Modern radar systems:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston
Artech House
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Artech House radar series
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 701 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 29 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781596932425 1596932422 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000zc 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV035082331 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20081203 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 081002s2008 xxuad|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 010 | |a 2008273427 | ||
| 020 | |a 9781596932425 |9 978-1-59693-242-5 | ||
| 020 | |a 1596932422 |9 1-59693-242-2 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)180753570 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV035082331 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a xxu |c US | ||
| 049 | |a DE-898 |a DE-29T |a DE-706 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a TK6575 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 621.38485 |2 22 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 621.3848 | |
| 084 | |a ZN 6500 |0 (DE-625)157567: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Meikle, Hamish |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)13615784X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Modern radar systems |c Hamish Meikle |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston |b Artech House |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 701 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 29 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Artech House radar series | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Radar | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Radar |0 (DE-588)4176765-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Radar |0 (DE-588)4176765-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m GBV Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016750557&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016750557 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138035184402432 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | MODERN RADAR SYSTEMS SECOND EDITION HAMISH MEIKLE ARTECH HOUSE
BOSTON|LONDON ARTECHHOUSE.COM CONTENTS FOREWARD XVII PREFACE TO THE
SECOND EDITION XIX PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION XXI CHAPTER 1 THE RADAR
AND ITS GROUND ENVIRONMENT 1 1.1 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RADAR 1 1.1.1
OTHER TYPES OF RADAR 3 1.2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND RAENGE 5 1.3 MAIN
MONOSTATIC RADAR COMPONENTS 7 1.3.1 TRANSMITTER 8 1.3.2 WAVEGUIDE OR
TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM 8 1.3.3 DIPLEXER 8 1.3.4 ANTENNA 8 1.3.5
FACTORS EXTERNAL TO THE RADAR 8 1.3.6 RECEIVER 8 1.3.7 MATCHED AND
MATCHING FILTERS 9 1.3.8 DETECTOR 9 1.3.9 ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER
9 1.3.10 SIGNAL PROCESSOR 9 1.3.11 THRESHOLD 9 1.3.12 DETERMINATION OF
POSITION 9 1.3.13 COMMON COMPONENTS AND TIMING 9 1.4 BASIC QUANTITIES,
MAXIMUM RAENGE 12 1.5 SECONDARY RADAR 17 1.6 RADARS WITH SEPARATELY
LOCATED TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS 17 1.6.1 ELLIPTICAL COORDINATES 18
1.6.2 BISTATIC RADAR MAXIMUM RAENGE 19 1.7 PERFORMANCE 21 1.7.1 EFFECTS
ON RAENGE 22 1.7.2 RESOLUTION 23 1.7.3 ACCURACY 23 1.7.4 STABILITY 24
REFERENCES 24 CHAPTER 2 USUAL AND UNUSUAL CONCEPTS 25 2.1 AN EXAMPLE OF
THREE-DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTATION: THE WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR 25 2.2
VECTOR REPRESENTATION 27 2.3 ORDER OF LINEAR PROCESSING 28 2.4 POLYPHASE
MODULATION AND DEMODULATION 28 2.5 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS IN POLYPHASE
CIRCUITS 33 2.6 HARMONICS IN BALANCED POLYPHASE CIRCUITS 36 2.7
POLYPHASE, OR BOTTLE-BRUSH, NOISE 37 2.8 TIME AND SPECTRAL DOMAINS,
HELICAL SPECTRA 41 2.8.1 CONVOLUTION AND CORRELATION 45 2.9 GAUSSIAN
PULSES, SPECTRA, AND BEAM SHAPES 47 2.9.1 GAUSSIAN PULSES AND SPECTRA 47
2.9.2 GAUSSIAN BEAM SHAPES 49 2.9.3 GAUSSIAN ILLUMINATION FUNCTIONS 49
2.10 USE OF BRACKETS AND OTHER SYMBOLS 50 VN VLLL MODERN RADAR SYSTEMS
REFERENCES 50 CHAPTER 3 TRANSMITTERS 51 3.1 TRANSMITTER POWER 51 3.2
POWER OUTPUT STAGE 51 3.2.1 SEMICONDUCTOR TRANSMITTERS 52 3.3 SPECTRUM
AND SIDEBANDS 53 3.3.1 TRAPEZOIDAL EDGES 54 3.3.2 COSINE AND COSINE
SQUARED EDGES 56 3.3.3 EXTRA MODULATOR POWER NEEDED FOR SHAPING 57 3.4
PULSE COMPRESSION 58 3.4.1 LINEAR FREQUENCY MODULATION 59 3.4.2 SIMPLE
PHASE MODULATION 62 3.4.3 OTHER TYPES OF MODULATION AND THEIR SPECTRA 65
3.5 HARMONICS FROM THE TRANSMITTER 72 3.6 FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR
PERFORMANCE 72 3.6.1 RANGE 72 3.6.2 RESOLUTION 73 3.6.3 ACCURACY 73
3.6.4 STABILITY 73 3.6.5 INTERFERENCE TO NEIGHBORING SYSTEMS 79
REFERENCES 79 CHAPTER 4 MICROWAVE WAVEGUIDE AND TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM
81 4.1 MISMATCH 84 4.2 COMPONENTS 86 4.2.1 COAXIAL CABLES 86 4.2.2
WAVEGUIDES 86 4.2.3 STRIP OR MICROSTRIP LINES 89 4.2.4 MICROWAVE PASSIVE
COMPONENTS 90 4.3 MONITORING 95 4.3.1 POWER LEVEL 95 4.3.2 VOLTAGE
STANDING WAVE RATIO (VSWR) 95 4.4 EFFECT ON RADAR PERFORMANCE 95 4.4.1
EFFECTS ON MAXIMUM RAENGE 95 4.4.2 EFFECTS ON STABILITY 96 REFERENCES 96
CHAPTER 5 ANTENNAS 97 5.1 LINEAR AND RECTANGULAR RADIATORS 98 5.1.1
TAPERING THE ILLUMINATION FUNCTION TO REDUCE SIDELOBES 107 5.1.2
UNIFORM, TRAPEZOIDAL, AND TRIANGULAER ILLUMINATION TAPERING 109 5.1.3
SIMPLY TAPERED ILLUMINATION FUNCTIONS 109 5.1.4 LOW-SIDELOBE TAPERING
FUNCTIONS 110 5.1.5 GENERAL RULES FOR TAPERING 115 5.2 RADIATION FROM
CIRCULAR APERTURES 115 5.2.1 SIMPLY SHAPED CIRCULAR TAPERING FUNCTIONS
118 5.2.2 CIRCULAR TAYLOR LOW-SIDELOBE TAPERING FUNCTION 118 5.3
MONOPULSE RADAR ANTENNAS 119 5.3.1 TAPERING FUNCTIONS FOR MONOPULSE
ANTENNAS WITH LOW SIDELOBES 121 5.4 ARRAYSOFDISCRETE RADIATORS 129 5.4.1
TAPERED ILLUMINATION FUNCTIONS 131 5.4.2 WAYSOFDRIVINGDISCRETEELEMENTS
131 5.4.3 GRAETING EFFECTS 133 5.4.4 BEAM-STEERING QUANTIZATION EFFECTS
134 CONTENTS IX 5.5 CREATING SHAPED BEAMS 138 5.5.1 INVERSE FOURIER
TRANSFORM METHOD 139 5.5.2 THE WOODWARD-LAWSON METHOD 140 5.6 CIRCULAR
POLARIZATION 147 5.6.1 CIRCULAR POLARIZER FOR HOERN FEEDS 147 5.6.2
REFLECTING POLARIZERS 148 5.6.3 TRANSMISSION POLARIZERS 148 5.6.4 PHASED
ARRAY POLARIZATION 149 5.6.5 ENGINEERS AND PHYSICISTS CONVENTIONS 151
5.6.6 ELLIPTICITY OR THE QUALITY OF CIRCULAR POLARIZATION 151 5.6.7 RAIN
ECHO SUPPRESSION 152 5.7 ANTENNA HARDWARE LOSSES 152 5.7.1 ILLUMINATION
FUNCTION LOSS 153 5.7.2 BLOCKINGLOSS 153 5.7.3 SPILLOVER LOSS 153 5.7.4
SURFACE TOLERANCE LOSS 155 5.7.5 LOSSES IN POWER DIVIDERS, PHASE
SHIFTERS, AND OTHER BEAM-FORMING NETWORK COMPONENTS 155 5.7.6 OTHER
EFFECTS GIVING LOSSES 156 5.8 BEAM SHAPE LOSS 156 5.8.1 COHERENT
INTEGRATION 156 5.8.2 NONCOHERENT INTEGRATION 158 5.8.3 SMALL NUMBERS OF
PULSES 159 5.9 SCANNING LOSS 160 5.10 THE EQUIVALENCE OF DIFFERENT
SIGNAL COMBINING SYSTEMS 162 5.11 NOISE RECEIVED FROM AN ANTENNA 164
5.12 SIDELOBE CANCELERS AND ADAPTIVE BEAM FORMING 168 5.13 ANTENNAS
MOUNTED ON AIRCRAFT 169 5.13.1 SYNTHETIC APERTURES 170 5.13.2 MAPPING
176 5.13.3 RADARS ON SATELLITES 176 5.13.4 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 177 5.14
FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR PERFORMANCE 177 5.14.1 RANGE 177 5.14.2
RESOLUTION 178 5.14.3 ACCURACY 178 5.14.4 STABILITY 179 REFERENCES 179
APPENDIX 5A MATHEMATICAL APPENDIX 180 5A. 1 TAYLOR DISTRIBUTION 180 5A.2
ZOLOTAREV DISTRIBUTION 180 5A.3 BAYLISS DISTRIBUTION 182 CHAPTER 6
FACTORS OUTSIDE THE RADAR: PROPAGATION, SCATTERING, AND CLUTTER 185 6.1
AMPLITUDE AND PHASE OF THE ECHO 185 6.1.1 AMPLITUDE OF THE ECHO 185
6.1.2 PHASES OF THE ECHOES AND DOPPLER FREQUENCY 186 6.2 EFFECTS OF THE
ATMOSPHERE 187 6.2.1 EXPONENTIAL ATMOSPHERE MODEIS 188 6.2.2 CONSTANT K
ATMOSPHERE MODEL 190 6.2.3 RANGE-HEIGHT PAPER 192 6.2.4 LENS LOSS 192
6.2.5 ANOMALOUS PROPAGATION AND SUPERREFRACTION 194 6.2.6 ATTENUATION IN
THE ATMOSPHERE 195 6.3 SCATTERING 200 6.3.1 SCATTERING WITHOUT FADING
201 6.3.2 SCATTERING WITH FLUCTUATION 205 X MODERN RADAR SYSTEMS 6.4
SECOND-TIME-AROUND EFFECT 217 6.5 GROUND REFLECTIONS AND MULTIPLE PATHS
217 6.5.1 FIAT OR NEARLY FLAT EARTH 217 6.5.2 FACTORS THAT REDUCE
REFLECTIONS AND LOBING 227 6.6 SCENARIO TO SIMULATE A TYPICAL RADAR
ENVIRONMENT 231 6.6.1 ECHOES OF INTEREST, THE REFERENCE ECHO 232 6.6.2 A
LAND CLUTTER MODEL 235 6.6.3 THE WEIBULL CLUTTER MODEL 241 6.6.4 LAND
CLUTTER SPECTRUM 242 6.6.5 SEA CLUTTER 244 6.6.6 VOLUME CLUTTER, RAIN OR
SNOW CLUTTER, AND CHAFFOR WINDOW 246 6.6.7 RAIN AND CHAFF SPECTRA 248
6.6.8 TOTAL SIGNAL AT THE INPUT OF THE RECEIVER 250 6.7 FIGURES
AFFECTING PERFORMANCE 250 6.7.1 RANGE 250 6.7.2 ACCURACY 251 6.7.3
STABILITY 251 REFERENCES 251 APPENDIX 6A RANGE-HEIGHT PAPER 253 CHAPTER
7 RECEIVERS 273 7.1 DYNAMIC RAENGE, CONTROL OF GAIN, AND SENSITIVITY TIME
CONTROL 274 7.2 RADIO FREQUENCY SECTION 277 7.2.1 RADIO FREQUENCY
AMPLIFIER 277 7.2.2 RADIO FREQUENCY FILTER 279 7.2.3 MIXER 280 7.3
INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER AND FILTER 281 7.4 LIMITERS 282 7.4.1
EFFECTS ON AMPLITUDE 283 7.4.2 EFFECTS ON SPECTRUM 283 7.5 RECEIVER
CHARACTERISTICS 285 7.5.1 MINIMUM RAENGE 285 7.5.2 GAIN 285 7.5.3
BANDWIDTH, FILTERING, RINGING, AND THE ABILITY TO REJECT INTERFERENCE
285 7.5.4 DYNAMIC RAENGE BEFORE AND AFTER SENSITIVITY TIME CONTROL (STC)
286 7.5.5 ABILITY TO WITHSTAND TRANSMITTER PULSE SPIKES 286 7.5.6
CONSTANT SIGNAL OR NOISE OUTPUT 286 7.6 FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR
PERFORMANCE 286 7.6.1 RANGE BUDGET 286 7.6.2 RESOLUTION 287 7.6.3
ACCURACY BUDGET 287 7.6.4 STABILITY BUDGET 287 REFERENCES 290 CHAPTER 8
MATCHED AND MATCHING FILTERS 291 8.1 UNCOMPRESSED PULSES 292 8.1.1
RECTANGULAR TRANSMITTER PULSE AND RECTANGULAR FILTER 292 8.1.2
RECTANGULAR TRANSMITTER PULSE AND GAUSSIAN FILTER 295 8.1.3 DOPPLER
FREQUENCY SHIFT, DETUNING 298 8.1.4 FILTERING AFTER LIMITING, DICKE-FIX
RECEIVER 298 8.2 PULSE COMPRESSION USING FREQUENCY MODULATION 301 8.2.1
LINEAR FREQUENCY MODULATION 301 8.2.2 NONLINEAR FREQUENCY MODULATION 309
8.2.3 THE EFFECTS OF LIMITING BEFORE THE PULSE COMPRESSION FILTER 311
8.2.4 GENERAL CORRELATOR 312 8.3 DISCRETE PHASE SHIFT MODULATED PULSE
COMPRESSION 312 CONTENTS XI 8.3.1 BINARY CODES 315 8.3.2 POLYPHASE CODES
321 8.4 OTHER FORMS OF MODULATION 326 8.5 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE
SIGNALS 326 8.6 OUTPUT SIGNALS 326 8.7 FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR
PERFORMANCE 327 8.7.1 RANGE BUDGET 327 8.7.2 ACCURACY AND RESOLUTION
BUDGET 327 8.7.3 STABILITY BUDGET 327 REFERENCES 327 CHAPTER 9 DETECTORS
329 9.1 INCOHERENT DETECTORS 331 9.1.1 LOGARITHMIC INTERMEDIATE
FREQUENCY AMPLIFIERS 333 9.2 COHERENT DETECTORS 334 9.2.1 RING MODULATOR
OR DEMODULATOR 336 9.3 VECTOR DETECTORS 338 9.3.1 POLAR DETECTORS 339
9.3.2 CARTESIAN OR TWO-PHASE DETECTOR 339 9.4 SAMPLING WAVEFORMS AND
SPECTRA 341 9.4.1 SIMPLE OR SINGLE PHASE SAMPLING 341 9.4.2 COMPLEX OR
TWO-PHASE SAMPLING 343 9.4.3 SAMPLING AT INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY 344 9.5
MEASUREMENT OF NOISE 344 9.5.1 GAUSSIAN NOISE 345 9.5.2 RAYLEIGH NOISE
346 9.6 FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR PERFORMANCE 348 9.6.1 RANGE BUDGET 348
REFERENCES 348 CHAPTER 10 ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 349 10.1
PRINCIPLE 349 10.2 DYNAMIC RAENGE 349 10.3 NATURE AND TREATMENT OF ERRORS
350 10.3.1 TYPES OF ERRORS 350 10.3.2 MEASUREMENT OF ERRORS 352 10.3.3
CORRECTION OF ERRORS 354 10.3.4 ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION USING
INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY SIGNALS 355 10.4 FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR
PERFORMANCE 358 10.4.1 RANGE BUDGET 358 10.4.2 ACCURACY AND RESOLUTION
BUDGET 360 10.4.3 STABILITY BUDGET 360 REFERENCES 361 CHAPTER 11 SIGNAL
PROCESSING 363 11.1 ALTERING THE FORM OF THE VIDEO DURING ONE SWEEP 365
11.1.1 LIMITING 366 11.1.2 DIFFERENTIATION OF THE VIDEO: FAST (OR SHORT)
TIME CONSTANT 366 11.1.3 PULSE LENGTH (OR WIDTH) DISCRIMINATOR 366
11.1.4 LOGARITHMIC VIDEO AND LOG FTC 366 11.1.5 BANDWIDTH OR STRETCHING
OF THE VIDEO SIGNALS FOR DISPIAY 369 11.1.6 NOISE CLIPPING 369 11.1.7
CONSTANT FALSE ALARM RATE PROCESSING BY CELL AVERAGING 370 11.1.8 GATING
THE VIDEO 375 11.1.9 COMBINING THE VIDEOS FROM SEVERAL BEAMS 377 XLL
MODERN RADAR SYSTEMS 11.2 SIGNAL PROCESSING OVER A NUMBER OF SWEEPS 378
11.2.1 VIDEO INTEGRATION 384 11.2.2 BINAERY INTEGRATION 385 11.2.3
REJECTION OF ECHOES THAT HAVE UNWANTED DOPPLER FREQUENCIES, MOVING
TARGET INDICATOR 385 11.2.4 DOPPLER FREQUENCY PROCESSING WHICH SELECTS
THE DOPPLER FREQUENCIES OF INTEREST 407 11.2.5 COMPARISON OF MOVING
TARGET INDICATORS AND DETECTORS 432 11.3 PROCESSING OVER MANY SCANS AND
MAPS 432 11.3.1 AREA MOVING TARGET INDICATION (AMTI) OR CLUTTER MAP 433
11.3.2 MAPS FOR A MOVING TARGET DETECTOR 435 11.3.3 QUALITY SELECTION
437 11.4 AIRBORNE MOVING TARGET SIGNAL PROCESSING 438 11.4.1 THE TACCAR
MOVING TARGET INDICATOR 438 11.4.2 DISPLACED PHASE CENTER ANTENNA 439
11.4.3 PULSE DOPPLER RADARS 442 11.4.4 SIDEWAYS-LOOKING RADARS 443 11.5
FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR PERFORMANCE 443 11.5.1 RANGE BUDGET 443 11.5.2
ACCURACY AND RESOLUTION BUDGET 444 11.5.3 STABILITY BUDGET 444
REFERENCES 444 APPENDIX 11A AN APPROXIMATION TO SOLVE FOR THRESHOLDS
ABOVE CLUTTER 445 CHAPTER 12 THRESHOLD AND DETECTION 447 12.1 DWELL TIME
AND THE NUMBER OF ECHOES 447 12.2 FALSE ALARM PROBABILITIES, TIMES, AND
THRESHOLDS 448 12.2.1 FALSE ALARM TIME 448 12.2.2 FALSE ALARM NUMBER 448
12.2.3 FALSE ALARM PROBABILITY 449 12.2.4 CHANGING THE THRESHOLD LEVELS
452 12.3 PROBABILITY OF DETECTION 452 12.3.1 MARCUM CASE: NO FLUCTUATION
453 12.3.2 SWERLING CASE I: SLOW FLUCTUATION 458 12.3.3 SWERLING CASE
II: FAST FLUCTUATION 464 12.3.4 SWERLING CASE III: SLOW CHI-SQUARED
FLUCTUATION 468 12.3.5 SWERLING CASE IV: FAST CHI-SQUARED FLUCTUATION
472 12.4 COMPARISON OF PROBABILITY OF DETECTION CASES 475 12.4.1
COHERENT INTEGRATION: SLOW FLUCTUATION 476 12.4.2 NONCOHERENT
INTEGRATION: SLOW FLUCTUATION 476 12.4.3 NONCOHERENT INTEGRATION: FAST
FLUCTUATION 477 12.5 JOINT PROBABILITIES OF DETECTION 478 12.5.1 OTHER
FORMS OF INTEGRATION AFTER THE THRESHOLD 478 12.5.2 FREQUENCY DIVERSITY
RADARS 483 12.6 USEFUL APPROXIMATIONS 485 12.6.1 ALBERSHEIM S
APPROXIMATION FOR THE MARCUM CASE 485 12.6.2 SNIDMAN S APPROXIMATION FOR
THE MARCUM AND SWERLING CASES 486 12.7 FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR
PERFORMANCE 487 REFERENCES 487 CHAPTER 13 DETERMINATION OF POSITION 489
13.1 FIRE CONTROL RADARS 489 13.1.1 CONICAL SCANNING 490 13.1.2
AMPLITUDE MONOPULSE RECEIVERS 490 13.1.3 PHASE MONOPULSE RECEIVERS 492
13.1.4 MEASUREMENT OF RAENGE 493 13.1.5 EXTRACTING THE DOPPLER FREQUENCY
494 CONTENTS X11I 13.2 SECTOR SCAN RADARS 494 13.3 FAST SCANNING RADARS
494 13.4 SURVEILLANCE RADARS 495 13.4.1 BINARY DETECTION DECISIONS 495
13.4.2 MAXIMUM SIGNAL 496 13.4.3 CENTER OF GRAVITY OR CENTROID 496
13.4.4 MONOPULSE ANGLE MEASUREMENT WITH SEARCH RADARS 497 13.5 ACCURACY
497 13.5.1 ANGULAR ACCURACIES AND ROOT MEAN SQUARE APERTURE 500 13.5.2
TIME ACCURACIES AND ROOT MEAN SQUARE BANDWIDTH 501 13.5.3 FREQUENCY
ACCURACY AND ROOT MEAN SQUARE SIGNAL DURATION 502 13.6 THE DISPLAY OF
POSITION 502 13.6.1 DISPLAYS USED TO MEASURE RAENGE 502 13.6.2 DISPLAYS
FOR SURVEILLANCE 502 13.6.3 AIRBORNE DISPLAYS 504 13.6.4 DISPLAYS FOR
AIMING WEAPONS 504 13.6.5 DISPLAYS TO INDICATE INTERFERENCE ORJAMMING
506 13.6.6 SIGNALS USED FOR DISPLAYS 506 13.7 FIGURES AFFECTING
PERFORMANCE 507 REFERENCES 508 CHAPTER 14 PERFORMANCE 509 14.1 RANGE 509
14.2 ACCURACY 511 14.2.1 BIASERRORS 512 14.2.2 RANDOM ERRORS 512 14.3
RESOLUTION 515 14.3.1 RESOLUTION IN RAENGE 517 14.3.2 RESOLUTION IN
AZIMUTH ANGLE 517 14.3.3 RESOLUTION IN ELEVATION ANGLE 518 14.3.4
RESOLUTION IN DOPPLER FREQUENCY 518 14.4 STABILITY, THE CANCELLATION
RATIO 5 ] 8 14.5 INTERFERING ORJAMMING SIGNALS 519 14.5.1 CHAFF OR
WINDOW 519 14.5.2 ACTIVE JAMMING 519 14.5.3 DECEPTIONJAMMING 520 14.6
TABLES 521 14.6.1 BASIC RADAR REQUIREMENTS 521 14.6.2 DERIVED
CHARACTERISTICS 523 14.6.3 FACTORS FOR CALCULATING RAENGE 523 14.6.4
RESOLUTION 524 14.6.5 ACCURACY 524 14.6.6 STABILITY 524 REFERENCES 525
CHAPTER 15 STATISTICS 527 15.1 TERMS 527 15.1.1 MEAN AND EXPECTED VALUES
528 15.1.2 VARIANCE 528 15.1.3 STANDARD DEVIATION 529 15.1.4 HISTOGRAM
AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 529 15.1.5 CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
529 15.1.6 PERCENTILES AND QUARTILES 530 15.1.7 MOMENT GENERATING
FUNCTIONS 530 15.1.8 FOURIER TRANSFORM 531 XIV MODERN RADAR SYSTEMS 15.2
FAMILIES OF DISTRIBUTIONS 534 15.2.1 GAUSSIAN OR NORMAL DISTRIBUTION:
TWO SIDED FROM - TO + 534 15.2.2 LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 537 15.2.3
RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION 538 15.2.4 RICEAN DISTRIBUTION 541 15.3 GAMMA
DISTRIBUTION FAMILY: BOUNDED ON ONE SIDE FROM 0 TO 544 15.3.1
ERLANGIAN DISTRIBUTION 546 15.3.2 CHI-SQUARED DISTRIBUTION 547 15.3.3
CHI DISTRIBUTION 548 15.3.4 NEGATIVE EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION 549 15.4
OTHER DISTRIBUTIONS BOUNDED ON ONE SIDE 549 15.4.1 WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION
550 15.5 DISCRETE DISTRIBUTION: BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 551 15.6 RANDOM
NUMBERS 552 REFERENCES 553 CHAPTER 16 TRANSFORMS 555 16.1 CONVENTIONS
FOR THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 555 16.2 SOME POLYPHASE AND SINGLE PHASE
FOURIER TRANSFORMS 556 16.2.1 SINGLE PHASE COSINE WAVE 558 16.2.2 SINGLE
PHASE SINE WAVE 559 16.2.3 RECTANGULAR PULSE 560 16.2.4 TIMESHIFT 561
16.2.5 PHASE SHIFT 563 16.2.6 EXAMPLES OF FOURIER TRANSFORMS IN THE
COMPLEX PLANE 563 16.2.7 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION 564 16.2.8
DIFFERENTIATION 564 16.2.9 CONVOLUTION, THE MULTIPLICATION OF FOURIER
TRANSFORMS 565 16.2.10 CROSS-CORRELATION, MULTIPLICATION WITH COMPLEX
CONJUGATES 568 16.2.11 AUTOCORRELATION, MULTIPLICATION WITH ITS OWN
COMPLEX CONJUGATE 569 16.2.12 ENERGY AND POWER 570 16.3 DISCRETE FOURIER
TRANSFORM 570 16.3.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE
TRANSFORM FUNCTIONS 574 16.3.2 FAST TRANSFORMS 576 16.4 SUMMARY
OFPROPERTIES OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 576 16.5 TAPERING 577 16.5.1 GAINS
AND LOSSES 579 16.5.2 SPECTRAL LEAKAGE OR TWO-TONE CHARACTERISTICS 584
16.5.3 RESOLUTION 585 16.5.4 EXAMPLE: VON HANN AND HAMMING TAPERING
FUNCTIONS 585 16.6 RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER TRANSFORMS 590 16.6.1 THE Z
TRANSFORM 590 16.7 THE USE OF FOURIER TRANSFORMS FOR FINITE IMPULSE
RESPONSE FILTERS 592 16.7.1 SINGLE-PHASE SIGNAL FILTERING 593 16.7.2
VIDEO INTEGRATION IN A FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTER 597 16.7.3
NONCOHERENT MOVING TARGET INDICATOR FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTER 597
16.7.4 POLYPHASE SIGNAL FILTERING 599 REFERENCES 600 APPENDIX 16A
COMPLETE CORRELATION 601 APPENDIX A LANGUAGE AND GLOSSARY 603 A. 1
UNIFIED TERMINOLOGY 603 A. 1.1 MILITARY WORDS THAT HAVE BEEN AVOIDED 603
A.1.2 UNFORTUNATE WORDS 603 A. 1.3 TECHNICAL WORDS 604 A. 1.4 WORDS
RETAINED CONTENTS XV A. 1.5 NEW WORDS 605 A. 1.6 RUSSIAN NAMES 605 A.2
GLOSSARY 605 A.3 DISPLAYS 614 A.3.1 SURVEILLANCE RADARS 615 A.3.2
ANTI-AIRCRAFT (AA) ARTILLERY RADARS 615 A.3.3 AIRBORNE INTERCEPT (AI)
RADARS 615 A.3.4 DISPLAY TYPES 615 A.3.5 DISPLAYS FOR SHOWING THE
EFFECTS OF JAMMING (MILITARY) 616 A.4 SYMBOLS 617 REFERENCES 617
APPENDIX B TAPERING FUNCTIONS 619 B.L CONVENTIONS AND NORMALIZATION 619
B.L .1 SCALOPING LOSS AND WORST-CASE PROCESSING LOSS 621 B. 1.2 SPECTRAL
LEAKAGE OR TWO-TONE CHARACTERISTIC 621 B. 1.3 OTHER NAMES USED FOR
TAPERING FUNCTIONS 621 B.2 TAPERING FUNCTIONS 622 B.2.1 TRAPEZOIDAL
TAPERING 622 B .2.2 (1 - 4P 2 ) TAPERING. 626 B.2.3 COSINE TO THE
POWER N TAPERING 629 B.2.4 COSINE ON A PEDESTAL TAPERING 633 B.2.5
HAMMING, BLACKMAN, AND BLACKMAN-HARRIS TAPERING 636 B.2.6 TRUNCATED
GAUSSIAN TAPERING 646 B.2.7 EVEN TAYLOR TAPERING 649 B.3 TAPERING WITH
DISCRETE ELEMENTS 653 B.3.1 DOLPH-CHEBYSHEV TAPERING FOR A DISCRETE 10
ELEMENT SYSTEM 653 B.4 TAPERING OR ILLUMINATION FUNCTIONS FOR CIRCULAR
ANTENNAS 657 B.4.1 CIRCULAR (1 -AR 1 ) TAPERING 657 B.4.2 CIRCULAR
TRUNCATED GAUSSIAN TAPERING 660 B.4.3 CIRCULAR TAYLOR TAPERING 662 B.5
ODD TAPERING FUNCTIONS 664 B.5.1 ODD RECTANGULAR TAPERING 664 B.5.2 ODD
TRIANGULAER TAPERING 667 B.5.3 ODD COSINE TO THE POWER N TAPERING 669
B.5.4 ODD TRUNCATED RAYLEIGH TAPERING 671 B.5.5 ODD TAYLOR DERIVATIVE
TAPERING 673 B.5.6 BAYLISS TAPERING 675 B.5.7 ZOLOTAREV TAPERING 679
REFERENCES 681 APPENDIX C FREQUENCY BAND LETTERS 683 LIST OF SYMBOLS 685
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 693 INDEX 695
|
| adam_txt |
MODERN RADAR SYSTEMS SECOND EDITION HAMISH MEIKLE ARTECH HOUSE
BOSTON|LONDON ARTECHHOUSE.COM CONTENTS FOREWARD XVII PREFACE TO THE
SECOND EDITION XIX PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION XXI CHAPTER 1 THE RADAR
AND ITS GROUND ENVIRONMENT 1 1.1 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RADAR 1 1.1.1
OTHER TYPES OF RADAR 3 1.2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND RAENGE 5 1.3 MAIN
MONOSTATIC RADAR COMPONENTS 7 1.3.1 TRANSMITTER 8 1.3.2 WAVEGUIDE OR
TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM 8 1.3.3 DIPLEXER 8 1.3.4 ANTENNA 8 1.3.5
FACTORS EXTERNAL TO THE RADAR 8 1.3.6 RECEIVER 8 1.3.7 MATCHED AND
MATCHING FILTERS 9 1.3.8 DETECTOR 9 1.3.9 ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER
9 1.3.10 SIGNAL PROCESSOR 9 1.3.11 THRESHOLD 9 1.3.12 DETERMINATION OF
POSITION 9 1.3.13 COMMON COMPONENTS AND TIMING 9 1.4 BASIC QUANTITIES,
MAXIMUM RAENGE 12 1.5 SECONDARY RADAR 17 1.6 RADARS WITH SEPARATELY
LOCATED TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS 17 1.6.1 ELLIPTICAL COORDINATES 18
1.6.2 BISTATIC RADAR MAXIMUM RAENGE 19 1.7 PERFORMANCE 21 1.7.1 EFFECTS
ON RAENGE 22 1.7.2 RESOLUTION 23 1.7.3 ACCURACY 23 1.7.4 STABILITY 24
REFERENCES 24 CHAPTER 2 USUAL AND UNUSUAL CONCEPTS 25 2.1 AN EXAMPLE OF
THREE-DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTATION: THE WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR 25 2.2
VECTOR REPRESENTATION 27 2.3 ORDER OF LINEAR PROCESSING 28 2.4 POLYPHASE
MODULATION AND DEMODULATION 28 2.5 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS IN POLYPHASE
CIRCUITS 33 2.6 HARMONICS IN BALANCED POLYPHASE CIRCUITS 36 2.7
POLYPHASE, OR BOTTLE-BRUSH, NOISE 37 2.8 TIME AND SPECTRAL DOMAINS,
HELICAL SPECTRA 41 2.8.1 CONVOLUTION AND CORRELATION 45 2.9 GAUSSIAN
PULSES, SPECTRA, AND BEAM SHAPES 47 2.9.1 GAUSSIAN PULSES AND SPECTRA 47
2.9.2 GAUSSIAN BEAM SHAPES 49 2.9.3 GAUSSIAN ILLUMINATION FUNCTIONS 49
2.10 USE OF BRACKETS AND OTHER SYMBOLS 50 VN VLLL MODERN RADAR SYSTEMS
REFERENCES 50 CHAPTER 3 TRANSMITTERS 51 3.1 TRANSMITTER POWER 51 3.2
POWER OUTPUT STAGE 51 3.2.1 SEMICONDUCTOR TRANSMITTERS 52 3.3 SPECTRUM
AND SIDEBANDS 53 3.3.1 TRAPEZOIDAL EDGES 54 3.3.2 COSINE AND COSINE
SQUARED EDGES 56 3.3.3 EXTRA MODULATOR POWER NEEDED FOR SHAPING 57 3.4
PULSE COMPRESSION 58 3.4.1 LINEAR FREQUENCY MODULATION 59 3.4.2 SIMPLE
PHASE MODULATION 62 3.4.3 OTHER TYPES OF MODULATION AND THEIR SPECTRA 65
3.5 HARMONICS FROM THE TRANSMITTER 72 3.6 FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR
PERFORMANCE 72 3.6.1 RANGE 72 3.6.2 RESOLUTION 73 3.6.3 ACCURACY 73
3.6.4 STABILITY 73 3.6.5 INTERFERENCE TO NEIGHBORING SYSTEMS 79
REFERENCES 79 CHAPTER 4 MICROWAVE WAVEGUIDE AND TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM
81 4.1 MISMATCH 84 4.2 COMPONENTS 86 4.2.1 COAXIAL CABLES 86 4.2.2
WAVEGUIDES 86 4.2.3 STRIP OR MICROSTRIP LINES 89 4.2.4 MICROWAVE PASSIVE
COMPONENTS 90 4.3 MONITORING 95 4.3.1 POWER LEVEL 95 4.3.2 VOLTAGE
STANDING WAVE RATIO (VSWR) 95 4.4 EFFECT ON RADAR PERFORMANCE 95 4.4.1
EFFECTS ON MAXIMUM RAENGE 95 4.4.2 EFFECTS ON STABILITY 96 REFERENCES 96
CHAPTER 5 ANTENNAS 97 5.1 LINEAR AND RECTANGULAR RADIATORS 98 5.1.1
TAPERING THE ILLUMINATION FUNCTION TO REDUCE SIDELOBES 107 5.1.2
UNIFORM, TRAPEZOIDAL, AND TRIANGULAER ILLUMINATION TAPERING 109 5.1.3
SIMPLY TAPERED ILLUMINATION FUNCTIONS 109 5.1.4 LOW-SIDELOBE TAPERING
FUNCTIONS 110 5.1.5 GENERAL RULES FOR TAPERING 115 5.2 RADIATION FROM
CIRCULAR APERTURES 115 5.2.1 SIMPLY SHAPED CIRCULAR TAPERING FUNCTIONS
118 5.2.2 CIRCULAR TAYLOR LOW-SIDELOBE TAPERING FUNCTION 118 5.3
MONOPULSE RADAR ANTENNAS 119 5.3.1 TAPERING FUNCTIONS FOR MONOPULSE
ANTENNAS WITH LOW SIDELOBES 121 5.4 ARRAYSOFDISCRETE RADIATORS 129 5.4.1
TAPERED ILLUMINATION FUNCTIONS 131 5.4.2 WAYSOFDRIVINGDISCRETEELEMENTS
131 5.4.3 GRAETING EFFECTS 133 5.4.4 BEAM-STEERING QUANTIZATION EFFECTS
134 CONTENTS IX 5.5 CREATING SHAPED BEAMS 138 5.5.1 INVERSE FOURIER
TRANSFORM METHOD 139 5.5.2 THE WOODWARD-LAWSON METHOD 140 5.6 CIRCULAR
POLARIZATION 147 5.6.1 CIRCULAR POLARIZER FOR HOERN FEEDS 147 5.6.2
REFLECTING POLARIZERS 148 5.6.3 TRANSMISSION POLARIZERS 148 5.6.4 PHASED
ARRAY POLARIZATION 149 5.6.5 ENGINEERS' AND PHYSICISTS' CONVENTIONS 151
5.6.6 ELLIPTICITY OR THE QUALITY OF CIRCULAR POLARIZATION 151 5.6.7 RAIN
ECHO SUPPRESSION 152 5.7 ANTENNA HARDWARE LOSSES 152 5.7.1 ILLUMINATION
FUNCTION LOSS 153 5.7.2 BLOCKINGLOSS 153 5.7.3 SPILLOVER LOSS 153 5.7.4
SURFACE TOLERANCE LOSS 155 5.7.5 LOSSES IN POWER DIVIDERS, PHASE
SHIFTERS, AND OTHER BEAM-FORMING NETWORK COMPONENTS 155 5.7.6 OTHER
EFFECTS GIVING LOSSES 156 5.8 BEAM SHAPE LOSS 156 5.8.1 COHERENT
INTEGRATION 156 5.8.2 NONCOHERENT INTEGRATION 158 5.8.3 SMALL NUMBERS OF
PULSES 159 5.9 SCANNING LOSS 160 5.10 THE EQUIVALENCE OF DIFFERENT
SIGNAL COMBINING SYSTEMS 162 5.11 NOISE RECEIVED FROM AN ANTENNA 164
5.12 SIDELOBE CANCELERS AND ADAPTIVE BEAM FORMING 168 5.13 ANTENNAS
MOUNTED ON AIRCRAFT 169 5.13.1 SYNTHETIC APERTURES 170 5.13.2 MAPPING
176 5.13.3 RADARS ON SATELLITES 176 5.13.4 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 177 5.14
FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR PERFORMANCE 177 5.14.1 RANGE 177 5.14.2
RESOLUTION 178 5.14.3 ACCURACY 178 5.14.4 STABILITY 179 REFERENCES 179
APPENDIX 5A MATHEMATICAL APPENDIX 180 5A. 1 TAYLOR DISTRIBUTION 180 5A.2
ZOLOTAREV DISTRIBUTION 180 5A.3 BAYLISS DISTRIBUTION 182 CHAPTER 6
FACTORS OUTSIDE THE RADAR: PROPAGATION, SCATTERING, AND CLUTTER 185 6.1
AMPLITUDE AND PHASE OF THE ECHO 185 6.1.1 AMPLITUDE OF THE ECHO 185
6.1.2 PHASES OF THE ECHOES AND DOPPLER FREQUENCY 186 6.2 EFFECTS OF THE
ATMOSPHERE 187 6.2.1 EXPONENTIAL ATMOSPHERE MODEIS 188 6.2.2 CONSTANT K
ATMOSPHERE MODEL 190 6.2.3 RANGE-HEIGHT PAPER 192 6.2.4 LENS LOSS 192
6.2.5 ANOMALOUS PROPAGATION AND SUPERREFRACTION 194 6.2.6 ATTENUATION IN
THE ATMOSPHERE 195 6.3 SCATTERING 200 6.3.1 SCATTERING WITHOUT FADING
201 6.3.2 SCATTERING WITH FLUCTUATION 205 X MODERN RADAR SYSTEMS 6.4
SECOND-TIME-AROUND EFFECT 217 6.5 GROUND REFLECTIONS AND MULTIPLE PATHS
217 6.5.1 FIAT OR NEARLY FLAT EARTH 217 6.5.2 FACTORS THAT REDUCE
REFLECTIONS AND LOBING 227 6.6 SCENARIO TO SIMULATE A "TYPICAL" RADAR
ENVIRONMENT 231 6.6.1 ECHOES OF INTEREST, THE REFERENCE ECHO 232 6.6.2 A
LAND CLUTTER MODEL 235 6.6.3 THE WEIBULL CLUTTER MODEL 241 6.6.4 LAND
CLUTTER SPECTRUM 242 6.6.5 SEA CLUTTER 244 6.6.6 VOLUME CLUTTER, RAIN OR
SNOW CLUTTER, AND CHAFFOR WINDOW 246 6.6.7 RAIN AND CHAFF SPECTRA 248
6.6.8 TOTAL SIGNAL AT THE INPUT OF THE RECEIVER 250 6.7 FIGURES
AFFECTING PERFORMANCE 250 6.7.1 RANGE 250 6.7.2 ACCURACY 251 6.7.3
STABILITY 251 REFERENCES 251 APPENDIX 6A RANGE-HEIGHT PAPER 253 CHAPTER
7 RECEIVERS 273 7.1 DYNAMIC RAENGE, CONTROL OF GAIN, AND SENSITIVITY TIME
CONTROL 274 7.2 RADIO FREQUENCY SECTION 277 7.2.1 RADIO FREQUENCY
AMPLIFIER 277 7.2.2 RADIO FREQUENCY FILTER 279 7.2.3 MIXER 280 7.3
INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER AND FILTER 281 7.4 LIMITERS 282 7.4.1
EFFECTS ON AMPLITUDE 283 7.4.2 EFFECTS ON SPECTRUM 283 7.5 RECEIVER
CHARACTERISTICS 285 7.5.1 MINIMUM RAENGE 285 7.5.2 GAIN 285 7.5.3
BANDWIDTH, FILTERING, RINGING, AND THE ABILITY TO REJECT INTERFERENCE
285 7.5.4 DYNAMIC RAENGE BEFORE AND AFTER SENSITIVITY TIME CONTROL (STC)
286 7.5.5 ABILITY TO WITHSTAND TRANSMITTER PULSE SPIKES 286 7.5.6
CONSTANT SIGNAL OR NOISE OUTPUT 286 7.6 FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR
PERFORMANCE 286 7.6.1 RANGE BUDGET 286 7.6.2 RESOLUTION 287 7.6.3
ACCURACY BUDGET 287 7.6.4 STABILITY BUDGET 287 REFERENCES 290 CHAPTER 8
MATCHED AND MATCHING FILTERS 291 8.1 UNCOMPRESSED PULSES 292 8.1.1
RECTANGULAR TRANSMITTER PULSE AND RECTANGULAR FILTER 292 8.1.2
RECTANGULAR TRANSMITTER PULSE AND GAUSSIAN FILTER 295 8.1.3 DOPPLER
FREQUENCY SHIFT, DETUNING 298 8.1.4 FILTERING AFTER LIMITING, DICKE-FIX
RECEIVER 298 8.2 PULSE COMPRESSION USING FREQUENCY MODULATION 301 8.2.1
LINEAR FREQUENCY MODULATION 301 8.2.2 NONLINEAR FREQUENCY MODULATION 309
8.2.3 THE EFFECTS OF LIMITING BEFORE THE PULSE COMPRESSION FILTER 311
8.2.4 GENERAL CORRELATOR 312 8.3 DISCRETE PHASE SHIFT MODULATED PULSE
COMPRESSION 312 CONTENTS XI 8.3.1 BINARY CODES 315 8.3.2 POLYPHASE CODES
321 8.4 OTHER FORMS OF MODULATION 326 8.5 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE
SIGNALS 326 8.6 OUTPUT SIGNALS 326 8.7 FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR
PERFORMANCE 327 8.7.1 RANGE BUDGET 327 8.7.2 ACCURACY AND RESOLUTION
BUDGET 327 8.7.3 STABILITY BUDGET 327 REFERENCES 327 CHAPTER 9 DETECTORS
329 9.1 INCOHERENT DETECTORS 331 9.1.1 LOGARITHMIC INTERMEDIATE
FREQUENCY AMPLIFIERS 333 9.2 COHERENT DETECTORS 334 9.2.1 RING MODULATOR
OR DEMODULATOR 336 9.3 VECTOR DETECTORS 338 9.3.1 POLAR DETECTORS 339
9.3.2 CARTESIAN OR TWO-PHASE DETECTOR 339 9.4 SAMPLING WAVEFORMS AND
SPECTRA 341 9.4.1 SIMPLE OR SINGLE PHASE SAMPLING 341 9.4.2 COMPLEX OR
TWO-PHASE SAMPLING 343 9.4.3 SAMPLING AT INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY 344 9.5
MEASUREMENT OF NOISE 344 9.5.1 GAUSSIAN NOISE 345 9.5.2 RAYLEIGH NOISE
346 9.6 FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR PERFORMANCE 348 9.6.1 RANGE BUDGET 348
REFERENCES 348 CHAPTER 10 ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 349 10.1
PRINCIPLE 349 10.2 DYNAMIC RAENGE 349 10.3 NATURE AND TREATMENT OF ERRORS
350 10.3.1 TYPES OF ERRORS 350 10.3.2 MEASUREMENT OF ERRORS 352 10.3.3
CORRECTION OF ERRORS 354 10.3.4 ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION USING
INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY SIGNALS 355 10.4 FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR
PERFORMANCE 358 10.4.1 RANGE BUDGET 358 10.4.2 ACCURACY AND RESOLUTION
BUDGET 360 10.4.3 STABILITY BUDGET 360 REFERENCES 361 CHAPTER 11 SIGNAL
PROCESSING 363 11.1 ALTERING THE FORM OF THE VIDEO DURING ONE SWEEP 365
11.1.1 LIMITING 366 11.1.2 DIFFERENTIATION OF THE VIDEO: FAST (OR SHORT)
TIME CONSTANT 366 11.1.3 PULSE LENGTH (OR WIDTH) DISCRIMINATOR 366
11.1.4 LOGARITHMIC VIDEO AND LOG FTC 366 11.1.5 BANDWIDTH OR STRETCHING
OF THE VIDEO SIGNALS FOR DISPIAY 369 11.1.6 NOISE CLIPPING 369 11.1.7
CONSTANT FALSE ALARM RATE PROCESSING BY CELL AVERAGING 370 11.1.8 GATING
THE VIDEO 375 11.1.9 COMBINING THE VIDEOS FROM SEVERAL BEAMS 377 XLL
MODERN RADAR SYSTEMS 11.2 SIGNAL PROCESSING OVER A NUMBER OF SWEEPS 378
11.2.1 VIDEO INTEGRATION 384 11.2.2 BINAERY INTEGRATION 385 11.2.3
REJECTION OF ECHOES THAT HAVE UNWANTED DOPPLER FREQUENCIES, MOVING
TARGET INDICATOR 385 11.2.4 DOPPLER FREQUENCY PROCESSING WHICH SELECTS
THE DOPPLER FREQUENCIES OF INTEREST 407 11.2.5 COMPARISON OF MOVING
TARGET INDICATORS AND DETECTORS 432 11.3 PROCESSING OVER MANY SCANS AND
MAPS 432 11.3.1 AREA MOVING TARGET INDICATION (AMTI) OR CLUTTER MAP 433
11.3.2 MAPS FOR A MOVING TARGET DETECTOR 435 11.3.3 QUALITY SELECTION
437 11.4 AIRBORNE MOVING TARGET SIGNAL PROCESSING 438 11.4.1 THE TACCAR
MOVING TARGET INDICATOR 438 11.4.2 DISPLACED PHASE CENTER ANTENNA 439
11.4.3 PULSE DOPPLER RADARS 442 11.4.4 SIDEWAYS-LOOKING RADARS 443 11.5
FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR PERFORMANCE 443 11.5.1 RANGE BUDGET 443 11.5.2
ACCURACY AND RESOLUTION BUDGET 444 11.5.3 STABILITY BUDGET 444
REFERENCES 444 APPENDIX 11A AN APPROXIMATION TO SOLVE FOR THRESHOLDS
ABOVE CLUTTER 445 CHAPTER 12 THRESHOLD AND DETECTION 447 12.1 DWELL TIME
AND THE NUMBER OF ECHOES 447 12.2 FALSE ALARM PROBABILITIES, TIMES, AND
THRESHOLDS 448 12.2.1 FALSE ALARM TIME 448 12.2.2 FALSE ALARM NUMBER 448
12.2.3 FALSE ALARM PROBABILITY 449 12.2.4 CHANGING THE THRESHOLD LEVELS
452 12.3 PROBABILITY OF DETECTION 452 12.3.1 MARCUM CASE: NO FLUCTUATION
453 12.3.2 SWERLING CASE I: SLOW FLUCTUATION 458 12.3.3 SWERLING CASE
II: FAST FLUCTUATION 464 12.3.4 SWERLING CASE III: SLOW CHI-SQUARED
FLUCTUATION 468 12.3.5 SWERLING CASE IV: FAST CHI-SQUARED FLUCTUATION
472 12.4 COMPARISON OF PROBABILITY OF DETECTION CASES 475 12.4.1
COHERENT INTEGRATION: SLOW FLUCTUATION 476 12.4.2 NONCOHERENT
INTEGRATION: SLOW FLUCTUATION 476 12.4.3 NONCOHERENT INTEGRATION: FAST
FLUCTUATION 477 12.5 JOINT PROBABILITIES OF DETECTION 478 12.5.1 OTHER
FORMS OF INTEGRATION AFTER THE THRESHOLD 478 12.5.2 FREQUENCY DIVERSITY
RADARS 483 12.6 USEFUL APPROXIMATIONS 485 12.6.1 ALBERSHEIM'S
APPROXIMATION FOR THE MARCUM CASE 485 12.6.2 SNIDMAN'S APPROXIMATION FOR
THE MARCUM AND SWERLING CASES 486 12.7 FIGURES AFFECTING RADAR
PERFORMANCE 487 REFERENCES 487 CHAPTER 13 DETERMINATION OF POSITION 489
13.1 FIRE CONTROL RADARS 489 13.1.1 CONICAL SCANNING 490 13.1.2
AMPLITUDE MONOPULSE RECEIVERS 490 13.1.3 PHASE MONOPULSE RECEIVERS 492
13.1.4 MEASUREMENT OF RAENGE 493 13.1.5 EXTRACTING THE DOPPLER FREQUENCY
494 CONTENTS X11I 13.2 SECTOR SCAN RADARS 494 13.3 FAST SCANNING RADARS
494 13.4 SURVEILLANCE RADARS 495 13.4.1 BINARY DETECTION DECISIONS 495
13.4.2 MAXIMUM SIGNAL 496 13.4.3 CENTER OF GRAVITY OR CENTROID 496
13.4.4 MONOPULSE ANGLE MEASUREMENT WITH SEARCH RADARS 497 13.5 ACCURACY
497 13.5.1 ANGULAR ACCURACIES AND ROOT MEAN SQUARE APERTURE 500 13.5.2
TIME ACCURACIES AND ROOT MEAN SQUARE BANDWIDTH 501 13.5.3 FREQUENCY
ACCURACY AND ROOT MEAN SQUARE SIGNAL DURATION 502 13.6 THE DISPLAY OF
POSITION 502 13.6.1 DISPLAYS USED TO MEASURE RAENGE 502 13.6.2 DISPLAYS
FOR SURVEILLANCE 502 13.6.3 AIRBORNE DISPLAYS 504 13.6.4 DISPLAYS FOR
AIMING WEAPONS 504 13.6.5 DISPLAYS TO INDICATE INTERFERENCE ORJAMMING
506 13.6.6 SIGNALS USED FOR DISPLAYS 506 13.7 FIGURES AFFECTING
PERFORMANCE 507 REFERENCES 508 CHAPTER 14 PERFORMANCE 509 14.1 RANGE 509
14.2 ACCURACY 511 14.2.1 BIASERRORS 512 14.2.2 RANDOM ERRORS 512 14.3
RESOLUTION 515 14.3.1 RESOLUTION IN RAENGE 517 14.3.2 RESOLUTION IN
AZIMUTH ANGLE 517 14.3.3 RESOLUTION IN ELEVATION ANGLE 518 14.3.4
RESOLUTION IN DOPPLER FREQUENCY 518 14.4 STABILITY, THE CANCELLATION
RATIO 5 ] 8 14.5 INTERFERING ORJAMMING SIGNALS 519 14.5.1 CHAFF OR
WINDOW 519 14.5.2 ACTIVE JAMMING 519 14.5.3 DECEPTIONJAMMING 520 14.6
TABLES 521 14.6.1 BASIC RADAR REQUIREMENTS 521 14.6.2 DERIVED
CHARACTERISTICS 523 14.6.3 FACTORS FOR CALCULATING RAENGE 523 14.6.4
RESOLUTION 524 14.6.5 ACCURACY 524 14.6.6 STABILITY 524 REFERENCES 525
CHAPTER 15 STATISTICS 527 15.1 TERMS 527 15.1.1 MEAN AND EXPECTED VALUES
528 15.1.2 VARIANCE 528 15.1.3 STANDARD DEVIATION 529 15.1.4 HISTOGRAM
AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 529 15.1.5 CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
529 15.1.6 PERCENTILES AND QUARTILES 530 15.1.7 MOMENT GENERATING
FUNCTIONS 530 15.1.8 FOURIER TRANSFORM 531 XIV MODERN RADAR SYSTEMS 15.2
FAMILIES OF DISTRIBUTIONS 534 15.2.1 GAUSSIAN OR NORMAL DISTRIBUTION:
TWO SIDED FROM - TO + 534 15.2.2 LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 537 15.2.3
RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION 538 15.2.4 RICEAN DISTRIBUTION 541 15.3 GAMMA
DISTRIBUTION FAMILY: BOUNDED ON ONE SIDE FROM 0 TO 544 15.3.1
ERLANGIAN DISTRIBUTION 546 15.3.2 CHI-SQUARED DISTRIBUTION 547 15.3.3
CHI DISTRIBUTION 548 15.3.4 NEGATIVE EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION 549 15.4
OTHER DISTRIBUTIONS BOUNDED ON ONE SIDE 549 15.4.1 WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION
550 15.5 DISCRETE DISTRIBUTION: BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 551 15.6 RANDOM
NUMBERS 552 REFERENCES 553 CHAPTER 16 TRANSFORMS 555 16.1 CONVENTIONS
FOR THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 555 16.2 SOME POLYPHASE AND SINGLE PHASE
FOURIER TRANSFORMS 556 16.2.1 SINGLE PHASE COSINE WAVE 558 16.2.2 SINGLE
PHASE SINE WAVE 559 16.2.3 RECTANGULAR PULSE 560 16.2.4 TIMESHIFT 561
16.2.5 PHASE SHIFT 563 16.2.6 EXAMPLES OF FOURIER TRANSFORMS IN THE
COMPLEX PLANE 563 16.2.7 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION 564 16.2.8
DIFFERENTIATION 564 16.2.9 CONVOLUTION, THE MULTIPLICATION OF FOURIER
TRANSFORMS 565 16.2.10 CROSS-CORRELATION, MULTIPLICATION WITH COMPLEX
CONJUGATES 568 16.2.11 AUTOCORRELATION, MULTIPLICATION WITH ITS OWN
COMPLEX CONJUGATE 569 16.2.12 ENERGY AND POWER 570 16.3 DISCRETE FOURIER
TRANSFORM 570 16.3.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE
TRANSFORM FUNCTIONS 574 16.3.2 FAST TRANSFORMS 576 16.4 SUMMARY
OFPROPERTIES OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 576 16.5 TAPERING 577 16.5.1 GAINS
AND LOSSES 579 16.5.2 SPECTRAL LEAKAGE OR TWO-TONE CHARACTERISTICS 584
16.5.3 RESOLUTION 585 16.5.4 EXAMPLE: VON HANN AND HAMMING TAPERING
FUNCTIONS 585 16.6 RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER TRANSFORMS 590 16.6.1 THE Z
TRANSFORM 590 16.7 THE USE OF FOURIER TRANSFORMS FOR FINITE IMPULSE
RESPONSE FILTERS 592 16.7.1 SINGLE-PHASE SIGNAL FILTERING 593 16.7.2
VIDEO INTEGRATION IN A FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTER 597 16.7.3
NONCOHERENT MOVING TARGET INDICATOR FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTER 597
16.7.4 POLYPHASE SIGNAL FILTERING 599 REFERENCES 600 APPENDIX 16A
COMPLETE CORRELATION 601 APPENDIX A LANGUAGE AND GLOSSARY 603 A. 1
UNIFIED TERMINOLOGY 603 A. 1.1 MILITARY WORDS THAT HAVE BEEN AVOIDED 603
A.1.2 UNFORTUNATE WORDS 603 A. 1.3 TECHNICAL WORDS 604 A. 1.4 WORDS
RETAINED CONTENTS XV A. 1.5 NEW WORDS 605 A. 1.6 RUSSIAN NAMES 605 A.2
GLOSSARY 605 A.3 DISPLAYS 614 A.3.1 SURVEILLANCE RADARS 615 A.3.2
ANTI-AIRCRAFT (AA) ARTILLERY RADARS 615 A.3.3 AIRBORNE INTERCEPT (AI)
RADARS 615 A.3.4 DISPLAY TYPES 615 A.3.5 DISPLAYS FOR SHOWING THE
EFFECTS OF JAMMING (MILITARY) 616 A.4 SYMBOLS 617 REFERENCES 617
APPENDIX B TAPERING FUNCTIONS 619 B.L CONVENTIONS AND NORMALIZATION 619
B.L .1 SCALOPING LOSS AND WORST-CASE PROCESSING LOSS 621 B. 1.2 SPECTRAL
LEAKAGE OR TWO-TONE CHARACTERISTIC 621 B. 1.3 OTHER NAMES USED FOR
TAPERING FUNCTIONS 621 B.2 TAPERING FUNCTIONS 622 B.2.1 TRAPEZOIDAL
TAPERING 622 B .2.2 (1 - 4P ' 2 )" TAPERING. 626 B.2.3 COSINE TO THE
POWER N TAPERING 629 B.2.4 COSINE ON A PEDESTAL TAPERING 633 B.2.5
HAMMING, BLACKMAN, AND BLACKMAN-HARRIS TAPERING 636 B.2.6 TRUNCATED
GAUSSIAN TAPERING 646 B.2.7 EVEN TAYLOR TAPERING 649 B.3 TAPERING WITH
DISCRETE ELEMENTS 653 B.3.1 DOLPH-CHEBYSHEV TAPERING FOR A DISCRETE 10
ELEMENT SYSTEM 653 B.4 TAPERING OR ILLUMINATION FUNCTIONS FOR CIRCULAR
ANTENNAS 657 B.4.1 CIRCULAR (1 -AR' 1 )" TAPERING 657 B.4.2 CIRCULAR
TRUNCATED GAUSSIAN TAPERING 660 B.4.3 CIRCULAR TAYLOR TAPERING 662 B.5
ODD TAPERING FUNCTIONS 664 B.5.1 ODD RECTANGULAR TAPERING 664 B.5.2 ODD
TRIANGULAER TAPERING 667 B.5.3 ODD COSINE TO THE POWER N TAPERING 669
B.5.4 ODD TRUNCATED RAYLEIGH TAPERING 671 B.5.5 ODD TAYLOR DERIVATIVE
TAPERING 673 B.5.6 BAYLISS TAPERING 675 B.5.7 ZOLOTAREV TAPERING 679
REFERENCES 681 APPENDIX C FREQUENCY BAND LETTERS 683 LIST OF SYMBOLS 685
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 693 INDEX 695 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Meikle, Hamish |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13615784X |
| author_facet | Meikle, Hamish |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Meikle, Hamish |
| author_variant | h m hm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035082331 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TK6575 |
| callnumber-raw | TK6575 |
| callnumber-search | TK6575 |
| callnumber-sort | TK 46575 |
| callnumber-subject | TK - Electrical and Nuclear Engineering |
| classification_rvk | ZN 6500 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)180753570 (DE-599)BVBBV035082331 |
| dewey-full | 621.38485 621.3848 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.38485 621.3848 |
| dewey-search | 621.38485 621.3848 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.38485 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01475nam a2200433zc 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV035082331</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20081203 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">081002s2008 xxuad|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="010" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2008273427</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781596932425</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-59693-242-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1596932422</subfield><subfield code="9">1-59693-242-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)180753570</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV035082331</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">aacr</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxu</subfield><subfield code="c">US</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-898</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29T</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-706</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">TK6575</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">621.38485</subfield><subfield code="2">22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">621.3848</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZN 6500</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)157567:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Meikle, Hamish</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)13615784X</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Modern radar systems</subfield><subfield code="c">Hamish Meikle</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2. ed.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Boston</subfield><subfield code="b">Artech House</subfield><subfield code="c">2008</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XXII, 701 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield><subfield code="c">29 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Artech House radar series</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Radar</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Radar</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4176765-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Radar</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4176765-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">GBV Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016750557&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016750557</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV035082331 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:07:39Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:21:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781596932425 1596932422 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2008273427 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016750557 |
| oclc_num | 180753570 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-29T DE-706 |
| owner_facet | DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-29T DE-706 |
| physical | XXII, 701 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 29 cm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Artech House |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Artech House radar series |
| spelling | Meikle, Hamish Verfasser (DE-588)13615784X aut Modern radar systems Hamish Meikle 2. ed. Boston Artech House 2008 XXII, 701 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 29 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Artech House radar series Includes bibliographical references and index Radar Radar (DE-588)4176765-2 gnd rswk-swf Radar (DE-588)4176765-2 s DE-604 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016750557&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Meikle, Hamish Modern radar systems Radar Radar (DE-588)4176765-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4176765-2 |
| title | Modern radar systems |
| title_auth | Modern radar systems |
| title_exact_search | Modern radar systems |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Modern radar systems |
| title_full | Modern radar systems Hamish Meikle |
| title_fullStr | Modern radar systems Hamish Meikle |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modern radar systems Hamish Meikle |
| title_short | Modern radar systems |
| title_sort | modern radar systems |
| topic | Radar Radar (DE-588)4176765-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Radar |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016750557&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT meiklehamish modernradarsystems |