Financial accounting and reporting:
Fully updated to May 2007, this 12th edition includes extensive coverage of International Accounting Standards (IASs) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). It offers students a clear, well-structured and comprehensive treatment of the subject.
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Harlow [u.a.]
Financial Times Prentice Hall
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 12. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | Fully updated to May 2007, this 12th edition includes extensive coverage of International Accounting Standards (IASs) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). It offers students a clear, well-structured and comprehensive treatment of the subject. |
| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 889 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780273712312 |
Internformat
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| 250 | |a 12. ed. | ||
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| 300 | |a XXIV, 889 S. | ||
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| 520 | 3 | |a Fully updated to May 2007, this 12th edition includes extensive coverage of International Accounting Standards (IASs) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). It offers students a clear, well-structured and comprehensive treatment of the subject. | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Accountancy |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Financiële verslaglegging |2 gtt | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Financial statements | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Brief Contents
Preface and acknowledgements xx
Part I
INCOME AND ASSET VALUE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS I
1 Accounting and reporting on a cash flow basis 3
2 Accounting and reporting on an accrual accounting basis 22
3 Income and asset value measurement: an economist s approach 40
4 Accounting for inflation 59
Part 2
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK - AN ATTEMPT TO ACHIEVE
UNIFORMITY 97
5 Financial reporting - evolution of the regulatory framework in the UK 99
6 Financial reporting - evolution of international standards 134
7 Conceptual framework 158
8 Published accounts of companies 184
9 Preparation of published accounts 231
Part 3
BALANCE SHEET - EQUITY, LIABILITY AND ASSET
MEASUREMENT AND DISCLOSURE 257
10 Share capital, distributable profits and reduction of capital 259
11 Off balance sheet finance 284
12 Financial instruments 318
13 Employee benefits 342
14 Taxation in company accounts 372
15 Property, plant and eqiupment (PPE) 399
16 Leasing 433
17 R D; goodwill and intangible assets; brands 453
18 Inventories 490
19 Construction contracts 516
Part 4
CONSOLIDATED ACCOUNTS 533
20 Accounting for groups at date of acquisition 535
21 Preparation of consolidated balance sheets after the date of acquisition 552
22 Preparation of consolidated income statements and consolidated statements
of changes in equity 565
23 Accounting for associated companies 580
24 Accounting for the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates under IAS 21 595
Part 5
INTERPRETATION 613
25 Earnings per share 615
26 Cash flow statements 642
27 Review of financial ratio analysis 664
28 Trend analysis and multivariate analysis 706
29 An introduction to Financial Reporting on the Internet 748
Part 6
ACCOUNTABILITY 763
30 Corporate governance 765
31 Environmental and social reporting 811
32 Ethics for accountants 848
Appendix: Outline solutions to selected exercises 871
Index 879
Full Contents
Preface and acknowledgements xx
Part I
INCOME AND ASSET VALUE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS I
1 Accounting and reporting on a cash flow basis 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Shareholders 3
1.3 What skills does an accountant require in respect of external reports? 4
1.4 Managers 4
1.5 What skills does an accountant require in respect of internal reports? 5
1.6 Procedural steps when reporting to internal users 5
1.7 Agency costs 8
1.8 Illustration of periodic financial statements prepared under the cash
flow concept to disclose realised operating cash flows 8
1.9 Illustration of preparation of balance sheet under the cash flow concept 12
1.10 Treatment of non-current assets in the cash flow model 14
I.I I What are the characteristics of these data that make them reliable? 15
1.12 Reports to external users 16
Summary 16
Review questions 17
Exercises 18
References 20
2 Accounting and reporting on an accrual accounting basis 22
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Historical cost convention 23
2.3 Accrual basis of accounting 24
2.4 Mechanics of accrual accounting - adjusting cash receipts and payments 24
2.5 Subjective judgements required in accrual accounting - adjusting cash
receipts in accordance with IAS 18 25
2.6 Subjective judgements required in accrual accounting - adjusting cash
payments in accordance with the matching principle 27
2.7 Mechanics of accrual accounting - the balance sheet 27
2.8 Reformatting the statement of financial position into a balance sheet 28
2.9 Accounting for the sacrifice of non-current assets 28
2.10 Reconciliation of cash flow and accrual accounting data 32
Summary 34
Review questions 34
Exercises 35
References 38
3 Income and asset value measurement: an economist s
approach 40
3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 Role and objective of income measurement 40
3.3 Accountant s view of income, capital and value 43
3.4 Critical comment on the accountant s measure 46
3.5 Economist s view of income, capital and value 47
3.6 Critical comment on the economist s measure 53
3.7 Income, capital and changing price levels 53
Summary 55
Review questions 55
Exercises 56
References 57
Bibliography 58
4 Accounting for inflation 59
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Review of the problems of historical cost accounting (HCA) 59
4.3 Inflation accounting 60
4.4 The concepts in principle 60
4.5 The four models illustrated for a company with cash purchases and
sales 61
4.6 Critique of each model 65
4.7 Operating capital maintenance - a comprehensive example 68
4.8 Critique of CCA statements 79
4.9 The ASB approach 81
4.10 The IASC/IASB approach 83
4.11 Future developments 84
Summary 85
Review questions 86
Exercises 87
References 96
Bibliography 96
Part 2
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK - AN ATTEMPT TO ACHIEVE
UNIFORMITY 97
5 Financial reporting - evolution of the regulatory framework
in the UK 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Mandatory regulations 99
5.3 Arguments in support of standards 03
5.4 Arguments against standards 104
5.5 Structure of regulatory framework 105
5.6 The Operating and Financial Review (OFR) 106
5.7 The Financial Reporting Review Panel 114
5.8 The Financial Services Authority 117
5.9 The Revised Combined Code (June 2006) 117
5.10 Interim reports following Cadbury 120
5.11 Developments for small companies 122
5.12 Evaluation of effectiveness of mandatory regulations 130
Summary 131
Review questions 131
Exercises 132
References 133
6 Financial reporting - evolution of international standards 134
6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 National differences 134
6.3 Reasons for differences in financial reporting 135
6.4 Classification of national accounting systems 139
6.5 Attempts to reduce national differences 140
6.6 The work of international bodies in harmonising and standardising
financial reporting 141
6.7 USGAAP 153
Summary 155
Review questions 155
Exercises 155
References 156
7 Conceptual framework 158
7.1 Introduction 158
7.2 Historical overview of the evolution of financial accounting theory 159
7.3 IASC Framework for the Presentation and Preparation of Financial
Statements 162
7.4 ASB Statement of Principles 1999 164
7.5 AICPA Improving Business Reporting - A Customer Focus: Meeting the
Information Needs of Investors and Creditors 174
7.6 ICAS Making Corporate Reports Valuable 175
7.7 Conceptual Framework developments 176
Summary 177
Review questions 179
Exercises 180
References 182
8 Published accounts of companies 184
8.1 Introduction 184
8.2 A public company s financial calendar 185
8.3 Criteria for information appearing in a published income statement
and balance sheet 186
8.4 The prescribed formats - the income statement 186
8.5 What information is required to be disclosed in Format I and
Format 2? 187
8.6 Cost of sales 188
8.7 Distribution costs 192
8.8 Administrative expenses 192
8.9 Other operating income or expense 192
8.10 What costs and income are brought into account after calculating
the trading profit in order to arrive at the profit on ordinary
activities before tax? 192
8.1 I Does it really matter under which heading a cost is classified in the
income statement provided it is not omitted? 193
8.12 Discontinued operations disclosure in the income statement 193
8.13 Items requiring separate disclosure 195
8.14 The prescribed formats - the balance sheet 196
8.15 Statement of changes in equity 199
8.16 Reporting performance 200
8.17 Segment reporting 205
8.18 The fundamental accounting principles underlying the published
income statement and balance sheet 206
8.19 Disclosure of accounting policies 206
8.20 Fair view treatment 211
8.21 Additional information in the annual report 214
8.22 What information do companies provide to assist comparison
between companies reporting under different reporting regimes? 215
Summary 220
Review questions 220
Exercises 222
References 229
9 Preparation of published accounts 231
9.1 Introduction 231
9.2 Stage I: preparation of the internal income statement from a trial
balance 231
9.3 Stage 2: preparation of the income statement of Illustrious SpA in
Format I style 232
9.4 Stage 3: preparation of the balance sheet 236
9.5 Preparation of accounts in Format I following IAS 8 and IFRS 5 236
9.6 Additional information value of IFRS 5 241
9.7 Additional information value of IAS 24 242
Summary 244
Review questions 244
Exercises 245
References 256
Part 3
BALANCE SHEET - EQUITY, LIABILITY AND ASSET
MEASUREMENT AND DISCLOSURE 257
10 Share capital, distributable profits and reduction of capital 259
10.1 Introduction 259
10.2 Total owners equity: an overview 260
10.3 Total shareholders funds: more detailed explanation 262
10.4 Accounting entries on issue of shares 264
10.5 Creditor protection: capital maintenance concept 265
10.6 Creditor protection: why capital maintenance rules are necessary 265
10.7 Creditor protection: how to quantify the amounts available to meet
creditors claims 266
10.8 Issued share capital: minimum share capital 267
10.9 Distributable profits: general considerations 267
10.10 Distributable profits: how to arrive at the amount using relevant accounts 269
10.11 When may capital be reduced? 269
10.12 Writing off part of capital which has already been lost and is not
represented by assets 269
10.13 Repayment of part of paid-in capital to shareholders or cancellation
of unpaid share capital 275
10.14 Purchase of own shares 275
Summary 278
Review questions 278
Exercises 279
References 283
I I Off balance sheet finance 284
I I. I Introduction 284
I 1.2 Primary financial statements: their interrelationship 284
I 1.3 Primary financial statements: changes in their interrelationship 285
I 1.4 Reasons that companies borrow 285
11.5 Capital gearing and its implications 286
I 1.6 Off balance sheet finance 288
I 1.7 Substance over form 289
11.8 Impact of converting to IFRS 293
I 1.9 Balance sheet as valuation document 294
11.10 Why companies take steps to strengthen their balance sheets 296
11.11 Definitions cannot remove uncertainty: IAS 10 and IAS 37 297
11.12 ED IAS 37 Non-financial Liabilities 306
Summary 312
Review questions 3 13
Exercises 3 15
References 317
12 Financial instruments 318
12.1 Introduction 318
12.2 IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation 3 18
12.3 IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement 328
12.4 IFRS 7 Financial Statement Disclosures 337
Summary 338
Review questions 339
Exercises 339
References 341
13 Employee benefits 342
13.1 Introduction 342
13.2 Financial reporting implications 343
13.3 Types of scheme 343
13.4 Defined contribution pension schemes 345
13.5 Defined benefit pension schemes 346
13.6 IAS 19 (revised) Employee Benefits 348
13.7 The liability for pension and other post-retirement costs 348
13.8 The income statement 351
13.9 Comprehensive illustration 351
13.10 Plan curtailments and settlements 353
13.11 Multi-employer plans 354
13.12 Disclosures 354
13.13 Other long-service benefits 355
13.14 Short-term benefits 355
13.15 Termination benefits 356
13.16 IFRS 2 Share-Based Payments 357
13.17 Scope of IFRS 2 358
13.18 Recognition and measurement 358
13.19 Equity-settled share-based payments 359
13.20 Cash-settled share-based payments 361
13.21 Transactions which may be settled in cash or shares 362
13.22 Transitional provisions 363
13.23 IAS 26 Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans 363
Summary 365
Review questions 366
Exercises 368
References 371
14 Taxation in company accounts 372
14.1 Introduction 372
14.2 Corporation tax 372
14.3 Corporation tax systems - the theoretical background 373
14.4 Corporation tax systems - avoidance and evasion 374
14.5 Corporation tax - the system from 6 April 1999 376
14.6 IFRS and taxation 378
14.7 IAS 12 - accounting for current taxation 379
14.8 Deferred tax 381
14.9 FRS 19 (the UK standard on deferred taxation) 388
14.10 A critique of deferred taxation 389
14.11 Examples of companies following IAS 12 392
14.12 Value added tax (VAT) 392
Summary 395
Review questions 395
Exercises 396
References 397
15 Property, plant and equipment (PPE) 399
15.1 Introduction 399
15.2 What is PPE? 400
15.3 How is the cost of PPE determined? 401
15.4 What is depreciation? 403
15.5 What are the constituents in the depreciation formula? 406
15.6 How is the useful life of an asset determined? 407
15.7 Residual value 408
15.8 Calculation of depreciation 408
15.9 Measurement subsequent to initial recognition 412
15.10 IAS 36 Impairment of Assets 414
15.1 I IFRS 5 Non-Current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations 419
15.12 Disclosure requirements 420
15.13 Government grants towards the cost of PPE 421
15.14 Investment properties 422
15.15 Effect of accounting policy for PPE on the interpretation of the
financial statements 423
Summary 425
Review questions 426
Exercises 426
References 431
16 Leasing 433
16.1 Introduction 433
16.2 Background to leasing 433
16.3 IAS 17 (and its national equivalents) - the controversy 435
16.4 IAS 17 - classification of a lease 437
16.5 IAS 17 - accounting for leases by lessees 438
16.6 Accounting for the lease of land and buildings 444
16.7 Leasing - a form of off balance sheet financing 445
16.8 Accounting for leases - a new approach 446
16.9 Accounting for leases by lessors 447
Summary 448
Review questions 448
Exercises 450
References 452
17 R D; goodwill and intangible assets; brands 453
17.1 Introduction 453
17.2 Accounting treatment for research and development 453
17.3 Research and development 455
17.4 Introduction to goodwill and intangible assets 459
17.5 Accounting for goodwill under IFRS 3 459
17.6 Is there a correct treatment for amortising goodwill? 462
17.7 Accounting for intangible assets under IAS 38 467
17.8 Disclosure of intangible assets under IAS 38 469
17.9 Brand accounting 471
17.10 Intellectual property 473
17.1 I Review of implementation of IFRS 3 478
Summary 480
Review questions 480
Exercises 483
References 488
18 Inventories 490
18.1 Introduction 490
18.2 Inventory defined 490
18.3 The controversy 491
18.4 IAS 2 Inventories 492
18.5 Inventory valuation 493
18.6 Work-in-progress 500
18.7 Inventory control 502
18.8 Creative accounting 503
18.9 Audit of the year-end physical inventory count 505
18.10 Published accounts 506
18.11 Agricultural activity 507
Summary 510
Review questions 511
Exercises 511
References 515
19 Construction contracts 516
19.1 Introduction 516
19.2 Identification of contract revenue 516
19.3 Identification of contract costs 517
19.4 Recognition of contract revenue and expenses 518
19.5 Public-private partnerships (PPPs) 521
Summary 526
Review questions 527
Exercises 527
References 531
PART 4
CONSOLIDATED ACCOUNTS 533
20 Accounting for groups at the date of acquisition 535
20.1 Introduction 535
20.2 The definition of a group 535
20.3 Consolidated accounts and some reasons for their preparation 535
20.4 The definition of control 537
20.5 Alternative methods of preparing consolidated accounts 538
20.6 The treatment of positive goodwill 540
20.7 The treatment of negative goodwill 540
20.8 The comparison between an acquisition by cash and an exchange of
shares 540
20.9 Minority interests 540
20.10 The treatment of differences between a subsidiary s fair value and
book value 542
20.11 How to calculate fair values 543
Summary 545
Review questions 545
Exercises 546
References 551
21 Preparation of consolidated balance sheets after the date of
acquisition 552
21.1 Introduction 552
21.2 Pre- and post-acquisition profits/losses 552
21.3 Inter-company balances 554
21.4 Unrealised profit on inter-company sales 556
21.5 Provision for unrealised profit affecting a minority 560
21.6 Uniform accounting policies and reporting dates 560
21.7 How is the investment in subsidiaries reported in the parent s own
balance sheet? 560
Summary 561
Review questions 561
Exercises 561
References 564
22 Preparation of consolidated income statements and
consolidated statements of changes in equity 565
22.1 Introduction 565
22.2 Preparation of a consolidated income statement - the Ante Group 565
22.3 The statement of changes in equity (SOCE) 567
22.4 Dividends or interest paid by the subsidiary out of pre-acquisition
profits 568
22.5 A subsidiary acquired part of the way through the year 569
22.6 Published format income statement 571
Summary 572
Review questions 572
Exercises 573
References 579
23 Accounting for associated companies 580
23.1 Introduction 580
23.2 Definitions of associates and of significant influence 580
23.3 The treatment of associated companies in consolidated accounts 581
23.4 The Brill Group - the equity method illustrated 581
23.5 The treatment of provisions for unrealised profits 583
23.6 The acquisition of an associate part-way through the year 584
23.7 Joint ventures 585
Summary 587
Review questions 587
Exercises 588
References 594
24 Accounting for the effects of changes in foreign exchange
rates under IAS 21 595
24.1 Introduction 595
24.2 The difference between conversion and translation and the definition
of a foreign currency transaction 595
24.3 The functional currency 595
24.4 The presentation currency 596
24.5 Monetary and non-monetary items 596
24.6 The rules on the recording of foreign currency transactions 597
24.7 The treatment of exchange differences on foreign currency
transactions 597
24.8 Foreign exchange transactions in the individual accounts of companies
illustrated - Boil pic 597
24.9 The translation of the accounts of foreign operations where the
functional currency is the same as that of the parent 599
24.10 Granby Ltd illustration 599
24.11 The use of a presentation currency other than the functional currency 606
24.12 Granby Ltd illustration continued 607
24.13 Implications of IAS 21 608
Summary 609
Review questions 609
Exercises 609
References 612
PART 5
INTERPRETATION 613
25 Earnings per share 615
25.1 Introduction 615
25.2 Why is the earnings per share figure important? 615
25.3 How is the EPS figure calculated? 616
25.4 The use to shareholders of the EPS 617
25.5 Illustration of the basic EPS calculation 618
25.6 Adjusting the number of shares used in the basic EPS calculation 619
25.7 Rights issues 621
25.8 Adjusting the earnings and number of shares used in the diluted EPS
calculation 626
25.9 Procedure where there are several potential dilutions 629
25.10 Exercise of conversion rights during financial year 630
25.11 Disclosure requirements of IAS 33 631
25.12 The Improvement Project 633
Summary 634
Review questions 634
Exercises 636
References 641
26 Cash flow statements 642
26.1 Introduction 642
26.2 Development of cash flow statements 642
26.3 Applying IAS 7 (revised) Cash Flow Statements 643
26.4 IAS 7 (revised) format of cash flow statements 645
26.5 Consolidated cash flow statements 649
26.6 Analysing a cash flow statement 652
26.7 Critique of cash flow accounting 654
Summary 656
Review questions 657
Exercises 658
References 663
27 Review of financial ratio analysis 664
27.1 Introduction 664
27.2 Accounting ratios and ratio analysis 665
27.3 Six key ratios 666
27.4 Description of the six key ratios 668
27.5 Description of subsidiary ratios 670
27.6 Application of pyramid of ratios to JD Wetherspoon pic 677
27.7 Segmental analysis 679
27.8 Inter-firm comparisons and industry averages 685
27.9 Ensuring true inter-firm comparisons 686
27.10 World Wide Web pages for company information 689
27.1 I Non-financial ratios 690
27.12 Interpretation problems when using ratios and consolidated financial
statements 691
Summary 693
Review questions 693
Exercises 694
References 704
28 Trend analysis and multivariate analysis 706
28.1 Introduction 706
28.2 Horizontal analysis between two periods 706
28.3 Trend analysis over a series of periods 708
28.4 Historical summaries 710
28.5 Vertical analysis - common size statements 710
28.6 Multivariate analysis - Z-scores 713
28.7 H-scores 715
28.8 A-scores 716
28.9 Combining cash flow and accrual data 717
28.10 Accounting polices 717
28.1 I Balanced scorecards 718
28.12 Valuing shares of an unquoted company - quantitative process 719
28.13 Valuing shares of an unquoted company - qualitative process 722
28.14 Shareholder value analysis (SVA) 723
28.15 Measuring and reporting values in the annual report 724
28.16 Shareholder information needs 729
28.17 Professional risk assessors 731
28.18 Aggressive earnings management 734
28.19 Impact of differences between IFRSs and national standards on trend
analysis 735
Summary 736
Review questions 736
Exercises 738
References 747
29 An introduction to Financial Reporting on the Internet 748
29.1 Introduction 748
29.2 What is XBRL? 749
29.3 What XBRL is not 752
29.4 How can it be used? 753
29.5 What is needed to use XBRL? 755
29.6 Progress of XBRL development 756
29.7 Companies currently using XBRL 758
Summary 759
Review questions 759
Exercises 760
Bibliography 761
PART 6
ACCOUNTABILITY 763
30 Corporate governance 765
30.1 Introduction 765
30.2 The need for corporate governance guidelines 765
30.3 Corporate governance in different countries 766
30.4 Corporate governance requirements 768
30.5 UK Voluntary Code - The Cadbury Report 770
30.6 The Greenbury Report 772
30.7 The Hampel Report 772
30.8 The Higgs Report 773
30.9 The Smith Report 776
30.10 The Combined Code 777
30.11 Directors remuneration 777
30.12 Directors remuneration - illustration from the Annual Report of
Diageo pic 781
30.13 Directors remuneration - conclusion 791
30.14 Relations with shareholders 791
30.15 Institutional investors 791
30.16 The Myners Report 792
30.17 Corporate governance - directors remuneration summary 794
30.18 Auditors 795
Summary 804
Review questions 804
Exercises 806
References 809
31 Environmental and social reporting 81 I
31.1 Introduction 81 I
3 1.2 Accountants role in a capitalist industrial society 811
31.3 Sustainability 812
31.4 Background to companies reporting practices 813
31.5 European Commission recommendations for disclosures in annual
accounts 814
31.6 Evolution of stand-alone environmental reports 816
31.7 International charters and guidelines 817
31.8 Economic consequences of environmental reporting 821
31.9 Summary on environmental reporting 821
31.10 Environmental auditing: international initiatives 822
31.11 The activities involved in an environmental audit 823
31.12 Concept of social accounting 826
31.13 Background to social accounting 827
31.14 Corporate social responsibility 831
31.15 Need for comparative data 832
31.16 International initiatives towards triple bottom line reporting 834
Summary 837
Review questions 837
Exercises 839
References 845
Bibliography 846
32 Ethics for accountants 848
32.1 Introduction 848
32.2 The nature of business ethics 848
32.3 Ethical codes for businesses 850
32.4 The background to business ethics 852
32.5 The role of ethics in modern business 854
32.6 The role of professional accounting ethics 857
32.7 The role of the accountant as guardian of business ethics 862
32.8 Growth of voluntary standards 863
32.9 Conflict between Codes and Targets 866
Summary 866
Review questions 867
References 869
Bibliography 869
Appendix: Outline solutions to selected exercises 871
Index 879
|
| adam_txt |
Brief Contents
Preface and acknowledgements xx
Part I
INCOME AND ASSET VALUE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS I
1 Accounting and reporting on a cash flow basis 3
2 Accounting and reporting on an accrual accounting basis 22
3 Income and asset value measurement: an economist's approach 40
4 Accounting for inflation 59
Part 2
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK - AN ATTEMPT TO ACHIEVE
UNIFORMITY 97
5 Financial reporting - evolution of the regulatory framework in the UK 99
6 Financial reporting - evolution of international standards 134
7 Conceptual framework 158
8 Published accounts of companies 184
9 Preparation of published accounts 231
Part 3
BALANCE SHEET - EQUITY, LIABILITY AND ASSET
MEASUREMENT AND DISCLOSURE 257
10 Share capital, distributable profits and reduction of capital 259
11 Off balance sheet finance 284
12 Financial instruments 318
13 Employee benefits 342
14 Taxation in company accounts 372
15 Property, plant and eqiupment (PPE) 399
16 Leasing 433
17 R D; goodwill and intangible assets; brands 453
18 Inventories 490
19 Construction contracts 516
Part 4
CONSOLIDATED ACCOUNTS 533
20 Accounting for groups at date of acquisition 535
21 Preparation of consolidated balance sheets after the date of acquisition 552
22 Preparation of consolidated income statements and consolidated statements
of changes in equity 565
23 Accounting for associated companies 580
24 Accounting for the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates under IAS 21 595
Part 5
INTERPRETATION 613
25 Earnings per share 615
26 Cash flow statements 642
27 Review of financial ratio analysis 664
28 Trend analysis and multivariate analysis 706
29 An introduction to Financial Reporting on the Internet 748
Part 6
ACCOUNTABILITY 763
30 Corporate governance 765
31 Environmental and social reporting 811
32 Ethics for accountants 848
Appendix: Outline solutions to selected exercises 871
Index 879
Full Contents
Preface and acknowledgements xx
Part I
INCOME AND ASSET VALUE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS I
1 Accounting and reporting on a cash flow basis 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Shareholders 3
1.3 What skills does an accountant require in respect of external reports? 4
1.4 Managers 4
1.5 What skills does an accountant require in respect of internal reports? 5
1.6 Procedural steps when reporting to internal users 5
1.7 Agency costs 8
1.8 Illustration of periodic financial statements prepared under the cash
flow concept to disclose realised operating cash flows 8
1.9 Illustration of preparation of balance sheet under the cash flow concept 12
1.10 Treatment of non-current assets in the cash flow model 14
I.I I What are the characteristics of these data that make them reliable? 15
1.12 Reports to external users 16
Summary 16
Review questions 17
Exercises 18
References 20
2 Accounting and reporting on an accrual accounting basis 22
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Historical cost convention 23
2.3 Accrual basis of accounting 24
2.4 Mechanics of accrual accounting - adjusting cash receipts and payments 24
2.5 Subjective judgements required in accrual accounting - adjusting cash
receipts in accordance with IAS 18 25
2.6 Subjective judgements required in accrual accounting - adjusting cash
payments in accordance with the matching principle 27
2.7 Mechanics of accrual accounting - the balance sheet 27
2.8 Reformatting the statement of financial position into a balance sheet 28
2.9 Accounting for the sacrifice of non-current assets 28
2.10 Reconciliation of cash flow and accrual accounting data 32
Summary 34
Review questions 34
Exercises 35
References 38
3 Income and asset value measurement: an economist's
approach 40
3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 Role and objective of income measurement 40
3.3 Accountant's view of income, capital and value 43
3.4 Critical comment on the accountant's measure 46
3.5 Economist's view of income, capital and value 47
3.6 Critical comment on the economist's measure 53
3.7 Income, capital and changing price levels 53
Summary 55
Review questions 55
Exercises 56
References 57
Bibliography 58
4 Accounting for inflation 59
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Review of the problems of historical cost accounting (HCA) 59
4.3 Inflation accounting 60
4.4 The concepts in principle 60
4.5 The four models illustrated for a company with cash purchases and
sales 61
4.6 Critique of each model 65
4.7 Operating capital maintenance - a comprehensive example 68
4.8 Critique of CCA statements 79
4.9 The ASB approach 81
4.10 The IASC/IASB approach 83
4.11 Future developments 84
Summary 85
Review questions 86
Exercises 87
References 96
Bibliography 96
Part 2
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK - AN ATTEMPT TO ACHIEVE
UNIFORMITY 97
5 Financial reporting - evolution of the regulatory framework
in the UK 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Mandatory regulations 99
5.3 Arguments in support of standards ' 03
5.4 Arguments against standards 104
5.5 Structure of regulatory framework 105
5.6 The Operating and Financial Review (OFR) 106
5.7 The Financial Reporting Review Panel 114
5.8 The Financial Services Authority 117
5.9 The Revised Combined Code (June 2006) 117
5.10 Interim reports following Cadbury 120
5.11 Developments for small companies 122
5.12 Evaluation of effectiveness of mandatory regulations 130
Summary 131
Review questions 131
Exercises 132
References 133
6 Financial reporting - evolution of international standards 134
6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 National differences 134
6.3 Reasons for differences in financial reporting 135
6.4 Classification of national accounting systems 139
6.5 Attempts to reduce national differences 140
6.6 The work of international bodies in harmonising and standardising
financial reporting 141
6.7 USGAAP 153
Summary 155
Review questions 155
Exercises 155
References 156
7 Conceptual framework 158
7.1 Introduction 158
7.2 Historical overview of the evolution of financial accounting theory 159
7.3 IASC Framework for the Presentation and Preparation of Financial
Statements 162
7.4 ASB Statement of Principles 1999 164
7.5 AICPA Improving Business Reporting - A Customer Focus: Meeting the
Information Needs of Investors and Creditors 174
7.6 ICAS Making Corporate Reports Valuable 175
7.7 Conceptual Framework developments 176
Summary 177
Review questions 179
Exercises 180
References 182
8 Published accounts of companies 184
8.1 Introduction 184
8.2 A public company's financial calendar 185
8.3 Criteria for information appearing in a published income statement
and balance sheet 186
8.4 The prescribed formats - the income statement 186
8.5 What information is required to be disclosed in Format I and
Format 2? 187
8.6 Cost of sales 188
8.7 Distribution costs 192
8.8 Administrative expenses 192
8.9 Other operating income or expense 192
8.10 What costs and income are brought into account after calculating
the trading profit in order to arrive at the profit on ordinary
activities before tax? 192
8.1 I Does it really matter under which heading a cost is classified in the
income statement provided it is not omitted? 193
8.12 Discontinued operations disclosure in the income statement 193
8.13 Items requiring separate disclosure 195
8.14 The prescribed formats - the balance sheet 196
8.15 Statement of changes in equity 199
8.16 Reporting performance 200
8.17 Segment reporting 205
8.18 The fundamental accounting principles underlying the published
income statement and balance sheet 206
8.19 Disclosure of accounting policies 206
8.20 Fair view treatment 211
8.21 Additional information in the annual report 214
8.22 What information do companies provide to assist comparison
between companies reporting under different reporting regimes? 215
Summary 220
Review questions 220
Exercises 222
References 229
9 Preparation of published accounts 231
9.1 Introduction 231
9.2 Stage I: preparation of the internal income statement from a trial
balance 231
9.3 Stage 2: preparation of the income statement of Illustrious SpA in
Format I style 232
9.4 Stage 3: preparation of the balance sheet 236
9.5 Preparation of accounts in Format I following IAS 8 and IFRS 5 236
9.6 Additional information value of IFRS 5 241
9.7 Additional information value of IAS 24 242
Summary 244
Review questions 244
Exercises 245
References 256
Part 3
BALANCE SHEET - EQUITY, LIABILITY AND ASSET
MEASUREMENT AND DISCLOSURE 257
10 Share capital, distributable profits and reduction of capital 259
10.1 Introduction 259
10.2 Total owners' equity: an overview 260
10.3 Total shareholders'funds: more detailed explanation 262
10.4 Accounting entries on issue of shares 264
10.5 Creditor protection: capital maintenance concept 265
10.6 Creditor protection: why capital maintenance rules are necessary 265
10.7 Creditor protection: how to quantify the amounts available to meet
creditors' claims 266
10.8 Issued share capital: minimum share capital 267
10.9 Distributable profits: general considerations 267
10.10 Distributable profits: how to arrive at the amount using relevant accounts 269
10.11 When may capital be reduced? 269
10.12 Writing off part of capital which has already been lost and is not
represented by assets 269
10.13 Repayment of part of paid-in capital to shareholders or cancellation
of unpaid share capital 275
10.14 Purchase of own shares 275
Summary 278
Review questions 278
Exercises 279
References 283
I I Off balance sheet finance 284
I I. I Introduction 284
I 1.2 Primary financial statements: their interrelationship 284
I 1.3 Primary financial statements: changes in their interrelationship 285
I 1.4 Reasons that companies borrow 285
11.5 Capital gearing and its implications 286
I 1.6 Off balance sheet finance 288
I 1.7 Substance over form 289
11.8 Impact of converting to IFRS 293
I 1.9 Balance sheet as valuation document 294
11.10 Why companies take steps to strengthen their balance sheets 296
11.11 Definitions cannot remove uncertainty: IAS 10 and IAS 37 297
11.12 ED IAS 37 Non-financial Liabilities 306
Summary 312
Review questions 3 13
Exercises 3 15
References 317
12 Financial instruments 318
12.1 Introduction 318
12.2 IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation 3 18
12.3 IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement 328
12.4 IFRS 7 Financial Statement Disclosures 337
Summary 338
Review questions 339
Exercises 339
References 341
13 Employee benefits 342
13.1 Introduction 342
13.2 Financial reporting implications 343
13.3 Types of scheme 343
13.4 Defined contribution pension schemes 345
13.5 Defined benefit pension schemes 346
13.6 IAS 19 (revised) Employee Benefits 348
13.7 The liability for pension and other post-retirement costs 348
13.8 The income statement 351
13.9 Comprehensive illustration 351
13.10 Plan curtailments and settlements 353
13.11 Multi-employer plans 354
13.12 Disclosures 354
13.13 Other long-service benefits 355
13.14 Short-term benefits 355
13.15 Termination benefits 356
13.16 IFRS 2 Share-Based Payments 357
13.17 Scope of IFRS 2 358
13.18 Recognition and measurement 358
13.19 Equity-settled share-based payments 359
13.20 Cash-settled share-based payments 361
13.21 Transactions which may be settled in cash or shares 362
13.22 Transitional provisions 363
13.23 IAS 26 Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans 363
Summary 365
Review questions 366
Exercises 368
References 371
14 Taxation in company accounts 372
14.1 Introduction 372
14.2 Corporation tax 372
14.3 Corporation tax systems - the theoretical background 373
14.4 Corporation tax systems - avoidance and evasion 374
14.5 Corporation tax - the system from 6 April 1999 376
14.6 IFRS and taxation 378
14.7 IAS 12 - accounting for current taxation 379
14.8 Deferred tax 381
14.9 FRS 19 (the UK standard on deferred taxation) 388
14.10 A critique of deferred taxation 389
14.11 Examples of companies following IAS 12 392
14.12 Value added tax (VAT) 392
Summary 395
Review questions 395
Exercises 396
References 397
15 Property, plant and equipment (PPE) 399
15.1 Introduction 399
15.2 What is PPE? 400
15.3 How is the cost of PPE determined? 401
15.4 What is depreciation? 403
15.5 What are the constituents in the depreciation formula? 406
15.6 How is the useful life of an asset determined? 407
15.7 Residual value 408
15.8 Calculation of depreciation 408
15.9 Measurement subsequent to initial recognition 412
15.10 IAS 36 Impairment of Assets 414
15.1 I IFRS 5 Non-Current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations 419
15.12 Disclosure requirements 420
15.13 Government grants towards the cost of PPE 421
15.14 Investment properties 422
15.15 Effect of accounting policy for PPE on the interpretation of the
financial statements 423
Summary 425
Review questions 426
Exercises 426
References 431
16 Leasing 433
16.1 Introduction 433
16.2 Background to leasing 433
16.3 IAS 17 (and its national equivalents) - the controversy 435
16.4 IAS 17 - classification of a lease 437
16.5 IAS 17 - accounting for leases by lessees 438
16.6 Accounting for the lease of land and buildings 444
16.7 Leasing - a form of off balance sheet financing 445
16.8 Accounting for leases - a new approach 446
16.9 Accounting for leases by lessors 447
Summary 448
Review questions 448
Exercises 450
References 452
17 R D; goodwill and intangible assets; brands 453
17.1 Introduction 453
17.2 Accounting treatment for research and development 453
17.3 Research and development 455
17.4 Introduction to goodwill and intangible assets 459
17.5 Accounting for goodwill under IFRS 3 459
17.6 Is there a correct treatment for amortising goodwill? 462
17.7 Accounting for intangible assets under IAS 38 467
17.8 Disclosure of intangible assets under IAS 38 469
17.9 Brand accounting 471
17.10 Intellectual property 473
17.1 I Review of implementation of IFRS 3 478
Summary 480
Review questions 480
Exercises 483
References 488
18 Inventories 490
18.1 Introduction 490
18.2 Inventory defined 490
18.3 The controversy 491
18.4 IAS 2 Inventories 492
18.5 Inventory valuation 493
18.6 Work-in-progress 500
18.7 Inventory control 502
18.8 Creative accounting 503
18.9 Audit of the year-end physical inventory count 505
18.10 Published accounts 506
18.11 Agricultural activity 507
Summary 510
Review questions 511
Exercises 511
References 515
19 Construction contracts 516
19.1 Introduction 516
19.2 Identification of contract revenue 516
19.3 Identification of contract costs 517
19.4 Recognition of contract revenue and expenses 518
19.5 Public-private partnerships (PPPs) 521
Summary 526
Review questions 527
Exercises 527
References 531
PART 4
CONSOLIDATED ACCOUNTS 533
20 Accounting for groups at the date of acquisition 535
20.1 Introduction 535
20.2 The definition of a group 535
20.3 Consolidated accounts and some reasons for their preparation 535
20.4 The definition of control 537
20.5 Alternative methods of preparing consolidated accounts 538
20.6 The treatment of positive goodwill 540
20.7 The treatment of negative goodwill 540
20.8 The comparison between an acquisition by cash and an exchange of
shares 540
20.9 Minority interests 540
20.10 The treatment of differences between a subsidiary's fair value and
book value 542
20.11 How to calculate fair values 543
Summary 545
Review questions 545
Exercises 546
References 551
21 Preparation of consolidated balance sheets after the date of
acquisition 552
21.1 Introduction 552
21.2 Pre- and post-acquisition profits/losses 552
21.3 Inter-company balances 554
21.4 Unrealised profit on inter-company sales 556
21.5 Provision for unrealised profit affecting a minority 560
21.6 Uniform accounting policies and reporting dates 560
21.7 How is the investment in subsidiaries reported in the parent's own
balance sheet? 560
Summary 561
Review questions 561
Exercises 561
References 564
22 Preparation of consolidated income statements and
consolidated statements of changes in equity 565
22.1 Introduction 565
22.2 Preparation of a consolidated income statement - the Ante Group 565
22.3 The statement of changes in equity (SOCE) 567
22.4 Dividends or interest paid by the subsidiary out of pre-acquisition
profits 568
22.5 A subsidiary acquired part of the way through the year 569
22.6 Published format income statement 571
Summary 572
Review questions 572
Exercises 573
References 579
23 Accounting for associated companies 580
23.1 Introduction 580
23.2 Definitions of associates and of significant influence 580
23.3 The treatment of associated companies in consolidated accounts 581
23.4 The Brill Group - the equity method illustrated 581
23.5 The treatment of provisions for unrealised profits 583
23.6 The acquisition of an associate part-way through the year 584
23.7 Joint ventures 585
Summary 587
Review questions 587
Exercises 588
References 594
24 Accounting for the effects of changes in foreign exchange
rates under IAS 21 595
24.1 Introduction 595
24.2 The difference between conversion and translation and the definition
of a foreign currency transaction 595
24.3 The functional currency 595
24.4 The presentation currency 596
24.5 Monetary and non-monetary items 596
24.6 The rules on the recording of foreign currency transactions 597
24.7 The treatment of exchange differences on foreign currency
transactions 597
24.8 Foreign exchange transactions in the individual accounts of companies
illustrated - Boil pic 597
24.9 The translation of the accounts of foreign operations where the
functional currency is the same as that of the parent 599
24.10 Granby Ltd illustration 599
24.11 The use of a presentation currency other than the functional currency 606
24.12 Granby Ltd illustration continued 607
24.13 Implications of IAS 21 608
Summary 609
Review questions 609
Exercises 609
References 612
PART 5
INTERPRETATION 613
25 Earnings per share 615
25.1 Introduction 615
25.2 Why is the earnings per share figure important? 615
25.3 How is the EPS figure calculated? 616
25.4 The use to shareholders of the EPS 617
25.5 Illustration of the basic EPS calculation 618
25.6 Adjusting the number of shares used in the basic EPS calculation 619
25.7 Rights issues 621
25.8 Adjusting the earnings and number of shares used in the diluted EPS
calculation 626
25.9 Procedure where there are several potential dilutions 629
25.10 Exercise of conversion rights during financial year 630
25.11 Disclosure requirements of IAS 33 631
25.12 The Improvement Project 633
Summary 634
Review questions 634
Exercises 636
References 641
26 Cash flow statements 642
26.1 Introduction 642
26.2 Development of cash flow statements 642
26.3 Applying IAS 7 (revised) Cash Flow Statements 643
26.4 IAS 7 (revised) format of cash flow statements 645
26.5 Consolidated cash flow statements 649
26.6 Analysing a cash flow statement 652
26.7 Critique of cash flow accounting 654
Summary 656
Review questions 657
Exercises 658
References 663
27 Review of financial ratio analysis 664
27.1 Introduction 664
27.2 Accounting ratios and ratio analysis 665
27.3 Six key ratios 666
27.4 Description of the six key ratios 668
27.5 Description of subsidiary ratios 670
27.6 Application of pyramid of ratios to JD Wetherspoon pic 677
27.7 Segmental analysis 679
27.8 Inter-firm comparisons and industry averages 685
27.9 Ensuring true inter-firm comparisons 686
27.10 World Wide Web pages for company information 689
27.1 I Non-financial ratios 690
27.12 Interpretation problems when using ratios and consolidated financial
statements 691
Summary 693
Review questions 693
Exercises 694
References 704
28 Trend analysis and multivariate analysis 706
28.1 Introduction 706
28.2 Horizontal analysis between two periods 706
28.3 Trend analysis over a series of periods 708
28.4 Historical summaries 710
28.5 Vertical analysis - common size statements 710
28.6 Multivariate analysis - Z-scores 713
28.7 H-scores 715
28.8 A-scores 716
28.9 Combining cash flow and accrual data 717
28.10 Accounting polices 717
28.1 I Balanced scorecards 718
28.12 Valuing shares of an unquoted company - quantitative process 719
28.13 Valuing shares of an unquoted company - qualitative process 722
28.14 Shareholder value analysis (SVA) 723
28.15 Measuring and reporting values in the annual report 724
28.16 Shareholder information needs 729
28.17 Professional risk assessors 731
28.18 Aggressive earnings management 734
28.19 Impact of differences between IFRSs and national standards on trend
analysis 735
Summary 736
Review questions 736
Exercises 738
References 747
29 An introduction to Financial Reporting on the Internet 748
29.1 Introduction 748
29.2 What is XBRL? 749
29.3 What XBRL is not 752
29.4 How can it be used? 753
29.5 What is needed to use XBRL? 755
29.6 Progress of XBRL development 756
29.7 Companies currently using XBRL 758
Summary 759
Review questions 759
Exercises 760
Bibliography 761
PART 6
ACCOUNTABILITY 763
30 Corporate governance 765
30.1 Introduction 765
30.2 The need for corporate governance guidelines 765
30.3 Corporate governance in different countries 766
30.4 Corporate governance requirements 768
30.5 UK Voluntary Code - The Cadbury Report 770
30.6 The Greenbury Report 772
30.7 The Hampel Report 772
30.8 The Higgs Report 773
30.9 The Smith Report 776
30.10 The Combined Code 777
30.11 Directors' remuneration 777
30.12 Directors' remuneration - illustration from the Annual Report of
Diageo pic 781
30.13 Directors'remuneration - conclusion 791
30.14 Relations with shareholders 791
30.15 Institutional investors 791
30.16 The Myners Report 792
30.17 Corporate governance - directors' remuneration summary 794
30.18 Auditors 795
Summary 804
Review questions 804
Exercises 806
References 809
31 Environmental and social reporting 81 I
31.1 Introduction 81 I
3 1.2 Accountants' role in a capitalist industrial society 811
31.3 Sustainability 812
31.4 Background to companies' reporting practices 813
31.5 European Commission recommendations for disclosures in annual
accounts 814
31.6 Evolution of stand-alone environmental reports 816
31.7 International charters and guidelines 817
31.8 Economic consequences of environmental reporting 821
31.9 Summary on environmental reporting 821
31.10 Environmental auditing: international initiatives 822
31.11 The activities involved in an environmental audit 823
31.12 Concept of social accounting 826
31.13 Background to social accounting 827
31.14 Corporate social responsibility 831
31.15 Need for comparative data 832
31.16 International initiatives towards triple bottom line reporting 834
Summary 837
Review questions 837
Exercises 839
References 845
Bibliography 846
32 Ethics for accountants 848
32.1 Introduction 848
32.2 The nature of business ethics 848
32.3 Ethical codes for businesses 850
32.4 The background to business ethics 852
32.5 The role of ethics in modern business 854
32.6 The role of professional accounting ethics 857
32.7 The role of the accountant as guardian of business ethics 862
32.8 Growth of voluntary standards 863
32.9 Conflict between Codes and Targets 866
Summary 866
Review questions 867
References 869
Bibliography 869
Appendix: Outline solutions to selected exercises 871
Index 879 |
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| publisher | Financial Times Prentice Hall |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Elliott, Barry Verfasser aut Financial accounting and reporting Barry Elliott and Jamie Elliott 12. ed. Harlow [u.a.] Financial Times Prentice Hall 2008 XXIV, 889 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Fully updated to May 2007, this 12th edition includes extensive coverage of International Accounting Standards (IASs) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). It offers students a clear, well-structured and comprehensive treatment of the subject. Accountancy gtt Financiële verslaglegging gtt Accounting Financial statements Accounting Problems, exercises, etc. Finanzbuchhaltung (DE-588)4113562-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4006432-3 Bibliografie gnd-content Finanzbuchhaltung (DE-588)4113562-3 s DE-604 Elliott, Jamie Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016729263&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Elliott, Barry Elliott, Jamie Financial accounting and reporting Accountancy gtt Financiële verslaglegging gtt Accounting Financial statements Accounting Problems, exercises, etc. Finanzbuchhaltung (DE-588)4113562-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4113562-3 (DE-588)4006432-3 |
| title | Financial accounting and reporting |
| title_auth | Financial accounting and reporting |
| title_exact_search | Financial accounting and reporting |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Financial accounting and reporting |
| title_full | Financial accounting and reporting Barry Elliott and Jamie Elliott |
| title_fullStr | Financial accounting and reporting Barry Elliott and Jamie Elliott |
| title_full_unstemmed | Financial accounting and reporting Barry Elliott and Jamie Elliott |
| title_short | Financial accounting and reporting |
| title_sort | financial accounting and reporting |
| topic | Accountancy gtt Financiële verslaglegging gtt Accounting Financial statements Accounting Problems, exercises, etc. Finanzbuchhaltung (DE-588)4113562-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Accountancy Financiële verslaglegging Accounting Financial statements Accounting Problems, exercises, etc. Finanzbuchhaltung Bibliografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016729263&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT elliottbarry financialaccountingandreporting AT elliottjamie financialaccountingandreporting |