Rosvytok mikrolityčnoï techniky v kamʺjanomu vici: udoskonalennja zbroï pervisnych myslyvciv
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Ukrainian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kyïv
KNT
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 2., dop. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 306 S. zahlr. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789663733517 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 020 | |a 9789663733517 |9 978-966-373-351-7 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)635311692 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV035100708 | ||
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| 041 | 0 | |a ukr | |
| 049 | |a DE-29 |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a 6,11 |2 ssgn | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Nužnyj, Dmytro Jurijovyč |d 1959-2016 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1080830898 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Rosvytok mikrolityčnoï techniky v kamʺjanomu vici |b udoskonalennja zbroï pervisnych myslyvciv |c D. Ju. Nužnyj |
| 250 | |a Vyd. 2., dop. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Kyïv |b KNT |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a 306 S. |b zahlr. Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Mikrolith |g Werkzeug |0 (DE-588)4169831-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Steinzeit |0 (DE-588)4057226-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Steinzeit |0 (DE-588)4057226-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Mikrolith |g Werkzeug |0 (DE-588)4169831-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016768689&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016768689&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016768689 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 900 |e 22/bsb |f 0901 |g 477 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138062651850752 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | ЗМІСТ
Вступ
..................................................................................................................................... 5
РОЗДІЛ І. Історія вивчення мікролітичної техніки
........................................... 10
РОЗДІЛ
II.
Основні тенденції розвитку морфології мікролітів
в кам яному віці України
................................................................................... 21
Загальні засади дослідження
............................................................................................................. 21
Мікролітичні комплекси верхньопалеолітичних, мезолітичних та неолітичних
пам яток України
...................................................................................................................... 24
РОЗДІЛ
III.
Виготовлення мікролітів у «мікрорізцевій техніці»
.................. 80
Експерименти з моделювання прийомів «мікрорізцевої техніки»
...................................... 85
Застосування «мікрорізцевої техніки» в кам яному віці України
........................................ 90
РОЗДІЛ
IV.
Призначення мікролітів у світлі
експериментально-трасологічних методів вивчення стародавніх
знарядь праці
......................................................................................................... 104
Проблема функціонально-трасологічного методу дослідження мікролітів
..................... 104
Експерименти з моделювання процесів пошкодження мікролітичних наконечників
та реконструкції їх застосування в метальній зброї культур кам яного віку
.......... 112
Способи застосування мікролітів у метальній зброї культур кам яного віку України
за наявним макрозносом
........................................................................................................ 122
РОЗДІЛ
V.
Використання мікролітів за археологічними
та етнографічними матеріалами
..................................................................... 134
Знахідки мікролітів, закріплених у держаках знарядь
............................................................. 134
Знахідки мікролітів у кістках людей і тварин, які свідчать про їх застосування
............ 140
Реконструкції способів фіксації мікролітів у держаках знарядь
.......................................... 151
Способи використання мікролітів у метальній зброї за наскельними
зображеннями
............................................................................................................................ 157
РОЗДІЛ
VI.
Мікролітична техніка та її місце в загальному розвитку
наконечників метальної мисливської зброї кам яного віку
.................. 178
Роль мисливських знарядь у піднесенні технічного потенціалу стародавніх
суспільств і проблема зіставлення їх ефективності
..................................................... 178
Технологічні напрямки вдосконалення наконечників метальної зброї
в кам яному віці
........................................................................................................................ 182
SUMMARY
........................................................................................................................ 207
СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
............................................................................................. 212
СПИСОК СКОРОЧЕНЬ
............................................................................................. 223
4____________________________________
Розвиток мікролітичної техніки в кам яному віці
ДОДАТОК ДО ДРУГОГО ВИДАННЯ
.............................................. 225
ВСТУП
................................................................................................................................ 226
1.
НОВІ ДАНІ ПРО ПОЯВУ ПЕРШИХ СВІДОЦТВ
МІКРОЛІТИЧНОЇ ТЕХНІКИ В УКРАЇНІ
............................................. 227
2.
НОВІ ЗНАХІДКИ НАКОНЕЧНИКІВ МІКРОЛІТИЧНОЇ ЗБРОЇ
У КІСТКАХ ЛЮДЕЙ, МИСЛИВСЬКОЇ ЗДОБИЧІ
ТА ОПРАВАХ
....................................................................................................... 238
Знахідки мікролітів у кістках людей та тварин
..................................................... 238
Знахідки мікролітів закріплених у деревках чи наконечниках метальної
зброї або із рештками смолистих речовин від їх фіксації
...................... 253
3.
НОВІ ДАНІ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТІВ ПО ВИКОРИСТАННЮ
МІКРОЛИТИЧНИХ НАКОНЕЧНИКІВ МЕТАЛЬНОЇ ЗБРОЇ....
256
Пізнавальні проблеми експериментального вивчення стародавніх крем яних
знарядь праці та метальної зброї
.................................................................................... 256
Загальні умови здійснення експериментів
............................................................................... 259
Специфіка експансивної дії наконечників стріл різних типів та моделей
їх руйнування
........................................................................................................................ 260
4.
НАСКЕЛЬНІ МАЛЮНКИ, ЩО ІЛЮСТРУЮТЬ
ВИКОРИСТАННЯ МІКРОЛІТИЧНОЇ ЗБРОЇ
.................................... 279
ВИСНОВКИ
..................................................................................................................... 301
ЛІТЕРАТУРА
.................................................................................................................... 302
SUMMARY
Among possible methods of manufacturing of thrusting-cutting parts of projectile
points in the Stone Age were three prime technologies (fig.
57).
In the oldest Early
Paleolithic technology of «organic material points» it is a pointed tip of wood, bone
or antler baguette (for example Early Paleolithic wood monolithic heavy spears ot
Clacton-on-Sea,
Lehringen,
etc.). The joining of the separate tool organic and stone
raw materials defines a new stage of perfection in the Stone Age technique. This me¬
thod not only discovers more broad constructive possibilities of improving tools ot
the Stone Age, but allowed more effective use of mechanical properties
;
of organic and
stone raw materials for projectile weapons
[Семенов,
1957
с
.¿бі-ібЦ.
In the later Middle Paleolithic technology of stone «flaked points» these thru
-
ting-cutting parts of the points were made with flat retouch. Using of the projectile
tools were connected with powerful loading and harsh blows after c^swrth tar¬
gets. That is why this technology as all others, must not only ^^^
ľhe
points, but makes the stone tips stronger. Optimum outlines of the tip»a
of flake scars allowed the reduction of the brittle mechanical property of
StTo™1:rthe Upper Paleolithic finally took shape the new progressive and lat¬
est
ľecSogy
of manufacturing of stone sharp edges, the blade processing of sihceo-
:l
Z
ЇЖС
But usage of these sharp edges in projectile
^Ъе^ер^е
only due to the invention of abrupt retouch which destroys one edge
_
ofo*e
^fteto
more effective use and strengthening of the other one. Ibis mam
*^*£?^
ciple
laid down the basis of the microlithic techmque and stimulated
«
^
identical displaying in processing of microliths in the various Upper Paleolithic
Mesolithic blade cultures of the Old World.
processing in the cultures with
208_______________________________
Розвиток мікролітичної техніки в кам яному віці
even in high quality blade industries. Again, in contrast to other stone tools, in the
microliths the use of unprocessed sharp edges of blade executed the basic thrusting-
cutting function (in the projectiles) and were the dominating morphological elem¬
ents. Such functions in other tools was accomplished by edges with the secondary
modification. In the microliths, abrupt retouch enabled to choose the best shape for
the insets according to the construction of projectile points (for most effective using
of sharp edges) and to enlarge the cohesion with the gluing substances and the shafts.
Due to the peculiarities of the combination of the blunted and sharp edges more br¬
oad constructive improvement of microlithic weapons became possible, contrary to
other technologies
That is to say that the establishing and development of the microlithic technique
in the different cultures of the Old World were connected with the attempts of effic¬
ient use of the sharp edges of prismatic blades for thru sting-cutting functions of the
hunting projectile weapons. Such use of the microliths as various insets of the proje¬
ctile points was well supported by archaeological and ethnographic materials throu¬
ghout the World [Vignard,
1935,
p.85-92; Clark, Phillips
&
Staley
1976,
p.223-288;
1978,
p.128-145;
Нужный,
1984,
c.23-
36;
Nuzhnyi,
1989,
p.
88-96].
The experiments
with stone projectile points and recent micro-wear studies of some microlithic assem¬
blages of the European Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic sites testified the
similar method of use [Odell,
1978,
p.37-49; Barton
&
Bergman,
1982.
p.
239-248;
Moss
&
Newcomer,
1982,
p.
282-312;
Fischer,
Hansen &
Rasmusen,
1984,
p.
19-44;
Нужний,
1979,
c.35-43; Nuzhnnyi,
1990,
p.113-124]. The diagnostic projectile fra¬
ctures (fig.
2)
defined and classified as so called «Ho Ho Classification» [Hayden,
1979,
p.
133-135
with supplement of Fischer
et all, 1984,
p.
22- 24]
and was used for
trustable reconstructions of methods of microliths fixation in composite projectile
points in proposed book. The impact fractures represented in experimental micr¬
olithic arrowheads were compared with that of main Ukrainian Upper Paleolithic,
Mesolithic and Neolithic industries.
The period of existence of the microlithic projectile weapons in the Stone Age can
be divided into five stages illustrated by the types of original composite points used
in the different times and the morphological traits of microliths with the diagnostic
projectile impact fractures, The development of these tools was accompanied by corr¬
esponding evolution of blade processing in the directions of size reduction, increasing
diminishing of thickness and of quality and standardization of prismatic blades.
The first stage was connected with establishing two morphological signs of the mi¬
croliths: composition of blunted and sharp edges in each tool, and small sizes
ofinsets.
This new technology of manufacturing hunting weapons perhaps was based on the two
preceding types of the insets of the hunting projectile points. Points similar to the Ch-
atelperronian ones were spread in many earlier «transitional» Paleolithic industries of
the Old World (Chatelperronian in Europe, Dabbaen in Northern Africa, Pre-Aurign-
acian in the Near East, etc.). These points had both the sharp edge and massive curved
blunt back, but were of very large size. The massive points with curved backs analogous
to the above-mentioned appeared in the archaic microlithic assemblages of Ukrainian s
Upper Paleolithic, for example in the Pushkarian industry (fig.
3; 4; 5,32- 66).
Accor-
SUMMARY
________________________________________________________209
ding to the diagnostic projectile impact fractures the; were used first of all as piercing
heads of heavy weapons such as spears or darts (fig.
4,21-30; 58,2).
Other microblade insets of Aurignacian cultures of early Upper Paleolithic of
Europe and the Near East had small sizes, but were morphologically inexpressive,
concerning with combination of their blunted and sharp edges. In the
Epi-
Aurigna¬
cian assemblages of Easten Europe, for example Sagajdak I, Anetovka I, Muralovka,
Zolotovka I (fig.
6,1- 45)
are characterized by small insets with abrasive retouch pr¬
ocessing (fig.
6, 1- 45).
The such methods of sides blunting of the stone insets of the
projectile weapons for binding fixation without of resin substances was well represe¬
nted in the Stone Age technologies throughout the World (for instance in the tanged
parts of Clovis,
Foison
or Plainview points in America). Aurignacian insets probably
were used as scales-like barbs fixed with sinew or other thread on the points made of
organic materials (fig.
44, 2; 58,3).
The similar types of scales-like quartz insets were
hafted with binding on the surface of points of some types of «death spears» in Eas¬
tern Australia (fig.
44, 3).
The second stage was characterized by typical backed microliths of Gravettian-
Perigordian industries, which combine both of these morphological signs of microlit-
hic technique. The assemblages of such cultures (Gravettian of Europe, Kebarian and
Baradostian of the Near East, Immeretian of the Caucasus, etc.) usually contained
typical backed microliths (various narrow and elongated points with straight blunt¬
ed back and typical rectangles of analogous outlines). Such types of true backed micr¬
oliths after
25
thousand years age were wide spread in Upper Paleolithic assemblages
of Ukraine (layer
7
of Molodove
5,
Jamy,
Mezin,
Mezhirich, Fedorovka, Anetovka
II, Janisol etc.). According to the diagnostic impact fractures on the tanged parts the
various backed points of East-Gravettian and Epigravettian industries (fig
5, 1 -40;
6,84- 120; 7)
sometimes were used as direct asymmetrical piercing arrowheads (fig.
44, 1; 58,6).
The latter method of such use is well confirmed by microlithic points
injured of humans in the Final Paleolithic cemeteries of Dnepr river s rapids (fig.
41,
1-8, 11- 22)
as well as by microliths found in animal remains (fig.
40, 25, 24).
But
the main function of backed points and especially rectangles was their use as lateral
composite edges of the fore-shafts or various spear or dart points made from organic
materials (fig.
58, 4, 5).
The assemblage of backed microliths from Amvrosievka bi¬
son kill
-
site associated with spindle-shaped ivory points with slots and without of
ones supported this conclusion (fig.
6,46- 62).
Contrary to Aurignacian microliths the Gravettian ones were hafted as vertical
edges with resin-like substances on the surface of bone points or sometimes in wide
and shallow slots. The invention of the slot technology by Gravettian peoples created
the reason to establish a new specialized microblade direction of manufacturing of the
projectile points. Unprocessed fragments of microblades of high quality or minimally
retouched microliths which were fixed as lateral composite edges in the narrow and
deep slots of points, were widely spread in Eastern European and Siberian Mesolithic
and Neolithic.
The third stage was connected with «geometrization» of the backed microliths
which were used as arrow points in the Final Paleolithic (fig.
8; 9)
and Early
Meso-
210
Розвитокмікролітичної техніки в кам яному віці
lithic
(fig.
10;
il;
14; 15; 16).
This process had a more rapid extension in the South¬
ern cultures of the Old World, from the limits of open glacier territories, due to the
intensive use of bow and arrows for hunting in closed forest and mountain terrain.
At first the older geometric microliths were used as piercing arrowheads or barbs
and later as chisel-ended ones (fig.
58, 7, 9, 10).
The use of microliths as transversal
arrowheads, which were more effective for the «blood-track» hunting in closed ter¬
rain, accelerated the process of their «geometrization» (fig.
58, 8).
That is why, the
maximal typological diversity of geometric microliths is represented in the final Ple¬
istocene the assemblages of the Shan-Koba culture (fig.
10; 11; 12; 13).
According to
diagnostic impact fractures the population of this culture occupied the closed terrain
of mountain forests of Crimea widely used geometric microliths not only as piercing
arrowheads, but as transversal ones. These early geometric microliths had form of
elongated and symmetrical segments, triangles or trapezoids and made from irregular
blades intensively changed by retouch from three sides.
The fourth stage is distinguished by more typological differentiation and spec¬
ialization of microliths of the Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic cultures used in
different composite arrowheads: transverse, oblique or piercing types with or without
various barbs and edges (fig.
58,13-25).
The widespread type of Late Mesolithic and
barly
Neolithic microliths were various trapezes and triangles with a highly reduced
rde of retouch in their morphoiogy. This was possible thanks to the level of perf_
Тлыл
P/°CľSÍng
and manufacturing of straight, standard and geometrically
shaped blades. At this time, the lithic assemblages of different cultures of Ukraini¬
an Mesolithic (Murzak-kobinian, Grebenikian, Janislavisian, Late Pesochnorovian,
eta) always contained morphologically expressive types of more or less symmetrical
and clear asymmetrical microliths (fig.
19; 21*2; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29).
Accor-
oZ,,° lgnAStll
Tf
*
fraCtUreS the first Of them were used as transversal or
Г
(f*
35°
54 73 5
oZ,, lgAll
Tf
*
fraCtUreS the first Of them were used as transversal or
The
ГгЬ
(f*
3,:5°
54> 73 75) When the second- as Piecing tips or barbs.
l
eXPrľS1ľ tyP0l?ÍCal
and tti di h
The
ГгЬ
,
) en the second- as Piecing tips or barbs,
or el ct
1
eXPrľS1ľr tyP0l?ÍCal
and instructive diversity of composite mierolithic
raX
ЇнГЇ
u w
^ТГ
ÍS Wel1 Observed both in archeological or ethnog-
50Л
3 53 2 3
sTIs) ( 8 39; 42; 43; 44; 45) and
ГОск
art (fí 46= 47; 48; 49;
hnal
stage of development of mierolithic projectile weapons begins with
ithic and is defined by degradation of blade technology. The reducing of
flrľP°nS Ín
the economies of early farmers gradually led to the
avľfľl
fl pr0CessinLg· Necessities of mierolithic projectile weapons
At fir
ľľ
Ш,ЯТСЄ
On the blade prOCeSsinS and manufacturing of other
technoloev
ofthľ T
Plafumcreasing of size of blades and rejection of the inset
blal technoWv A g
ľ ľ1
At the SeCOnd occurred total degradation of
took
Aplace
the^ a
T
!
V°
ÏS
РГ0СеЅЅ
Unification of
the later
microliths
was
belato
Lom
triľ ľ
ZťŤAat ret0UCh technol°gy -hich
also appeared on
he
O ľworld Foľ i Of dlfferent Final
Neolithic and
Eneolithic
cultures of
ltľre
оТсггтеял
M amf
■ ***
Ψ*
°f
^Є
microliths were
used in the Neolithic
cZ.td^Zb^TM0!-
ífÍg·
3° 31) and Were more typologically unified
compared with the Late Mesolithic or Early Neolithic ones. The latter was conne-
SUMMARY
__________________________________________________________211
eted
with their functional specialization as chisel-ended or oblique arrowheads only
(fig.
58,19-21).
The Late Neolithic microliths from Crimea have diagnostic impact fractures mai¬
nly from use in such function (fig.
20,50-63).
The piercing points at this time already
were made with the bifacial flat retouch and use of unprocessed sharp edges of blades
as cutting elements the projectile weapons took place only in the latest microlithic
oblique and transversal ones. The total degradation of the blade processing and incr¬
ease of the role of flat retouch technology in manufacturing of lithic tool interrupted
the use of these sharp edges in the hunting weapons and the development of the mi¬
crolithic projectile points.
|
| adam_txt |
ЗМІСТ
Вступ
. 5
РОЗДІЛ І. Історія вивчення мікролітичної техніки
. 10
РОЗДІЛ
II.
Основні тенденції розвитку морфології мікролітів
в кам'яному віці України
. 21
Загальні засади дослідження
. 21
Мікролітичні комплекси верхньопалеолітичних, мезолітичних та неолітичних
пам'яток України
. 24
РОЗДІЛ
III.
Виготовлення мікролітів у «мікрорізцевій техніці»
. 80
Експерименти з моделювання прийомів «мікрорізцевої техніки»
. 85
Застосування «мікрорізцевої техніки» в кам'яному віці України
. 90
РОЗДІЛ
IV.
Призначення мікролітів у світлі
експериментально-трасологічних методів вивчення стародавніх
знарядь праці
. 104
Проблема функціонально-трасологічного методу дослідження мікролітів
. 104
Експерименти з моделювання процесів пошкодження мікролітичних наконечників
та реконструкції їх застосування в метальній зброї культур кам'яного віку
. 112
Способи застосування мікролітів у метальній зброї культур кам'яного віку України
за наявним макрозносом
. 122
РОЗДІЛ
V.
Використання мікролітів за археологічними
та етнографічними матеріалами
. 134
Знахідки мікролітів, закріплених у держаках знарядь
. 134
Знахідки мікролітів у кістках людей і тварин, які свідчать про їх застосування
. 140
Реконструкції способів фіксації мікролітів у держаках знарядь
. 151
Способи використання мікролітів у метальній зброї за наскельними
зображеннями
. 157
РОЗДІЛ
VI.
Мікролітична техніка та її місце в загальному розвитку
наконечників метальної мисливської зброї кам'яного віку
. 178
Роль мисливських знарядь у піднесенні технічного потенціалу стародавніх
суспільств і проблема зіставлення їх ефективності
. 178
Технологічні напрямки вдосконалення наконечників метальної зброї
в кам'яному віці
. 182
SUMMARY
. 207
СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
. 212
СПИСОК СКОРОЧЕНЬ
. 223
4_
Розвиток мікролітичної техніки в кам 'яному віці
ДОДАТОК ДО ДРУГОГО ВИДАННЯ
. 225
ВСТУП
. 226
1.
НОВІ ДАНІ ПРО ПОЯВУ ПЕРШИХ СВІДОЦТВ
МІКРОЛІТИЧНОЇ ТЕХНІКИ В УКРАЇНІ
. 227
2.
НОВІ ЗНАХІДКИ НАКОНЕЧНИКІВ МІКРОЛІТИЧНОЇ ЗБРОЇ
У КІСТКАХ ЛЮДЕЙ, МИСЛИВСЬКОЇ ЗДОБИЧІ
ТА ОПРАВАХ
. 238
Знахідки мікролітів у кістках людей та тварин
. 238
Знахідки мікролітів закріплених у деревках чи наконечниках метальної
зброї або із рештками смолистих речовин від їх фіксації
. 253
3.
НОВІ ДАНІ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТІВ ПО ВИКОРИСТАННЮ
МІКРОЛИТИЧНИХ НАКОНЕЧНИКІВ МЕТАЛЬНОЇ ЗБРОЇ.
256
Пізнавальні проблеми експериментального вивчення стародавніх крем'яних
знарядь праці та метальної зброї
. 256
Загальні умови здійснення експериментів
. 259
Специфіка експансивної дії наконечників стріл різних типів та моделей
їх руйнування
. 260
4.
НАСКЕЛЬНІ МАЛЮНКИ, ЩО ІЛЮСТРУЮТЬ
ВИКОРИСТАННЯ МІКРОЛІТИЧНОЇ ЗБРОЇ
. 279
ВИСНОВКИ
. 301
ЛІТЕРАТУРА
. 302
SUMMARY
Among possible methods of manufacturing of thrusting-cutting parts of projectile
points in the Stone Age were three prime technologies (fig.
57).
In the oldest Early
Paleolithic technology of «organic material points» it is a pointed tip of wood, bone
or antler baguette (for example Early Paleolithic wood monolithic heavy spears ot
Clacton-on-Sea,
Lehringen,
etc.). The joining of the separate tool organic and stone
raw materials defines a new stage of perfection in the Stone Age technique. This me¬
thod not only discovers more broad constructive possibilities of improving tools ot
the Stone Age, but allowed more effective use of mechanical properties
;
of organic and
stone raw materials for projectile weapons
[Семенов,
1957
с
.¿бі-ібЦ.
In the later Middle Paleolithic technology of stone «flaked points» these thru
-
ting-cutting parts of the points were made with flat retouch. Using of the projectile
tools were connected with powerful loading and harsh blows after c^swrth tar¬
gets. That is why this technology as all others, must not only ^^^
ľhe
points, but makes the stone tips stronger. Optimum outlines of the tip»a
of flake scars allowed the reduction of the brittle mechanical property of
StTo™1:rthe Upper Paleolithic finally took shape the new progressive and lat¬
est
ľecSogy
of manufacturing of stone sharp edges, the blade processing of sihceo-
:l
Z
ЇЖС
But usage of these sharp edges in projectile
^Ъе^ер^е
only due to the invention of abrupt retouch which destroys one edge
_
ofo*e
^fteto
more effective use and strengthening of the other one. Ibis mam
*^*£?^
ciple
laid down the basis of the microlithic techmque and stimulated
«
^
identical displaying in processing of microliths in the various Upper Paleolithic
Mesolithic blade cultures of the Old World.
processing in the cultures with
208_
Розвиток мікролітичної техніки в кам'яному віці
even in high quality blade industries. Again, in contrast to other stone tools, in the
microliths the use of unprocessed sharp edges of blade executed the basic thrusting-
cutting function (in the projectiles) and were the dominating morphological elem¬
ents. Such functions in other tools was accomplished by edges with the secondary
modification. In the microliths, abrupt retouch enabled to choose the best shape for
the insets according to the construction of projectile points (for most effective using
of sharp edges) and to enlarge the cohesion with the gluing substances and the shafts.
Due to the peculiarities of the combination of the blunted and sharp edges more br¬
oad constructive improvement of microlithic weapons became possible, contrary to
other technologies
That is to say that the establishing and development of the microlithic technique
in the different cultures of the Old World were connected with the attempts of effic¬
ient use of the sharp edges of prismatic blades for thru sting-cutting functions of the
hunting projectile weapons. Such use of the microliths as various insets of the proje¬
ctile points was well supported by archaeological and ethnographic materials throu¬
ghout the World [Vignard,
1935,
p.85-92; Clark, Phillips
&
Staley
1976,
p.223-288;
1978,
p.128-145;
Нужный,
1984,
c.23-
36;
Nuzhnyi,
1989,
p.
88-96].
The experiments
with stone projectile points and recent micro-wear studies of some microlithic assem¬
blages of the European Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic sites testified the
similar method of use [Odell,
1978,
p.37-49; Barton
&
Bergman,
1982.
p.
239-248;
Moss
&
Newcomer,
1982,
p.
282-312;
Fischer,
Hansen &
Rasmusen,
1984,
p.
19-44;
Нужний,
1979,
c.35-43; Nuzhnnyi,
1990,
p.113-124]. The diagnostic projectile fra¬
ctures (fig.
2)
defined and classified as so called «Ho Ho Classification» [Hayden,
1979,
p.
133-135
with supplement of Fischer
et all, 1984,
p.
22- 24]
and was used for
trustable reconstructions of methods of microliths fixation in composite projectile
points in proposed book. The impact fractures represented in experimental micr¬
olithic arrowheads were compared with that of main Ukrainian Upper Paleolithic,
Mesolithic and Neolithic industries.
The period of existence of the microlithic projectile weapons in the Stone Age can
be divided into five stages illustrated by the types of original composite points used
in the different times and the morphological traits of microliths with the diagnostic
projectile impact fractures, The development of these tools was accompanied by corr¬
esponding evolution of blade processing in the directions of size reduction, increasing
diminishing of thickness and of quality and standardization of prismatic blades.
The first stage was connected with establishing two morphological signs of the mi¬
croliths: composition of blunted and sharp edges in each tool, and small sizes
ofinsets.
This new technology of manufacturing hunting weapons perhaps was based on the two
preceding types of the insets of the hunting projectile points. Points similar to the Ch-
atelperronian ones were spread in many earlier «transitional» Paleolithic industries of
the Old World (Chatelperronian in Europe, Dabbaen in Northern Africa, Pre-Aurign-
acian in the Near East, etc.). These points had both the sharp edge and massive curved
blunt back, but were of very large size. The massive points with curved backs analogous
to the above-mentioned appeared in the archaic microlithic assemblages of Ukrainian's
Upper Paleolithic, for example in the Pushkarian industry (fig.
3; 4; 5,32- 66).
Accor-
SUMMARY
_209
ding to the diagnostic projectile impact fractures the; were used first of all as piercing
heads of heavy weapons such as spears or darts (fig.
4,21-30; 58,2).
Other microblade insets of Aurignacian cultures of early Upper Paleolithic of
Europe and the Near East had small sizes, but were morphologically inexpressive,
concerning with combination of their blunted and sharp edges. In the
Epi-
Aurigna¬
cian assemblages of Easten Europe, for example Sagajdak I, Anetovka I, Muralovka,
Zolotovka I (fig.
6,1- 45)
are characterized by small insets with abrasive retouch pr¬
ocessing (fig.
6, 1- 45).
The such methods of sides blunting of the stone insets of the
projectile weapons for binding fixation without of resin substances was well represe¬
nted in the Stone Age technologies throughout the World (for instance in the tanged
parts of Clovis,
Foison
or Plainview points in America). Aurignacian insets probably
were used as scales-like barbs fixed with sinew or other thread on the points made of
organic materials (fig.
44, 2; 58,3).
The similar types of scales-like quartz insets were
hafted with binding on the surface of points of some types of «death spears» in Eas¬
tern Australia (fig.
44, 3).
The second stage was characterized by typical backed microliths of Gravettian-
Perigordian industries, which combine both of these morphological signs of microlit-
hic technique. The assemblages of such cultures (Gravettian of Europe, Kebarian and
Baradostian of the Near East, Immeretian of the Caucasus, etc.) usually contained
typical backed microliths (various narrow and elongated points with straight blunt¬
ed back and typical rectangles of analogous outlines). Such types of true backed micr¬
oliths after
25
thousand years age were wide spread in Upper Paleolithic assemblages
of Ukraine (layer
7
of Molodove
5,
Jamy,
Mezin,
Mezhirich, Fedorovka, Anetovka
II, Janisol' etc.). According to the diagnostic impact fractures on the tanged parts the
various backed points of East-Gravettian and Epigravettian industries (fig
5, 1 -40;
6,84- 120; 7)
sometimes were used as direct asymmetrical piercing arrowheads (fig.
44, 1; 58,6).
The latter method of such use is well confirmed by microlithic points
injured of humans in the Final Paleolithic cemeteries of Dnepr river's rapids (fig.
41,
1-8, 11- 22)
as well as by microliths found in animal remains (fig.
40, 25, 24).
But
the main function of backed points and especially rectangles was their use as lateral
composite edges of the fore-shafts or various spear or dart points made from organic
materials (fig.
58, 4, 5).
The assemblage of backed microliths from Amvrosievka bi¬
son kill
-
site associated with spindle-shaped ivory points with slots and without of
ones supported this conclusion (fig.
6,46- 62).
Contrary to Aurignacian microliths the Gravettian ones were hafted as vertical
edges with resin-like substances on the surface of bone points or sometimes in wide
and shallow slots. The invention of the slot technology by Gravettian peoples created
the reason to establish a new specialized microblade direction of manufacturing of the
projectile points. Unprocessed fragments of microblades of high quality or minimally
retouched microliths which were fixed as lateral composite edges in the narrow and
deep slots of points, were widely spread in Eastern European and Siberian Mesolithic
and Neolithic.
The third stage was connected with «geometrization» of the backed microliths
which were used as arrow points in the Final Paleolithic (fig.
8; 9)
and Early
Meso-
210
Розвитокмікролітичної техніки в кам'яному віці
lithic
(fig.
10;
il;
14; 15; 16).
This process had a more rapid extension in the South¬
ern cultures of the Old World, from the limits of open glacier territories, due to the
intensive use of bow and arrows for hunting in closed forest and mountain terrain.
At first the older geometric microliths were used as piercing arrowheads or barbs
and later as chisel-ended ones (fig.
58, 7, 9, 10).
The use of microliths as transversal
arrowheads, which were more effective for the «blood-track» hunting in closed ter¬
rain, accelerated the process of their «geometrization» (fig.
58, 8).
That is why, the
maximal typological diversity of geometric microliths is represented in the final Ple¬
istocene the assemblages of the Shan-Koba culture (fig.
10; 11; 12; 13).
According to
diagnostic impact fractures the population of this culture occupied the closed terrain
of mountain forests of Crimea widely used geometric microliths not only as piercing
arrowheads, but as transversal ones. These early geometric microliths had form of
elongated and symmetrical segments, triangles or trapezoids and made from irregular
blades intensively changed by retouch from three sides.
The fourth stage is distinguished by more typological differentiation and spec¬
ialization of microliths of the Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic cultures used in
different composite arrowheads: transverse, oblique or piercing types with or without
various barbs and edges (fig.
58,13-25).
The widespread type of Late Mesolithic and
barly
Neolithic microliths were various trapezes and triangles with a highly reduced
rde of retouch in their morphoiogy. This was possible thanks to the level of perf_
Тлыл
P/°CľSÍng
and manufacturing of straight, standard and geometrically
shaped blades. At this time, the lithic assemblages of different cultures of Ukraini¬
an Mesolithic (Murzak-kobinian, Grebenikian, Janislavisian, Late Pesochnorovian,
eta) always contained morphologically expressive types of more or less symmetrical
and clear asymmetrical microliths (fig.
19; 21*2; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29).
Accor-
oZ,,° lgnAStll
'Tf
*
fraCtUreS the first Of them were used as transversal or
Г
(f*
35°
54 73 5
oZ,, lgAll
Tf
*
fraCtUreS the first Of them were used as transversal or
The
ГгЬ
(f*
3,:5°'
54> 73' 75) When the second- as Piecing tips or barbs.
l
eXPrľS1ľ tyP0l?ÍCal
and tti di h
The
ГгЬ
,
' ) en the second- as Piecing tips or barbs,
or el ct
1
eXPrľS1ľr tyP0l?ÍCal
and instructive diversity of composite mierolithic
raX
ЇнГЇ
u w'
^ТГ
ÍS Wel1 Observed both in archeological or ethnog-
50Л
3 53 2' 3
sTIs) ( 8' 39; 42; 43; 44; 45) and
ГОск
art (fí 46= 47; 48; 49;
hnal
stage of development of mierolithic projectile weapons begins with
ithic and is defined by degradation of blade technology. The reducing of
flrľP°nS Ín
the economies of early farmers gradually led to the
avľfľl
fl pr0CessinLg· Necessities of mierolithic projectile weapons
At fir
ľľ
Ш,ЯТСЄ
On the blade prOCeSsinS and manufacturing of other
technoloev
ofthľ T
Plafumcreasing of size of blades and rejection of the inset
blal technoWv A g
ľ 'ľ1
At the SeCOnd occurred total degradation of
took
Aplace
the^ a
T
!
V°
ÏS
РГ0СеЅЅ
Unification of
the later
microliths
was
belato
Lom
triľ'ľ
ZťŤAat ret0UCh technol°gy' -hich
also appeared on
he
O ľworld Foľ i Of dlfferent Final
Neolithic and
Eneolithic
cultures of
ltľre
оТсггтеял
M amf
■ ***
'Ψ*
°f
^Є
microliths were
used in the Neolithic
cZ.td^Zb^TM0!-
ífÍg·
3°' 31) and Were more typologically unified
compared with the Late Mesolithic or Early Neolithic ones. The latter was conne-
SUMMARY
_211
eted
with their functional specialization as chisel-ended or oblique arrowheads only
(fig.
58,19-21).
The Late Neolithic microliths from Crimea have diagnostic impact fractures mai¬
nly from use in such function (fig.
20,50-63).
The piercing points at this time already
were made with the bifacial flat retouch and use of unprocessed sharp edges of blades
as cutting elements the projectile weapons took place only in the latest microlithic
oblique and transversal ones. The total degradation of the blade processing and incr¬
ease of the role of flat retouch technology in manufacturing of lithic tool interrupted
the use of these sharp edges in the hunting weapons and the development of the mi¬
crolithic projectile points. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author | Nužnyj, Dmytro Jurijovyč 1959-2016 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1080830898 |
| author_facet | Nužnyj, Dmytro Jurijovyč 1959-2016 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Nužnyj, Dmytro Jurijovyč 1959-2016 |
| author_variant | d j n dj djn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035100708 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)635311692 (DE-599)BVBBV035100708 |
| edition | Vyd. 2., dop. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035100708 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:14:07Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:22:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789663733517 |
| language | Ukrainian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016768689 |
| oclc_num | 635311692 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-12 |
| physical | 306 S. zahlr. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | KNT |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Nužnyj, Dmytro Jurijovyč 1959-2016 Verfasser (DE-588)1080830898 aut Rosvytok mikrolityčnoï techniky v kamʺjanomu vici udoskonalennja zbroï pervisnych myslyvciv D. Ju. Nužnyj Vyd. 2., dop. Kyïv KNT 2008 306 S. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Mikrolith Werkzeug (DE-588)4169831-9 gnd rswk-swf Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd rswk-swf Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 s Mikrolith Werkzeug (DE-588)4169831-9 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016768689&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016768689&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Nužnyj, Dmytro Jurijovyč 1959-2016 Rosvytok mikrolityčnoï techniky v kamʺjanomu vici udoskonalennja zbroï pervisnych myslyvciv Mikrolith Werkzeug (DE-588)4169831-9 gnd Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4169831-9 (DE-588)4057226-2 |
| title | Rosvytok mikrolityčnoï techniky v kamʺjanomu vici udoskonalennja zbroï pervisnych myslyvciv |
| title_auth | Rosvytok mikrolityčnoï techniky v kamʺjanomu vici udoskonalennja zbroï pervisnych myslyvciv |
| title_exact_search | Rosvytok mikrolityčnoï techniky v kamʺjanomu vici udoskonalennja zbroï pervisnych myslyvciv |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Rosvytok mikrolityčnoï techniky v kamʺjanomu vici udoskonalennja zbroï pervisnych myslyvciv |
| title_full | Rosvytok mikrolityčnoï techniky v kamʺjanomu vici udoskonalennja zbroï pervisnych myslyvciv D. Ju. Nužnyj |
| title_fullStr | Rosvytok mikrolityčnoï techniky v kamʺjanomu vici udoskonalennja zbroï pervisnych myslyvciv D. Ju. Nužnyj |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rosvytok mikrolityčnoï techniky v kamʺjanomu vici udoskonalennja zbroï pervisnych myslyvciv D. Ju. Nužnyj |
| title_short | Rosvytok mikrolityčnoï techniky v kamʺjanomu vici |
| title_sort | rosvytok mikrolitycnoi techniky v kamʺjanomu vici udoskonalennja zbroi pervisnych myslyvciv |
| title_sub | udoskonalennja zbroï pervisnych myslyvciv |
| topic | Mikrolith Werkzeug (DE-588)4169831-9 gnd Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mikrolith Werkzeug Steinzeit |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016768689&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016768689&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nuznyjdmytrojurijovyc rosvytokmikrolitycnoitechnikyvkamʺjanomuviciudoskonalennjazbroipervisnychmyslyvciv |