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Kargaly: 4 Nekropoli na Kargalach : naselenie kargalov, paleoantropologičeskie issledovanija

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Russian
Veröffentlicht:	Moskva Jazyki Slavjanskoj Kul'tury 2005
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract
Beschreibung:	PT: Kargaly' Necropolis
Beschreibung:	238 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
ISBN:	5955100792

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245	1	0	\|a Kargaly \|n 4 \|p Nekropoli na Kargalach : naselenie kargalov, paleoantropologičeskie issledovanija \|c sost. i naučnyj red. E. N. Černych
246	1	3	\|a Kargaly' Necropolis
264		1	\|a Moskva \|b Jazyki Slavjanskoj Kul'tury \|c 2005
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Оглавление Часть первая Некрополи на Каргалах Введение. Погребальные памятники на Каргалах .............................................................14 8.1. Общие сведения .......................................................................................................14 8.2. Характер палеоантропологических материалов ...................................................18 8.3. Структура книги .......................................................................................................19 8.4. Специфика тома .......................................................................................................20 Глава 1. Першинский некрополь: курган №1.....................................................................21 1.1. Топография курганного поля ...................................................................................21 1.2. Характер кургана №1, его литология и стратиграфия ..........................................23 1.3. Планиграфия кургана и основные группы погребений ........................................26 1.4. Периоды формирования комплекса ........................................................................28 1.5. Ранние погребения ямно-полтавкинского периода ...............................................29 1.6. Погребения абашевского или абашево-раннесрубного периода ..........................35 1.7. Сарматские погребения ............................................................................................39 1.8. Неопределенные по хронологии и культурной принадлежности погребения.... 42 1.9. Заключительные замечания .....................................................................................47 Глава 2. Першинский некрополь: курганы №№3 и 4.......................................................49 2.1. Курган №3.................................................................................................................49 2.2. Курган №4.................................................................................................................58 2.3. Заключительные примечания ..................................................................................68 Глава 3. Комиссаровский некрополь ...................................................................................70 3.1. Местоположение и история открытия ....................................................................70 3.2. Курган №1.................................................................................................................71 3.2.1. Погребения срубной культуры ........................................................................71 3.2.2. Погребения сарматской культуры ...................................................................86 3.3. Курган №2................................................................................................................92 3.4. Першинский и Комиссаровский могильники: сходство и различия ....................98 Глава 4. Могильник Уранбаш-южный ..............................................................................100 4.1. История изучения ...................................................................................................100 4.2. Курган №1...............................................................................................................100 4.3. Курган №2...............................................................................................................100 4.4. Курган №3...............................................................................................................111 4.5. Курган №4...............................................................................................................111 4.6. Курган №6...............................................................................................................112 4.7. Курган №8...............................................................................................................112 4.8. Курган №9............................................................................................................... П8 4.9. Погребальный обряд ..............................................................................................122 4.10. Керамика ................................................................................................................124 Оглавление Часть вторая Население Каргалов: палеоантропологические исследования Глава 5. Изученные палеоанхропологіїческіїе материалы ..............................................126 5.1. Общие данные .........................................................................................................126 5.2. Каталог исследованных материалов .....................................................................126 5.2.1. Поселение Горный ..........................................................................................126 5.2.2. Могильник Перший ........................................................................................128 5.2.3. Могильник Комиссарове» ...............................................................................131 Глава 6. Общая демографическая характеристика изученных серий ............................134 6.1. Поселение Горный ..................................................................................................134 6.2. Першинский некрополь .........................................................................................134 6.3. Комиссаровский некрополь ...................................................................................136 6.4. Элементы сходства и различий .............................................................................136 Глава 7. Краниология серий из могильников Перший и Комиссарово ..........................139 7.1. Серия Перший .........................................................................................................141 7.2. Серия Комиссарово ................................................................................................143 7.3. Сравнительный анализ ...........................................................................................144 Глава 8. Особенности скелетной конституции (по материалам из могильника Комиссарово) ...................................................................................151 8.1.Морфометрическая характеристика серии ...........................................................154 8.2. Размеры длинных костей: географическое распределение ряда групп .............154 8.2.1. Евразийские степи ..........................................................................................158 8.2.2. Лесостепь ........................................................................................................159 8.2.3. Лесная (таежная) зона ....................................................................................159 8.3. Итоги канонического анализа ...................,............................................................159 8.4. Итоги кластерного анализа ....................................................................................161 8.5. Обсуждение результатов ........................................................................................163 Глава 9. Анализ двигательной активности и реконструкция профессиональной деятельности ........................................................................166 9.1. Серия из селища Горный .......................................................................................166 9.2. Першинская серия ..................................................................................................166 9.3. Серия из Комиссарова ............................................................................................168 Глава 10. Характеристика здоровья населения ................................................................171 10.1. Останки людей с Горного .....................................................................................171 10.2. Люди с Першинского некрополя .........................................................................171 10.3. Люди с Комиссаровского некрополя ...................................................................172 10.4. Проблемы диеты и маркеры пищевого стресса .................................................173 10.5. Инфекции и травмы ..............................................................................................175 10.6. Болезни суставов и позвоночника .......................................................................176 Глава 11. Химический состав минеральной части скелета .............................................177 11.1. Возможности исследования химического состава костной ткани ...................177 11.2. Методы и материалы ............................................................................................ 177 11.3. Реконструкция рациона питания населения эпохи бронзы ..............................179 Оглавление 11.4. Выявление индивидов, связанных с горно-металлургическим производством .......................................................................................................181 11.5. Химический состав костей и особенности ландшафта обитания ....................183 Глава 12. Древняя ДНК: методы изучения и предварительные результаты ..................185 12.1. Древняя ДНК в археологических исследованиях ..............................................185 12.2. Методы молекулярной археологии .....................................................................186 12.3. Анализ ДНК по материалам каргалинских памятников ...................................188 12.4. Результаты и обсуждение .....................................................................................191 Глава 13. Антропологические материалы могильника Уранбаш-южный .....................194 13.1. Демографические особенности ...........................................................................194 13.2. О происхождении уранбашской популяции .......................................................196 13.3. Уранбашский материал на фоне волго-уральских серий ..................................202 Глава 14. Вместо заключения: могилы и профессия погребенных ................................205 14.1. Рациональный стандарт «срубных» погребений ...............................................205 14.2. Ранние могилы знати, воинов и мастеров ..........................................................206 14.3. Унификация проявлений культуры .....................................................................207 14.4. Кенотафы и каменные обкладки могил ..............................................................207 14.5. Pro et contra............................................................................................................209 14.6. Несколько заключительных слов ........................................................................211 Приложение 1. Электрометрические разведки Першинского некрополя .....................212 Приложение 2. Радиоуглеродные даты материалов из погребений у Першина ...........215 Приложение 3. Металлографический анализ медного тесла из кургана №1 Першинского некрополя ..........................................................................217 Resume ..........................................................................................................................219 Литература ..........................................................................................................................226 Список сокращений ............................................................................................................239 RESUME Introduction. Burial sites in Kargaly. R.I . General information One of the most wonderful and even unusual sources for comprehensive understanding of ancient Kargaly copper mining and metallurgical complex is ancient cemeteries found on the area of Kargaly ore field. The sites of such kind are very rarely met in ancient mining metallurgical centers (see for example [Черных 1975, с. 140,144; 1978, с. 60, 61, 323]) and that s why they are of exceptional value. By now we managed to fix four kurgan necropolises in Kargaly - Pershin, Komissarovo, Uranbash-N (Northern) and Uranbash-S (Southern). Apart from them another single burial mound is seen near khutor (kind of farm) Noven ky [Каргалы I, табл. 4.2; с. 60, 74, 75], All the cemeteries are «attached» to the flat capes of the lower right bank of the river Kargalka. On the straight it s approximately 12 kilometers between extreme sites - the North - Western (Kommisarovo) and the South - East (Uranbash-S) points (fig. Bl; table Bl). R.2. Character of paleoanthropological materials Paleoanthropological diversified materials were mainly from the two sources. The first one is the cultural layer of the Srubnaya community in the excavated part of Gorny settlement. We managed to extract fragments or even whole items of 21 human bones which were studied by the anthropologists (see chapter 5). Incomparably more representative part of the materials was naturally connected with burial grounds. In all we managed to uncover 108 graves in 12 kurgans. In 14 grave pits no human remains Table R.1. Distribution of the paleoanthropological materials according to the Kargaly cemeteries and archaeolo¬ gical communities. Cemetery Kurgan № Number of graves (burials) Yamno-Pol- tavkinskaya Abashevo Srubnaya Sarmatian Indefinite adultus children s cenotaph adultus children s cenotaph adultus children s cenotaph adultus children s cenotaph adultus children s cenotaph Pershin 1 9(9) 1 1 - 1 1 - - - 1 1 - 3 - - Pershin 3 8(8) - - - - - - 1 7 - - - - - - - Pershin 4 11(11) - - - - - - 3 8 - - - - - - - Komissarovo 1 16(16) - - - - - - 6 5 - 5 - - - - - Komissarovo 2 5(5) - - - - - 4 1. - - - - - - - Uranbash-S 1 1(1) - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - Uranbash-S 2 2(2) - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - Uranbash-S 3 3(3) - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - Uranbash-S 4 10(10) - - - - - - 5 4 1 - - - - - - Uranbash-S 6 1(1) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Uranbash-S 8 25(25) - - - - - - 11 7 7 - - - - - - Uranbash-S 9 17(19) - - - - - - 6 10 3 - - - - - - Sum total 108 (110) 1 1 1 - 1 1 39 44 11 6 1 - 3 - 1 Sum total 3 2 94 7 5 220 Resume were found. The traces of 96 human burials were recorded in the rest 94 graves (table B.2). With certain confidence the researches ascribe 104 graves (out of 108 studied) to four definite archaeological com¬ munities - Yamno-poltavkinskaya, Abashevskaya, Srubnaya and Sarmatian. The rest 4 graves can t be connected with one of four cultures indicated above and are referred to as culturally undetermined. Distribution according to the archaeological communities indicated above is extremely irregu¬ lar. Nine tenth of all the remains (cenotaphs including) are connected with the Srubnaya community: at least 95 graves referred to as such. Other cultures in comparison with the Srubnaya are presented in insignificant quantities, only 3 graves (including 1 cenotaph and one grave of a child conditionally included here (burial No. 1 in the first Pershin kurgan) are connected with the Yamno-poltavkinskaya community. Two graves are connected with Abashevskaya community - in one of them remains of a child were found, in other cenotaph a skeleton of the young kid and an Abashevskaya styled pot. A bit larger number of graves - seven - is connected with the Sarmatian culture. But according to the different facts the Sarmatian population didn t have any relation to the mining of the Kargaly copper-ore deposits. In the table R. 1 below the correlation of the studied burial places in Kargaly with different cultural historical communities and age specific characteristics and cenotaphs is summed up. R.3. Specificity of this volume This published fourth book to a great extent is different from the three previous volumes of the Kargaly series [Каргалы Ι, Π, III], by both the structure and some other regretfully distressing peculiarities. A thorough reader of the series could easily notice that the first volumes were noted for their single and mutually correlative methods of investigation. Materials and conclusions we received during many years of field, laboratory and archival investigations were presented in a single publishing style. The basis of such a character of investigation and publishing was a single plan of the Kargaly international complex archaeological expedition. All most important surveys were performed in a single interconnected way [Каргалы I, c. 12-14]. Regretfully we couldn t reach such a methodological unification (so desirable in publishing the results) in this volume. There are many reasons for that but we ll mention only some of them without unnecessary details. Undoubtedly of primary importance is the fact that three different teams were ex¬ cavating the Kargaly burial grounds. These three teams are different not only in their methodological approaches to the field excavations but also to the laboratory analysis of the received materials. So burial mound No. 1 near Pershin was uncovered by the Kargaly expedition in 1998 but in the year 2000 mounds Nos. 3 and 4 were excavated by the expedition of the Steppe Institute pf Uralian Department of Russian Academy of Sciences (under direction of Bogdanov S. V.). Members of the last were not using coordinate system of the Pershin burial ground performed by the Kargaly expedition two years earlier. Such a refusal undoubtedly complicated a reconstruction of a detailed and single topogra¬ phic picture of an intricate Perchin necropolis. They also didn t gather all the bone material of Srubnaya graves found in mounds Nos. 3 and 4. For this reason paleoanthropological investigation of the Pershin necropolis were forcedly performed on fragmentary and insufficiently representative material of the Srabnaya community and the Late Bronze graves. The 1991 and 1992 excavations of the Uranbash-S burial ground (under the direction of O. I. Po- rokhova and N. L. Morgunova - archaeological laboratory of the Orenburg Pedagogical Institute) were very similar in this way. The field researchers were gathering skulls only, paying nearly no attention to other bone material - at least there was no enough material for complex studying by the workers of the physical anthropological team. As a result of such approach, Khokhlov A.A. was able to make a cranio- logical analysis just of some sculls from the burial ground. R.4. Beginning of the field research at Kargaly Strange as it may seem but detailed research of the Kargaly mining metallurgical complex was begun not from the studying Gorny-like settlements and not even from the clearing of ancient mines R.6. Early graves of chiefs, warriors and masters 221 and galleries. A real start of excavation was made by N.L.Morgunova in 1991 and by O. A. Porokhova in 1992. They were researching the Uranbash-S necropolis. Human graves of the Srubnaya cultural his¬ torical community were mainly found there and they were not very different from standard srubnaya graves and that s why no special attention was attracted to them at that time. We began trial excavations in Gorny only in 1992 [Каргалы II, с. 17], but then we had rather dim idea of a main point of Kargaly. Much later a complex character of the Kargaly research has become more systematic. Only then more reasoned judgments about real scales of the whole Kargaly complex and its complex structure were stated. But we were able to come back to the studying of the graves of the Kargaly aboriginals partly in 1998 and more fully in 2000 and 2001. R.5. Permanent standard of srubnaya burials So exceptional might of the Kargaly mining metallurgical production was getting clear gradually but rather swiftly. Soon this topic was no more disputable. Quite often and completely justly the indications of the production in Kargaly were called fantastic due to their expressiveness and great number. These indications present endless bulks of workings and hills composed of millions of tons of rock disposals colored in malachite green colors. Also hundreds of kilometers of underground labyrinths of drifts and galleries. And gigantic scatterings of materials from Gorny settlement which were obvious evidence of professional occupation of Kargaly aboriginals - miners and metallurgists. Apogee of this activity was at the period of Srubnaya activity, i.e. in II millennium B.C. The first three volumes of the Kargaly series contain detailed depiction of all that. If these suppositions were true, could we recon on finding some indications of this originality in burial places? The graves of ancient miners and metallurgists are well known and are easily disti¬ nguished from others. The destiny seemed to give us exceptionally favorable and even unique chance of convergence of all these memorials on the territory of the single complex. But another paradox was awaiting for us. In the fourth volume we tried to examine all studied Kargaly burial sites. They are not numerous but not that small at the same time. We managed to uncover about one hundred graves of the Bronze Age. Beginning from very rare graves of the early stage of this epoch up to the Late Bronze Age graves which are most numerous among all. But only in one case our expectations and hopes came true - we found the only grave of a teenager copper founder with cast of the Early (!) Bronze Age. In later numerous series we didn t find anything of the kind. Kargaly kurgans as well as graves in them were amazingly ordinary. Among them prevailed those connected with the spatially gigantic Srubnaya community. Many hundreds of similar graves were un¬ covered in the Eastern Europe steppes. Endlessly recurring trite implements of such graves don t arose original and bright conclusions. The dead were mainly laid in rectangular rather shallow graves under low mound in a writhen standard pose on a left side with the heads toward North-East. Their poor burial implements were also crestfallen standard: one or two (rarely three) clay pots, sometimes an inexpressive metal or modest spread beads. .. Sometimes exceptional rationality of the funeral rites was depressing. In Kargaly cemeteries we never met a single item pointing out the profession of miners and met¬ allurgists. No miners picks from the local metals, no stone hammers, anvils, no moulds. Nothing of the things abundantly found in the cultural layer of Gorny [Каргалы III]. Depressive uniformity of the graves were also surprising because the previous metal epochs - especially in the Southern of the Eastern Europe - were characterized by completely different funeral rites. At that time the graves were supposed to be different according to the social status and profession of the dead. We know about such burial places in earlier epochs but practically nothing is known about settlements of the professionals of this time. The present paradox is surely worth thinking over. R.6. Early graves of chiefs, warriors and masters We found the mould of an axe, but it was in a grave of copper founder - boy who lived a thousand years before the time we are speaking about, at the time when nomad stock-breeders of ancient Yamnaya 222 Resume community dominated here. Far hack at pre-Srubnaya periods of the Early and Middle Bronze a social status of the dead was accentuated in much more sumptuous way. E.g. huge moulds were made over graves of chiefs, expensive and expressive things were put into me graves of noble tribesmen. That was a kind of necessary visiting card for travelers into the other world. The graves of metallurgists were also marked with indispensable casting molds of the shaft-hole axes [Бочкарев 1978; Гей 1986; ]. These axes were considered to be prince s weapon of the Bronze Age or king s and even god s weapon in the Near East [Черных и др. 2002, с. 12-14]. By the way, the first and the only copper founder s grave to the East of Volga was found in Pershin. Judging to all appearances the teenager from the first Pershin mound was admitted to the status of masters not far from the death: most often such an initiation was performed at the age of puberty, then a boy became a man. Over the grave of this boy a small kurgan was created, soon it became blurred and unnoticeable. Probably because ofthat 2,5 thousand years later this early mound was covered by great hill-like kurgan of a Sarmatian warrior armed by a long iron sword (kurgan No. 1, burial No. 7). Even during early phase of the Late Bronze Age, when the main structural components of gigantic Eurasian metallurgical province only began to develop, in some archaeological communities and cultures the professional mark of graves - especially of warriors or metallurgists — was getting nearly essential. There is no sense to remind here of eastern initial component of Eurasian metallurgical province, i.e. about Seyma-Turbino type of graves with their splendid bronze weapon or moulds found mainly in cenotaphs [Черных, Кузьминых 1989]. And we won t mention well known graves of Abashevo comm¬ unity, Pepkino kurgan with its collective grave of 27 young men (where the remains of a copper founder were very notable) recurs to one s memory at once [Халиков и др. 1966, с. 12,13, 66, 67; табл. VIII, IX]. Sintashta warriors buried with their horse chariots are also famous in our archaeological literature [Генингидр. 1992]. R.7. Unification of cultural manifestations People of the Srubnaya community didn t have such personal visiting cards when leaving this world. They were socially belittled at the going on to the next world. Their occupations during lifetime were not somehow reflected in burial implements. To all appearance at that time in ideology of steppe people a process of cardinal and impetuous changes took place: rationalism of democratic egalitariani- sm undoubtedly prevailed. Besides, similar processes one could notice practically everywhere in Great Eurasian steppe, in the Srabnaya and Andronovo communities. Depersonalization of necropolises was in harmony with monotonous picture of innumerable inexpressive settlements. E.g. on the vast Srabnaya community territories only Gomy and Mosolovka were breaking the uniformity of the picture. In the first case, this is due to exceptionally rich materials of mining and metallurgy; in the second one - surprising abundance of moulds testifies about rather developed metal-working of Don basin settlers. While studying Kargaly burial grounds we could not miss two notable features distinguishing Srubnaya necropolises from other numerous cemeteries of the South Ural region. It is unlikely that they were directly connected with profession of the dead. At best we could think of indirect connection, some kind of special relation to a clan or a family whose main occupation was mining and metallurgy (but nothing more than that). R.8. Cenotaphs and stone graves facing First we are going to attract your attention to a relatively high portion of cenotaphs in the Kargaly necropolises. And then we ll try to clear up the ritual of graves stone facing which was very widespread here (see table R.2). It s most reasonable to compare the Kargaly mound cemeteries of the Srubnaya types with burial constructions of the Volgo-Ural interfluve as the Kargaly memorials belong to this territory. It is not difficult to notice that the portion of the Srubnaya community cenotaphs is much higher. So, there were 562 registered Srubnaya graves in the Volgo-Ural interfluve and only 5 (less than 1%!) of them R. 8. Cenotaphs and stone graves facing 223 Table R.2. Portion of cenotaphs and graves ofthe Srubnaya co mmuity ■at hst one coved ngs andfacingsin Kãrgd cemeteries Cemetery Kurgan № General number of burials (including Srubnaya comm.) Srubnaya community (number of burials) Total in the kurgan With the stone facing* Portion (%%) Adultus Children and teenagers Cenotaphs Total With the stone facing* Total With the stone facing* Total With the stone facing* Pershin 1 9-9 - - - - - - - - - Pershin 3 8-8 1 1 7 7 - 8 8 100,0 Pershin 4 11-11 3 2 8 5 - 11 7 63,6 Komissarovo 1 16-16 6 2 5 3 - 11 5 45,5 Komissarovo 2 5-5 4 2 1 1 - 5 3 60,0 Uranbash-S 1 1-1 - - - - - - - - - Uranbash-S 2 2-2 1 - 1 0 - 1 0 0 Uranbash-S 3 3-3 2 0 1 0 - 3 0 0 Uranbash-S 4 10-10 5 2 4 1 1 - 10 3 30,0 Uranbash-S 6 1-1 - - - - - - - - - Uranbash-S 8 25-25 11 9 7 5 7 4 25 18 72,0 Uranbash-S 9 17-19 6 2 10 7 3 . 3 19 12 63,2 Sum total 108(110) 39 20 44 29 11 7 94 56 59,6 Note: «from them with stone» means as a rule stone covering of the grave or stone facing of grave walls or - more rarely - fallen stones in the graves happened to be cenotaphs [Памятники срубной культуры 1993, с. 20-63]. In Kargaly 11 graves out of 94 - nearly 12% - didn t contain human remains. Cenotaphs were created not only for Srubnaya population; they also took place in ancient Yamnaya community (Uranbash, mound No. 6, the only grave) and in Abashevo community (Pershin, mound No. 1, burial No. 2 with the goatling). It s interesting but in Kargaly we didn t see cenotaphs only at Sarmatian people. Is it possible to think that such a considerably large number of cenotaphs in Kargaly necropolises tells about risky and dangerous work of miners? Could we suppose that these are nominal graves of miners vanished forever under the ground? One can t folly reject such an assumption but we also cannot see absolute evidence of direct connection between cenotaphs and mining works. But even more expressive difference is stone facing of the graves. They are very numerous in Kargaly and quite rare in other cemeteries of the Srubnaya community. Stone items in the form of heavy massive plates covering burial pits or in the form of facing over the edges of these pits or stones fallen into the pits were found in 56 cases out of 94, i.e. in nearly 60%! - see table R.2. At the same time the cases of using stone items at burial rites in the Volga-Ural interfluve are not mentioned at all. Information about 562 graves from this region is published in Code of Archaeological Sources (Памятники срубной культуры 1993). In Staro-Yabalaklinsky necropolis on river Djoma in Bashkiria only 8 Srubnaya graves out of 165 (less than 5%) were covered with stone plates [Горбунов, Морозов 1991, с. 78]. Besides, apart from Uranbash and Staro-Yabalakly necropolises A. I. Kromarev [2003, с. 287] counted only 7 cases of using stone facings and coverings among more than 2 000 regi¬ stered Srubnaya graves. 224 Resume How can we interpret these facts? Do they testify about direct connection of the dead with their occupation of miners through using in burial rites the same rock they had to shatter every day of their lives trying to get copper minerals? Again such a theory can be only one of possible ways to explain the facts but nothing more. In essence the stone facings of burial pits are not necessarily the sign of miners graves. In Eurasia there are numerous stone burial mounds where people of no connection with mining were buried. Most likely in Kargaly we deal with some kind of clan marking of the graves and those clan could have some relation to mining. Besides, one should pay attention to the fact that stone was used as a material for gravestones for infants and teenagers in 65% against 51% of gravestones for grownups (see table R.2). But the very occupation of grownups should be more closely connected with mining works. R.9. Pro et contra So, who was buried on the right bank capes of river Kargalka? Were they (grownups at least) real Kargaly miners and metallurgists? Or there were quite different burial rites for masters? At the beginning of works in Kargaly we didn t doubt about traditional conclusions. If Srubnaya cemeteries were on the territory of the Kargaly mining complex, what other conclusions could be made - here local masters were buried? A customary thesis though not proved but not seriously dis¬ putable was at the heart of such a conclusion - the entrails of the Earth belonged to those clans who were working and living there. When we had opportunity to compare materials from burial and domestic sites, then it became clear that ceramics from Srubnaya graves corresponded definitely enough to a huge collection of clay pottery extracted from cultural layer of Gorny. In such a way the first thesis was supported. But such a support could be easily «invited». Srubnaya ceramics is not very diversified and similar expressive features are clearly seen in ceramics from different and rather remote regions. In this respect some pots with a touch of ore and even crashed slag in a clay paste were more sign¬ ificant. Such rare pots were found in Gorny [Каргалы III, c 51], in Pershin and in Uranbash-S. Evidently there were contacts between settlers and those who were buried in Kargaly cemetery. But again we are speaking about contacts only. Such pots can hardly speak about occupation of the dead. Even more so as the most expressive of such pots was laid to the grave of an infant (Pershin, mound No. 4, burial No. 3, see part 2.2., fig. 2.20). Essentially these are all arguments for the «full identity» of settlers and those buried along river Kargalka. But we ll try to use materials not contrary to the first thesis but at least recovering a more complicated picture. We already spoke about the most pronounced contradiction: there were no items in graves iden¬ tifying occupation of the dead, to be more precise - namely those numerous items abundantly found in cultural layer of Gorny. But here we can find «contra» argument - probably Srubnaya ideology demanded some «humiliating» depersonalization and unification of burial rites. Then, Kargaly is very rich in copper, but there was nearly no metal in graves and the fact is na¬ turally surprising. But «nearly no»! If we find metal items among burial implements, this metal is not from Kargaly! Metal decorations found near the dead are not of local production, they are as a rale from Andronovo (Alakul ) sources located to the East from Kargaly - in Trans-Urals and Kazakhstan regions. First of all I mean copper or bronze twisted (one and half swiftness) pendants often covered with golden foil. They were found in four graves of the first Komissarovo kurgan - graves Nos. 3, 4, 8, 9, (fig. 3.8; 3.10; 3.17; 3.20). But we didn t find exactly such items among 4000 (!) copper items found in Gorny layer [Каргалы III, c 76-100]. Now let s come back to the issue of stone facings of the graves: can we consider them as an argument for the direct connection of the dead with mining? Here the paradox is in the following - on unknown grounds masters of Gorny settlement avoided using stone as a construction material. The fact is surprising. And it was seen in every period - from small living pits of phase A till big dwelling-producing complexes of the next phase B- 1. In essence the only exception was a stove No. 3 in a dwelling block of R. 10. Some concluding remarks 225 complex No. 1 [Каргалы II, с. 73-75, рис. 3.4], and comparatively formless and careless laying of the floor in early dwelling No. 55 [Каргалы III, c 281]. Nearly complete refusal to use stone as a construction material by Srubnaya settlers of Gomy is creating a more strange impression as they were using the same or similar material nearly every day of their lives. Here is the opposite example: when Russian industrialists appeared in the region in the 18th century, new Kargaly workers immediately began to use sandstone plates, bricks and blocks as the main material when constructing dwellings, stoves and temporary shelters [Каргалы I, c. 94-104]. The final part of this chapter is very short and here we ll apply for the anthropology information. On the first pages of this volume we ve already expressed regret for unequal materials and snatches of paleoanthropological information received from different sites. All that naturally lowered the level of our conclusions and confidence in their thoroughness. That s why initial observations of such kind surely need further verifications^and more precise definitions. We should also add that paleoanthropologists are inclined to see in populations of different necropolises representatives not only of one clan but of some different clans though they may related and belong to the main groups of steppe population of the Bronze Age (see chapter 8). Nevertheless one cannot but pay attention to the fact that the dead had no evident signs of profe¬ ssional miners pathologies like silicosis. Also specific traumas on bones were not observed. Recorded traumas were quite ordinary and they could be connected with everyday activities (see chapter 10). Collection of human bones from cultural layer from Gorny takes specific place in the studied mat¬ erials. Though it is very fragmentary, exactly on the bones from this settlement most expressive traumas and pathologies were observed. They testify of belonging to risky and hard labor of miners and smelters in more trustworthy way (see part 9.1). In some respect the study of the bones of now famous copper founder - boy from the first Pershin kurgan also takes specific places in the collection. Unlike other dead his remains have quite clear signs of professional activity though it was very short. Excess physical activity, food stress, growth inhibition and higher copper content in the bones of hands in comparison with the bones of thighs are among these signs (see parts 9.2; 10.1; 11.2-11.5). R.10. Some concluding remarks From the very beginning of the research in this mining complex, Kargaly were offering difficult enigmas and hardly understandable paradoxes to its researches. Nearly in the same situation we found ourselves when evaluating the ancient necropolises. We tried to evaluate interconnection of domestic and burial sites in Kargaly unambiguously and traditionally simplistically. This way could hardly be su¬ ccessful. A real picture is still covered with a rather thick layer of fog and many important details of this picture are not seen at all or barely distinguished. There is a definite and rather clear connection between those buried on the right bank capes of river Kargalka with those who was getting ore, smelting copper and producing instruments here. But many details of the structure of this interconnection is still not fully understood. It is quite possible that after further research a real picture will be much more complicated than one has expected. At the moment it is not improbable that the Srubnaya miners were carried over to the other world by a special and unknown so far way. One thing is absolutely clear- researches in this direction should go on.
adam_txt	Оглавление Часть первая Некрополи на Каргалах Введение. Погребальные памятники на Каргалах .14 8.1. Общие сведения .14 8.2. Характер палеоантропологических материалов .18 8.3. Структура книги .19 8.4. Специфика тома .20 Глава 1. Першинский некрополь: курган №1.21 1.1. Топография курганного поля .21 1.2. Характер кургана №1, его литология и стратиграфия .23 1.3. Планиграфия кургана и основные группы погребений .26 1.4. Периоды формирования комплекса .28 1.5. Ранние погребения ямно-полтавкинского периода .29 1.6. Погребения абашевского или абашево-раннесрубного периода .35 1.7. Сарматские погребения .39 1.8. Неопределенные по хронологии и культурной принадлежности погребения. 42 1.9. Заключительные замечания .47 Глава 2. Першинский некрополь: курганы №№3 и 4.49 2.1. Курган №3.49 2.2. Курган №4.58 2.3. Заключительные примечания .68 Глава 3. Комиссаровский некрополь .70 3.1. Местоположение и история открытия .70 3.2. Курган №1.71 3.2.1. Погребения срубной культуры .71 3.2.2. Погребения сарматской культуры .86 3.3. Курган №2.92 3.4. Першинский и Комиссаровский могильники: сходство и различия .98 Глава 4. Могильник Уранбаш-южный .100 4.1. История изучения .100 4.2. Курган №1.100 4.3. Курган №2.100 4.4. Курган №3.111 4.5. Курган №4.111 4.6. Курган №6.112 4.7. Курган №8.112 4.8. Курган №9. П8 4.9. Погребальный обряд .122 4.10. Керамика .124 Оглавление Часть вторая Население Каргалов: палеоантропологические исследования Глава 5. Изученные палеоанхропологіїческіїе материалы .126 5.1. Общие данные .126 5.2. Каталог исследованных материалов .126 5.2.1. Поселение Горный .126 5.2.2. Могильник Перший .128 5.2.3. Могильник Комиссарове» .131 Глава 6. Общая демографическая характеристика изученных серий .134 6.1. Поселение Горный .134 6.2. Першинский некрополь .134 6.3. Комиссаровский некрополь .136 6.4. Элементы сходства и различий .136 Глава 7. Краниология серий из могильников Перший и Комиссарово .139 7.1. Серия Перший .141 7.2. Серия Комиссарово .143 7.3. Сравнительный анализ .144 Глава 8. Особенности скелетной конституции (по материалам из могильника Комиссарово) .151 8.1.Морфометрическая характеристика серии .154 8.2. Размеры длинных костей: географическое распределение ряда групп .154 8.2.1. Евразийские степи .158 8.2.2. Лесостепь .159 8.2.3. Лесная (таежная) зона .159 8.3. Итоги канонического анализа .,.159 8.4. Итоги кластерного анализа .161 8.5. Обсуждение результатов .163 Глава 9. Анализ двигательной активности и реконструкция профессиональной деятельности .166 9.1. Серия из селища Горный .166 9.2. Першинская серия .166 9.3. Серия из Комиссарова .168 Глава 10. Характеристика здоровья населения .171 10.1. Останки людей с Горного .171 10.2. Люди с Першинского некрополя .171 10.3. Люди с Комиссаровского некрополя .172 10.4. Проблемы диеты и маркеры пищевого стресса .173 10.5. Инфекции и травмы .175 10.6. Болезни суставов и позвоночника .176 Глава 11. Химический состав минеральной части скелета .177 11.1. Возможности исследования химического состава костной ткани .177 11.2. Методы и материалы . 177 11.3. Реконструкция рациона питания населения эпохи бронзы .179 Оглавление 11.4. Выявление индивидов, связанных с горно-металлургическим производством .181 11.5. Химический состав костей и особенности ландшафта обитания .183 Глава 12. Древняя ДНК: методы изучения и предварительные результаты .185 12.1. Древняя ДНК в археологических исследованиях .185 12.2. Методы молекулярной археологии .186 12.3. Анализ ДНК по материалам каргалинских памятников .188 12.4. Результаты и обсуждение .191 Глава 13. Антропологические материалы могильника Уранбаш-южный .194 13.1. Демографические особенности .194 13.2. О происхождении уранбашской популяции .196 13.3. Уранбашский материал на фоне волго-уральских серий .202 Глава 14. Вместо заключения: могилы и профессия погребенных .205 14.1. Рациональный стандарт «срубных» погребений .205 14.2. Ранние могилы знати, воинов и мастеров .206 14.3. Унификация проявлений культуры .207 14.4. Кенотафы и каменные обкладки могил .207 14.5. Pro et contra.209 14.6. Несколько заключительных слов .211 Приложение 1. Электрометрические разведки Першинского некрополя .212 Приложение 2. Радиоуглеродные даты материалов из погребений у Першина .215 Приложение 3. Металлографический анализ медного тесла из кургана №1 Першинского некрополя .217 Resume .219 Литература .226 Список сокращений .239 RESUME Introduction. Burial sites in Kargaly. R.I . General information One of the most wonderful and even unusual sources for comprehensive understanding of ancient Kargaly copper mining and metallurgical complex is ancient cemeteries found on the area of Kargaly ore field. The sites of such kind are very rarely met in ancient mining metallurgical centers (see for example [Черных 1975, с. 140,144; 1978, с. 60, 61, 323]) and that's why they are of exceptional value. By now we managed to fix four kurgan necropolises in Kargaly - Pershin, Komissarovo, Uranbash-N (Northern) and Uranbash-S (Southern). Apart from them another single burial mound is seen near khutor (kind of farm) Noven'ky [Каргалы I, табл. 4.2; с. 60, 74, 75], All the cemeteries are «attached» to the flat capes of the lower right bank of the river Kargalka. On the straight it's approximately 12 kilometers between extreme sites - the North - Western (Kommisarovo) and the South - East (Uranbash-S) points (fig. Bl; table Bl). R.2. Character of paleoanthropological materials Paleoanthropological diversified materials were mainly from the two sources. The first one is the cultural layer of the Srubnaya community in the excavated part of Gorny settlement. We managed to extract fragments or even whole items of 21 human bones which were studied by the anthropologists (see chapter 5). Incomparably more representative part of the materials was naturally connected with burial grounds. In all we managed to uncover 108 graves in 12 kurgans. In 14 grave pits no human remains Table R.1. Distribution of the paleoanthropological materials according to the Kargaly cemeteries and archaeolo¬ gical communities. Cemetery Kurgan № Number of graves (burials) Yamno-Pol- tavkinskaya Abashevo Srubnaya Sarmatian Indefinite adultus children's cenotaph adultus children's cenotaph adultus children's cenotaph adultus children's cenotaph adultus children's cenotaph Pershin 1 9(9) 1 1 - 1 1 - - - 1 1 - 3 - - Pershin 3 8(8) - - - - - - 1 7 - - - - - - - Pershin 4 11(11) - - - - - - 3 8 - - - - - - - Komissarovo 1 16(16) - - - - - - 6 5 - 5 - - - - - Komissarovo 2 5(5) - - - - - 4 1. - - - - - - - Uranbash-S 1 1(1) - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - Uranbash-S 2 2(2) - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - Uranbash-S 3 3(3) - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - Uranbash-S 4 10(10) - - - - - - 5 4 1 - - - - - - Uranbash-S 6 1(1) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Uranbash-S 8 25(25) - - - - - - 11 7 7 - - - - - - Uranbash-S 9 17(19) - - - - - - 6 10 3 - - - - - - Sum total 108 (110) 1 1 1 - 1 1 39 44 11 6 1 - 3 - 1 Sum total 3 2 94 7 5 220 Resume were found. The traces of 96 human burials were recorded in the rest 94 graves (table B.2). With certain confidence the researches ascribe 104 graves (out of 108 studied) to four definite archaeological com¬ munities - Yamno-poltavkinskaya, Abashevskaya, Srubnaya and Sarmatian. The rest 4 graves can't be connected with one of four cultures indicated above and are referred to as culturally undetermined. Distribution according to the archaeological communities indicated above is extremely irregu¬ lar. Nine tenth of all the remains (cenotaphs including) are connected with the Srubnaya community: at least 95 graves referred to as such. Other cultures in comparison with the Srubnaya are presented in insignificant quantities, only 3 graves (including 1 cenotaph and one grave of a child conditionally included here (burial No. 1 in the first Pershin kurgan) are connected with the Yamno-poltavkinskaya community. Two graves are connected with Abashevskaya community - in one of them remains of a child were found, in other cenotaph a skeleton of the young kid and an Abashevskaya styled pot. A bit larger number of graves - seven - is connected with the Sarmatian culture. But according to the different facts the Sarmatian population didn't have any relation to the mining of the Kargaly copper-ore deposits. In the table R. 1 below the correlation of the studied burial places in Kargaly with different cultural historical communities and age specific characteristics and cenotaphs is summed up. R.3. Specificity of this volume This published fourth book to a great extent is different from the three previous volumes of the Kargaly series [Каргалы Ι, Π, III], by both the structure and some other regretfully distressing peculiarities. A thorough reader of the series could easily notice that the first volumes were noted for their single and mutually correlative methods of investigation. Materials and conclusions we received during many years of field, laboratory and archival investigations were presented in a single publishing style. The basis of such a character of investigation and publishing was a single plan of the Kargaly international complex archaeological expedition. All most important surveys were performed in a single interconnected way [Каргалы I, c. 12-14]. Regretfully we couldn't reach such a methodological unification (so desirable in publishing the results) in this volume. There are many reasons for that but we'll mention only some of them without unnecessary details. Undoubtedly of primary importance is the fact that three different teams were ex¬ cavating the Kargaly burial grounds. These three teams are different not only in their methodological approaches to the field excavations but also to the laboratory analysis of the received materials. So burial mound No. 1 near Pershin was uncovered by the Kargaly expedition in 1998 but in the year 2000 mounds Nos. 3 and 4 were excavated by the expedition of the Steppe Institute pf Uralian Department of Russian Academy of Sciences (under direction of Bogdanov S. V.). Members of the last were not using coordinate system of the Pershin burial ground performed by the Kargaly expedition two years earlier. Such a refusal undoubtedly complicated a reconstruction of a detailed and single topogra¬ phic picture of an intricate Perchin necropolis. They also didn't gather all the bone material of Srubnaya graves found in mounds Nos. 3 and 4. For this reason paleoanthropological investigation of the Pershin necropolis were forcedly performed on fragmentary and insufficiently representative material of the Srabnaya community and the Late Bronze graves. The 1991 and 1992 excavations of the Uranbash-S burial ground (under the direction of O. I. Po- rokhova and N. L. Morgunova - archaeological laboratory of the Orenburg Pedagogical Institute) were very similar in this way. The field researchers were gathering skulls only, paying nearly no attention to other bone material - at least there was no enough material for complex studying by the workers of the physical anthropological team. As a result of such approach, Khokhlov A.A. was able to make a cranio- logical analysis just of some sculls from the burial ground. R.4. Beginning of the field research at Kargaly Strange as it may seem but detailed research of the Kargaly mining metallurgical complex was begun not from the studying Gorny-like settlements and not even from the clearing of ancient mines R.6. Early graves of chiefs, warriors and masters 221 and galleries. A real start of excavation was made by N.L.Morgunova in 1991 and by O. A. Porokhova in 1992. They were researching the Uranbash-S necropolis. Human graves of the Srubnaya cultural his¬ torical community were mainly found there and they were not very different from standard "srubnaya" graves and that's why no special attention was attracted to them at that time. We began trial excavations in Gorny only in 1992 [Каргалы II, с. 17], but then we had rather dim idea of a main point of Kargaly. Much later a complex character of the Kargaly research has become more systematic. Only then more reasoned judgments about real scales of the whole Kargaly complex and its complex structure were stated. But we were able to come back to the studying of the graves of the Kargaly aboriginals partly in 1998 and more fully in 2000 and 2001. R.5. Permanent standard of "srubnaya" burials So exceptional might of the Kargaly mining metallurgical production was getting clear gradually but rather swiftly. Soon this topic was no more disputable. Quite often and completely justly the indications of the production in Kargaly were called fantastic due to their expressiveness and great number. These indications present endless bulks of workings and hills composed of millions of tons of rock disposals colored in malachite green colors. Also hundreds of kilometers of underground labyrinths of drifts and galleries. And gigantic scatterings of materials from Gorny settlement which were obvious evidence of professional occupation of Kargaly aboriginals - miners and metallurgists. Apogee of this activity was at the period of Srubnaya activity, i.e. in II millennium B.C. The first three volumes of the Kargaly series contain detailed depiction of all that. If these suppositions were true, could we recon on finding some indications of this originality in burial places? The graves of ancient miners and metallurgists are well known and are easily disti¬ nguished from others. The destiny seemed to give us exceptionally favorable and even unique chance of convergence of all these memorials on the territory of the single complex. But another paradox was awaiting for us. In the fourth volume we tried to examine all studied Kargaly burial sites. They are not numerous but not that small at the same time. We managed to uncover about one hundred graves of the Bronze Age. Beginning from very rare graves of the early stage of this epoch up to the Late Bronze Age graves which are most numerous among all. But only in one case our expectations and hopes came true - we found the only grave of a teenager copper founder with cast of the Early (!) Bronze Age. In later numerous series we didn't find anything of the kind. Kargaly kurgans as well as graves in them were amazingly ordinary. Among them prevailed those connected with the spatially gigantic Srubnaya community. Many hundreds of similar graves were un¬ covered in the Eastern Europe steppes. Endlessly recurring trite implements of such graves don't arose original and bright conclusions. The dead were mainly laid in rectangular rather shallow graves under low mound in a writhen standard pose on a left side with the heads toward North-East. Their poor burial implements were also crestfallen standard: one or two (rarely three) clay pots, sometimes an inexpressive metal or modest spread beads. . Sometimes exceptional rationality of the funeral rites was depressing. In Kargaly cemeteries we never met a single item pointing out the profession of miners and met¬ allurgists. No miners picks from the local metals, no stone hammers, anvils, no moulds. Nothing of the things abundantly found in the cultural layer of Gorny [Каргалы III]. Depressive uniformity of the graves were also surprising because the previous metal epochs - especially in the Southern of the Eastern Europe - were characterized by completely different funeral rites. At that time the graves were supposed to be different according to the social status and profession of the dead. We know about such burial places in earlier epochs but practically nothing is known about settlements of the professionals of this time. The present paradox is surely worth thinking over. R.6. Early graves of chiefs, warriors and masters We found the mould of an axe, but it was in a grave of copper founder - boy who lived a thousand years before the time we are speaking about, at the time when nomad stock-breeders of ancient Yamnaya 222 Resume community dominated here. Far hack at pre-Srubnaya periods of the Early and Middle Bronze a social status of the dead was accentuated in much more sumptuous way. E.g. huge moulds were made over graves of chiefs, expensive and expressive things were put into me graves of noble tribesmen. That was a kind of necessary visiting card for travelers into the other world. The graves of metallurgists were also marked with indispensable casting molds of the shaft-hole axes [Бочкарев 1978; Гей 1986; ]. These axes were considered to be prince's weapon of the Bronze Age or king's and even god's weapon in the Near East [Черных и др. 2002, с. 12-14]. By the way, the first and the only copper founder's grave to the East of Volga was found in Pershin. Judging to all appearances the teenager from the first Pershin mound was admitted to the status of masters not far from the death: most often such an initiation was performed at the age of puberty, then a boy became a man. Over the grave of this boy a small kurgan was created, soon it became blurred and unnoticeable. Probably because ofthat 2,5 thousand years later this early mound was covered by great hill-like kurgan of a Sarmatian warrior armed by a long iron sword (kurgan No. 1, burial No. 7). Even during early phase of the Late Bronze Age, when the main structural components of gigantic Eurasian metallurgical province only began to develop, in some archaeological communities and cultures the professional mark of graves - especially of warriors or metallurgists — was getting nearly essential. There is no sense to remind here of eastern initial component of Eurasian metallurgical province, i.e. about Seyma-Turbino type of graves with their splendid bronze weapon or moulds found mainly in cenotaphs [Черных, Кузьминых 1989]. And we won't mention well known graves of Abashevo comm¬ unity, Pepkino kurgan with its collective grave of 27 young men (where the remains of a copper founder were very notable) recurs to one's memory at once [Халиков и др. 1966, с. 12,13, 66, 67; табл. VIII, IX]. Sintashta warriors buried with their horse chariots are also famous in our archaeological literature [Генингидр. 1992]. R.7. Unification of cultural manifestations People of the Srubnaya community didn't have such personal "visiting cards" when leaving this world. They were socially belittled at the going on to the next world. Their occupations during lifetime were not somehow reflected in burial implements. To all appearance at that time in ideology of steppe people a process of cardinal and impetuous changes took place: "rationalism of democratic egalitariani- sm" undoubtedly prevailed. Besides, similar processes one could notice practically everywhere in Great Eurasian steppe, in the Srabnaya and Andronovo communities. "Depersonalization" of necropolises was in harmony with monotonous picture of innumerable inexpressive settlements. E.g. on the vast Srabnaya community territories only Gomy and Mosolovka were breaking the uniformity of the picture. In the first case, this is due to exceptionally rich materials of mining and metallurgy; in the second one - surprising abundance of moulds testifies about rather developed metal-working of Don basin settlers. While studying Kargaly burial grounds we could not miss two notable features distinguishing Srubnaya necropolises from other numerous cemeteries of the South Ural region. It is unlikely that they were directly connected with profession of the dead. At best we could think of indirect connection, some kind of special relation to a clan or a family whose main occupation was mining and metallurgy (but nothing more than that). R.8. Cenotaphs and stone graves facing First we are going to attract your attention to a relatively high portion of cenotaphs in the Kargaly necropolises. And then we'll try to clear up the ritual of graves' stone facing which was very widespread here (see table R.2). It's most reasonable to compare the Kargaly mound cemeteries of the Srubnaya types with burial constructions of the Volgo-Ural interfluve as the Kargaly memorials belong to this territory. It is not difficult to notice that the portion of the Srubnaya community cenotaphs is much higher. So, there were 562 registered Srubnaya graves in the Volgo-Ural interfluve and only 5 (less than 1%!) of them R. 8. Cenotaphs and stone graves facing 223 Table R.2. Portion of cenotaphs and graves ofthe Srubnaya co mmuity ■at hst one coved ngs andfacingsin Kãrgd cemeteries Cemetery Kurgan № General number of burials (including Srubnaya comm.) Srubnaya community (number of burials) Total in the kurgan With the stone facing* Portion (%%) Adultus Children and teenagers Cenotaphs Total With the stone facing* Total With the stone facing* Total With the stone facing* Pershin 1 9-9 - - - - - - - - - Pershin 3 8-8 1 1 7 7 - 8 8 100,0 Pershin 4 11-11 3 2 8 5 - 11 7 63,6 Komissarovo 1 16-16 6 2 5 3 - 11 5 45,5 Komissarovo 2 5-5 4 2 1 1 - 5 3 60,0 Uranbash-S 1 1-1 - - - - - - - - - Uranbash-S 2 2-2 1 - 1 0 - 1 0 0 Uranbash-S 3 3-3 2 0 1 0 - 3 0 0 Uranbash-S 4 10-10 5 2 4 1 1 - 10 3 30,0 Uranbash-S 6 1-1 - - - - - - - - - Uranbash-S 8 25-25 11 9 7 5 7 4 25 18 72,0 Uranbash-S 9 17-19 6 2 10 7 3 . 3 19 12 63,2 Sum total 108(110) 39 20 44 29 11 7 94 56 59,6 Note: «from them with stone» means as a rule stone covering of the grave or stone facing of grave walls or - more rarely - fallen stones in the graves happened to be cenotaphs [Памятники срубной культуры 1993, с. 20-63]. In Kargaly 11 graves out of 94 - nearly 12% - didn't contain human remains. Cenotaphs were created not only for Srubnaya population; they also took place in ancient Yamnaya community (Uranbash, mound No. 6, the only grave) and in Abashevo community (Pershin, mound No. 1, burial No. 2 with the goatling). It's interesting but in Kargaly we didn't see cenotaphs only at Sarmatian people. Is it possible to think that such a considerably large number of cenotaphs in Kargaly necropolises tells about risky and dangerous work of miners? Could we suppose that these are nominal graves of miners vanished forever under the ground? One can't folly reject such an assumption but we also cannot see absolute evidence of direct connection between cenotaphs and mining works. But even more expressive difference is stone facing of the graves. They are very numerous in Kargaly and quite rare in other cemeteries of the Srubnaya community. Stone items in the form of heavy massive plates covering burial pits or in the form of facing over the edges of these pits or stones fallen into the pits were found in 56 cases out of 94, i.e. in nearly 60%! - see table R.2. At the same time the cases of using stone items at burial rites in the Volga-Ural interfluve are not mentioned at all. Information about 562 graves from this region is published in Code of Archaeological Sources (Памятники срубной культуры 1993). In Staro-Yabalaklinsky necropolis on river Djoma in Bashkiria only 8 Srubnaya graves out of 165 (less than 5%) were covered with stone plates [Горбунов, Морозов 1991, с. 78]. Besides, apart from Uranbash and Staro-Yabalakly necropolises A. I. Kromarev [2003, с. 287] counted only 7 cases of using stone facings and coverings among more than 2 000 regi¬ stered Srubnaya graves. 224 Resume How can we interpret these facts? Do they testify about direct connection of the dead with their occupation of miners through using in burial rites the same rock they had to shatter every day of their lives trying to get copper minerals? Again such a theory can be only one of possible ways to explain the facts but nothing more. In essence the stone facings of burial pits are not necessarily the sign of miners' graves. In Eurasia there are numerous stone burial mounds where people of no connection with mining were buried. Most likely in Kargaly we deal with some kind of clan marking of the graves and those clan could have some relation to mining. Besides, one should pay attention to the fact that stone was used as a material for gravestones for infants and teenagers in 65% against 51% of gravestones for grownups (see table R.2). But the very occupation of grownups should be more closely connected with mining works. R.9. Pro et contra So, who was buried on the right bank capes of river Kargalka? Were they (grownups at least) real Kargaly miners and metallurgists? Or there were quite different burial rites for masters? At the beginning of works in Kargaly we didn't doubt about traditional conclusions. If Srubnaya cemeteries were on the territory of the Kargaly mining complex, what other conclusions could be made - here local masters were buried? A customary thesis though not proved but not seriously dis¬ putable was at the heart of such a conclusion - the entrails of the Earth belonged to those clans who were working and living there. When we had opportunity to compare materials from burial and domestic sites, then it became clear that ceramics from Srubnaya graves corresponded definitely enough to a huge collection of clay pottery extracted from cultural layer of Gorny. In such a way the first thesis was supported. But such a support could be easily «invited». Srubnaya ceramics is not very diversified and similar expressive features are clearly seen in ceramics from different and rather remote regions. In this respect some pots with a touch of ore and even crashed slag in a clay paste were more sign¬ ificant. Such rare pots were found in Gorny [Каргалы III, c 51], in Pershin and in Uranbash-S. Evidently there were contacts between settlers and those who were buried in Kargaly cemetery. But again we are speaking about contacts only. Such pots can hardly speak about occupation of the dead. Even more so as the most expressive of such pots was laid to the grave of an infant (Pershin, mound No. 4, burial No. 3, see part 2.2., fig. 2.20). Essentially these are all arguments for the «full identity» of settlers and those buried along river Kargalka. But we'll try to use materials not contrary to the first thesis but at least recovering a more complicated picture. We already spoke about the most pronounced contradiction: there were no items in graves iden¬ tifying occupation of the dead, to be more precise - namely those numerous items abundantly found in cultural layer of Gorny. But here we can find «contra» argument - probably Srubnaya ideology demanded some «humiliating» depersonalization and unification of burial rites. Then, Kargaly is very rich in copper, but there was nearly no metal in graves and the fact is na¬ turally surprising. But «nearly no»! If we find metal items among burial implements, this metal is not from Kargaly! Metal decorations found near the dead are not of local production, they are as a rale from Andronovo (Alakul') sources located to the East from Kargaly - in Trans-Urals and Kazakhstan regions. First of all I mean copper or bronze twisted (one and half swiftness) pendants often covered with golden foil. They were found in four graves of the first Komissarovo kurgan - graves Nos. 3, 4, 8, 9, (fig. 3.8; 3.10; 3.17; 3.20). But we didn't find exactly such items among 4000 (!) copper items found in Gorny layer [Каргалы III, c 76-100]. Now let's come back to the issue of stone facings of the graves: can we consider them as an argument for the direct connection of the dead with mining? Here the paradox is in the following - on unknown grounds masters of Gorny settlement avoided using stone as a construction material. The fact is surprising. And it was seen in every period - from small living pits of phase A till big dwelling-producing complexes of the next phase B- 1. In essence the only exception was a stove No. 3 in a dwelling block of R. 10. Some concluding remarks 225 complex No. 1 [Каргалы II, с. 73-75, рис. 3.4], and comparatively formless and careless laying of the floor in early dwelling No. 55 [Каргалы III, c 281]. Nearly complete refusal to use stone as a construction material by Srubnaya settlers of Gomy is creating a more strange impression as they were using the same or similar material nearly every day of their lives. Here is the opposite example: when Russian industrialists appeared in the region in the 18th century, new Kargaly workers immediately began to use sandstone plates, bricks and blocks as the main material when constructing dwellings, stoves and temporary shelters [Каргалы I, c. 94-104]. The final part of this chapter is very short and here we'll apply for the anthropology information. On the first pages of this volume we've already expressed regret for unequal materials and snatches of paleoanthropological information received from different sites. All that naturally lowered the level of our conclusions and confidence in their thoroughness. That's why initial observations of such kind surely need further verifications^and more precise definitions. We should also add that paleoanthropologists are inclined to see in populations of different necropolises representatives not only of one clan but of some different clans though they may related and belong to the main groups of steppe population of the Bronze Age (see chapter 8). Nevertheless one cannot but pay attention to the fact that the dead had no evident signs of profe¬ ssional miners' pathologies like silicosis. Also specific traumas on bones were not observed. Recorded traumas were quite ordinary and they could be connected with everyday activities (see chapter 10). Collection of human bones from cultural layer from Gorny takes specific place in the studied mat¬ erials. Though it is very fragmentary, exactly on the bones from this settlement most expressive traumas and pathologies were observed. They testify of belonging to risky and hard labor of miners and smelters in more trustworthy way (see part 9.1). In some respect the study of the bones of now famous copper founder - boy from the first Pershin kurgan also takes specific places in the collection. Unlike other dead his remains have quite clear signs of professional activity though it was very short. Excess physical activity, food stress, growth inhibition and higher copper content in the bones of hands in comparison with the bones of thighs are among these signs (see parts 9.2; 10.1; 11.2-11.5). R.10. Some concluding remarks From the very beginning of the research in this mining complex, Kargaly were offering difficult enigmas and hardly understandable paradoxes to its researches. Nearly in the same situation we found ourselves when evaluating the ancient necropolises. We tried to evaluate interconnection of domestic and burial sites in Kargaly unambiguously and traditionally simplistically. This way could hardly be su¬ ccessful. A real picture is still covered with a rather thick layer of fog and many important details of this picture are not seen at all or barely distinguished. There is a definite and rather clear connection between those buried on the right bank capes of river Kargalka with those who was getting ore, smelting copper and producing instruments here. But many details of the structure of this interconnection is still not fully understood. It is quite possible that after further research a real picture will be much more complicated than one has expected. At the moment it is not improbable that the Srubnaya miners were carried over to the other world by a special and unknown so far way. One thing is absolutely clear- researches in this direction should go on.
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spelling	Kargaly 4 Nekropoli na Kargalach : naselenie kargalov, paleoantropologičeskie issledovanija sost. i naučnyj red. E. N. Černych Kargaly' Necropolis Moskva Jazyki Slavjanskoj Kul'tury 2005 238 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PT: Kargaly' Necropolis Černych, Evgenij Nikolaevič 1935- Sonstige (DE-588)12305396X oth (DE-604)BV017075682 4 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016743955&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016743955&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract
spellingShingle	Kargaly
title	Kargaly
title_alt	Kargaly' Necropolis
title_auth	Kargaly
title_exact_search	Kargaly
title_exact_search_txtP	Kargaly
title_full	Kargaly 4 Nekropoli na Kargalach : naselenie kargalov, paleoantropologičeskie issledovanija sost. i naučnyj red. E. N. Černych
title_fullStr	Kargaly 4 Nekropoli na Kargalach : naselenie kargalov, paleoantropologičeskie issledovanija sost. i naučnyj red. E. N. Černych
title_full_unstemmed	Kargaly 4 Nekropoli na Kargalach : naselenie kargalov, paleoantropologičeskie issledovanija sost. i naučnyj red. E. N. Černych
title_short	Kargaly
title_sort	kargaly nekropoli na kargalach naselenie kargalov paleoantropologiceskie issledovanija
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work_keys_str_mv	AT cernychevgenijnikolaevic kargaly4 AT cernychevgenijnikolaevic kargalynecropolis

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