Creating scientific concepts:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.]
MIT Press
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 251 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780262141055 9780262515078 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Creating Scientific Concepts
Nancy J. Nersessian
How do novel scientific concepts arise? In Creating
Scientific Concepts, Nancy Nersessian seeks to
answer this central but virtually unasked question
in the problem of conceptual change. She argues
that the popular image of novel concepts and
profound insight bursting forth in a blinding flash
of inspiration is mistaken. Instead, novel concepts
are shown to arise out of the interplay of three
factors: an attempt to solve specific problems; the
use of conceptual, analytical, and material resources
provided by the cognitive-social-cultural context of
the problem; and dynamic processes of reasoning
that extend ordinary cognition.
Focusing on the third factor, Nersessian draws
on cognitive science research and historical accounts
of scientific practices to show how scientific and
ordinary cognition lie on a continuum, and how
problem-solving practices in one illuminate
practices in the other. Her investigations of scientific
practices show conceptual change as deriving from
the use of analogies,
imagistic
representations, and
thought experiments, integrated with experimental
investigations and mathematical analyses. She
presents a view of constructed models as hybrid
objects, serving as intermediaries between targets
and analogical sources in bootstrapping processes.
Extending these results, she argues that these
complex cognitive operations and structures are
not mere aids to discovery, but mat together they
constitute a powerful form of reasoning
—
model-
based reasoning
—
that generates novelty. This new
approach to mental modeling and analogy, together
with Nersessian s cognitive-historical approach,
makes Creating Scientific Concepts equally valuable
to cognitive science and philosophy of science.
Nancy J. Nersessian
is Regents Professor of Cognitive
Science in the School of Interactive Computing
at Georgia Institute of Technology. She is the author
of Faraday to Einstein: Constructing Meaning in
Scientific Theories, and numerous articles on the
creative reasoning practices of scientists and
on science learning.
A Bradford Book
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
1 Creativity in Conceptual Change:
A Cognitive-Historical Approach 1
1.1 Recasting the Problem of Conceptual Change 2
1.2 The Cognitive-Historical Method 6
1.3 Reasoning 10
1.4 Model-based Reasoning Exemplars 1 3
1.5 Overview of the Book 16
2 Model-based Reasoning Practices: Historical Exemplar 19
2.1 Maxwell s Problem Situation 21
2.2 Maxwell s Modeling Processes 29
2.3 Discussion: Maxwell s Model-based Reasoning Practices 48
3 Model-based Reasoning Practices: Protocol Study Exemplar 61
3.1 Protocol Records and Analysis 62
3.2 Exemplar 2: S2 and the Concept of Spring 65
3.3 S2 s Problem Situation 67
3.4 S2 s Modeling Processes 67
3.5 Discussion: S2 s Model-based Reasoning Practices 85
4 The Cognitive Basis of Model-based Reasoning Practices:
Mental Modeling 91
4.1 The Mental Models Framework 92
4.2 General Format and Processing Issues 95
4.3 Mental Modeling in Logical Reasoning 101
4.4 Craikian Mental Modeling: Simulative Reasoning 105
4.5 Mental Modeling and Scientific Model-based Reasoning Practices 127
viii t-ontents
5 Representation and Reasoning: Analogy, Imagery,
Thought Experiment 131
5.1 Model Construction and Analogy 135
5.2 Imagistic Representation 158
5.3 Representation Simulation and Thought Experimenting 172
5.4 Model-based Reasoning 180
6 Creativity in Conceptual Change 183
6.1 Model-based Reasoning: The Argument Thus Far 184
6.2 Conceptual Innovation 186
6.3 Conclusion: Model-based Reasoning in Conceptual Innovation 200
6.4 Reflexive Reflections: Wider Implications 201
Notes 209
References 219
Index 245
|
| adam_txt |
Creating Scientific Concepts
Nancy J. Nersessian
How do novel scientific concepts arise? In Creating
Scientific Concepts, Nancy Nersessian seeks to
answer this central but virtually unasked question
in the problem of conceptual change. She argues
that the popular image of novel concepts and
profound insight bursting forth in a blinding flash
of inspiration is mistaken. Instead, novel concepts
are shown to arise out of the interplay of three
factors: an attempt to solve specific problems; the
use of conceptual, analytical, and material resources
provided by the cognitive-social-cultural context of
the problem; and dynamic processes of reasoning
that extend ordinary cognition.
Focusing on the third factor, Nersessian draws
on cognitive science research and historical accounts
of scientific practices to show how scientific and
ordinary cognition lie on a continuum, and how
problem-solving practices in one illuminate
practices in the other. Her investigations of scientific
practices show conceptual change as deriving from
the use of analogies,
imagistic
representations, and
thought experiments, integrated with experimental
investigations and mathematical analyses. She
presents a view of constructed models as hybrid
objects, serving as intermediaries between targets
and analogical sources in bootstrapping processes.
Extending these results, she argues that these
complex cognitive operations and structures are
not mere aids to discovery, but mat together they
constitute a powerful form of reasoning
—
model-
based reasoning
—
that generates novelty. This new
approach to mental modeling and analogy, together
with Nersessian's cognitive-historical approach,
makes Creating Scientific Concepts equally valuable
to cognitive science and philosophy of science.
Nancy J. Nersessian
is Regents' Professor of Cognitive
Science in the School of Interactive Computing
at Georgia Institute of Technology. She is the author
of Faraday to Einstein: Constructing Meaning in
Scientific Theories, and numerous articles on the
creative reasoning practices of scientists and
on science learning.
A Bradford Book
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
1 Creativity in Conceptual Change:
A Cognitive-Historical Approach 1
1.1 Recasting the Problem of Conceptual Change 2
1.2 The Cognitive-Historical Method 6
1.3 Reasoning 10
1.4 Model-based Reasoning Exemplars 1 3
1.5 Overview of the Book 16
2 Model-based Reasoning Practices: Historical Exemplar 19
2.1 Maxwell's Problem Situation 21
2.2 Maxwell's Modeling Processes 29
2.3 Discussion: Maxwell's Model-based Reasoning Practices 48
3 Model-based Reasoning Practices: Protocol Study Exemplar 61
3.1 Protocol Records and Analysis 62
3.2 Exemplar 2: S2 and the Concept of Spring 65
3.3 S2's Problem Situation 67
3.4 S2's Modeling Processes 67
3.5 Discussion: S2's Model-based Reasoning Practices 85
4 The Cognitive Basis of Model-based Reasoning Practices:
Mental Modeling 91
4.1 The Mental Models Framework 92
4.2 General Format and Processing Issues 95
4.3 Mental Modeling in Logical Reasoning 101
4.4 "Craikian" Mental Modeling: Simulative Reasoning 105
4.5 Mental Modeling and Scientific Model-based Reasoning Practices 127
viii t-ontents
5 Representation and Reasoning: Analogy, Imagery,
Thought Experiment 131
5.1 Model Construction and Analogy 135
5.2 Imagistic Representation 158
5.3 Representation Simulation and Thought Experimenting 172
5.4 Model-based Reasoning 180
6 Creativity in Conceptual Change 183
6.1 Model-based Reasoning: The Argument Thus Far 184
6.2 Conceptual Innovation 186
6.3 Conclusion: Model-based Reasoning in Conceptual Innovation 200
6.4 Reflexive Reflections: Wider Implications 201
Notes 209
References 219
Index 245 |
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| title | Creating scientific concepts |
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