Trace elements as contaminants and nutrients: consequences in ecosystems and human health
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, NJ [u.a.]
Wiley
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XXX, 777 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780470180952 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Trace elements as contaminants and nutrients |b consequences in ecosystems and human health |c ed. by M. N. V. Prasad |
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] |b Wiley |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXX, 777 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Trace elements / Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Oligoéléments - Aspect de l'environnement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ecosystem | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental Exposure |x adverse effects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental Pollutants |x adverse effects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nutritional Physiological Phenomena | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Trace Elements | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Trace elements |x Environmental aspects | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016774301&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Klappentext |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138076617834496 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Foreword
xix
Preface
xxiii
Acknowledgments
xxv
Contributors
xxvii
1
The Biological System of Elements: Trace Element Concentration and
Abundance in Plants Give Hints on Biochemical Reasons of
Sequestration and Essentiality
1
Stefan
Fränzle, Bernd
Markert,
Otto Fränzle
and Helmut Lieth
1.
Introduction
1
1.1
Analytical Data and Biochemical Functions
1
2.
Materials and Methods
6
2.1
Data Sets of Element Distribution Obtained in Freeland
Ecological Studies: Environmental Analyses
6
2.2
Conversion of Data Using Sets of Elements with Identical
BCF Values
8
2.3
Definition and Derivation of the Electrochemical Ligand
Parameters
10
3.
Results
11
3.1
Abundance Correlations Among Essential and
Nonessential Elements
11
3.2
(Lack of) Correlation and Differences in Biochemistry
14
3.3
Implication for
Biomonitoring:
Corrections by Use of
Electrochemical Ligand Parameters and BCF-Defined
Element Clusters
14
4.
Discussion IS
5. Conclusion
18
References
19
2
Health Implications of Trace Elements in the Environment
and the Food Chain
23
Nelson Marmiroli and Elena Maestri
1.
Trace Elements Important in Human Nutrition
24
2.
The Main Trace Elements: Their Roles and Effects
25
vi
CONTENTS
2.1
Arsenic
25
2.2
Cadmium
29
2.3
Chromium
ЗО
2.4
Cobalt
ЗО
2.5
Copper
30
2.6
Fluorine
ЗО
2.7
Iodine
31
2.8
Iron
31
2.9
Lead
31
2.10
Manganese
32
2.11
Mercury
32
2.12
Molybdenum
32
2.13
Nickel
32
2.14
Selenium
33
2.15
Silicon
33
2.16
Tin
33
2.17
Vanadium
34
2.18
Zinc
34
2.19
Ну
persensitivity Issues
34
3.
Issues of Environmental Contamination of the Food Chain
37
4.
Legislation Concerning Trace Elements
38
4.1
Elements in Soils and the Environment
38
4.2
Elements in Foods
39
4.3
Supplementation of Minerals to Foods
41
5.
Food Chain Safety
42
5.1
Soil and Plants
42
5.2
Animal Products
43
5.3
Geological Correlates
44
5.4
Intentional Contamination
45
5.5
Availability of Minerals
46
6.
Biofortification
47
7.
Concluding Remarks
48
Acknowledgments
49
References
49
3
Trace Elements in Agro-ecosystems
55
Shuhe Wei and Qixing Zhou
1.
Introduction
55
2.
Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements in Agro-ecosystems
56
2.1
Input and Contamination
56
2.2
Translation,
Translocation,
Fate, and Their
Implication to Phytoremediation
60
3.
Benefit, Harmfulness, and Healthy Implication
of Trace Elements
65
3.1
Benefit to Plant/Crop
65
3.2
Harmfulness to Plant/Crop Physiology
65
CONTENTS
vii
3.3
Soil Environmental Quality Standards and Background
of Trace Elements
66
4.
Phytoremediation of Trace Element Contamination
68
4.1
Basic Mechanisms of Phytoremediation
68
4.2
Research Progress of Phytoextraction
72
4.3
Discussion on Agro-Strengthen Measurements
73
Acknowledgments
76
References
76
4
Metal Accumulation in Crops
—
Human Health Issues
81
Abdul R.
Метоп,
Yasemin Yildizhan and
Eda
Kaplan
1.
Introduction
81
2.
The Concept of Ionomics and Nutriomics in the Plant Cell
83
3.
The Trace Element Deficiencies in the Developing World
84
4.
Improvement of Trace Metal Content in Plants Through
Genetic Engineering
85
5.
Genetic Engineering Approaches to Improve the Bioavailability
of Iron and Zinc in Cereals
88
6.
Decreasing the Content of Inhibitors of Trace Element Absorption
91
7.
Increasing the Synthesis of Promoter Compounds
92
8.
Conclusions
93
Acknowledgments
93
References
93
5
Trace Elements and Plant Secondary Metabolism: Quality
and Efficacy of Herbal Products
99
Charlotte Poschenrieder, Josep
Allué,
Roser
Tolrà,
Mercé Llugany and
Juan Barceló
1.
Coevolutionary
Aspects
99
2.
Environmental Factors and Active Principles
102
3.
Influence of Macronutrients
102
4.
Influence of Micronutrients
104
5.
Trace Elements as Elicitors of Active Principles
106
6.
Trace Elements as Active Components of Herbal Drugs
107
7.
Trace Elements in Herbal Drugs: Regulatory Aspects 111
Acknowledgments
112
References
112
6
Trace Elements and Radionuclides in Edible Plants
121
Maria
Greger
1.
Introduction
121
2.
Plant Uptake and
Translocation
of Trace Elements
122
3.
Distribution and Accumulation of Trace Elements in Plants
124
viii CONTENTS
4.
Vegetables, Fruit, and Berries
125
5.
Cereals and Grains
128
5.1
Cadmium in Wheat
128
5.2
Arsenic in Rice
129
6.
Aquatic Plants
129
7.
Fungi
130
8.
How to Cope with Low or High Levels of Trace Elements
131
References
132
7
Trace Elements in Traditional Healing Plant»—Remedies or Risks
137
M.
N.
V.
Prasad
1.
Introduction
137
2.
The Indigenous System of Medicine
138
3.
Herbal Drug Industry
139
4.
Notable Medicinal and Aromatic Plants that have the Inherent
Ability of Accumulating Toxic Trace Elements
141
5.
Cleanup of Toxic Metals from Herbal Extracts
149
6.
Polyherbal Preparation and Traditional Medicine Pharmacology
150
7.
Conclusions
152
References
155
8
Biofortification: Nutritional Security and Relevance to Human Health
161
M.
N.
V.
Prasad
1.
Introduction
161
2.
Bioavailablity of Micronutrients
168
3.
Social Acceptability of Biofortified Crops
169
4.
Development and Distribution of the New Varieties
169
5.
Selected Examples of Biofortified Crops Targeted by Harvestplus
in Collaboration with a Consortium of International Partners
169
5.1
Rice
170
5.2
Wheat
171
5.3
Maize
172
5.4
Beans
173
5.5
Brassica
júncea
(Indian Mustard)
174
6.
Selenium-Fortified Phytoproducts
175
7.
Sources of Selenium in Human Diet
175
8.
Selenium
(Se)
and Silica (Si) Management in Soils by Fly
Ash Amendment
175
9.
Chromium for Fortification Diabetes Management
176
10.
Silica Management in Rice
—
Beneficial Functions
177
11.
Conclusions
178
Acknowledgments and Disclaimer
179
References
179
CONTENTS ix
9
Essentiality of Zinc for Human Health and Sustainable Development
183
M.
N.
V.
Prasad
1.
Biogeochemical Cycling of Zinc
185
2.
Distribution of Zinc Deficiency in Soils on a Global Level
186
3.
Zinc Intervention Programs
188
4.
Zinc-Transporting Genes in Plants
191
5.
Addressing Zinc Deficiency Without Zinc Fortification
204
6.
Zinc Deficiency is a Limitation to Plant Productivity
204
Acknowledgments and Disclaimer
205
References
205
10
Zinc Effect on the Phytoestrogen Content of Pomegranate Fruit Tree
217
Fatemeh Alaei Yazdi and Farhad Khorsandi
1.
Introduction
217
2.
Materials and Methods
220
3.
Results and Discussions
222
3.1
Pomegranate Yield
222
3.2
Pomegranate Zinc Content
223
3.3
Phytoestrogen Content
225
4.
Summary and Conclusions
227
Acknowledgments
227
References
228
11
Iron Bioavailability, Homeostasis through Phytoferritins and
Fortification Strategies: Implications for Human
Health and Nutrition
233
N.
Nirupa and M.
N.
V.
Prasad
1.
Introduction
233
2.
Iron Importance
234
3.
Iron
Toxicity
235
4.
Interactions with Other Metals
235
5.
Iron Acquisition by Plants
238
6.
Translocation
of Iron in Plants
238
7.
Iron Deficiency in Humans
239
8.
Amelioration of Iron Deficiencies
241
9.
Ferritin
242
10.
Ferritin Structure
243
11.
Mineral Core Formation
247
12.
Ferritin Gene Family and Regulation
248
13.
Developmental Regulation
249
14.
Role of Ferritin
251
15.
Metal Sequestration by Ferritin: Health Implications
254
χ
CONTENTS
16.
Overexpression of
Ferritin 254
Acknowledgments
257
References
257
12
Iodine and Human Health: Bhutan s Iodine
Fortification Program
267
Karma Lhendup
1.
Role of Iodine
267
2.
Iodine Deficiency Disorders
(IDD)
268
3.
Sources of Iodine
269
4.
Recommended Intake of Iodine
270
5.
Indicators for Assessment of Iodine Status and Exposure
270
6.
Control of
IDD
271
7.
IDD
Scenario in Bhutan: Past and Present
272
8.
Toward
IDD
Elimination in Bhutan: Highlights of the
IDD
Control Program
273
8.1
IDD
Survey
273
9. 1996
Onward: Internal Evaluation of the IDDCP through
Cyclic Monitoring
277
10.
Conclusion
278
References
278
13
Floristic
Composition at Kazakhstan s Semipalatinsk Nuclear
Test Site: Relevance to the Containment of Radionuclides to
Safeguard Ecosystems and Human Health
281
K. S. Sagyndyk, S. S. Aidossova and M.
N.
V.
Prasad
1.
Introduction
281
2.
Kazakhstan: Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site
283
3.
Flora of Nuclear Test Site
286
4.
Fodder Plants
292
5.
Conclusions
293
Acknowledgments and Disclaimer
293
References
293
14
Uranium and Thorium Accumulation hi
Cultivated Plants
295
Irina Shtangeeva
1.
Introduction: Uranium and Thorium in the Environment
295
2.
Uranium and Thorium in Soil
296
2.1
Soil Characteristics Affecting Uranium and Thorium
Plant Uptake
297
2.2
Effects of Soil Amendments
300
3.
Radionuclides in Plants
301
CONTENTS xi
3.1
Accumulation
of Uranium and Thorium
in Plant Roots
302
3.2
Differences in
U
and Th Uptake by Different Plant Species (in the
example of wheat Triticum aestivum and Rye
Secale cereale)
303
3.3
Effects of
U
and Th
Bioaccumulation on
Distribution of Other Elements in Rye and Wheat
311
3.4
Relationships Between
U
and Th in Soils and in
Different Plant Parts
312
3.5
Phytotoxicity of
U
and Th
314
3.6
Effects of
U
and Th on Leaf Chlorophyll Content
and the Rhizosphere Microorganisms
321
3.7
Temporal Variations of
U
and Th in Plants
325
3.8
Effects of Thorium on a Plant During Initial Stages
of the Plant Growth
328
4.
Potential Health Effects of Exposure to
U
and Th
333
References
336
15
Exposure to Mercury: A Critical Assessment of Adverse Ecological
and Human Health Effects
343
Sergi
Diez,
Carlos
Barata
and
Demetrio Raldúa
1.
Human Health Effects
343
1.1
Introduction
343
1.2
Sources and Cycling of Mercury to the Global Environment
344
1.3
Methylmercury
346
2.
Adverse Ecological Effects
349
2.1
Laboratory
Toxicity
Studies
349
2.2
Biochemical Approaches to Study Bioavailability and Effects
351
2.3
Methods
353
2.4
Results and Discussion
354
3.
Case Study: Mercury-Cell
Chlor-Alkali
Plants as a Major Point
Sources of Mercury in Aquatic Environments
—
The Case of
Cinca
River, Spain
357
3.1
Introduction
357
3.2
The Case of Mercury Pollution in
Cinca
River, Spain
358
References
364
16
Cadmium as an Environmental Contaminant: Consequences to
Plant and Human Health
373
Saritha V. Kuriakose and M.
N.
V.
Prasad
1.
Introduction
373
2.
Cadmium is Natural
374
3.
Past and Present Status
375
3.1
Natural Sources
376
3.2
Technogenic Sources
376
3.3
In Agricultural Soils: Cadmium from
Phosphate Fertilizers
378
XÜ CONTENTS
3.4
Induction
of Oxidative Stress as a Fall-Out of
Cadmium
Toxicity
378
3.5
Oxidative Damage to Membranes
378
3.6
Oxidative Damage to Chloroplasts
379
3.7
Protein Oxidation
379
3.8
Oxidative Damage to
DNA 380
3.9
Antioxidant
Defense Mechanisms in Response to
Cadmium
Toxicity
382
3.10
Cadmium Availability and
Toxicity
in Plants
384
3.11
Metal-Metal Interactions
387
3.12
Uptake and Transport of Cadmium by Plants
388
3.13
Consequences to Human Health
389
3.14
Options for Cadmium Minimization
392
3.15
Molecular and Biochemical Approaches
392
3.16
Breeding Strategies
394
3.17
Soil Cadmium Regulation
394
4.
Conclusions
396
References
397
17
Trace Element Transport in Plants
413
Danuta
Maria Antosiewicz,
Agnieszka
Sirko
and
Paweł Sowiński
1.
Introduction
413
2.
Short-Distance Transport
416
2.1
Metal Uptake Proteins
416
2.2
Metal Efflux Proteins
423
2.3
Alternative Plant Metal Transporter
433
3.
Intercellular and
Long-Distance
Transport
433
4.
The Importance of Plant Mineral Status for Human Health
438
Acknowledgments
438
References
439
18
Cadmium Detoxification in Plants: Involvement of ABC Transporters
449
Sonia
Plaza and
Lucien Bovet
1.
Cadmium in Plants
449
1.1
Cadmium Effects in Plants
449
1.2
Genes Regulated by
Cd
Stress
450
2.
ABC Transporters
451
2.1
Functions of ABC Transporters in Plants
451
2.2
Characteristics of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
451
2.3
Subfamilies of ATP-Binding Cassette Proteins
452
2.4
Involvement of ABC Transporters in Cadmium
Detoxification in Plants
452
3.
Conclusion
462
Acknowledgments
463
References
463
CONTENTS xiii
19
Iron: A Major Disease Modifier in Thalassemia
471
Sujata Sinha
1.
Introduction
471
1.1
Hemoglobin: The Tetramer Molecule
472
1.2
Erythropoiesis and Erythroid Differentiation
472
1.3
Pathophysiology of Thalassemia
474
2.
Iron Metabolism: Current Concepts and
Alterations in Thalassemia
474
2.1
Iron Absorption and Uptake
476
2.2
Regulation of Expression of Transferrin Receptors
477
2.3
Alterations in Iron Absorption and Uptake in Thalassemia
479
3.
Heme
Synthesis and Its Role in Regulation of Erythropoiesis
480
3.1
Role of
Heme
in Globin Regulation and
Erythroid Differentiation
481
3.2
Pivotal Role of HRI in Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia
481
3.3
Role of HRI in Beta Thalassemia Intermedia
482
3.4
Iron and Pathobiology of Thalassemia
482
3.5
Iron Storage and Its Effects on Parenchymal Tissues
and Organs
483
4.
Effect of Transfusional Iron Overload on Iron Homeostasis and
Morbidity and Mortality
484
4.1
Iron Homeostasis in Transfusional Iron Overload
484
4.2
Transfusion Iron Overload-Associated Morbidity
and Mortality
485
4.3
Endocrinopathy in Thalassemia
485
4.4
Liver Disease
485
4.5
Heart Disease
486
5.
Evaluation and Management of Iron Overload
486
5.1
Evaluation of Iron Overload
486
5.2
Basis of Iron Chelation Therapy and Iron Chelator Drugs
487
5.3
Potential Role of Iron Chelation Therapy in Improving
Basic Pathophysiology of Beta Thalassemia
488
6.
Summary
488
References
489
20
Health Implications: Trace Elements in Cancer
495
Rafael Borras Aviñó, José
Rafael
López-Moya
and Juan Pedro
Navarro-Avino
1.
Introduction
495
496
2.
Toxic Heavy Metals
496
497
500
508
511
515
517
Introduction
1.1
General Nutritional and Medical Benefits
Toxic Heavy Metals
2.1
Mercury
2.2
Arsenic
2.3
Chromium
2.4
Cadmium
2.5
Lead
2.6
Benefits in Cancer
xiv CONTENTS
3. General
Conclusions
519
References
519
21
Mode of Action and
Toxicity
of Trace Elements
523
Arun K. Shanker
1.
Introduction
523
2.
Mode of Action and
Toxicity
of Trace Elements in General
525
3.
Specific Mode of Action of Major Trace Elements
528
3.1
Arsenic
528
3.2
Cadmium
532
3.3
Chromium
537
4.
Specific Mode of Action of Other Metals
542
4.1
Nickel
542
4.2
Lead
544
4.3
Mercury
545
5.
Mode of Action: What is the Future?
549
References
550
22
Input and Transfer of Trace Metals from Food via
Mothermilk to the Child:
Bioindicative
Aspects to Human Health
555
Simone Wuenschmann,
Stefan
Franile,
Bernd
Markert
and
Harald Zechmeister
1.
Introduction
555
2.
Aims and Scopes
556
3.
Principles
558
3.1
Transfer of Chemical Elements
558
3.2
Physiology of Lactation
559
3.3
Transfer of Chemical Elements into Human Milk
560
4.
Materials and Methods
561
4.1
A Comparison of the Two Experimental Regions
Euroregion
Neisse and Woivodship
Małopolska
with Respect to
Factors that Cause Environmental Burdens
561
4.2
Origins and Sampling of Food and Milk Samples
564
4.3
Analytical Methods
567
4.4
Quality Control Measures for Analytic Data
569
4.5
Calculation of Transfer Factors in the System
Food/Mother s Milk
570
5.
Results
570
5.1
A Comparison of Element Concentrations Detected
in Colostrum and Mature Milk Sampled
in Different Countries
570
5.2
Transfer Factors for All the Investigated Elements
(Specific Ones) in the Food/Milk System and Extent
of Partition of Elements into Mother s Milk
574
CONTENTS
XV
6.
Discussion
577
6.1
Physiological and Dynamic Features of Chemical
Elements in the Food/Milk System
577
6.2
Lack of an Effect of Regional Pollution on Chemical
Element Composition in Mother s Milk
582
7.
Conclusion: Is There a Role for Human Milk in Metal
Bioindication?
584
References
588
23
Selenium: A Versatile Trace Element in Life and Environment
593
Simona
Di Gregorio
1.
What is Selenium?
593
1.1
Selenium Industrial Applications
593
1.2
Selenium in the Environment
594
2.
Biological Reactions in Selenium Cycling
596
2.1
Microbial Assimilatory Reduction
597
2.2
Microbial Dissimilatory Reduction
597
2.3
Detoxification of
Se Oxyanions
by Reduction Reactions
in Aerobiosis
599
2.4
Regulation of Reducing Equivalents
601
2.5
Oxidation of Reduced
Se
Forms
602
2.6
Selenium Volatilization,
Se Methylation
and Demethylation
602
3.
Selenium in Humans and Animals
603
4.
Selenium in Plants
605
5.
Selenium of Environmental Concern: Exploitation of
Biological Processes for Treatment of Selenium Polluted Matrices
607
5.1
Microbe-Induced Bioremediation
608
5.2
Selenium Plant-Assisted Bioremediation
(Phytoremediation)
609
5.3
Plant-Microbe Interaction: Selenium
Phytoremediation Processes
611
References
612
24
Environmental Contamination Control of Water
Drainage from Uranium Mines by Aquatic Plants
623
Carlos Paulo and
João Pratas
1.
Introduction
623
2.
Uranium Mining: Environmental and Health
624
2.1
Uranium
Toxicity
627
2.2
Uranium Mining History in Portugal
629
3.
Phytoremediation of Metals with Aquatic Plants as Strategies
for Mine Water Remediation
631
3.1
Uranium Accumulation in Aquatic Plants and
Phytoremediation Studies
632
xvi CONTENTS
4.
Case Study: Water Drainage from Uranium Mines Control by
Aquatic Plants in Central Portugal
634
4.1
Selection of Aquatic Macrophytes: Field Studies
634
4.2
Laboratory Experiments: Uranium Accumulation
by
С
stagnalis
640
4.3
Phytoremediation Laboratory Prototype
644
5.
Future Prospects of Water Phytoremediation
646
Acknowledgments
647
References
647
25
Copper as an Environmental Contaminant: Phytotoxicity
and Human Health Implications
653
Myriam
Kanoun-Boulé,
Manoel Bandeira De Albuquerque,
Cristina Nabais and Helena Freitas
1.
Copper and Humans: A Relation of
10,000
Years
653
2.
Copper: Identity Card, Main Sources, and
Environmental Pollution
654
2.1
Copper in the Atmosphere
654
2.2
Copper in the Hydrosphere
654
2.3
Copper in the
Lithosphère
and Pedosphere
655
3.
Copper in Plants
656
3.1
Metabolic Functions of Copper
656
3.2
Toxicity
of Copper
657
3.3
Copper and Human Health
663
4.
Further Research Topics
670
References
671
26
Forms of Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and Iron in Soils
of Slovakia: System of Fertilizer Recommendation
and Soil Monitoring
679
Bohdan Jurani
and Pavel Dlapa
1.
Forms of Trace Elements in Heterogeneous Soil Materials
679
2.
Concept of Micronutrients Used in Agriculture of
Former Czechoslovakia
682
3.
Determination of Available Forms of Some Micronutrients in Soil Based
on the Rinkis Method
682
4.
Results of Modified Rinkis Method of Available Copper, Manganese,
and Zinc in Soils of Slovakia
685
5.
More Suitable
Metìiod
for Determination of Plant Available
Forms of Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and Iron in Soils
686
6.
Limits to Lindsay
—
Norvell Method
687
7.
Some Results Concerning Using Lindsay—Norvell Method
690
8.
System of Micronutrients Application: Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and
Iron for Agricultural Crops, Recommended in Slovakia
692
CONTENTS xvii
9.
Remarks to the System used for Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and
Iron Available Forms Determination and Fertilizers Recommendation
694
10.
New Priorities in Research of Trace Elements in Soils of
Slovakia
—
Soil Monitoring
695
References
697
27
Role of Minerals in Halophyte Feeding to Ruminants
701
Salah A. Attia-Ismail
1.
Introduction
701
2.
Ash and Mineral Contents of Halophytes
702
3.
Factors Affecting Mineral Contents of Halophytes
702
4.
Salt-Affected Soils
706
5.
Irrigation with Saline Water
706
6.
Salinity Level
706
7.
Plant Species
708
8.
Mineral Role in Ruminant Nutrition
708
9.
Recommended Mineral Allowances
708
10.
Minerals Deficiency in Halophyte Included Diets
710
11.
Excessive Minerals in Livestock Rations in Dry Areas
713
12.
Effect of Halophytes Feeding on Mineral Utilization
713
13.
Effect of Minerals on Rumen Function
714
14.
Effect of Minerals on Feed Intake
715
15.
Effect of Minerals on Water Intake and Nutrient Utilization
716
16.
Effect of Minerals on Microbial Community in the Rumen
717
References
717
28
Plants as
Biomonitors
of Trace Elements Pollution in Soil
721
Munir
Ozturk, Ersin Yucel,
Salih
Gucel,
Serdal
Sahçali
and Ahmet Aksoy
1.
Introduction
721
2.
Soils and Trace Elements
722
3.
Plants as
Biomonitors
of Trace Elements
725
4.
Conclusions
735
References
735
29
Bioindication
and
Biomonitoring
as Innovative
Biotechniques
for Controlling Trace Metal
Influence to the Environment
743
Bernd
Markért
1.
Introduction
743
2.
Definitions
745
xviii CONTENTS
3. Comparision
of
Instrumental
Measurements and the Use of
Bioindicators with Respect to Harmonization and Quality Control
746
4.
Examples for
Biomonitoring
748
4.1
Mosses for Atmospheric Pollution Measurements
748
4.2
Is There a Relation Between Moss Data and
Human Health?
750
5.
What do
Bioaccumulation Data
Really Tell Us?
752
6.
Future Outlook: Breaking Mental Barriers Between
Ecotoxicologists and Medical Scientists
754
References
757
Biodiversity Index
761
Subject Index
769
RECENT
FINDINGS ON TRACE
ELEMENTS
IN THE
FOOD CHAIN AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Trace elements are inorganic chemicals usually occurring in small amounts in
nature. Trace element deficiencies and contamination are increasing due to the
increasing industrialization of farming systems, industrial pollution, and other
factors. In the right amounts, trace elements are beneficial: in fact, several trace
elements are essential for human and animal health. Deficiencies can produce
devastating health defects, while excess exposure or consumption can be harmful
or even fatal. With chapters contributed by leading experts in their specialty areas.
Trace Elements as Contaminants and Nutrients: Consequences in Ecosystems and
Human Health:
Uniquely consolidates information on plant and animal nutrient
requirements, fortified foods, nutrient deficiencies, and excess
exposure via air. water, and soil contamination
•
Addresses areas for which there is a lack of information, such as
bioavailability and uptake biochemistry, membrane biochemistry and
transport mechanisms, enzymology. mode of action and
toxicity,
human
health implications (efficiency and deficiency of trace elements),
and
biofortification
•
Covers
bioindication
and
biomonitoring
as innovative
biotechniques
for
controlling trace metal influences in the environment
Incorporates information on specific elements, including zinc. iron,
calcium, iodine, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, selenium, and more
•
Includes case studies
This is a seminal reference for scientists working in geochemistry, hydrology, ana¬
lytical chemistry, environmental chemistry and biology, and separation science and
technology: plant, soil. crop, agricultural, food, and water scientists: academic and
regulatory professionals in these fields: and aid agencies and non-governmental
organizations.
M.
N.
V.
PRASAD, PhD,
,
and is the author, coauthor, editor, or
coeditor
■70
research papers on environmental botany and
heavy metal stress in plants. Dr.
Prasad
is an elected Fellow of the
Linnean
Society of London, England, and the National Institute of Ecology. New Delhi,
India: life member of the National Institute of Ecology and the Bioenergy
Society of India; and a member of the International Allelopathy Society and
the Indian Network for Soil Contamination Research.
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
Foreword
xix
Preface
xxiii
Acknowledgments
xxv
Contributors
xxvii
1
The Biological System of Elements: Trace Element Concentration and
Abundance in Plants Give Hints on Biochemical Reasons of
Sequestration and Essentiality
1
Stefan
Fränzle, Bernd
Markert,
Otto Fränzle
and Helmut Lieth
1.
Introduction
1
1.1
Analytical Data and Biochemical Functions
1
2.
Materials and Methods
6
2.1
Data Sets of Element Distribution Obtained in Freeland
Ecological Studies: Environmental Analyses
6
2.2
Conversion of Data Using Sets of Elements with Identical
BCF Values
8
2.3
Definition and Derivation of the Electrochemical Ligand
Parameters
10
3.
Results
11
3.1
Abundance Correlations Among Essential and
Nonessential Elements
11
3.2
(Lack of) Correlation and Differences in Biochemistry
14
3.3
Implication for
Biomonitoring:
Corrections by Use of
Electrochemical Ligand Parameters and BCF-Defined
Element Clusters
14
4.
Discussion IS
5. Conclusion
18
References
19
2
Health Implications of Trace Elements in the Environment
and the Food Chain
23
Nelson Marmiroli and Elena Maestri
1.
Trace Elements Important in Human Nutrition
24
2.
The Main Trace Elements: Their Roles and Effects
25
vi
CONTENTS
2.1
Arsenic
25
2.2
Cadmium
29
2.3
Chromium
ЗО
2.4
Cobalt
ЗО
2.5
Copper
30
2.6
Fluorine
ЗО
2.7
Iodine
31
2.8
Iron
31
2.9
Lead
31
2.10
Manganese
32
2.11
Mercury
32
2.12
Molybdenum
32
2.13
Nickel
32
2.14
Selenium
33
2.15
Silicon
33
2.16
Tin
33
2.17
Vanadium
34
2.18
Zinc
34
2.19
Ну
persensitivity Issues
34
3.
Issues of Environmental Contamination of the Food Chain
37
4.
Legislation Concerning Trace Elements
38
4.1
Elements in Soils and the Environment
38
4.2
Elements in Foods
39
4.3
Supplementation of Minerals to Foods
41
5.
Food Chain Safety
42
5.1
Soil and Plants
42
5.2
Animal Products
43
5.3
Geological Correlates
44
5.4
Intentional Contamination
45
5.5
Availability of Minerals
46
6.
Biofortification
47
7.
Concluding Remarks
48
Acknowledgments
49
References
49
3
Trace Elements in Agro-ecosystems
55
Shuhe Wei and Qixing Zhou
1.
Introduction
55
2.
Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements in Agro-ecosystems
56
2.1
Input and Contamination
56
2.2
Translation,
Translocation,
Fate, and Their
Implication to Phytoremediation
60
3.
Benefit, Harmfulness, and Healthy Implication
of Trace Elements
65
3.1
Benefit to Plant/Crop
65
3.2
Harmfulness to Plant/Crop Physiology
65
CONTENTS
vii
3.3
Soil Environmental Quality Standards and Background
of Trace Elements
66
4.
Phytoremediation of Trace Element Contamination
68
4.1
Basic Mechanisms of Phytoremediation
68
4.2
Research Progress of Phytoextraction
72
4.3
Discussion on Agro-Strengthen Measurements
73
Acknowledgments
76
References
76
4
Metal Accumulation in Crops
—
Human Health Issues
81
Abdul R.
Метоп,
Yasemin Yildizhan and
Eda
Kaplan"
1.
Introduction
81
2.
The Concept of Ionomics and Nutriomics in the Plant Cell
83
3.
The Trace Element Deficiencies in the Developing World
84
4.
Improvement of Trace Metal Content in Plants Through
Genetic Engineering
85
5.
Genetic Engineering Approaches to Improve the Bioavailability
of Iron and Zinc in Cereals
88
6.
Decreasing the Content of Inhibitors of Trace Element Absorption
91
7.
Increasing the Synthesis of Promoter Compounds
92
8.
Conclusions
93
Acknowledgments
93
References
93
5
Trace Elements and Plant Secondary Metabolism: Quality
and Efficacy of Herbal Products
99
Charlotte Poschenrieder, Josep
Allué,
Roser
Tolrà,
Mercé Llugany and
Juan Barceló
1.
Coevolutionary
Aspects
99
2.
Environmental Factors and Active Principles
102
3.
Influence of Macronutrients
102
4.
Influence of Micronutrients
104
5.
Trace Elements as Elicitors of Active Principles
106
6.
Trace Elements as Active Components of Herbal Drugs
107
7.
Trace Elements in Herbal Drugs: Regulatory Aspects 111
Acknowledgments
112
References
112
6
Trace Elements and Radionuclides in Edible Plants
121
Maria
Greger
1.
Introduction
121
2.
Plant Uptake and
Translocation
of Trace Elements
122
3.
Distribution and Accumulation of Trace Elements in Plants
124
viii CONTENTS
4.
Vegetables, Fruit, and Berries
125
5.
Cereals and Grains
128
5.1
Cadmium in Wheat
128
5.2
Arsenic in Rice
129
6.
Aquatic Plants
129
7.
Fungi
130
8.
How to Cope with Low or High Levels of Trace Elements
131
References
132
7
Trace Elements in Traditional Healing Plant»—Remedies or Risks
137
M.
N.
V.
Prasad
1.
Introduction
137
2.
The Indigenous System of Medicine
138
3.
Herbal Drug Industry
139
4.
Notable Medicinal and Aromatic Plants that have the Inherent
Ability of Accumulating Toxic Trace Elements
141
5.
Cleanup of Toxic Metals from Herbal Extracts
149
6.
Polyherbal Preparation and Traditional Medicine Pharmacology
150
7.
Conclusions
152
References
155
8
Biofortification: Nutritional Security and Relevance to Human Health
161
M.
N.
V.
Prasad
1.
Introduction
161
2.
Bioavailablity of Micronutrients
168
3.
Social Acceptability of Biofortified Crops
169
4.
Development and Distribution of the New Varieties
169
5.
Selected Examples of Biofortified Crops Targeted by Harvestplus
in Collaboration with a Consortium of International Partners
169
5.1
Rice
170
5.2
Wheat
171
5.3
Maize
172
5.4
Beans
173
5.5
Brassica
júncea
(Indian Mustard)
174
6.
Selenium-Fortified Phytoproducts
175
7.
Sources of Selenium in Human Diet
175
8.
Selenium
(Se)
and Silica (Si) Management in Soils by Fly
Ash Amendment
175
9.
Chromium for Fortification Diabetes Management
176
10.
Silica Management in Rice
—
Beneficial Functions
177
11.
Conclusions
178
Acknowledgments and Disclaimer
179
References
179
CONTENTS ix
9
Essentiality of Zinc for Human Health and Sustainable Development
183
M.
N.
V.
Prasad
1.
Biogeochemical Cycling of Zinc
185
2.
Distribution of Zinc Deficiency in Soils on a Global Level
186
3.
Zinc Intervention Programs
188
4.
Zinc-Transporting Genes in Plants
191
5.
Addressing Zinc Deficiency Without Zinc Fortification
204
6.
Zinc Deficiency is a Limitation to Plant Productivity
204
Acknowledgments and Disclaimer
205
References
205
10
Zinc Effect on the Phytoestrogen Content of Pomegranate Fruit Tree
217
Fatemeh Alaei Yazdi and Farhad Khorsandi
1.
Introduction
217
2.
Materials and Methods
220
3.
Results and Discussions
222
3.1
Pomegranate Yield
222
3.2
Pomegranate Zinc Content
223
3.3
Phytoestrogen Content
225
4.
Summary and Conclusions
227
Acknowledgments
227
References
228
11
Iron Bioavailability, Homeostasis through Phytoferritins and
Fortification Strategies: Implications for Human
Health and Nutrition
233
N.
Nirupa and M.
N.
V.
Prasad
1.
Introduction
233
2.
Iron Importance
234
3.
Iron
Toxicity
235
4.
Interactions with Other Metals
235
5.
Iron Acquisition by Plants
238
6.
Translocation
of Iron in Plants
238
7.
Iron Deficiency in Humans
239
8.
Amelioration of Iron Deficiencies
241
9.
Ferritin
242
10.
Ferritin Structure
243
11.
Mineral Core Formation
247
12.
Ferritin Gene Family and Regulation
248
13.
Developmental Regulation
249
14.
Role of Ferritin
251
15.
Metal Sequestration by Ferritin: Health Implications
254
χ
CONTENTS
16.
Overexpression of
Ferritin 254
Acknowledgments
257
References
257
12
Iodine and Human Health: Bhutan's Iodine
Fortification Program
267
Karma Lhendup
1.
Role of Iodine
267
2.
Iodine Deficiency Disorders
(IDD)
268
3.
Sources of Iodine
269
4.
Recommended Intake of Iodine
270
5.
Indicators for Assessment of Iodine Status and Exposure
270
6.
Control of
IDD
271
7.
IDD
Scenario in Bhutan: Past and Present
272
8.
Toward
IDD
Elimination in Bhutan: Highlights of the
IDD
Control Program
273
8.1
IDD
Survey
273
9. 1996
Onward: Internal Evaluation of the IDDCP through
Cyclic Monitoring
277
10.
Conclusion
278
References
278
13
Floristic
Composition at Kazakhstan's Semipalatinsk Nuclear
Test Site: Relevance to the Containment of Radionuclides to
Safeguard Ecosystems and Human Health
281
K. S. Sagyndyk, S. S. Aidossova and M.
N.
V.
Prasad
1.
Introduction
281
2.
Kazakhstan: Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site
283
3.
Flora of Nuclear Test Site
286
4.
Fodder Plants
292
5.
Conclusions
293
Acknowledgments and Disclaimer
293
References
293
14
Uranium and Thorium Accumulation hi
Cultivated Plants
295
Irina Shtangeeva
1.
Introduction: Uranium and Thorium in the Environment
295
2.
Uranium and Thorium in Soil
296
2.1
Soil Characteristics Affecting Uranium and Thorium
Plant Uptake
297
2.2
Effects of Soil Amendments
300
3.
Radionuclides in Plants
301
CONTENTS xi
3.1
Accumulation
of Uranium and Thorium
in Plant Roots
302
3.2
Differences in
U
and Th Uptake by Different Plant Species (in the
example of wheat Triticum aestivum and Rye
Secale cereale)
303
3.3
Effects of
U
and Th
Bioaccumulation on
Distribution of Other Elements in Rye and Wheat
311
3.4
Relationships Between
U
and Th in Soils and in
Different Plant Parts
312
3.5
Phytotoxicity of
U
and Th
314
3.6
Effects of
U
and Th on Leaf Chlorophyll Content
and the Rhizosphere Microorganisms
321
3.7
Temporal Variations of
U
and Th in Plants
325
3.8
Effects of Thorium on a Plant During Initial Stages
of the Plant Growth
328
4.
Potential Health Effects of Exposure to
U
and Th
333
References
336
15
Exposure to Mercury: A Critical Assessment of Adverse Ecological
and Human Health Effects
343
Sergi
Diez,
Carlos
Barata
and
Demetrio Raldúa
1.
Human Health Effects
343
1.1
Introduction
343
1.2
Sources and Cycling of Mercury to the Global Environment
344
1.3
Methylmercury
346
2.
Adverse Ecological Effects
349
2.1
Laboratory
Toxicity
Studies
349
2.2
Biochemical Approaches to Study Bioavailability and Effects
351
2.3
Methods
353
2.4
Results and Discussion
354
3.
Case Study: Mercury-Cell
Chlor-Alkali
Plants as a Major Point
Sources of Mercury in Aquatic Environments
—
The Case of
Cinca
River, Spain
357
3.1
Introduction
357
3.2
The Case of Mercury Pollution in
Cinca
River, Spain
358
References
364
16
Cadmium as an Environmental Contaminant: Consequences to
Plant and Human Health
373
Saritha V. Kuriakose and M.
N.
V.
Prasad
1.
Introduction
373
2.
Cadmium is Natural
374
3.
Past and Present Status
375
3.1
Natural Sources
376
3.2
Technogenic Sources
376
3.3
In Agricultural Soils: Cadmium from
Phosphate Fertilizers
378
XÜ CONTENTS
3.4
Induction
of Oxidative Stress as a Fall-Out of
Cadmium
Toxicity
378
3.5
Oxidative Damage to Membranes
378
3.6
Oxidative Damage to Chloroplasts
379
3.7
Protein Oxidation
379
3.8
Oxidative Damage to
DNA 380
3.9
Antioxidant
Defense Mechanisms in Response to
Cadmium
Toxicity
382
3.10
Cadmium Availability and
Toxicity
in Plants
384
3.11
Metal-Metal Interactions
387
3.12
Uptake and Transport of Cadmium by Plants
388
3.13
Consequences to Human Health
389
3.14
Options for Cadmium Minimization
392
3.15
Molecular and Biochemical Approaches
392
3.16
Breeding Strategies
394
3.17
Soil Cadmium Regulation
394
4.
Conclusions
396
References
397
17
Trace Element Transport in Plants
413
Danuta
Maria Antosiewicz,
Agnieszka
Sirko
and
Paweł Sowiński
1.
Introduction
413
2.
Short-Distance Transport
416
2.1
Metal Uptake Proteins
416
2.2
Metal Efflux Proteins
423
2.3
Alternative Plant Metal Transporter
433
3.
Intercellular and
Long-Distance
Transport
433
4.
The Importance of Plant Mineral Status for Human Health
438
Acknowledgments
438
References
439
18
Cadmium Detoxification in Plants: Involvement of ABC Transporters
449
Sonia
Plaza and
Lucien Bovet
1.
Cadmium in Plants
449
1.1
Cadmium Effects in Plants
449
1.2
Genes Regulated by
Cd
Stress
450
2.
ABC Transporters
451
2.1
Functions of ABC Transporters in Plants
451
2.2
Characteristics of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
451
2.3
Subfamilies of ATP-Binding Cassette Proteins
452
2.4
Involvement of ABC Transporters in Cadmium
Detoxification in Plants
452
3.
Conclusion
462
Acknowledgments
463
References
463
CONTENTS xiii
19
Iron: A Major Disease Modifier in Thalassemia
471
Sujata Sinha
1.
Introduction
471
1.1
Hemoglobin: The Tetramer Molecule
472
1.2
Erythropoiesis and Erythroid Differentiation
472
1.3
Pathophysiology of Thalassemia
474
2.
Iron Metabolism: Current Concepts and
Alterations in Thalassemia
474
2.1
Iron Absorption and Uptake
476
2.2
Regulation of Expression of Transferrin Receptors
477
2.3
Alterations in Iron Absorption and Uptake in Thalassemia
479
3.
Heme
Synthesis and Its Role in Regulation of Erythropoiesis
480
3.1
Role of
Heme
in Globin Regulation and
Erythroid Differentiation
481
3.2
Pivotal Role of HRI in Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia
481
3.3
Role of HRI in Beta Thalassemia Intermedia
482
3.4
Iron and Pathobiology of Thalassemia
482
3.5
Iron Storage and Its Effects on Parenchymal Tissues
and Organs
483
4.
Effect of Transfusional Iron Overload on Iron Homeostasis and
Morbidity and Mortality
484
4.1
Iron Homeostasis in Transfusional Iron Overload
484
4.2
Transfusion Iron Overload-Associated Morbidity
and Mortality
485
4.3
Endocrinopathy in Thalassemia
485
4.4
Liver Disease
485
4.5
Heart Disease
486
5.
Evaluation and Management of Iron Overload
486
5.1
Evaluation of Iron Overload
486
5.2
Basis of Iron Chelation Therapy and Iron Chelator Drugs
487
5.3
Potential Role of Iron Chelation Therapy in Improving
Basic Pathophysiology of Beta Thalassemia
488
6.
Summary
488
References
489
20
Health Implications: Trace Elements in Cancer
495
Rafael Borras Aviñó, José
Rafael
López-Moya
and Juan Pedro
Navarro-Avino
1.
Introduction
495
496
2.
Toxic Heavy Metals
496
497
500
508
511
515
517
Introduction
1.1
General Nutritional and Medical Benefits
Toxic Heavy Metals
2.1
Mercury
2.2
Arsenic
2.3
Chromium
2.4
Cadmium
2.5
Lead
2.6
Benefits in Cancer
xiv CONTENTS
3. General
Conclusions
519
References
519
21
Mode of Action and
Toxicity
of Trace Elements
523
Arun K. Shanker
1.
Introduction
523
2.
Mode of Action and
Toxicity
of Trace Elements in General
525
3.
Specific Mode of Action of Major Trace Elements
528
3.1
Arsenic
528
3.2
Cadmium
532
3.3
Chromium
537
4.
Specific Mode of Action of Other Metals
542
4.1
Nickel
542
4.2
Lead
544
4.3
Mercury
545
5.
Mode of Action: What is the Future?
549
References
550
22
Input and Transfer of Trace Metals from Food via
Mothermilk to the Child:
Bioindicative
Aspects to Human Health
555
Simone Wuenschmann,
Stefan
Franile,
Bernd
Markert
and
Harald Zechmeister
1.
Introduction
555
2.
Aims and Scopes
556
3.
Principles
558
3.1
Transfer of Chemical Elements
558
3.2
Physiology of Lactation
559
3.3
Transfer of Chemical Elements into Human Milk
560
4.
Materials and Methods
561
4.1
A Comparison of the Two Experimental Regions
Euroregion
Neisse and Woivodship
Małopolska
with Respect to
Factors that Cause Environmental Burdens
561
4.2
Origins and Sampling of Food and Milk Samples
564
4.3
Analytical Methods
567
4.4
Quality Control Measures for Analytic Data
569
4.5
Calculation of Transfer Factors in the System
Food/Mother's Milk
570
5.
Results
570
5.1
A Comparison of Element Concentrations Detected
in Colostrum and Mature Milk Sampled
in Different Countries
570
5.2
Transfer Factors for All the Investigated Elements
(Specific Ones) in the Food/Milk System and Extent
of Partition of Elements into Mother's Milk
574
CONTENTS
XV
6.
Discussion
577
6.1
Physiological and Dynamic Features of Chemical
Elements in the Food/Milk System
577
6.2
Lack of an Effect of Regional Pollution on Chemical
Element Composition in Mother's Milk
582
7.
Conclusion: Is There a Role for Human Milk in Metal
Bioindication?
584
References
588
23
Selenium: A Versatile Trace Element in Life and Environment
593
Simona
Di Gregorio
1.
What is Selenium?
593
1.1
Selenium Industrial Applications
593
1.2
Selenium in the Environment
594
2.
Biological Reactions in Selenium Cycling
596
2.1
Microbial Assimilatory Reduction
597
2.2
Microbial Dissimilatory Reduction
597
2.3
Detoxification of
Se Oxyanions
by Reduction Reactions
in Aerobiosis
599
2.4
Regulation of Reducing Equivalents
601
2.5
Oxidation of Reduced
Se
Forms
602
2.6
Selenium Volatilization,
Se Methylation
and Demethylation
602
3.
Selenium in Humans and Animals
603
4.
Selenium in Plants
605
5.
Selenium of Environmental Concern: Exploitation of
Biological Processes for Treatment of Selenium Polluted Matrices
607
5.1
Microbe-Induced Bioremediation
608
5.2
Selenium Plant-Assisted Bioremediation
(Phytoremediation)
609
5.3
Plant-Microbe Interaction: Selenium
Phytoremediation Processes
611
References
612
24
Environmental Contamination Control of Water
Drainage from Uranium Mines by Aquatic Plants
623
Carlos Paulo and
João Pratas
1.
Introduction
623
2.
Uranium Mining: Environmental and Health
624
2.1
Uranium
Toxicity
627
2.2
Uranium Mining History in Portugal
629
3.
Phytoremediation of Metals with Aquatic Plants as Strategies
for Mine Water Remediation
631
3.1
Uranium Accumulation in Aquatic Plants and
Phytoremediation Studies
632
xvi CONTENTS
4.
Case Study: Water Drainage from Uranium Mines Control by
Aquatic Plants in Central Portugal
634
4.1
Selection of Aquatic Macrophytes: Field Studies
634
4.2
Laboratory Experiments: Uranium Accumulation
by
С
stagnalis
640
4.3
Phytoremediation Laboratory Prototype
644
5.
Future Prospects of Water Phytoremediation
646
Acknowledgments
647
References
647
25
Copper as an Environmental Contaminant: Phytotoxicity
and Human Health Implications
653
Myriam
Kanoun-Boulé,
Manoel Bandeira De Albuquerque,
Cristina Nabais and Helena Freitas
1.
Copper and Humans: A Relation of
10,000
Years
653
2.
Copper: Identity Card, Main Sources, and
Environmental Pollution
654
2.1
Copper in the Atmosphere
654
2.2
Copper in the Hydrosphere
654
2.3
Copper in the
Lithosphère
and Pedosphere
655
3.
Copper in Plants
656
3.1
Metabolic Functions of Copper
656
3.2
Toxicity
of Copper
657
3.3
Copper and Human Health
663
4.
Further Research Topics
670
References
671
26
Forms of Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and Iron in Soils
of Slovakia: System of Fertilizer Recommendation
and Soil Monitoring
679
Bohdan Jurani
and Pavel Dlapa
1.
Forms of Trace Elements in Heterogeneous Soil Materials
679
2.
Concept of Micronutrients Used in Agriculture of
Former Czechoslovakia
682
3.
Determination of Available Forms of Some Micronutrients in Soil Based
on the Rinkis Method
682
4.
Results of Modified Rinkis Method of Available Copper, Manganese,
and Zinc in Soils of Slovakia
685
5.
More Suitable
Metìiod
for Determination of Plant Available
Forms of Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and Iron in Soils
686
6.
Limits to Lindsay
—
Norvell Method
687
7.
Some Results Concerning Using Lindsay—Norvell Method
690
8.
System of Micronutrients Application: Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and
Iron for Agricultural Crops, Recommended in Slovakia
692
CONTENTS xvii
9.
Remarks to the System used for Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and
Iron Available Forms Determination and Fertilizers Recommendation
694
10.
New Priorities in Research of Trace Elements in Soils of
Slovakia
—
Soil Monitoring
695
References
697
27
Role of Minerals in Halophyte Feeding to Ruminants
701
Salah A. Attia-Ismail
1.
Introduction
701
2.
Ash and Mineral Contents of Halophytes
702
3.
Factors Affecting Mineral Contents of Halophytes
702
4.
Salt-Affected Soils
706
5.
Irrigation with Saline Water
706
6.
Salinity Level
706
7.
Plant Species
708
8.
Mineral Role in Ruminant Nutrition
708
9.
Recommended Mineral Allowances
708
10.
Minerals Deficiency in Halophyte Included Diets
710
11.
Excessive Minerals in Livestock Rations in Dry Areas
713
12.
Effect of Halophytes Feeding on Mineral Utilization
713
13.
Effect of Minerals on Rumen Function
714
14.
Effect of Minerals on Feed Intake
715
15.
Effect of Minerals on Water Intake and Nutrient Utilization
716
16.
Effect of Minerals on Microbial Community in the Rumen
717
References
717
28
Plants as
Biomonitors
of Trace Elements Pollution in Soil
721
Munir
Ozturk, Ersin Yucel,
Salih
Gucel,
Serdal
Sahçali
and Ahmet Aksoy
1.
Introduction
721
2.
Soils and Trace Elements
722
3.
Plants as
Biomonitors
of Trace Elements
725
4.
Conclusions
735
References
735
29
Bioindication
and
Biomonitoring
as Innovative
Biotechniques
for Controlling Trace Metal
Influence to the Environment
743
Bernd
Markért
1.
Introduction
743
2.
Definitions
745
xviii CONTENTS
3. Comparision
of
Instrumental
Measurements and the Use of
Bioindicators with Respect to Harmonization and Quality Control
746
4.
Examples for
Biomonitoring
748
4.1
Mosses for Atmospheric Pollution Measurements
748
4.2
Is There a Relation Between Moss Data and
Human Health?
750
5.
What do
Bioaccumulation Data
Really Tell Us?
752
6.
Future Outlook: Breaking "Mental" Barriers Between
Ecotoxicologists and Medical Scientists
754
References
757
Biodiversity Index
761
Subject Index
769
RECENT
FINDINGS ON TRACE
ELEMENTS
IN THE
FOOD CHAIN AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Trace elements are inorganic chemicals usually occurring in small amounts in
nature. Trace element deficiencies and contamination are increasing due to the
increasing industrialization of farming systems, industrial pollution, and other
factors. In the right amounts, trace elements are beneficial: in fact, several trace
elements are essential for human and animal health. Deficiencies can produce
devastating health defects, while excess exposure or consumption can be harmful
or even fatal. With chapters contributed by leading experts in their specialty areas.
Trace Elements as Contaminants and Nutrients: Consequences in Ecosystems and
Human Health:
Uniquely consolidates information on plant and animal nutrient
requirements, fortified foods, nutrient deficiencies, and excess
exposure via air. water, and soil contamination
•
Addresses areas for which there is a lack of information, such as
bioavailability and uptake biochemistry, membrane biochemistry and
transport mechanisms, enzymology. mode of action and
toxicity,
human
health implications (efficiency and deficiency of trace elements),
and
biofortification
•
Covers
bioindication
and
biomonitoring
as innovative
biotechniques
for
controlling trace metal influences in the environment
Incorporates information on specific elements, including zinc. iron,
calcium, iodine, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, selenium, and more
•
Includes case studies
This is a seminal reference for scientists working in geochemistry, hydrology, ana¬
lytical chemistry, environmental chemistry and biology, and separation science and
technology: plant, soil. crop, agricultural, food, and water scientists: academic and
regulatory professionals in these fields: and aid agencies and non-governmental
organizations.
M.
N.
V.
PRASAD, PhD,
,
and is the author, coauthor, editor, or
coeditor
■70
research papers on environmental botany and
heavy metal stress in plants. Dr.
Prasad
is an elected Fellow of the
Linnean
Society of London, England, and the National Institute of Ecology. New Delhi,
India: life member of the National Institute of Ecology and the Bioenergy
Society of India; and a member of the International Allelopathy Society and
the Indian Network for Soil Contamination Research. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| bvnumber | BV035106396 |
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| callnumber-search | QH545.T7 |
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| dewey-full | 613.2/85 |
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| dewey-sort | 3613.2 285 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Biologie Medizin |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie Medizin |
| format | Book |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:16:00Z |
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| spelling | Trace elements as contaminants and nutrients consequences in ecosystems and human health ed. by M. N. V. Prasad Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] Wiley 2008 XXX, 777 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Trace elements / Environmental aspects Oligoéléments - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Ecosystem Environmental Exposure adverse effects Environmental Pollutants adverse effects Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Trace Elements Trace elements Environmental aspects Spurenelement (DE-588)4056595-6 gnd rswk-swf Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd rswk-swf Umweltgift (DE-588)4186801-8 gnd rswk-swf Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Spurenelement (DE-588)4056595-6 s Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 s DE-604 Umweltgift (DE-588)4186801-8 s Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 s b DE-604 Prasad, M. N. V. 1953- Sonstige (DE-588)120828243 oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016774301&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016774301&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Trace elements as contaminants and nutrients consequences in ecosystems and human health Trace elements / Environmental aspects Oligoéléments - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Ecosystem Environmental Exposure adverse effects Environmental Pollutants adverse effects Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Trace Elements Trace elements Environmental aspects Spurenelement (DE-588)4056595-6 gnd Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd Umweltgift (DE-588)4186801-8 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056595-6 (DE-588)4071808-6 (DE-588)4186801-8 (DE-588)4186812-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Trace elements as contaminants and nutrients consequences in ecosystems and human health |
| title_auth | Trace elements as contaminants and nutrients consequences in ecosystems and human health |
| title_exact_search | Trace elements as contaminants and nutrients consequences in ecosystems and human health |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Trace elements as contaminants and nutrients consequences in ecosystems and human health |
| title_full | Trace elements as contaminants and nutrients consequences in ecosystems and human health ed. by M. N. V. Prasad |
| title_fullStr | Trace elements as contaminants and nutrients consequences in ecosystems and human health ed. by M. N. V. Prasad |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trace elements as contaminants and nutrients consequences in ecosystems and human health ed. by M. N. V. Prasad |
| title_short | Trace elements as contaminants and nutrients |
| title_sort | trace elements as contaminants and nutrients consequences in ecosystems and human health |
| title_sub | consequences in ecosystems and human health |
| topic | Trace elements / Environmental aspects Oligoéléments - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Ecosystem Environmental Exposure adverse effects Environmental Pollutants adverse effects Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Trace Elements Trace elements Environmental aspects Spurenelement (DE-588)4056595-6 gnd Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd Umweltgift (DE-588)4186801-8 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Trace elements / Environmental aspects Oligoéléments - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Ecosystem Environmental Exposure adverse effects Environmental Pollutants adverse effects Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Trace Elements Trace elements Environmental aspects Spurenelement Gesundheitsgefährdung Umweltgift Umweltverschmutzung Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016774301&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016774301&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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