International tourism: cultures and behavior
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier / Butterworth-Heinemann
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XXIX, 429 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780750678971 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a International tourism |b cultures and behavior |c Yvette Reisinger |
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier / Butterworth-Heinemann |c 2009 | |
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| 500 | |a Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138010319519744 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xvii
List of Tables
xxi
list of Figures
xxiii
Introduction
xxv
Acknowledgments
xxix
Part
1______
International Tourism: The Global Environment
CHAPTER
1
Globalization, tourism and culture
3
Introduction
3
1.1
The concept and roots of globalization
3
1.2
Benefits and criticism of globalization
6
1.3
Globalization and the tourism industry
8
1.3.1
The influence of globalization on tourism
8
1.3.2
Forms and examples of globalization in
tourism
9
1.3-3
A new type of tourist
10
1.3.4
A new type oftourism
13
1.4
Globalization and culture
15
1.4.1
The emergence of globalized consumer
culture?
15
1.4.2
Global consumer and global products?
16
1.4.3
Disappearance of local cultures?
16
1.4.4
Cultural homogenization?
17
1.4.5
Product standardization or customization?
18
1.4.6
Cultural heterogenization?
19
1.4.7
Cultural convergence or divergence?
19
1.4.8
Cultural hybridization?
19
1.4.9
Cultural commoditization?
20
1.4.10
Cultural deterioration, loss, adaptation or
change?
20
1.4.11
Is consumerism a bad thing for tourism?
21
1.4.12
Globalization and disappearance of local
identity?
21
1.4.13
Resistance to cultural change and emergence
of local identity
22
í
.4.14
Glocalization
23
VI
Contents
1.4.15
Local internationalization and regional
cooperation
1.5
Benefits and limitations of globalization in tourism
1.6
Challenges of globalization in tourism
1.7
The future of globalization: Americanization of culture,
cosmopolitan culture, cultural hybridization, cultural
disappearance or culture clash?
Summary
Discussion points and questions
Case Study
1.1:
The emergence of a global tourist culture?
Disneyland resorts spread over the world
Website links
CHAPTER
2
Cultural diversity
Introduction
2.1
The concept of cultural diversity
23
23
24
2.1.1
Definition
2.1.2
Interpretation of cultural diversity
2.1.3
How did the concept of cultural diversity
develop?
2.1.4
How does one measure cultural diversity?
2.1.5
Is cultural diversity important?
2.1.6
The benefits of cultural diversity
2.1.7
The influence of cultural diversity on
tourism and hospitality
2.2
UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
2.3
The future of cultural diversity
2.4
Challenges for the tourism and hospitality industry
Summary
Discussion points and questions
Case Study
2.1:
American in Paris
Case Study
2.2:
Creativity in a tense situation
Case Study
2.3:
Promoting the unpromotional
Website links
Part
2
Cultural Theories and Practices
25
27
28
28
29
31
зі
32
32
33
34
34
34
35
35
37
39
40
41
42
42
43
44
45
CHAPTER
3
Intercultural theories
49
Introduction
49
3.1
Communication Resourcefulness Theory (CRT)
50
Contents
vii
32 Episode
Representation
Theory
(ERT)
51
3.3
Expectations Theory
(ET) 52
34
Cultural Identity Negotiation Theory
(CINT)
53
3.5
Meaning of Meaning Theory
54
3.6
Network Theory in Intercultural Communication
54
3.7
Taxonomic
Approach
(TA)
56
3.8
Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory (AUMT)
57
39
Stranger Theory
59
3.10
Face-Negotiation Theory
59
3.11
Intercultural Adaptation Theory (IAT)
59
3.12
Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT)
60
3.13
Coordinated Management of Meaning Theory
(CMMT)
63
3.14
Constructivist
Theory (CT)
64
Summary
64
Discussion points and questions
65
Website links
65
CHAPTER
4
Cultural practices and tourism impacts on culture
67
Introduction
67
4.1
Erosion of local cultures
67
4.2
Cultural commoditization and transformation
68
4.3
Cultural hostility
68
4.4
Cultural arrogance
68
4.5
Authenticity of tourism experiences
69
4.6
Renaissance of traditional art forms
69
4.7
Marketing of culture and violation of rights to own
cultural heritage
70
4.8
Culture change
70
4.9
Culture diffusion
71
4.10
Cultural borrowing
71
4.11
Cultural drift
72
4.12
Acculturation
73
4.13
Cultural adaptation
74
4.14
Cultural adjustment
75
4.15
Culture assimilation
75
4.16
Enculturation
77
4.17
Demonstration effect
77
4.18
Cultural conflict
78
viii Contents
Part
З
Summary
Discussion points and questions
Case Study
4.1:
Discovering the Maori culture
Website links
Culture and Cultural Differences
80
80
81
82
CHAPTER
5
Culture
Introduction
5.1
Definition of culture
5.2
Culture as civilization
5.3
Cultures by region
5.4
Culture as religion
5.5
The world s major religions
5.6
Religion by region
5.7
Types and levels of culture
5.8
Civilization
5.9
Types of cultures in tourism
5.10
The purpose of culture
511
Characteristics of culture
5.12
Subcultures
5.13
Culture versus nationality
5.14
Culture versus country of residence
5.15
Culture versus country of birth
5.16
Cultural identity
5.17
Cultural distance
5.18
The impact of cultural distance on travel
5.19
The measurement of cultural distance
Summary
Discussion points and questions
Case
Study
51:
Micro-cultures of the United States
Website links
CHAPTER
6
Cultural variability
Introduction
6.1
Sources of cultural differences
6.1.1
Cultural differences in communication
6.1.2
Cultural differences in social categories
85
85
86
91
91
92
92
96
98
101
104
104
105
106
109
109
110
110
111
112
113
114
115
115
117
119
119
119
120
121
6.1.3
Cultural differences in rules of social behavior
121
Contents ix
6.2
Cultural
values
122
6.2.1
Concept
and definitions
122
6.2.2
Culture and values
123
6.2.3
Value system
123
6.2.4
Value orientation
124
6.2.5
Types of values
124
6.2.6
Classification of values
124
6.2.7
Measurement and analysis of values
125
6.2.8
Value studies in tourism
127
6.2.9
Cultural value dimensions
127
6.2.9.1
Parsons pattern variables
128
6.2.9.2
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck s
value orientation
129
6.2.93
Stewart s cultural patterns
132
6.2.9.4
Hall s cultural differentiation
134
6.2.9.5
Hofstede s dimensions of cultural
variability
139
6.2.9-6
Bond s Confucian cultural patterns
150
6.2.9.7
Argyle s cultural differentiation
151
6.2.98 Scheins,
Trompenaars
and
Maznevski s cultural differentiation
152
6.2.9-9
Schneider and Barsoux s cultural
assumptions
154
6.2.910
Inglehart s cultural dimensions
155
6.2.9.11
Minkov
s
World Value Survey
155
Summary l6l
Discussion points and questions
161
Exercises
161
Case Study
6.1:
The US culture
162
Website links
163
CHAPTER
7
Cultural influences on intercultural communication
165
Introduction
165
7.1
The concept of communication
166
7.2
What is intercultural communication?
167
7.3
Difficulties in intercultural communication
168
7.31
Verbal signals
168
7.3.2
Non-verbal signals
170
7.33
Relationship patterns
173
Contents
7.3.4
Conversation
style 178
7.3.5
Interaction
style 180
7.3.6
Values
183
7.3.7
Time orientation
187
7.3.8
Context orientation
187
7.4
Is
intercultural
communication possible?
190
7.5
Ethnocentrism
192
7.6
Stereotyping
192
7.7
Prejudices
194
7.8
Racism
195
7.9
Strategies for improving
intercultural
communication
195
7.10
The ethics of
intercultural
communication
196
Summary
196
Discussion points and questions
197
Case Study
7.1:
Courtesy and politeness in Thailand and
Australia
197
Website links
198
CHAPTER
8
Cultural influences on social interaction
199
Introduction
199
8.1
The concept of
scoiai
interaction
199
8.2
Social interaction in tourism
201
8.2.1
The nature of tourist-host social interaction
206
8.2.2
The context of tourist-host social interaction
206
8.3
Intercultural social interaction
209
8.3.1
Dimensions of intercultural encounters
210
8.3.2
Interculturalness of social interaction
210
8.3.3
Degree of interculturalness
210
8.4
Types of intercultural interaction
211
8.5
Model of cross-cultural social interaction
211
8.6
Contact hypothesis
212
8.7
Contact hypothesis in tourism
213
8.8
Difficulties in cross-cultural interaction
214
8.9
Culture shock
215
8.9.1
Symptoms of culture shock
215
8.9.2
Types of culture shock
215
8.93
How long does culture shock last?
216
8.9.4
Culture shock and social interaction
217
Contents xi
8.9.5
Culture
shock in tourism
217
8.9.6
Phases of culture shock
217
8.9.7
Intensity and duration of culture shock
219
8.9.8
Doxey s Irridex Irritation Index
221
Summary
222
Discussion points and questions
222
Case Study
8.1:
Shanghai night or nightmare?
223
Website links
224
CHAPTER
9
Cultural influences on rules of social interaction
225
Introduction
225
9.1
Rules of social interaction
225
92
Orders and types of
mies
226
9.3
Relationship rules
227
9.4
Cultural influences on rules of social interaction
227
9.5
Understanding rules of social interaction
228
96
Breaking rules
228
9.7
Cross-cultural differences in rules of
social interaction
229
Summary
229
Discussion points and questions
230
Case Study
9-1:
Universal and specific rules of social
relationships
230
Websites
231
CHAPTER
10
Cultural influences on service
233
Introduction
233
10.1
The concept of service
233
10.2
Service encounter
234
10.3
Service classification
234
10.4
Key characteristics of service
234
10.5
Importance of service perceptions
237
10.6
Cultural differences in expectations from service
237
10.7
Service quality and value
238
10.8
Service satisfaction
240
10.9
Do cultural differences always matter?
240
Summary
241
Discussion points and questions
241
Case Study
10.1:
Chinese travelers in France
242
Website links
242
xii Contents
CHAPTER
11
Cultural influences on ethics
243
Introduction
243
The concept of ethics
244
11.1
Ethics in tourism
245
11.2
Ethics in a cross-cultural context
247
11.3
Cultural influences on ethical behavior
247
11.4
The most debatable business ethics issues
248
11.5
Conflicting ethical behavior and practices in
tourism and hospitality: Ethical dilemmas
251
11.6
Theories and frameworks dealing with ethical
dilemmas
254
11.7
Strategies for managing business ethical dilemmas
256
11.8
Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
257
Summary
257
Discussion points and questions
258
Case Study
11.1:
Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
258
Website links
261
Part
4
Tourist Behavior
______________________________
CHAPTER
12
Human behavior: its nature and determinants
265
Introduction
2б5
12.1
The concept of human behavior
266
12.2
Environmental factors influencing human behavior
2б8
12.3
Theories of human behavior
270
12.3.1
Cause-Motive-Behavior-GoalTheory
271
12.3.2
Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs
272
12.3.3
Alderfer s ERG Theory
276
12.3.4 Herzberg, Mausner,
and Snyderman s
Two-Factor Theory
276
12.3.5
Expectancy Theory
276
12.3.6
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
277
12.3.7
Reinforcement Theory
277
12.3.8
EquityTheory
277
12.3.9
McClelland s Learned Needs Theory
278
12.4
Basic needs of human behavior
278
12.5
Factors influencing human needs
279
12.6
The concept of tourist behavior
279
12.7
The nature of tourist behavior
279
Contents xiii
12.8
The meaning of tourist behavior
281
12.9
The importance of studying tourist behavior
282
12.10
The importance of studying tourist behavior in a
cross-cultural context
283
12.11
Benefits of understanding tourist behavior in a
cross-cultural context
284
12.11.1
Tourism industry perspective
284
12.11.2
Tourist perspective
285
12.11.3
Local resident perspective
286
Summary
287
Discussion points and questions
287
Case Study
12.1:
The Asian woman s shopping experience:
New research from Thailand
288
Website links
288
CHAPTER
13
Consumer buying behavior
289
Introduction
289
13.1
Environmental factors
291
13.11
Environmental stimuli
291
13 2
Buyer
s
factors
301
13-2.1
Buyer s personal characteristics
301
132.2
Decision process
305
13-3
Other theories of consumer decision-making
318
Summary
318
Discussion points and questions
319
Website links
320
CHAPTER
14
Cultural influences on tourist buying behavior
321
Introduction
321
14.1
Cultural influence on buyer s personal characteristics
322
14.1.1
Gender roles
322
14.1.2
Lifestyle and activities
323
14.1.3
Personality
324
14.1.4
The self concept
325
14.2
Cultural influences on buyer s psychological
characteristics
326
14.2.1
Motivation and needs
326
14.2.2
Perception and image
326
14.2.3
Learning and knowledge
328
xiv Contents
14.2.4
Attitudes
329
14.2.5
Attribution
330
14.3
Cultural
і
nfluences on buyer s decision process
330
14.31
Need recognition
330
14.3.2
Information search and choice of
information sources
331
14.3.2.1
The role of reference groups
332
14.3.2.2
The role of opinion leadership
332
14.3.2.3
Family decision-making
333
14.3.2.4
Buying roles
333
14.3.2.5
Level of decision-making
333
14.32.6
Buying new products
334
14.3.3
Criteria and product evaluation
335
14.3.4
Purchase decision
337
14.3.4.1
Purchase risk
337
14.3.5
Post-purchase behavior/decision
339
14.35.1
Satisfaction
339
14.3.52
Loyalty and commitment
339
14.3.5.3
Criticism and complaints
340
14.З.5.4
Product disposal
341
14.3.6
Beyond the purchase decision
341
14.З.6.І
Memories and meanings
341
14.36.2
Emotions and feelings
342
Summary
343
Discussion points and questions
343
Casestudy
14.1
:
Japanese tourist behavior
344
Case Study
14.2
:
Cultural influences on tourist behavior
344
Website links
345
Part
5
Cross-Cultural Comparison
CHAPTER
15
Cultural differences among international societies
349
Introduction
349
15.1
Africa
349
15.2
Asia
350
15.3
Australia
357
15.4
Europe
359
15.5
India
364
15.6
Latin America
365
Contents
xv
15.7
Middle East
366
15.8
North America
368
Summary
371
Discussion points and questions
371
Case Study
15.1:
Managing in Asia: Cross-cultural
dimensions
372
Website links
373
Part
6
Multicultural Competence
CHAPTER
16
Multicultural competence in a global world
377
Introduction
377
16.1
The concept of multicultural competence
378
16.2
Domains of multicultural competence
378
16.2.1
Cognitive domain
379
16.2.2
Affective domain
380
16.2.3
Behavioral domain
382
16.2.4
Environmental/interactional domain
383
16.3
Other factors influencing multicultural competence
384
16.4
Multicultural competence as a process
384
16.5
Multicultural competence development levels
384
16.6
Multiculturalism assessment techniques
385
16.7
An educational challenge
386
Summary
386
Discussion points and questions
386
Case Study
16.1:
One practical solution to overcoming
the language barrier
387
Website links
387
Conclusion
389
References and Further Reading
391
Index
419
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface
xvii
List of Tables
xxi
list of Figures
xxiii
Introduction
xxv
Acknowledgments
xxix
Part
1_
International Tourism: The Global Environment
CHAPTER
1
Globalization, tourism and culture
3
Introduction
3
1.1
The concept and roots of globalization
3
1.2
Benefits and criticism of globalization
6
1.3
Globalization and the tourism industry
8
1.3.1
The influence of globalization on tourism
8
1.3.2
Forms and examples of globalization in
tourism
9
1.3-3
A new type of tourist
10
1.3.4
A new type oftourism
13
1.4
Globalization and culture
15
1.4.1
The emergence of globalized consumer
culture?
15
1.4.2
Global consumer and global products?
16
1.4.3
Disappearance of local cultures?
16
1.4.4
Cultural homogenization?
17
1.4.5
Product standardization or customization?
18
1.4.6
Cultural heterogenization?
19
1.4.7
Cultural convergence or divergence?
19
1.4.8
Cultural hybridization?
19
1.4.9
Cultural commoditization?
20
1.4.10
Cultural deterioration, loss, adaptation or
change?
20
1.4.11
Is consumerism a bad thing for tourism?
21
1.4.12
Globalization and disappearance of local
identity?
21
1.4.13
Resistance to cultural change and emergence
of local identity
22
í
.4.14
Glocalization
23
VI
Contents
1.4.15
Local internationalization and regional
cooperation
1.5
Benefits and limitations of globalization in tourism
1.6
Challenges of globalization in tourism
1.7
The future of globalization: Americanization of culture,
cosmopolitan culture, cultural hybridization, cultural
disappearance or culture clash?
Summary
Discussion points and questions
Case Study
1.1:
The emergence of a global tourist culture?
Disneyland resorts spread over the world
Website links
CHAPTER
2
Cultural diversity
Introduction
2.1
The concept of cultural diversity
23
23
24
2.1.1
Definition
2.1.2
Interpretation of cultural diversity
2.1.3
How did the concept of cultural diversity
develop?
2.1.4
How does one measure cultural diversity?
2.1.5
Is cultural diversity important?
2.1.6
The benefits of cultural diversity
2.1.7
The influence of cultural diversity on
tourism and hospitality
2.2
UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
2.3
The future of cultural diversity
2.4
Challenges for the tourism and hospitality industry
Summary
Discussion points and questions
Case Study
2.1:
American in Paris
Case Study
2.2:
Creativity in a tense situation
Case Study
2.3:
Promoting the "unpromotional"
Website links
Part
2
Cultural Theories and Practices
25
27
28
28
29
31
зі
32
32
33
34
34
34
35
35
37
39
40
41
42
42
43
44
45
CHAPTER
3
Intercultural theories
49
Introduction
49
3.1
Communication Resourcefulness Theory (CRT)
50
Contents
vii
32 Episode
Representation
Theory
(ERT)
51
3.3
Expectations Theory
(ET) 52
34
Cultural Identity Negotiation Theory
(CINT)
53
3.5
Meaning of Meaning Theory
54
3.6
Network Theory in Intercultural Communication
54
3.7
Taxonomic
Approach
(TA)
56
3.8
Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory (AUMT)
57
39
Stranger Theory
59
3.10
Face-Negotiation Theory
59
3.11
Intercultural Adaptation Theory (IAT)
59
3.12
Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT)
60
3.13
Coordinated Management of Meaning Theory
(CMMT)
63
3.14
Constructivist
Theory (CT)
64
Summary
64
Discussion points and questions
65
Website links
65
CHAPTER
4
Cultural practices and tourism impacts on culture
67
Introduction
67
4.1
Erosion of local cultures
67
4.2
Cultural commoditization and transformation
68
4.3
Cultural hostility
68
4.4
Cultural arrogance
68
4.5
Authenticity of tourism experiences
69
4.6
Renaissance of traditional art forms
69
4.7
Marketing of culture and violation of rights to own
cultural heritage
70
4.8
Culture change
70
4.9
Culture diffusion
71
4.10
Cultural borrowing
71
4.11
Cultural drift
72
4.12
Acculturation
73
4.13
Cultural adaptation
74
4.14
Cultural adjustment
75
4.15
Culture assimilation
75
4.16
Enculturation
77
4.17
Demonstration effect
77
4.18
Cultural conflict
78
viii Contents
Part
З
Summary
Discussion points and questions
Case Study
4.1:
Discovering the Maori culture
Website links
Culture and Cultural Differences
80
80
81
82
CHAPTER
5
Culture
Introduction
5.1
Definition of culture
5.2
Culture as civilization
5.3
Cultures by region
5.4
Culture as religion
5.5
The world's major religions
5.6
Religion by region
5.7
Types and levels of culture
5.8
Civilization
5.9
Types of cultures in tourism
5.10
The purpose of culture
511
Characteristics of culture
5.12
Subcultures
5.13
Culture versus nationality
5.14
Culture versus country of residence
5.15
Culture versus country of birth
5.16
Cultural identity
5.17
Cultural distance
5.18
The impact of cultural distance on travel
5.19
The measurement of cultural distance
Summary
Discussion points and questions
Case
Study
51:
Micro-cultures of the United States
Website links
CHAPTER
6
Cultural variability
Introduction
6.1
Sources of cultural differences
6.1.1
Cultural differences in communication
6.1.2
Cultural differences in social categories
85
85
86
91
91
92
92
96
98
101
104
104
105
106
109
109
110
110
111
112
113
114
115
115
117
119
119
119
120
121
6.1.3
Cultural differences in rules of social behavior
121
Contents ix
6.2
Cultural
values
122
6.2.1
Concept
and definitions
122
6.2.2
Culture and values
123
6.2.3
Value system
123
6.2.4
Value orientation
124
6.2.5
Types of values
124
6.2.6
Classification of values
124
6.2.7
Measurement and analysis of values
125
6.2.8
Value studies in tourism
127
6.2.9
Cultural value dimensions
127
6.2.9.1
Parsons'pattern variables
128
6.2.9.2
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's
value orientation
129
6.2.93
Stewart's cultural patterns
132
6.2.9.4
Hall's cultural differentiation
134
6.2.9.5
Hofstede's dimensions of cultural
variability
139
6.2.9-6
Bond's Confucian cultural patterns
150
6.2.9.7
Argyle's cultural differentiation
151
6.2.98 Scheins,
Trompenaars'
and
Maznevski's cultural differentiation
152
6.2.9-9
Schneider and Barsoux's cultural
assumptions
154
6.2.910
Inglehart's cultural dimensions
155
6.2.9.11
Minkov'
s
World Value Survey
155
Summary l6l
Discussion points and questions
161
Exercises
161
Case Study
6.1:
The US culture
162
Website links
163
CHAPTER
7
Cultural influences on intercultural communication
165
Introduction
165
7.1
The concept of communication
166
7.2
What is intercultural communication?
167
7.3
Difficulties in intercultural communication
168
7.31
Verbal signals
168
7.3.2
Non-verbal signals
170
7.33
Relationship patterns
173
Contents
7.3.4
Conversation
style 178
7.3.5
Interaction
style 180
7.3.6
Values
183
7.3.7
Time orientation
187
7.3.8
Context orientation
187
7.4
Is
intercultural
communication possible?
190
7.5
Ethnocentrism
192
7.6
Stereotyping
192
7.7
Prejudices
194
7.8
Racism
195
7.9
Strategies for improving
intercultural
communication
195
7.10
The ethics of
intercultural
communication
196
Summary
196
Discussion points and questions
197
Case Study
7.1:
Courtesy and politeness in Thailand and
Australia
197
Website links
198
CHAPTER
8
Cultural influences on social interaction
199
Introduction
199
8.1
The concept of
scoiai
interaction
199
8.2
Social interaction in tourism
201
8.2.1
The nature of tourist-host social interaction
206
8.2.2
The context of tourist-host social interaction
206
8.3
Intercultural social interaction
209
8.3.1
Dimensions of intercultural encounters
210
8.3.2
Interculturalness of social interaction
210
8.3.3
Degree of interculturalness
210
8.4
Types of intercultural interaction
211
8.5
Model of cross-cultural social interaction
211
8.6
Contact hypothesis
212
8.7
Contact hypothesis in tourism
213
8.8
Difficulties in cross-cultural interaction
214
8.9
Culture shock
215
8.9.1
Symptoms of culture shock
215
8.9.2
Types of culture shock
215
8.93
How long does culture shock last?
216
8.9.4
Culture shock and social interaction
217
Contents xi
8.9.5
Culture
shock in tourism
217
8.9.6
Phases of culture shock
217
8.9.7
Intensity and duration of culture shock
219
8.9.8
Doxey's Irridex "Irritation Index"
221
Summary
222
Discussion points and questions
222
Case Study
8.1:
Shanghai night or nightmare?
223
Website links
224
CHAPTER
9
Cultural influences on rules of social interaction
225
Introduction
225
9.1
Rules of social interaction
225
92
Orders and types of
mies
226
9.3
Relationship rules
227
9.4
Cultural influences on rules of social interaction
227
9.5
Understanding rules of social interaction
228
96
Breaking rules
228
9.7
Cross-cultural differences in rules of
social interaction
229
Summary
229
Discussion points and questions
230
Case Study
9-1:
Universal and specific rules of social
relationships
230
Websites
231
CHAPTER
10
Cultural influences on service
233
Introduction
233
10.1
The concept of service
233
10.2
Service encounter
234
10.3
Service classification
234
10.4
Key characteristics of service
234
10.5
Importance of service perceptions
237
10.6
Cultural differences in expectations from service
237
10.7
Service quality and value
238
10.8
Service satisfaction
240
10.9
Do cultural differences always matter?
240
Summary
241
Discussion points and questions
241
Case Study
10.1:
Chinese travelers in France
242
Website links
242
xii Contents
CHAPTER
11
Cultural influences on ethics
243
Introduction
243
The concept of ethics
244
11.1
Ethics in tourism
245
11.2
Ethics in a cross-cultural context
247
11.3
Cultural influences on ethical behavior
247
11.4
The most debatable business ethics issues
248
11.5
Conflicting ethical behavior and practices in
tourism and hospitality: Ethical dilemmas
251
11.6
Theories and frameworks dealing with ethical
dilemmas
254
11.7
Strategies for managing business ethical dilemmas
256
11.8
Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
257
Summary
257
Discussion points and questions
258
Case Study
11.1:
Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
258
Website links
261
Part
4
Tourist Behavior
_
CHAPTER
12
Human behavior: its nature and determinants
265
Introduction
2б5
12.1
The concept of human behavior
266
12.2
Environmental factors influencing human behavior
2б8
12.3
Theories of human behavior
270
12.3.1
Cause-Motive-Behavior-GoalTheory
271
12.3.2
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
272
12.3.3
Alderfer's ERG Theory
276
12.3.4 Herzberg, Mausner,
and Snyderman's
Two-Factor Theory
276
12.3.5
Expectancy Theory
276
12.3.6
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
277
12.3.7
Reinforcement Theory
277
12.3.8
EquityTheory
277
12.3.9
McClelland's Learned Needs Theory
278
12.4
Basic needs of human behavior
278
12.5
Factors influencing human needs
279
12.6
The concept of tourist behavior
279
12.7
The nature of tourist behavior
279
Contents xiii
12.8
The meaning of tourist behavior
281
12.9
The importance of studying tourist behavior
282
12.10
The importance of studying tourist behavior in a
cross-cultural context
283
12.11
Benefits of understanding tourist behavior in a
cross-cultural context
284
12.11.1
Tourism industry perspective
284
12.11.2
Tourist perspective
285
12.11.3
Local resident perspective
286
Summary
287
Discussion points and questions
287
Case Study
12.1:
The Asian woman's shopping experience:
New research from Thailand
288
Website links
288
CHAPTER
13
Consumer buying behavior
289
Introduction
289
13.1
Environmental factors
291
13.11
Environmental stimuli
291
13 2
Buyer'
s
factors
301
13-2.1
Buyer's personal characteristics
301
132.2
Decision process
305
13-3
Other theories of consumer decision-making
318
Summary
318
Discussion points and questions
319
Website links
320
CHAPTER
14
Cultural influences on tourist buying behavior
321
Introduction
321
14.1
Cultural influence on buyer's personal characteristics
322
14.1.1
Gender roles
322
14.1.2
Lifestyle and activities
323
14.1.3
Personality
324
14.1.4
The self concept
325
14.2
Cultural influences on buyer's psychological
characteristics
326
14.2.1
Motivation and needs
326
14.2.2
Perception and image
326
14.2.3
Learning and knowledge
328
xiv Contents
14.2.4
Attitudes
329
14.2.5
Attribution
330
14.3
Cultural
і
nfluences on buyer's decision process
330
14.31
Need recognition
330
14.3.2
Information search and choice of
information sources
331
14.3.2.1
The role of reference groups
332
14.3.2.2
The role of opinion leadership
332
14.3.2.3
Family decision-making
333
14.3.2.4
Buying roles
333
14.3.2.5
Level of decision-making
333
14.32.6
Buying new products
334
14.3.3
Criteria and product evaluation
335
14.3.4
Purchase decision
337
14.3.4.1
Purchase risk
337
14.3.5
Post-purchase behavior/decision
339
14.35.1
Satisfaction
339
14.3.52
Loyalty and commitment
339
14.3.5.3
Criticism and complaints
340
14.З.5.4
Product disposal
341
14.3.6
Beyond the purchase decision
341
14.З.6.І
Memories and meanings
341
14.36.2
Emotions and feelings
342
Summary
343
Discussion points and questions
343
Casestudy
14.1
:
Japanese tourist behavior
344
Case Study
14.2
:
Cultural influences on tourist behavior
344
Website links
345
Part
5
Cross-Cultural Comparison
CHAPTER
15
Cultural differences among international societies
349
Introduction
349
15.1
Africa
349
15.2
Asia
350
15.3
Australia
357
15.4
Europe
359
15.5
India
364
15.6
Latin America
365
Contents
xv
15.7
Middle East
366
15.8
North America
368
Summary
371
Discussion points and questions
371
Case Study
15.1:
Managing in Asia: Cross-cultural
dimensions
372
Website links
373
Part
6
Multicultural Competence
CHAPTER
16
Multicultural competence in a global world
377
Introduction
377
16.1
The concept of multicultural competence
378
16.2
Domains of multicultural competence
378
16.2.1
Cognitive domain
379
16.2.2
Affective domain
380
16.2.3
Behavioral domain
382
16.2.4
Environmental/interactional domain
383
16.3
Other factors influencing multicultural competence
384
16.4
Multicultural competence as a process
384
16.5
Multicultural competence development levels
384
16.6
Multiculturalism assessment techniques
385
16.7
An educational challenge
386
Summary
386
Discussion points and questions
386
Case Study
16.1:
One practical solution to overcoming
the language barrier
387
Website links
387
Conclusion
389
References and Further Reading
391
Index
419 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:01:47Z |
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| spelling | Reisinger, Yvette Verfasser (DE-588)171859537 aut International tourism cultures and behavior Yvette Reisinger Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier / Butterworth-Heinemann 2009 XXIX, 429 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Culture and tourism Tourism Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd rswk-swf Weltwirtschaft (DE-588)4065468-0 gnd rswk-swf Kulturkontakt (DE-588)4033569-0 gnd rswk-swf Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 s Weltwirtschaft (DE-588)4065468-0 s Kulturkontakt (DE-588)4033569-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016733019&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Reisinger, Yvette International tourism cultures and behavior Culture and tourism Tourism Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd Weltwirtschaft (DE-588)4065468-0 gnd Kulturkontakt (DE-588)4033569-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4018406-7 (DE-588)4065468-0 (DE-588)4033569-0 |
| title | International tourism cultures and behavior |
| title_auth | International tourism cultures and behavior |
| title_exact_search | International tourism cultures and behavior |
| title_exact_search_txtP | International tourism cultures and behavior |
| title_full | International tourism cultures and behavior Yvette Reisinger |
| title_fullStr | International tourism cultures and behavior Yvette Reisinger |
| title_full_unstemmed | International tourism cultures and behavior Yvette Reisinger |
| title_short | International tourism |
| title_sort | international tourism cultures and behavior |
| title_sub | cultures and behavior |
| topic | Culture and tourism Tourism Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd Weltwirtschaft (DE-588)4065468-0 gnd Kulturkontakt (DE-588)4033569-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Culture and tourism Tourism Tourismus Weltwirtschaft Kulturkontakt |
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