Verfügbarkeit: Organic pollutants

Organic pollutants: an ecotoxicological perspective

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Walker, Colin Harold (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Boca Raton [u.a.] Taylor & Francis 2009
Ausgabe:	2. ed.
Schlagworte:	Umwelt Organic compounds > Toxicology Organic compounds > Environmental aspects Environmental toxicology Organische Verbindungen Umweltverschmutzung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Beschreibung:	XVII, 414 S. graph. Darst., Kt.
ISBN:	9781420062588

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Preface to First Edition ..........................................................................................xiii Preface to Second Edition ........................................................................................xv Acknowledgments in First Edition ........................................................................xvii PART 1 Basic Principles Chapter 1 Chemical Warfare ................................................................................3 1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................3 1.2 Plant-Animal Warfare ..............................................................4 1.2.1 Toxic Compounds Produced by Plants .........................4 1.2.2 Animal Defense Mechanisms against Toxins Produced by Plants .......................................................8 1.3 Toxins Produced by Animals and Microorganisms ................10 1.3.1 Toxins Produced by Animals .....................................10 1.3.2 Microbial Toxins ........................................................11 1.4 Human-Made Chemical Weapons ...........................................13 1.5 Summary .................................................................................15 Further Reading .................................................................................15 Chapter 2 Factors Determining the Toxicity of Organic Pollutants to Animals and Plants ............................................................................17 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................17 2.2 Factors That Determine Toxicity and Persistence ...................19 2.3 Toxicokinetics ..........................................................................21 2.3.1 Uptake and Distribution .............................................21 2.3.2 Metabolism .................................................................24 2.3.2.1 General Considerations ...............................24 2.3.2.2 Monooxygenases .........................................26 2.3.2.3 Esterases and Other Hydrolases .................36 2.3.2.4 Epoxide Hydrolase (EC 4.2.1.63)................40 2.3.2.5 Reductases ..................................................41 2.3.2.6 Conjugases ..................................................42 2.3.2.7 Enzyme Induction .......................................48 2.3.3 Storage ........................................................................50 2.3.4 Excretion ....................................................................51 2.3.4.1 Excretion by Aquatic Animals ...................52 2.3.4.2 Excretion by Terrestrial Animals ...............52 v¡ Contents 2.4 Toxicodynamics.......................................................................54 2.5 Selective Toxicity .....................................................................60 2.6 Potentiation and Synergism .....................................................62 2.7 Summary .................................................................................64 Further Reading................................................................................. 65 Chapter 3 Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their Environmental Fate ............................................................................67 3.1 Properties of Chemicals That Influence Their Fate in the Gross Environment ..................................................................68 3.2 Models of Environmental Fate ................................................70 3.3 Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their Metabolism and Disposition ....................................................71 3.4 Summary .................................................................................72 Further Reading .................................................................................73 Chapter 4 Distribution and Effects of Chemicals in Communities and Ecosystems .........................................................................................75 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................75 4.2 Movement of Pollutants along Food Chains ...........................75 4.3 Fate of Pollutants in Soils and Sediments ...............................81 4.4 Effects of Chemicals upon Individuals — the Biomarker Approach .................................................................................84 4.5 Biomarkers in a Wider Ecological Context .............................89 4.6 Effects of Chemicals at the Population Level .........................90 4.6.1 Population Dynamics .................................................90 4.6.2 Population Genetics ....................................................93 4.7 Effects of Pollutants upon Communities and Ecosystems — the Natural World and Model Systems .............96 4.8 New Approaches to Predicting Ecological Risks Presented by Chemicals ..........................................................97 4.9 Summary .................................................................................98 Further Reading .................................................................................98 PART 2 Major Organic Pollutants Chapter 5 The Organochlorine Insecticides .....................................................101 5.1 Background ............................................................................101 5.2 DDT [Ua.-trichloro^-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane] .........102 5.2.1 Chemical Properties .................................................102 5.2.2 Metabolism of DDT .................................................104 5.2.3 Environmental Fate of DDT .....................................105 Contents VII 5.2.4 Toxicity of DDT .......................................................109 5.2.5 Ecological Effects of DDT .......................................112 5.2.5.1 Effects on Population Numbers ................112 5.2.5.2 Effects on Population Genetics (Gene Frequencies) ..............................................115 5.3 The Cyclodiene Insecticides ..................................................116 5.3.1 Chemical Properties .................................................116 5.3.2 The Metabolism of Cyclodienes ...............................117 5.3.3 Environmental Fate of Cyclodienes .........................119 5.3.4 Toxicity of Cyclodienes ............................................122 5.3.5 Ecological Effects of Cyclodienes ............................124 5.3.5.1 Effects on Population Numbers ................124 5.3.5.2 Development of Resistance to Cyclodienes ...............................................130 5.4 Hexachlorocyclohexanes .......................................................131 5.5 Summary ...............................................................................132 Further Reading ...............................................................................132 Chapter 6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls ..............133 6.1 Background ............................................................................133 6.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls .....................................................134 6.2.1 Chemical Properties .................................................134 6.2.2 Metabolism of PCBs ................................................136 6.2.3 Environmental Fate of PCBs ....................................140 6.2.4 The Toxicity of PCBs ...............................................143 6.2.5 Ecological Effects of PCBs ......................................146 6.2.5.1 Physiological and Biochemical Effects in the Field ................................................146 6.2.5.2 Population Effects .....................................146 6.2.5.3 Population Genetics ..................................149 6.3 Polybrominated Biphenyls .....................................................149 6.4 Summary ...............................................................................150 Further Reading ...............................................................................150 Chapter 7 Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans ..................................................................................151 7.1 Background ............................................................................151 7.2 Origins and Chemical Properties ..........................................151 7.3 Metabolism ............................................................................153 7.4 Environmental Fate ...............................................................153 7.5 Toxicity ..................................................................................154 7.6 Ecological Effects Related to TEQs for 2,3,7,8-TCDD .........158 7.7 Summary ...............................................................................160 Further Reading ...............................................................................161 Contents Chapter 8 Organometallic Compounds ............................................................163 8.1 Background ............................................................................163 8.2 Organomercury Compounds .................................................163 8.2.1 Origins and Chemical Properties .............................163 8.2.2 Metabolism of Organomercury Compounds ............165 8.2.3 Environmental Fate of Organomercury ...................166 8.2.4 Toxicity of Organomercury Compounds ..................168 8.2.5 Ecological Effects of Organomercury Compounds ...............................................................170 8.3 Organotin Compounds ..........................................................172 8.3.1 Chemical Properties .................................................172 8.3.2 Metabolism of Tributyltin ........................................173 8.3.3 Environmental Fate of Tributyltin ............................173 8.3.4 Toxicity of Tributyltin ..............................................174 8.3.5 Ecological Effects of TBT ........................................176 8.4 Organolead Compounds ........................................................177 8.5 Organoarsenic Compounds ...................................................178 8.6 Summary ...............................................................................179 Further Reading ...............................................................................180 Chapter 9 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ..................................................181 9.1 Background ............................................................................181 9.2 Origins and Chemical Properties ..........................................182 9.3 Metabolism ............................................................................183 9.4 Environmental Fate ...............................................................185 9.5 Toxicity ..................................................................................187 9.6 Ecological Effects ..................................................................189 9.7 Summary ...............................................................................191 Further Reading ...............................................................................191 Chapter 10 Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides ..............................193 10.1 Background ............................................................................193 10.2 Organophosphorus Insecticides .............................................194 10.2.1 Chemical Properties .................................................194 10.2.2 Metabolism ...............................................................197 10.2.3 Environmental Fate ..................................................200 10.2.4 Toxicity .....................................................................202 10.2.5 Ecological Effects ....................................................208 10.2.5.1 Toxic Effects in the Field ..........................208 10.2.5.2 Population Dynamics ................................209 10.2.5.3 Population Genetics ..................................211 10.3 Carbamate Insecticides ..........................................................212 10.3.1 Chemical Properties .................................................212 10.3.2 Metabolism ...............................................................213 Contents ix 10.3.3 Environmental Fate ..................................................213 10.3.4 Toxicity .....................................................................215 10.3.5 Ecological Effects ....................................................217 10.4 Summary ...............................................................................218 Further Reading ...............................................................................218 Chapter 11 Anticoagulant Rodenticides .............................................................219 11.1 Background ............................................................................219 11.2 Chemical Properties ..............................................................219 11.3 Metabolism of Anticoagulant Rodenticides ..........................221 11.4 Environmental Fate ...............................................................222 11.5 Toxicity ..................................................................................224 11.6 Ecological Effects ..................................................................226 11.6.1 Poisoning Incidents in the Field ...............................226 11.6.2 Population Genetics ..................................................228 11.7 Summary ...............................................................................228 Further Reading ...............................................................................229 Chapter 12 Pyrethroid Insecticides .....................................................................231 12.1 Background ............................................................................231 12.2 Chemical Properties ..............................................................231 12.3 Metabolism of Pyrethroids ....................................................232 12.4 Environmental Fate of Pyrethroids .......................................234 12.5 Toxicity of Pyrethroids ..........................................................236 12.6 Ecological Effects of Pyrethroids ..........................................237 12.6.1 Population Dynamics ...............................................237 12.6.2 Population Genetics ..................................................238 12.7 Summary ...............................................................................238 Further Reading ...............................................................................239 PART 3 Further Issues and Future Prospects Chapter 13 Dealing with Complex Pollution Problems ......................................243 13.1 Introduction ...........................................................................243 13.2 Measuring the Toxicity of Mixtures ......................................244 13.3 Shared Mechanism of Action — an Integrated Biomarker Approach to Measuring the Toxicity of Mixtures .................245 13.4 Toxic Responses That Share Common Pathways of Expression .............................................................................250 13.5 Bioassays for Toxicity of Mixtures ........................................251 13.6 Potentiation of Toxicity in Mixtures ......................................253 13.7 Summary ...............................................................................254 Further Reading ...............................................................................254 x Contents Chapter 14 The Ecotoxicological Effects of Herbicides .....................................257 14.1 Introduction ...........................................................................257 14.2 Some Major Groups of Herbicides and Their Properties ......258 14.3 Impact of Herbicides on Agricultural Ecosystems ................258 14.4 Movement of Herbicides into Surface Waters and Drinking Water ......................................................................261 14.5 Summary ...............................................................................263 Further Reading ...............................................................................264 Chapter 15 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Their Environmental Impacts .............................................................................................265 R. M. Goodheadand C. R. Tyler 15.1 Introduction ...........................................................................265 15.2 The Emergence of Endocrine Disruption as a Research Theme ....................................................................................266 15.3 Modes of Action of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals ..........266 15.4 Case Studies of Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife ................270 15.4.1 DDT (and Its Metabolites) and Developmental Abnormalities in Birds and Alligators .....................270 15.4.2 TBT and Imposex in Mollusks .................................272 15.4.3 Estrogens and Feminization of Fish .........................273 15.4.4 Atrazine and Abnormalities in Frogs .......................275 15.4.5 EDCs and Health Effects in Humans .......................276 15.5 Screening and Testing for EDCs ...........................................276 15.6 A Lengthening List of EDCs .................................................278 15.6.1 Natural and Pharmaceutical Estrogens ....................279 15.6.2 Pesticides ..................................................................279 15.6.3 PCBs .........................................................................279 15.6.4 Dioxins.....................................................................280 15.6.5 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers .............................280 15.6.6 Bisphenols................................................................281 15.6.7 Alkylphenols ............................................................281 15.6.8 Phthalates .................................................................282 15.6.9 Natural EDCs ...........................................................283 15.7 Effects of Mixtures ................................................................283 15.8 Windows of Life with Enhanced Sensitivity .........................284 15.9 Species Susceptibility ............................................................286 15.10 Effects of EDCs on Behavior ................................................288 15.11 Lessons Learned from Endocrine Disruption and Their Wider Significance in Ecotoxicology ....................................290 15.12 Summary ...............................................................................292 Further Reading ................................................................................292 Contents xi Chapter 16 Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects of Environmental Chemicals .........................................................................................293 16.1 Introduction ...........................................................................293 16.2 Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects ...................................295 16.3 The Mechanisms of Action of Neurotoxic Compounds ........296 16.4 Effects on the Functioning of the Nervous System ...............302 16.4.1 Effects on the Peripheral Nervous System ...............302 16.4.2 Effects on the Central Nervous System ....................305 16.5 Effects at the Level of the Whole Organism .........................306 16.6 The Causal Chain: Relating Neurotoxic Effects at Different Organizational Levels ............................................308 16.6.1 Chemicals Sharing the Same Principal Mode of Action ...................................................................308 16.6.2 Effects of Combinations of Chemicals with Differing Modes of Action .......................................310 16.7 Relating Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects to Adverse Effects upon Populations .........................................311 16.8 Concluding Remarks .............................................................313 16.9 Summary ...............................................................................316 Further Reading ................................................................................317 Chapter 17 Organic Pollutants: Future Prospects ...............................................319 17.1 Introduction ...........................................................................319 17.2 The Adoption of More Ecologically Relevant Practices in Ecotoxicity Testing ............................................................321 17.3 The Development of More Sophisticated Methods of Toxicity Testing: Mechanistic Biomarkers ............................323 17.4 The Design of New Pesticides ...............................................324 17.5 Field Studies ..........................................................................326 17.6 Ethical Questions ...................................................................328 17.7 Summary ...............................................................................328 Further Reading ................................................................................329 Glossary ................................................................................................................331 References .............................................................................................................337 Index ......................................................................................................................377
adam_txt	Contents Preface to First Edition .xiii Preface to Second Edition .xv Acknowledgments in First Edition .xvii PART 1 Basic Principles Chapter 1 Chemical Warfare .3 1.1 Introduction .3 1.2 Plant-Animal Warfare .4 1.2.1 Toxic Compounds Produced by Plants .4 1.2.2 Animal Defense Mechanisms against Toxins Produced by Plants .8 1.3 Toxins Produced by Animals and Microorganisms .10 1.3.1 Toxins Produced by Animals .10 1.3.2 Microbial Toxins .11 1.4 Human-Made Chemical Weapons .13 1.5 Summary .15 Further Reading .15 Chapter 2 Factors Determining the Toxicity of Organic Pollutants to Animals and Plants .17 2.1 Introduction .17 2.2 Factors That Determine Toxicity and Persistence .19 2.3 Toxicokinetics .21 2.3.1 Uptake and Distribution .21 2.3.2 Metabolism .24 2.3.2.1 General Considerations .24 2.3.2.2 Monooxygenases .26 2.3.2.3 Esterases and Other Hydrolases .36 2.3.2.4 Epoxide Hydrolase (EC 4.2.1.63).40 2.3.2.5 Reductases .41 2.3.2.6 Conjugases .42 2.3.2.7 Enzyme Induction .48 2.3.3 Storage .50 2.3.4 Excretion .51 2.3.4.1 Excretion by Aquatic Animals .52 2.3.4.2 Excretion by Terrestrial Animals .52 v¡ Contents 2.4 Toxicodynamics.54 2.5 Selective Toxicity .60 2.6 Potentiation and Synergism .62 2.7 Summary .64 Further Reading. 65 Chapter 3 Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their Environmental Fate .67 3.1 Properties of Chemicals That Influence Their Fate in the Gross Environment .68 3.2 Models of Environmental Fate .70 3.3 Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their Metabolism and Disposition .71 3.4 Summary .72 Further Reading .73 Chapter 4 Distribution and Effects of Chemicals in Communities and Ecosystems .75 4.1 Introduction .75 4.2 Movement of Pollutants along Food Chains .75 4.3 Fate of Pollutants in Soils and Sediments .81 4.4 Effects of Chemicals upon Individuals — the Biomarker Approach .84 4.5 Biomarkers in a Wider Ecological Context .89 4.6 Effects of Chemicals at the Population Level .90 4.6.1 Population Dynamics .90 4.6.2 Population Genetics .93 4.7 Effects of Pollutants upon Communities and Ecosystems — the Natural World and Model Systems .96 4.8 New Approaches to Predicting Ecological Risks Presented by Chemicals .97 4.9 Summary .98 Further Reading .98 PART 2 Major Organic Pollutants Chapter 5 The Organochlorine Insecticides .101 5.1 Background .101 5.2 DDT [Ua.-trichloro^-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane] .102 5.2.1 Chemical Properties .102 5.2.2 Metabolism of DDT .104 5.2.3 Environmental Fate of DDT .105 Contents VII 5.2.4 Toxicity of DDT .109 5.2.5 Ecological Effects of DDT .112 5.2.5.1 Effects on Population Numbers .112 5.2.5.2 Effects on Population Genetics (Gene Frequencies) .115 5.3 The Cyclodiene Insecticides .116 5.3.1 Chemical Properties .116 5.3.2 The Metabolism of Cyclodienes .117 5.3.3 Environmental Fate of Cyclodienes .119 5.3.4 Toxicity of Cyclodienes .122 5.3.5 Ecological Effects of Cyclodienes .124 5.3.5.1 Effects on Population Numbers .124 5.3.5.2 Development of Resistance to Cyclodienes .130 5.4 Hexachlorocyclohexanes .131 5.5 Summary .132 Further Reading .132 Chapter 6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls .133 6.1 Background .133 6.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls .134 6.2.1 Chemical Properties .134 6.2.2 Metabolism of PCBs .136 6.2.3 Environmental Fate of PCBs .140 6.2.4 The Toxicity of PCBs .143 6.2.5 Ecological Effects of PCBs .146 6.2.5.1 Physiological and Biochemical Effects in the Field .146 6.2.5.2 Population Effects .146 6.2.5.3 Population Genetics .149 6.3 Polybrominated Biphenyls .149 6.4 Summary .150 Further Reading .150 Chapter 7 Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans .151 7.1 Background .151 7.2 Origins and Chemical Properties .151 7.3 Metabolism .153 7.4 Environmental Fate .153 7.5 Toxicity .154 7.6 Ecological Effects Related to TEQs for 2,3,7,8-TCDD .158 7.7 Summary .160 Further Reading .161 Contents Chapter 8 Organometallic Compounds .163 8.1 Background .163 8.2 Organomercury Compounds .163 8.2.1 Origins and Chemical Properties .163 8.2.2 Metabolism of Organomercury Compounds .165 8.2.3 Environmental Fate of Organomercury .166 8.2.4 Toxicity of Organomercury Compounds .168 8.2.5 Ecological Effects of Organomercury Compounds .170 8.3 Organotin Compounds .172 8.3.1 Chemical Properties .172 8.3.2 Metabolism of Tributyltin .173 8.3.3 Environmental Fate of Tributyltin .173 8.3.4 Toxicity of Tributyltin .174 8.3.5 Ecological Effects of TBT .176 8.4 Organolead Compounds .177 8.5 Organoarsenic Compounds .178 8.6 Summary .179 Further Reading .180 Chapter 9 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons .181 9.1 Background .181 9.2 Origins and Chemical Properties .182 9.3 Metabolism .183 9.4 Environmental Fate .185 9.5 Toxicity .187 9.6 Ecological Effects .189 9.7 Summary .191 Further Reading .191 Chapter 10 Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides .193 10.1 Background .193 10.2 Organophosphorus Insecticides .194 10.2.1 Chemical Properties .194 10.2.2 Metabolism .197 10.2.3 Environmental Fate .200 10.2.4 Toxicity .202 10.2.5 Ecological Effects .208 10.2.5.1 Toxic Effects in the Field .208 10.2.5.2 Population Dynamics .209 10.2.5.3 Population Genetics .211 10.3 Carbamate Insecticides .212 10.3.1 Chemical Properties .212 10.3.2 Metabolism .213 Contents ix 10.3.3 Environmental Fate .213 10.3.4 Toxicity .215 10.3.5 Ecological Effects .217 10.4 Summary .218 Further Reading .218 Chapter 11 Anticoagulant Rodenticides .219 11.1 Background .219 11.2 Chemical Properties .219 11.3 Metabolism of Anticoagulant Rodenticides .221 11.4 Environmental Fate .222 11.5 Toxicity .224 11.6 Ecological Effects .226 11.6.1 Poisoning Incidents in the Field .226 11.6.2 Population Genetics .228 11.7 Summary .228 Further Reading .229 Chapter 12 Pyrethroid Insecticides .231 12.1 Background .231 12.2 Chemical Properties .231 12.3 Metabolism of Pyrethroids .232 12.4 Environmental Fate of Pyrethroids .234 12.5 Toxicity of Pyrethroids .236 12.6 Ecological Effects of Pyrethroids .237 12.6.1 Population Dynamics .237 12.6.2 Population Genetics .238 12.7 Summary .238 Further Reading .239 PART 3 Further Issues and Future Prospects Chapter 13 Dealing with Complex Pollution Problems .243 13.1 Introduction .243 13.2 Measuring the Toxicity of Mixtures .244 13.3 Shared Mechanism of Action — an Integrated Biomarker Approach to Measuring the Toxicity of Mixtures .245 13.4 Toxic Responses That Share Common Pathways of Expression .250 13.5 Bioassays for Toxicity of Mixtures .251 13.6 Potentiation of Toxicity in Mixtures .253 13.7 Summary .254 Further Reading .254 x Contents Chapter 14 The Ecotoxicological Effects of Herbicides .257 14.1 Introduction .257 14.2 Some Major Groups of Herbicides and Their Properties .258 14.3 Impact of Herbicides on Agricultural Ecosystems .258 14.4 Movement of Herbicides into Surface Waters and Drinking Water .261 14.5 Summary .263 Further Reading .264 Chapter 15 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Their Environmental Impacts .265 R. M. Goodheadand C. R. Tyler 15.1 Introduction .265 15.2 The Emergence of Endocrine Disruption as a Research Theme .266 15.3 Modes of Action of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals .266 15.4 Case Studies of Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife .270 15.4.1 DDT (and Its Metabolites) and Developmental Abnormalities in Birds and Alligators .270 15.4.2 TBT and Imposex in Mollusks .272 15.4.3 Estrogens and Feminization of Fish .273 15.4.4 Atrazine and Abnormalities in Frogs .275 15.4.5 EDCs and Health Effects in Humans .276 15.5 Screening and Testing for EDCs .276 15.6 A Lengthening List of EDCs .278 15.6.1 Natural and Pharmaceutical Estrogens .279 15.6.2 Pesticides .279 15.6.3 PCBs .279 15.6.4 Dioxins.280 15.6.5 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers .280 15.6.6 Bisphenols.281 15.6.7 Alkylphenols .281 15.6.8 Phthalates .282 15.6.9 Natural EDCs .283 15.7 Effects of Mixtures .283 15.8 Windows of Life with Enhanced Sensitivity .284 15.9 Species Susceptibility .286 15.10 Effects of EDCs on Behavior .288 15.11 Lessons Learned from Endocrine Disruption and Their Wider Significance in Ecotoxicology .290 15.12 Summary .292 Further Reading .292 Contents xi Chapter 16 Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects of Environmental Chemicals .293 16.1 Introduction .293 16.2 Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects .295 16.3 The Mechanisms of Action of Neurotoxic Compounds .296 16.4 Effects on the Functioning of the Nervous System .302 16.4.1 Effects on the Peripheral Nervous System .302 16.4.2 Effects on the Central Nervous System .305 16.5 Effects at the Level of the Whole Organism .306 16.6 The Causal Chain: Relating Neurotoxic Effects at Different Organizational Levels .308 16.6.1 Chemicals Sharing the Same Principal Mode of Action .308 16.6.2 Effects of Combinations of Chemicals with Differing Modes of Action .310 16.7 Relating Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects to Adverse Effects upon Populations .311 16.8 Concluding Remarks .313 16.9 Summary .316 Further Reading .317 Chapter 17 Organic Pollutants: Future Prospects .319 17.1 Introduction .319 17.2 The Adoption of More Ecologically Relevant Practices in Ecotoxicity Testing .321 17.3 The Development of More Sophisticated Methods of Toxicity Testing: Mechanistic Biomarkers .323 17.4 The Design of New Pesticides .324 17.5 Field Studies .326 17.6 Ethical Questions .328 17.7 Summary .328 Further Reading .329 Glossary .331 References .337 Index .377
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indexdate	2024-07-09T21:22:11Z
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spelling	Walker, Colin Harold Verfasser aut Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective Colin H. Walker 2. ed. Boca Raton [u.a.] Taylor & Francis 2009 XVII, 414 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Umwelt Organic compounds Toxicology Organic compounds Environmental aspects Environmental toxicology Organische Verbindungen (DE-588)4043816-8 gnd rswk-swf Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd rswk-swf Organische Verbindungen (DE-588)4043816-8 s Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016767244&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Walker, Colin Harold Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective Umwelt Organic compounds Toxicology Organic compounds Environmental aspects Environmental toxicology Organische Verbindungen (DE-588)4043816-8 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4043816-8 (DE-588)4186812-2
title	Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective
title_auth	Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective
title_exact_search	Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective
title_exact_search_txtP	Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective
title_full	Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective Colin H. Walker
title_fullStr	Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective Colin H. Walker
title_full_unstemmed	Organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective Colin H. Walker
title_short	Organic pollutants
title_sort	organic pollutants an ecotoxicological perspective
title_sub	an ecotoxicological perspective
topic	Umwelt Organic compounds Toxicology Organic compounds Environmental aspects Environmental toxicology Organische Verbindungen (DE-588)4043816-8 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd
topic_facet	Umwelt Organic compounds Toxicology Organic compounds Environmental aspects Environmental toxicology Organische Verbindungen Umweltverschmutzung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016767244&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT walkercolinharold organicpollutantsanecotoxicologicalperspective

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