Boreal forest and climate change:
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
---|---|
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
[New York]
Springer
2008
|
Schriftenreihe: | Advances in global research
34 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXIX, 582 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
ISBN: | 9781402087172 9781402087189 |
Internformat
MARC
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020 | |a 9781402087189 |9 978-1-4020-8718-9 | ||
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Boreal forest and climate change |c Pertti Hari ... [ed.] |
264 | 1 | |a [New York] |b Springer |c 2008 | |
300 | |a XXIX, 582 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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---|---|
adam_text | Contents
Definitions
......................................................... xiii
Contributors
....................................................... xxv
1
Introduction
................................................ 1
1.1
Background
.............................................. 1
1.2
Theoretical Tools
......................................... 4
1.3
The Aim of the Book
...................................... 10
2
Methodologies
.............................................. 13
2.1
Background
.............................................. 13
2.2
Dynamic Modelling
....................................... 14
2.3
Statistical Methods
........................................ 16
2.4
On Field Measurements
.................................... 20
2.4.1
Background
...................................... 20
2.4.2
Measuring Strategy
................................ 22
2.4.3
Accuracy and Precision
............................ 23
2.4.4
Measurement Setup
................................ 24
2.4.5
Planning of Measurements
.......................... 44
2.5
SMEAR Network
......................................... 46
2.5.1
Description of Stations
............................. 47
2.5.2
Measuring Accuracy and Precision
atSMEARIandn
................................ 52
2.5.3
Examples of a Measured Time Series
................. 55
3
Environmental Factors
....................................... 57
3.1
Annual Cycle of Environmental Factors
...................... 57
3.2
Temporal and Spatial Variation: Atmosphere
.................. 65
3.3
Temporal and Spatial Variation: Soil
......................... 72
Contents
Transport
.................................................. 75
4.1
Molecular Transport
....................................... 75
4.2
Convection
............................................... 81
4.2.1
Laminar and Turbulent Rows
....................... 81
4.2.2
Eddy Covariance and Ecosystem Fluxes
............... 85
4.3
Radiative Transport
........................................ 87
4.4
Summary of Transport Phenomena
........................... 87
Structure
.................................................. 89
5.1
Hierarchy of Structure
..................................... 89
5.2
Vegetation
............................................... 90
5.2.1
Chemical Structure
................................ 90
5.2.2
Cellular Level
....................................103
5.2.3
Tissue
...........................................106
5.2.4
Organs
..........................................
Ill
5.2.5
Individual
........................................117
5.2.6
Stand
............................................121
5.2.7
Boreal Zone
......................................124
5.2.8
Quantitative Description of Vegetation
Structure
.........................................126
5.3
Structure of the Atmosphere
................................127
5.4
Soil
.....................................................132
5.4.1
Mineral Soil
......................................132
5.4.2
Soil Organic Matter
................................133
5.4.3
Soil Structure, Water and Air
........................138
5.4.4
Soil Organisms
...................................141
5.4.5
Soil Horizons and Distribution
......................142
Processes
.................................................. 143
6.1
Temporal and Spatial Scale of Processes and Fluxes
............143
6.2
Physical and Chemical Processes
............................144
6.2.1
Phase Transitions and Energy Exchange
...............144
6.2.2
Chemical Reactions in the Air
.......................156
6.2.3
Aerosol Formation and Growth
......................167
6.2.4
Ion Exchange and Retention
........................171
6.3
Vegetation Processes
......................................172
6.3.1
General
..........................................172
6.3.2
Stable Functional Substances
........................176
6.3.3
Changing Functional Substances
.....................222
6.4
Soil Processes
............................................269
6.4.1
Decomposition of Soil Organic Matter
................269
6.4.2
Nitrogen Processes in Soil
..........................271
6.4.3
Methane Processes in Soil
..........................277
Contents ix
7
From Processes and Transport to Trees, Ecosystems
and Atmosphere
............................................281
7.1
Mathematical Tools
.......................................281
7.2
Atmospheric Processes and Transport
........................284
7.2.1
Conservation Principles
............................285
7.2.2
Continuity Equation
...............................286
7.2.3
Energy Equation
..................................288
7.2.4
Continuity Equation for Each Species
in a Multicomponent Mixture
.......................289
7.2.5
Equation of Motion
................................290
7.2.6
Use of the Equations of Change to Solve Transport
Problems
........................................292
7.2.7
Heat Transport and Exchange in the Atmosphere
and Between Atmosphere and Surface
................293
7.2.8
Basic Equations of Atmospheric Models
..............295
7.3
Environmental Factors in the Canopy
.........................298
7.3.1
Short-Wave Solar Radiation
.........................298
7.3.2
Radiation Balance
.................................302
7.3.3
Vertical Profiles and Fluxes
.........................303
7.4
Environmental Factors in Soil
...............................306
7.4.1
Classification and Distribution of Boreal Forest Soils
.... 307
7.4.2
Description of a Podsolic Soil Profile and Podsol
Formation
........................................307
7.5
Tree Level
...............................................313
7.5.1
Photosynthetic Production of a Tree
..................313
7.5.2
Long-Distance Transport of Water and Solutes
in Trees
..........................................325
7.6
Stand Level
..............................................343
7.6.1
CO2 in Soil
.......................................343
7.6.2
Forest Ecosystem CO2 Exchange
....................351
7.6.3
Maximum Transpiration Rate and Water Tension
During Drought
...................................382
7.6.4
Fluxes and Concentrations of N2O in Boreal Forest Soil
. 387
7.6.5
Methane Fluxes in Boreal Forest Soil
.................393
7.7
Reactive Gases in the Air
...................................398
7.7.1
Ozone
...........................................398
7.7.2
Sulphuric Acid
....................................407
7.7.3
Reactive Biogenic VOCs
...........................408
7.8
Aerosol Particles in the Air
.................................409
7.8.1
Atmospheric Aerosol Concentrations
.................409
7.8.2
Profiles
..........................................411
7.8.3
Nucleation Event Annual Cycles
.....................414
x
Contents
7.9
Annual Energy, Carbon, Nitrogen and Water Fluxes
and Amounts at SMEAR
Π
.................................416
7.9.1
Energy Fluxes as Radiation and as Organic Matter
......416
7.9.2
Carbon Pools and Fluxes
...........................417
7.9.3
Mean Residence Time of Carbon
....................418
7.9.4
Water Pools and Fluxes
.............................419
7.9.5
Mean Residence Time of Water
......................420
7.9.6
Nitrogen Pools and Fluxes
..........................420
7.9.7
Mean Residence Time of Nitrogen
...................422
7.9.8
Comparison of Fluxes, Pools and Residence Times
.....423
8
Connections Between Processes, Transport and Structure
..........425
8.1
Emergent Properties
.......................................425
8.2
Functional Role of Structure and Growth of Trees
..............426
8.3
Structural Regularities Generated by Water Transport
...........429
8.4
Balance Between Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Uptake
..........431
9
MicroForest
................................................433
9.1
Growth and Development of Forest Ecosystems; the MicroForest
Model
...................................................433
9.1.1
Background
......................................433
9.1.2
Carbon and Nitrogen Fluxes in a Forest Ecosystem
.....434
9.1.3
Trees
............................................436
9.1.4
Ground Vegetation
................................446
9.1.5
Soil
.............................................447
9.1.6
Parameter Values
..................................451
9.1.7
Simulations
......................................453
9.1.8
Comments on MicroForest
..........................458
9.2
Testing MicroForest
.......................................461
9.2.1
Need for Rigorous Testing
..........................461
9.2.2
Test with Six Stands near SMEAR
Π
.................463
9.2.3
Test in Estonia at the Southern Border
of the Boreal Zone
.................................468
9.2.4
Test at Northern Timber Line
........................472
9.2.5
Evaluation of the Performance of MicroForest
.........476
10
Interactions Between Boreal Forests and Climate Change
..........479
10.1
Climate Change
...........................................479
10.1.1
Mechanisms of Climate Change
.....................479
10.1.2
Observed Changes in Climate
.......................483
10.1.3
Global Climate Models
.............................487
10.1.4
Projected Climate Changes for the Rest
of the 21st Century
................................488
10.2
Climate Change and Boreal Forests
..........................493
10.2.1
The Approach
....................................493
10.2.2
Process Responses to Climate Change
................494
Contents xi
10.2.3
Ecosystem Responses to Climate Change
.............496
10.2.4
Response of Boreal Forests to Climate Change
.........499
10.3
Feedback from Boreal Forests to Climate Change
..............503
10.3.1
Carbon Sequestration
..............................503
10.3.2
N2O Emissions from Boreal Forests
..................504
10.3.3
CH4 Fluxes in Changing Climate
....................506
10.3.4
Climatic Effects of Increased Leaf Area: Reduced
Surface Albedo and Increased Transpiration
...........508
10.3.5
BVOC Emissions from Boreal Forests
................516
10.3.6
Climatic Effects of Increasing Aerosols
...............517
10.4
Evaluation of the Connections Between Boreal Forests
and Climate Change
.......................................519
10.4.1
Climate Change
...................................519
10.4.2
Responses of Boreal Forests
........................523
10.4.3
Feedbacks from Boreal Forests
......................525
11
Concluding Remarks
........................................529
References
.........................................................533
Index
.............................................................577
|
adam_txt |
Contents
Definitions
. xiii
Contributors
. xxv
1
Introduction
. 1
1.1
Background
. 1
1.2
Theoretical Tools
. 4
1.3
The Aim of the Book
. 10
2
Methodologies
. 13
2.1
Background
. 13
2.2
Dynamic Modelling
. 14
2.3
Statistical Methods
. 16
2.4
On Field Measurements
. 20
2.4.1
Background
. 20
2.4.2
Measuring Strategy
. 22
2.4.3
Accuracy and Precision
. 23
2.4.4
Measurement Setup
. 24
2.4.5
Planning of Measurements
. 44
2.5
SMEAR Network
. 46
2.5.1
Description of Stations
. 47
2.5.2
Measuring Accuracy and Precision
atSMEARIandn
. 52
2.5.3
Examples of a Measured Time Series
. 55
3
Environmental Factors
. 57
3.1
Annual Cycle of Environmental Factors
. 57
3.2
Temporal and Spatial Variation: Atmosphere
. 65
3.3
Temporal and Spatial Variation: Soil
. 72
Contents
Transport
. 75
4.1
Molecular Transport
. 75
4.2
Convection
. 81
4.2.1
Laminar and Turbulent Rows
. 81
4.2.2
Eddy Covariance and Ecosystem Fluxes
. 85
4.3
Radiative Transport
. 87
4.4
Summary of Transport Phenomena
. 87
Structure
. 89
5.1
Hierarchy of Structure
. 89
5.2
Vegetation
. 90
5.2.1
Chemical Structure
. 90
5.2.2
Cellular Level
.103
5.2.3
Tissue
.106
5.2.4
Organs
.
Ill
5.2.5
Individual
.117
5.2.6
Stand
.121
5.2.7
Boreal Zone
.124
5.2.8
Quantitative Description of Vegetation
Structure
.126
5.3
Structure of the Atmosphere
.127
5.4
Soil
.132
5.4.1
Mineral Soil
.132
5.4.2
Soil Organic Matter
.133
5.4.3
Soil Structure, Water and Air
.138
5.4.4
Soil Organisms
.141
5.4.5
Soil Horizons and Distribution
.142
Processes
. 143
6.1
Temporal and Spatial Scale of Processes and Fluxes
.143
6.2
Physical and Chemical Processes
.144
6.2.1
Phase Transitions and Energy Exchange
.144
6.2.2
Chemical Reactions in the Air
.156
6.2.3
Aerosol Formation and Growth
.167
6.2.4
Ion Exchange and Retention
.171
6.3
Vegetation Processes
.172
6.3.1
General
.172
6.3.2
Stable Functional Substances
.176
6.3.3
Changing Functional Substances
.222
6.4
Soil Processes
.269
6.4.1
Decomposition of Soil Organic Matter
.269
6.4.2
Nitrogen Processes in Soil
.271
6.4.3
Methane Processes in Soil
.277
Contents ix
7
From Processes and Transport to Trees, Ecosystems
and Atmosphere
.281
7.1
Mathematical Tools
.281
7.2
Atmospheric Processes and Transport
.284
7.2.1
Conservation Principles
.285
7.2.2
Continuity Equation
.286
7.2.3
Energy Equation
.288
7.2.4
Continuity Equation for Each Species
in a Multicomponent Mixture
.289
7.2.5
Equation of Motion
.290
7.2.6
Use of the Equations of Change to Solve Transport
Problems
.292
7.2.7
Heat Transport and Exchange in the Atmosphere
and Between Atmosphere and Surface
.293
7.2.8
Basic Equations of Atmospheric Models
.295
7.3
Environmental Factors in the Canopy
.298
7.3.1
Short-Wave Solar Radiation
.298
7.3.2
Radiation Balance
.302
7.3.3
Vertical Profiles and Fluxes
.303
7.4
Environmental Factors in Soil
.306
7.4.1
Classification and Distribution of Boreal Forest Soils
. 307
7.4.2
Description of a Podsolic Soil Profile and Podsol
Formation
.307
7.5
Tree Level
.313
7.5.1
Photosynthetic Production of a Tree
.313
7.5.2
Long-Distance Transport of Water and Solutes
in Trees
.325
7.6
Stand Level
.343
7.6.1
CO2 in Soil
.343
7.6.2
Forest Ecosystem CO2 Exchange
.351
7.6.3
Maximum Transpiration Rate and Water Tension
During Drought
.382
7.6.4
Fluxes and Concentrations of N2O in Boreal Forest Soil
. 387
7.6.5
Methane Fluxes in Boreal Forest Soil
.393
7.7
Reactive Gases in the Air
.398
7.7.1
Ozone
.398
7.7.2
Sulphuric Acid
.407
7.7.3
Reactive Biogenic VOCs
.408
7.8
Aerosol Particles in the Air
.409
7.8.1
Atmospheric Aerosol Concentrations
.409
7.8.2
Profiles
.411
7.8.3
Nucleation Event Annual Cycles
.414
x
Contents
7.9
Annual Energy, Carbon, Nitrogen and Water Fluxes
and Amounts at SMEAR
Π
.416
7.9.1
Energy Fluxes as Radiation and as Organic Matter
.416
7.9.2
Carbon Pools and Fluxes
.417
7.9.3
Mean Residence Time of Carbon
.418
7.9.4
Water Pools and Fluxes
.419
7.9.5
Mean Residence Time of Water
.420
7.9.6
Nitrogen Pools and Fluxes
.420
7.9.7
Mean Residence Time of Nitrogen
.422
7.9.8
Comparison of Fluxes, Pools and Residence Times
.423
8
Connections Between Processes, Transport and Structure
.425
8.1
Emergent Properties
.425
8.2
Functional Role of Structure and Growth of Trees
.426
8.3
Structural Regularities Generated by Water Transport
.429
8.4
Balance Between Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Uptake
.431
9
MicroForest
.433
9.1
Growth and Development of Forest Ecosystems; the MicroForest
Model
.433
9.1.1
Background
.433
9.1.2
Carbon and Nitrogen Fluxes in a Forest Ecosystem
.434
9.1.3
Trees
.436
9.1.4
Ground Vegetation
.446
9.1.5
Soil
.447
9.1.6
Parameter Values
.451
9.1.7
Simulations
.453
9.1.8
Comments on MicroForest
.458
9.2
Testing MicroForest
.461
9.2.1
Need for Rigorous Testing
.461
9.2.2
Test with Six Stands near SMEAR
Π
.463
9.2.3
Test in Estonia at the Southern Border
of the Boreal Zone
.468
9.2.4
Test at Northern Timber Line
.472
9.2.5
Evaluation of the Performance of MicroForest
.476
10
Interactions Between Boreal Forests and Climate Change
.479
10.1
Climate Change
.479
10.1.1
Mechanisms of Climate Change
.479
10.1.2
Observed Changes in Climate
.483
10.1.3
Global Climate Models
.487
10.1.4
Projected Climate Changes for the Rest
of the 21st Century
.488
10.2
Climate Change and Boreal Forests
.493
10.2.1
The Approach
.493
10.2.2
Process Responses to Climate Change
.494
Contents xi
10.2.3
Ecosystem Responses to Climate Change
.496
10.2.4
Response of Boreal Forests to Climate Change
.499
10.3
Feedback from Boreal Forests to Climate Change
.503
10.3.1
Carbon Sequestration
.503
10.3.2
N2O Emissions from Boreal Forests
.504
10.3.3
CH4 Fluxes in Changing Climate
.506
10.3.4
Climatic Effects of Increased Leaf Area: Reduced
Surface Albedo and Increased Transpiration
.508
10.3.5
BVOC Emissions from Boreal Forests
.516
10.3.6
Climatic Effects of Increasing Aerosols
.517
10.4
Evaluation of the Connections Between Boreal Forests
and Climate Change
.519
10.4.1
Climate Change
.519
10.4.2
Responses of Boreal Forests
.523
10.4.3
Feedbacks from Boreal Forests
.525
11
Concluding Remarks
.529
References
.533
Index
.577 |
any_adam_object | 1 |
any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV035064557 |
classification_rvk | RB 10438 RY 84507 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)890600087 (DE-599)DNB988790335 |
dewey-full | 577.30912 |
dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
dewey-ones | 577 - Ecology |
dewey-raw | 577.30912 |
dewey-search | 577.30912 |
dewey-sort | 3577.30912 |
dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
discipline | Biologie Geographie |
discipline_str_mv | Biologie Geographie |
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genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
id | DE-604.BV035064557 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-02T22:01:47Z |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:21:23Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9781402087172 9781402087189 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016733032 |
oclc_num | 890600087 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-703 DE-12 DE-11 |
owner_facet | DE-703 DE-12 DE-11 |
physical | XXIX, 582 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
publishDate | 2008 |
publishDateSearch | 2008 |
publishDateSort | 2008 |
publisher | Springer |
record_format | marc |
series | Advances in global research |
series2 | Advances in global research |
spelling | Boreal forest and climate change Pertti Hari ... [ed.] [New York] Springer 2008 XXIX, 582 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Advances in global research 34 Borealer Nadelwald (DE-588)4129546-8 gnd rswk-swf Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Borealer Nadelwald (DE-588)4129546-8 s Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 s DE-604 Hari, Pertti Sonstige oth Advances in global research 34 (DE-604)BV013049405 34 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016733032&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Boreal forest and climate change Advances in global research Borealer Nadelwald (DE-588)4129546-8 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4129546-8 (DE-588)4164199-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
title | Boreal forest and climate change |
title_auth | Boreal forest and climate change |
title_exact_search | Boreal forest and climate change |
title_exact_search_txtP | Boreal forest and climate change |
title_full | Boreal forest and climate change Pertti Hari ... [ed.] |
title_fullStr | Boreal forest and climate change Pertti Hari ... [ed.] |
title_full_unstemmed | Boreal forest and climate change Pertti Hari ... [ed.] |
title_short | Boreal forest and climate change |
title_sort | boreal forest and climate change |
topic | Borealer Nadelwald (DE-588)4129546-8 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd |
topic_facet | Borealer Nadelwald Klimaänderung Aufsatzsammlung |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016733032&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV013049405 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT haripertti borealforestandclimatechange |