................................... 278
14.6
Waste Plastics
.................................................... 278
References
........................................................... 278
15
Applications of Thermoplastic Elastomers
.................................. 281
15.1
Introduction
...................................................... 281
15.2
Applications for
Styrenie
TPEs
......................................... 281
15.2.1
SBCs as Replacement of Vulcanized Rubber
........................ 282
15.2.2
SBCs in Adhesives, Sealants, and Coatings
......................... 283
15.2.2.1
Solution Behavior of SBCs
............................... 286
15.2.2.2
Examples of Applications
................................ 287
15.2.3
Blends of SBC with Other Polymers
............................... 288
15.2.3.1
Blends of SBCs and PS
................................. 288
15.2.3.2
Blends of SBCs and Polyolefins
........................... 288
15.2.3.3
Blends of SBCs with
Thermosets
.......................... 288
15.2.4
Modified Asphalt
............................................. 289
15.3
Applications of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPVs) and ETPVs
................. 289
15.3.1
Introduction
................................................. 289
15.3.2
Comparison of TPVs and Thermoset Rubber Materials
................. 289
15.3.3
Commercial Applications of TPVs
................................. 290
15.3.3.1
Automotive Applications
................................. 290
15.3.3.2
Hose, Tubing, and Sheet
................................ 290
15.3.3.3
Mechanical Rubber Goods and Consumer Goods
.............. 291
15.3.3.4
Architectural and Construction
............................ 292
15.3.3.5
Electrical and Electronics
................................ 292
15.3.3.6
Medical and Food Contact
............................... 293
15.4
Applications of Thermoplastic Polyolefin Elastomers (TPOs)
.................... 294
15.4.1
Automotive
................................................. 294
15.4.2
Wire and Cable
.............................................. 294
15.4.3
Mechanical Goods
............................................ 294
15.4.4
Other Applications
............................................ 295
15.5
Applications of Melt-Processable Rubber (MPR)
............................ 296
15.5.1
Industrial Hose
.............................................. 296
15.5.2
Automotive
................................................. 296
15.5.3
Wire and Cable
.............................................. 297
15.5.4
Elastomeric Sheeting
.......................................... 297
15.5.5
Molded Goods
............................................... 297
15.5.6
Fabric Coating
............................................... 297
15.5.7
Other Applications
............................................ 298
15.6
Applications of
PVC
Blends
........................................... 298
15.6.1
PVC-Nitrile Rubber
(NBR)
Blends
................................ 298
15.6.2
PVC-Copolyester Elastomer (COPE) Blends
......................... 299
15.6.3
PVC-TPU Blends
............................................ 299
15.7
Application of TPUs
................................................ 300
15.7.1
Introduction
................................................. 300
15.7.2
Commercial Applications
....................................... 300
15.7.2.1
Automotive
.......................................... 300
15.7.2.2
Hose and Tubing
...................................... 300
15.7.2.3
Wire and Cable
....................................... 300
15.7.2.4
Wheels and Casters
................................... 301
15.7.2.5
Film and Sheet
....................................... 302
15.7.2.6
Adhesives, Sealants, and Coatings
......................... 302
15.7.2.7
Mechanical Goods, Consumer, and Sporting Goods
............. 302
15.7.2.8
Medical Applications
................................... 303
xvi
Contents
15.7.2.9
Blends with Other Polymers
.............................. 304
15.8
Application of Thermoplastic Polyether Ester Elastomers
...................... 304
15.8.1
General Properties and Processing
................................ 304
15.8.2
Commercial Applications
....................................... 304
15.8.2.1
Automotive Applications
................................. 304
15.8.2.2
Electrical/Electronic Applications
........................... 304
15.8.2.3
Extruded and Molded Mechanical Goods
..................... 305
15.8.2.4
Other Applications
..................................... 305
15.9
Applications of
Polyamide
TPEs
........................................ 306
15.9.1
Introduction
................................................. 306
15.9.2
Commercial Applications
....................................... 307
15.9.2.1
Automotive
.......................................... 307
15.9.2.2
Sporting Goods
....................................... 307
15.9.2.3
Wire and Cable
....................................... 308
15.9.2.4
Technical Goods
...................................... 308
15.9.2.5
Medical Applications
................................... 309
15.9.2.6
Other Applications
..................................... 309
15.10
Applications of lonomeric TPEs
........................................ 310
15.10.1
Introduction
................................................. 310
15.10.2
Commercial Applications
....................................... 311
15.10.2.1
Adhesives
........................................... 311
15.10.2.2Other Applications
..................................... 311
15.11
Applications of Other TPEs
........................................... 311
15.11.1
Applications of Star Block Copolymers
............................. 311
15.11.2
Applications of Thermoplastic
Interpénétration
Networks (IPNs)
........... 312
15.11.3
Applications of Special Blends and Proprietary Compounds
.............. 313
References
........................................................... 313
16
Recycling of Thermoplastic Elastomers
.................................... 317
16.1
Introduction
...................................................... 317
16.2
Recycling Methods for Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPEs)
...................... 317
References
........................................................... 318
17
Recent Developments and Trends
........................................ 319
17.1
Current State
..................................................... 319
17.2
Drivers for the Growth of TPEs
........................................ 319
17.3
Trends in Technical Development
...................................... 319
17.3.1
Trends in Development and Uses of
Individual TPEs
.............................................. 319
17.4
Other New Developments
............................................ 321
References
........................................................... 321
Appendix
1 :
Books, Conferences, Major Review Articles
........................... 323
Appendix
2:
Major Suppliers of Thermoplastic Elastomers and Compounds
............ 325
Appendix
3:
ISO Nomenclature for Thermoplastic Elastomers
....................... 329
Appendix
4:
Processing Data Sheets for Commercial Thermoplastic Elastomers
and Compounds
................................................ 333
Appendix
5:
Technical Data Sheets for Commercial Thermoplastic Elastomers
and Compounds
................................................ 345
Appendix
6:
Recent
ТРЕ
Patents
............................................. 379
Glossary
................................................................ 381
Index
.................................................................. 391
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface
. xvii
1
Introduction
. 1
1.1
Elasticity and Elastomers
. 1
1.2
Thermoplastic Elastomers
. 2
1.2.1
Phase Structure
. 2
1.2.2
Methods of Synthesis of Thermoplastic Elastomers
. 3
1.2.2.1
Methods of Synthesis of Block Copolymers
. 3
1.2.2.2
Methods of Synthesis of Other Thermoplastic Elastomers
. 4
1.2.3
Phase Separation
. 4
1.2.4
Classification of Thermoplastic Elastomers
. 5
1.2.4.1
Nomenclature of Block Copolymers
. 5
1.2.5
Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermoplastic Elastomers
. 6
1.2.6
Demand for Thermoplastic Elastomers
and Its Growth
. 7
References
. 7
2
A Brief History of Thermoplastic Elastomers
. 9
References
. 10
3
Additives
. 13
3.1
Antioxidants
. 13
3.2
Light Stabilizers
. 13
3.2.1
UV Absorbers
. 14
3.2.2
Quenchers
. 14
3.2.3
Free Radical Scavengers
. 14
3.2.4
Evaluation of UV Stability
. 14
3.3
Nucleating Agents
. 14
3.4
Flame
Retardants
. 15
3.4.1
Flammability Tests
. 16
3.5
Colorants
. 17
3.5.1
Optical Properties of Colorants
. 17
3.5.2
Characteristics of Colorants
. 17
3.5.3
Inorganic Pigments
. 17
3.5.4
Organic Pigments
. 18
3.5.5
Special Effect Pigments
. 18
3.5.6
Colorant Forms
. 18
3.6
Antistatic Agents
. 19
3.6.1
Types of Antistatic Agents
. 19
3.6.2
Electrically Conductive Materials
. 19
3.7
Slip Agents
. 19
3.8
Antiblocking Agents
. 20
3.9
Processing Aids
. 20
3.10
Fillers and Reinforcements
. 20
3.10.1
Fillers Commonly Used in Thermoplastic Polymers
. 21
3.10.1.1
Cubic and Spheroidal Fillers
. 21
3.10.1.2
Platy
Fillers
. 22
3.10.1.3
Fibrous Fillers
. 22
3.10.1.4
Nanofillers
. 22
3.11
Plasticizers
. 23
3.11.1
Types of Plasticizers
. 23
3.11.2
Methods of Incorporation
. 23
3.12
Other Additives
. 23
3.13
Selection of Additives
. 24
vii
Contents
3.14
Health, Hygiene, and Safety
. 25
References
. 25
Processing Methods Applicable to Thermoplastic Elastomers
. 29
4.1
Introduction
. 29
4.1.1
Properties Influencing Processing
. 29
4.1.1.1
Flow Properties
. 29
4.1.1.2
Thermal Properties
. 31
4.1.1.3
Shrinkage and Warping
. 32
4.1.2
Pre-Processing
. 33
4.1.2.1
Drying
. 34
4.1.2.2
Coloring
. 34
4.2
Mixing and Blending
. 35
4.2.1
Basic Concepts Pertaining to Mixing
. 36
4.2.1.1
Melting
. 36
4.2.1.2
Rheology and Flow Pertaining to Mixing
. 36
4.2.1.3
Residence Time
. 38
4.2.1.4
Specific Mechanical Energy
. 38
4.2.2
Polymer Blends
. 39
4.2.3
Mixing Equipment
. 40
4.2.3.1
Batch Mixers
. 40
4.2.3.2
Continuous Mixers
. 42
4.2.3.3
Other Mixing Machinery
. 43
4.2.4
Material Feeding and Feeders
. 47
4.2.5
Finishing Operations
. 47
4.2.5.1
Filtration
. 47
4.2.5.2
Size Reduction
. 47
4.3
Extrusion
. 51
4.3.1
Fundamentals of Extrusion Processes
. 51
4.3.2
The Extruder
. 52
4.3.3
Extrusion Methods
. 54
4.3.3.1
Film and Sheet Extrusion
. 55
4.3.3.2
Coextrusion
. 60
4.3.3.3
Wire Coating
. 60
4.3.3.4
Extrusion of Pipe and Tubing
. 62
4.3.3.5
Extrusion of Profiles
. 65
4.3.3.6
Extrusion Coating
. 65
4.3.4
Process Control in Extrusion
. 65
4.4
Injection Molding
. 66
4.4.1
General Considerations
. 66
4.4.2
Basic Technology
. 67
4.4.3
The Process
. 67
4.4.4
Injection Molding Machinery
. 67
4.4.4.1
Clamp Unit
. 68
4.4.4.2
Injection Unit
. 69
4.4.4.3
Power Systems
. 72
4.4.4.4
Control Systems
. 72
4.4.5
The Injection Mold
. 74
4.4.5.1
Injection Mold Components
. 74
4.4.5.2
Injection Mold Types
. 74
4.4.6
Injection Mold Feed Systems
. 76
4.4.6.1
Cold Runners
. 77
4.4.6.2
Sprues
. 78
4.4.6.3
Gates
. 78
4.4.6.4
Hot Runners
. 80
4.4.7
Injection Mold Features
. 81
4.4.7.1
Materials
. 81
4.4.7.2
Cooling
. 81
4.4.7.3
Venting
. 83
Contents
4.4.7.4
Ejection
. 84
4.4.8
Materials of Construction
. 84
4.4.9
Dimensional Stability of Parts
. 84
4.5
Compression Molding
. 86
4.5.1
Types of Compression Molds
. 87
4.5.2
The Compression Molding Press
. 89
4.5.3
Compression Molding of Thermoplastics
. 89
4.6
Transfer Molding
. 90
4.6.1
Background
. 90
4.6.2
Transfer-In Compression Molding
. 90
4.6.3
Plunger Molding
. 91
4.6.4
Screw Transfer Molding
. 91
4.6.5
Types of Transfer Molds
. 91
4.6.6
Transfer Molding of TPEs
. 93
4.6.6.1
Mold Design
. 93
4.6.6.2
Operation of the Mold
. 96
4.6.6.3
Transfer Molding Process Variables
. 96
4.7
Blow Molding
. 97
4.7.1
Blow Molding Processes
. 97
4.7.1.1
The Extruder
. 98
4.7.1.2
The
Parison
Head
. 98
4.7.2
Extrusion Blow Molding
. 99
4.7.3
Injection Blow Molding
. 102
4.7.4
Stretch Blow Molding
. 102
4.7.5
Dip Blow Molding
. 103
4.7.6
Multiblock Blow Molding
. 104
4.7.7
Coextrusion Blow Molding Techniques
. 104
4.7.8
Sequential Extrusion
. 104
4.7.9
Molds for Blow Molding
. 105
4.7.9.1
Basic Features
. 105
4.7.9.2
Pinch-Off Zone
. 105
4.7.9.3
Blowing and Calibrating Devices
. 106
4.7.9.4
Venting and Surface Finish
. 106
4.7.9.5
Cooling
. 107
4.7.10
Examples of Blow Molded Parts
. 108
4.8
Rotational Molding
. 108
4.8.1
Background
. 108
4.8.2
Basic Process Technology
. 109
4.8.3
Rotational Molding Equipment
. 110
4.8.3.1
Batch Systems
. 111
4.8.3.2
Carousel Machines
. 111
4.8.3.3
Shuttle Machines
. 112
4.8.3.4
Clamshell Machines
. 112
4.8.4
Equipment and Process Design
. 112
4.8.4.1
Molds
. 112
4.8.4.2
Mold Surface Preparation
. 114
4.8.5
Operation of Rotomolding Processes
. 114
4.8.5.1
Oven Dwell Time
. 115
4.8.5.2
Cooling Cycle
. 117
4.8.5.3
Venting
. 117
4.8.5.4
Part Stripping
. 117
4.8.5.5
Rotation Rate and Ratio
. 118
4.8.6
Rotolining Process
. 118
4.8.7
Melting of Polymer and Part Formation
. 119
4.8.8
Troubleshooting
. 120
4.8.9
Conclusion
. 120
4.9
Foaming of Thermoplastics
. 121
4.9.1
Introduction
. 121
4.9.2
Background
. 121
x
Contents
4.9.3
Foaming Technology
. 121
4.9.3.1
Mechanical Foaming
. 122
4.9.3.2
Chemical Foaming
. 122
4.9.3.3
Physical Foaming
. 122
4.9.4
Foam Manufacturing Processes
. 123
4.10
Thermoforming
. 124
4.10.1
Process Basics
. 124
4.10.2
Process Factors
. 125
4.10.2.1
Forming Force
. 126
4.10.2.2
Mold Type
. 127
4.10.2.3
Sheet Prestretch
. 127
4.10.2.4
Material Input
. 128
4.10.2.5
Process Phase
. 128
4.10.2.6
Heating
. 128
4.11
Calendering
. 129
4.12
Secondary Manufacturing Processes
. 129
4.12.1
Film and Sheet Orientation
. 129
4.12.1.1
Machine Direction Orientation
. 130
4.12.1.2
Transverse Direction Orientation
. 131
4.12.1.3
Biaxial Orientation
. 131
4.12.1.4
Heat Shrinkable Films and Tubing
. 132
4.12.2
Welding
. 133
4.12.2.1
Heated Tool Welding
. 133
4.12.2.2
Hot Gas Welding
. 133
4.12.2.3
Ultrasonic Welding
. 134
4.12.2.4
Spin Welding
. 135
4.12.2.5
Infrared Welding
. 136
4.12.2.6
High Frequency Welding
. 136
4.12.2.7
Vibration Welding
. 137
4.12.2.8
Induction Welding
. 137
4.12.2.9
Microwave Welding
. 138
4.12.2.10Other Welding Methods
. 139
4.12.3
Adhesive Bonding
. 141
4.12.3.1
Principles of Adhesive Bonding
. 141
4.12.3.2
Methods of Surface Treatment
. 142
4.12.3.3
Types of Polymeric Adhesives
. 145
4.12.3.4
Application of Adhesives
. 146
4.12.3.5
Formation of an Adhesive Bond
. 146
4.12.3.6
Measurement of the Bond Strength
. 146
4.12.4
Mechanical Fastening
. 147
4.12.5
Decorating
. 148
4.12.5.1
Appliqués
. 148
4.12.5.2
Painting
. 148
4.12.5.3
In-Mold Decorating
. 148
4.12.5.4
Metallization
. 148
4.12.5.5
Printing
. 149
4.12.5.6
Other Decorating Processes
. 150
4.12.6
Cross-Linking
. 150
4.13
General Processing Technology of TPEs
. 150
4.13.1
Compounding of TPEs
. 150
4.13.2
Injection Molding
. 151
4.13.2.1
Overmolding
. 152
4.14
Process Simulation
. 153
4.15
Product Development and Testing
. 153
References
. 154
5
Styrenie
Block Copolymers
. 161
5.1
Introduction
. 161
5.2
Polystyrene-Polydiene Block Copolymers
. 162
Contents
5.2.1
Synthesis of Polystyrene-Polydiene Block Copolymers
. 162
5.2.2
Morphology of Polystyrene-Polydiene Block Copolymers
. 163
5.2.3
Critical Molecular Weight for Domain Formation
. 164
5.2.4
Properties of Polystyrene-Polydiene Block Copolymers
. 165
5.2.4.1
Structure-Property Relationships
. 165
5.2.4.2
Tensile Properties
. 166
5.2.4.3
Viscous and Viscoelastic Properties
. 166
5.2.4.4
Solution Properties
. 167
5.2.4.5
Swelling
. 168
5.2.5
Formulating
Styrenie
TPEs
. 168
5.2.5.1
Formulating S-B-S Block Copolymers
. 168
5.2.5.2
Formulating S-EB-S Block Copolymers
. 169
5.2.6
Compounding
. 170
5.2.6.1
Melt Mixing
. 170
5.2.6.2
Dry Blending
. 170
5.2.6.3
Solution Mixing
. 170
5.2.7
Processing of Compounds from SBCs
. 171
5.2.7.1
Extrusion
. 171
5.2.7.2
Injection Molding
. 172
5.2.7.3
Blow Molding
. 173
5.2.7.4
Thermoforming
. 173
5.2.7.5
Compression Molding
. 173
5.2.7.6
Bonding and Sealing
. 173
5.3
SBCs Synthesized by Carbocationic Polymerization
. 173
5.3.1
The Polymerization Process
. 173
5.3.2
Properties of S-IB-S Block Copolymers
. 174
References
. 175
Thermoplastic Elastomers Prepared by Dynamic Vulcanization
. 179
6.1
Introduction
. 179
6.2
The Dynamic Vulcanization Process
. 180
6.3
Properties of Blends Prepared by Dynamic Vulcanization
. 181
6.3.1
TPVs Based on Polyolefins
. 181
6.3.1.1
TPVs from EPDM-Polyolefin Blends
. 181
6.3.1.2
TPVs from
Diene
Rubbers and Polyolefins
. 181
6.3.1.3
TPVs from Butyl and Halobutyl Rubber and PP Resins
. 182
6.3.1.4
TPVs from Butadiene-Acrylonitrile Rubber and
Polyamides. 182
6.3.1.5
TPVs Based on Polyacrylate Rubber and
Polyamides. 185
6.4
Processing and Fabrication of TPVs
. 185
6.4.1
Rheology
. 185
6.4.2
Extrusion
. 185
6.4.3
Injection Molding
. 186
6.4.4
Compression Molding
. 186
6.4.5
Blow Molding
. 187
6.4.6
Thermoforming
. 187
6.4.7
Calendering
. 187
6.4.8
Extrusion Foaming
. 187
6.4.9
Bonding of TPVs
. 188
References
. 189
Polyolefin-Based Thermoplastic Elastomers
. 191
7.1
Introduction
. 191
7.2
Thermoplastic Polyolefin Blends
. 191
7.2.1
Compounding of TPOs
. 193
7.3
Morphology
. 193
7.4
Properties of TPOs
. 193
7.4.1
Mechanical Properties of TPOs
. 193
7.4.1.1
Stress-Strain Properties
. 193
7.4.2
Service Temperatures
. 194
7.4.3
Weathering
. 195
xii Contents
7.4.4
Chemical Resistance
. 195
7.4.5
Adhesion
. 195
7.4.6
Electrical Properties
. 195
7.5
Processing of TPOs
. 195
7.5.1
Injection Molding
. 196
7.5.1.1
Equipment and Process Conditions
. 196
7.5.1.2
Mold Design
. 196
7.5.2
Extrusion
. 196
7.5.2.1
Equipment and Process Conditions
. 196
7.5.3
Other Processing Methods
. 197
7.6
Painting of TPOs
. 198
References
. 198
8
Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Halogen-Containing Polyolefins
. 201
8.1
Introduction
. 201
8.2
Blends of
PVC
with Nitrite Rubber
(NBR). 201
8.2.1
Melt Compounding and Processing
. 202
8.2.2
Physical and Mechanical Properties
. 202
8.2.3
Other Properties
. 202
8.3
Blends of
PVC
with Other Elastomers
. 203
8.3.1
Blends of
PVC
with Copolyester Elastomers
. 203
8.3.2
Blends of
PVC
with Thermoplastic
Polyurethane
Elastomers
. 204
8.4
Melt-Processable Rubber
. 204
8.4.1
Physical and Mechanical Properties
. 205
8.4.2
Chemical Resistance
. 206
8.4.3
Weather and Flame Resistance
. 206
8.4.4
Electrical Properties
. 207
8.4.5
Grades of MPR
. 207
8.4.6
Blends with Other Polymers
. 208
8.4.7
Processing
. 209
8.4.7.1
Injection Molding
. 209
8.4.7.2
Extrusion
. 209
8.4.7.3
Extrusion Blow Molding
. 210
8.4.7.4
Calendering
. 211
8.4.7.5
Compression Molding
. 211
8.4.7.6
Bonding and Welding
. 212
8.5
Thermoplastic Fluorocarbon Elastomer
. 212
References
. 213
9
Thermoplastic
Polyurethane
Elastomers
. 215
9.1
Introduction
. 215
9.2
Synthesis of TPUs
. 216
9.2.1
Raw Materials for TPUs
. 216
9.2.1.1
Raw Materials for Soft Segments
. 216
9.2.1.2
Raw Materials for Hard Segments
. 216
9.2.1.3
Other Raw Materials
. 217
9.3
Morphology
. 218
9.3.1
Morphology of Hard Segments
. 218
9.4
Thermal Transitions
. 218
9.5
Properties
. 219
9.5.1
Mechanical Properties
. 219
9.5.1.1
Stress-Strain Properties
. 221
9.5.1.2
Compression Set
. 221
9.5.1.3
Hardness
. 221
9.5.1.4
Stiffness
. 221
9.5.1.5
Dynamic Properties
. 221
9.5.2
Thermal Properties
. 222
9.5.3
Hydrolytic Stability
. 222
9.5.4
Chemical Resistance
. 223
9.5.5
Abrasion Resistance
. 223
Contents
9.5.6
Ultraviolet Stability
. 223
9.5.7
Electrical Properties
. 223
9.6
Processing of TPUs
. 223
9.6.1
Rheology of TPUs
. 224
9.6.2
Drying
. 224
9.6.3
Injection Molding
. 224
9.6.3.1
Operating Conditions
. 227
9.6.3.2
Insert Molding
. 228
9.6.3.3
The Use of Regrind
. 228
9.6.4
Extrusion
. 228
9.6.4.1
Screw Design
. 228
9.6.4.2
Die Design
. 229
9.6.4.3
Extrusion Temperature Profiles
. 229
9.6.4.4
Extrusion Methods Used
. 229
9.6.4.5
PostExtrusion Conditioning
. 229
9.6.5
Calendering
. 229
9.6.6
Blowmolding
. 229
9.6.7
Thermoforming
. 229
9.7
Blends of TPU with Other Polymers
. 230
9.8
Bonding and Welding
. 230
9.8.1
Heat Welding and Sealing
. 230
9.8.2
Solvent and Adhesive Bonding
. 230
References
. 230
10
Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on
Polyamides. 235
10.1
Introduction
. 235
10.2
Synthesis
. 235
10.2.1
Synthesis of PEAs, PEEAs, and PCEAs
. 235
10.2.2
Synthesis of PE-b-As
. 236
10.2.3
Synthesis of Other Thermoplastic PolyamideElastomers
. 236
10.3
Morphology
. 237
10.4
Structure-Property Relationships
. 238
10.5
Physical and Mechanical Properties
. 238
10.5.1
Tensile Properties
. 238
10.5.2
Properties at Elevated Temperatures
. 239
10.5.3
Tear Strength
. 241
10.5.4
Abrasion Resistance
. 241
10.5.5
Compression Set
. 242
10.5.6
Flex Properties
. 242
10.6
Chemical and Solvent Resistance
. 242
10.7
Electrical Properties
. 243
10.8
Other Properties
. 243
10.8.1
Weatherability
. 243
10.8.2
Adhesion
. 243
10.9
Compounding
. 243
10.10
Processing
. 244
10.10.1
Rheology
. 244
10.10.2
Drying
. 244
10.10.3
Injection Molding
. 244
10.10.4
Extrusion
. 245
10.10.5
Other Processing Methods
. 245
10.11
Bonding and Welding
. 245
10.11.1
Bonding
. 245
10.11.2
Welding
. 246
References
. 246
11
Thermoplastic Polyether Ester Elastomers
. 249
11.1
Introduction
. 249
11.2
Synthesis
. 249
11.3
Morphology
. 249
xiv Contents
11.4
Properties of Commercial COPEs
. 250
11.4.1
Stress-Strain Properties
. 250
11.4.2
Dynamic Properties
. 250
11.4.3
Cut Growth Resistance
. 251
11.4.4
Impact Resistance
. 251
11.4.5
Responses to Changes of Temperature
. 252
11.4.6
Abrasion Resistance
. 252
11.4.7
Electrical Properties
. 253
11.4.8
Chemical Resistance
. 253
11.4.9
Other Properties
. 254
11.5
COPE Blends
. 255
11.5.1
Blends of Different Grades of COPE
. 255
11.5.2
Blends with Other Polymers
. 255
11.6
Processing
. 255
11.6.1
General
. 255
11.6.2
Melt Rheology
. 256
11.6.3
Injection Molding
. 257
11.6.3.1
Screw Design
. 257
11.6.3.2
Clamping Force
. 257
11.6.3.3
Molding Conditions
. 257
11.6.3.4
Molds
. 257
11.6.3.5
Shrinkage
. 258
11.6.3.6
Overmolding (Insert Molding)
. 259
11.6.4
Extrusion
. 259
11.6.4.1
Screw Design
. 259
11.6.4.2
Processing Conditions
. 259
11.6.5
Blow Molding
. 261
11.6.5.1
Processing Conditions
. 261
11.6.6
Melt Casting
. 261
11.6.7
Rotational Molding
. 262
11.6.8
Welding and Bonding
. 262
11.6.8.1
Welding
. 262
11.6.8.2
Bonding and Adhesion
. 262
11.6.9
Finishing
. 262
References
. 263
12
lonomeric Thermoplastic Elastomers
. 265
12.1
Introduction
. 265
12.2
Synthesis
. 265
12.3
Morphology
. 265
12.4
Properties and Processing
. 266
References
. 267
13
Other Thermoplastic Elastomers
. 269
13.1
Elastomeric Star Block Copolymers
. 269
13.1.1
General Methods for the Synthesis of
Star Copolymers
. 269
13.1.2
Physical Properties of Star Block Copolymers
. 270
13.2
TPEs Based on Interpenetrating Networks
. 270
13.2.1
Synthesis of Thermoplastic IPNs
. 271
13.2.2
Properties and Processing of Thermoplastic IPNs
. 271
13.3
ТРЕ
Based on Polyacrylates
. 272
13.3.1
Synthesis of Triblock Copolymers Based on Methyl Methacrylate and Butadiene
272
13.3.2
Properties of M-B-M Triblock Copolymers
. 272
13.3.3
Synthesis of
Poly(MMA-řBA-MMA)
Elastomers
. 272
13.3.4
Synthesis of PolyiMMA-b-Alkylacrylate-o-MMA)
. 272
13.3.5
Mechanical Properties of Fully Acrylic Triblock and Branched Block Copolymers
273
References
. 273
Contents
14
Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Recycled Rubber and Plastics
. 277
14.1
Introduction
. 277
14.2
EPDM Scrap
. 277
14.3
Butadiene-acrylonitrile Rubber
(NBR)
Scrap
. 277
14.4
Recycled Rubber
. 277
14.5
Waste Latex
. 278
14.6
Waste Plastics
. 278
References
. 278
15
Applications of Thermoplastic Elastomers
. 281
15.1
Introduction
. 281
15.2
Applications for
Styrenie
TPEs
. 281
15.2.1
SBCs as Replacement of Vulcanized Rubber
. 282
15.2.2
SBCs in Adhesives, Sealants, and Coatings
. 283
15.2.2.1
Solution Behavior of SBCs
. 286
15.2.2.2
Examples of Applications
. 287
15.2.3
Blends of SBC with Other Polymers
. 288
15.2.3.1
Blends of SBCs and PS
. 288
15.2.3.2
Blends of SBCs and Polyolefins
. 288
15.2.3.3
Blends of SBCs with
Thermosets
. 288
15.2.4
Modified Asphalt
. 289
15.3
Applications of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPVs) and ETPVs
. 289
15.3.1
Introduction
. 289
15.3.2
Comparison of TPVs and Thermoset Rubber Materials
. 289
15.3.3
Commercial Applications of TPVs
. 290
15.3.3.1
Automotive Applications
. 290
15.3.3.2
Hose, Tubing, and Sheet
. 290
15.3.3.3
Mechanical Rubber Goods and Consumer Goods
. 291
15.3.3.4
Architectural and Construction
. 292
15.3.3.5
Electrical and Electronics
. 292
15.3.3.6
Medical and Food Contact
. 293
15.4
Applications of Thermoplastic Polyolefin Elastomers (TPOs)
. 294
15.4.1
Automotive
. 294
15.4.2
Wire and Cable
. 294
15.4.3
Mechanical Goods
. 294
15.4.4
Other Applications
. 295
15.5
Applications of Melt-Processable Rubber (MPR)
. 296
15.5.1
Industrial Hose
. 296
15.5.2
Automotive
. 296
15.5.3
Wire and Cable
. 297
15.5.4
Elastomeric Sheeting
. 297
15.5.5
Molded Goods
. 297
15.5.6
Fabric Coating
. 297
15.5.7
Other Applications
. 298
15.6
Applications of
PVC
Blends
. 298
15.6.1
PVC-Nitrile Rubber
(NBR)
Blends
. 298
15.6.2
PVC-Copolyester Elastomer (COPE) Blends
. 299
15.6.3
PVC-TPU Blends
. 299
15.7
Application of TPUs
. 300
15.7.1
Introduction
. 300
15.7.2
Commercial Applications
. 300
15.7.2.1
Automotive
. 300
15.7.2.2
Hose and Tubing
. 300
15.7.2.3
Wire and Cable
. 300
15.7.2.4
Wheels and Casters
. 301
15.7.2.5
Film and Sheet
. 302
15.7.2.6
Adhesives, Sealants, and Coatings
. 302
15.7.2.7
Mechanical Goods, Consumer, and Sporting Goods
. 302
15.7.2.8
Medical Applications
. 303
xvi
Contents
15.7.2.9
Blends with Other Polymers
. 304
15.8
Application of Thermoplastic Polyether Ester Elastomers
. 304
15.8.1
General Properties and Processing
. 304
15.8.2
Commercial Applications
. 304
15.8.2.1
Automotive Applications
. 304
15.8.2.2
Electrical/Electronic Applications
. 304
15.8.2.3
Extruded and Molded Mechanical Goods
. 305
15.8.2.4
Other Applications
. 305
15.9
Applications of
Polyamide
TPEs
. 306
15.9.1
Introduction
. 306
15.9.2
Commercial Applications
. 307
15.9.2.1
Automotive
. 307
15.9.2.2
Sporting Goods
. 307
15.9.2.3
Wire and Cable
. 308
15.9.2.4
Technical Goods
. 308
15.9.2.5
Medical Applications
. 309
15.9.2.6
Other Applications
. 309
15.10
Applications of lonomeric TPEs
. 310
15.10.1
Introduction
. 310
15.10.2
Commercial Applications
. 311
15.10.2.1
Adhesives
. 311
15.10.2.2Other Applications
. 311
15.11
Applications of Other TPEs
. 311
15.11.1
Applications of Star Block Copolymers
. 311
15.11.2
Applications of Thermoplastic
Interpénétration
Networks (IPNs)
. 312
15.11.3
Applications of Special Blends and Proprietary Compounds
. 313
References
. 313
16
Recycling of Thermoplastic Elastomers
. 317
16.1
Introduction
. 317
16.2
Recycling Methods for Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPEs)
. 317
References
. 318
17
Recent Developments and Trends
. 319
17.1
Current State
. 319
17.2
Drivers for the Growth of TPEs
. 319
17.3
Trends in Technical Development
. 319
17.3.1
Trends in Development and Uses of
Individual TPEs
. 319
17.4
Other New Developments
. 321
References
. 321
Appendix
1 :
Books, Conferences, Major Review Articles
. 323
Appendix
2:
Major Suppliers of Thermoplastic Elastomers and Compounds
. 325
Appendix
3:
ISO Nomenclature for Thermoplastic Elastomers
. 329
Appendix
4:
Processing Data Sheets for Commercial Thermoplastic Elastomers
and Compounds
. 333
Appendix
5:
Technical Data Sheets for Commercial Thermoplastic Elastomers
and Compounds
. 345
Appendix
6:
Recent
ТРЕ
Patents
. 379
Glossary
. 381
Index
. 391 |
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| author | Drobny, Jiri G. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1050691377 |
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| dewey-full | 678 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
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| dewey-raw | 678 |
| dewey-search | 678 |
| dewey-sort | 3678 |
| dewey-tens | 670 - Manufacturing |
| discipline | Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035116258 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:19:45Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:22:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780815515494 0815515499 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2007017882 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016783996 |
| oclc_num | 137325056 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 |
| physical | xvii, 404 p. ill. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | PDL (Plastics Design Libr.) |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | PDL handbook series |
| spelling | Drobny, Jiri G. Verfasser (DE-588)1050691377 aut Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers Jiri George Drobny Norwich, NY PDL (Plastics Design Libr.) 2007 xvii, 404 p. ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PDL handbook series Elastomers Handbooks, manuals, etc Thermoplastics Handbooks, manuals, etc Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd rswk-swf Elastomer (DE-588)4014162-7 gnd rswk-swf Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 s Elastomer (DE-588)4014162-7 s 1\p DE-604 DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0716/2007017882.html Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0743/2007017882-d.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0743/2007017882-b.html Contributor biographical information Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016783996&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Drobny, Jiri G. Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers Elastomers Handbooks, manuals, etc Thermoplastics Handbooks, manuals, etc Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd Elastomer (DE-588)4014162-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4059844-5 (DE-588)4014162-7 |
| title | Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers |
| title_auth | Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers |
| title_full | Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers Jiri George Drobny |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers Jiri George Drobny |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers Jiri George Drobny |
| title_short | Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers |
| title_sort | handbook of thermoplastic elastomers |
| topic | Elastomers Handbooks, manuals, etc Thermoplastics Handbooks, manuals, etc Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd Elastomer (DE-588)4014162-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Elastomers Handbooks, manuals, etc Thermoplastics Handbooks, manuals, etc Thermoplast Elastomer |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0716/2007017882.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0743/2007017882-d.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0743/2007017882-b.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016783996&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT drobnyjirig handbookofthermoplasticelastomers |