RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley & Sons
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 503 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780470129487 0470129484 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Scott, Allan W. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems |c Allan W. Scott ; Rex Frobenius |
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Wiley & Sons |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 503 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 0 | |a Radio frequency integrated circuits / Testing | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Wireless communication systems / Equipment and supplies / Design and construction | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Cellular telephones / Equipment and supplies / Design and construction | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cell phones |x Equipment and supplies |x Design and construction | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Radio frequency integrated circuits |x Testing | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wireless communication systems |x Equipment and supplies |x Design and construction | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Handy |0 (DE-588)4338635-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Hochfrequenzmesstechnik |0 (DE-588)4160144-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0811/2008004929-t.html |z lizenzfrei |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137949777887232 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems
Autor: Scott, Allan W.
Jahr: 2008
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 The Market for Cellular Phones and Wireless Data Transmission
Equipment / 1
1.2 Organization of the Book / 3
1.3 Part I: RF Principles / 4
1.4 Summary of Chapter 2: Characteristics of RF Signals / 4
1.5 Summary of Chapter 3: Mismatches / 4
1.6 Summary of Chapter 4: Digital Modulation / 4
1.7 Part II: RF Measurement Equipment / 9
1.8 Summary of Chapter 5: RF Signal Generators / 9
1.9 Summary of Chapter 6: Power Meters / 10
1.10 Summary of Chapter 7: Frequency Counters / 10
1.11 Summary of Chapter 8: VNAs / 14
1.12 Summary of Chapter 9: Spectrum Analyzers / 14
1.13 Summary of Chapter 10: VSAs / 17
1.14 Summary of Chapter 11: Noise Figure Meters / 17
1.15 Summary of Chapter 12: Coaxial Cables and Connectors / 19
1.16 Summary of Chapter 13: Measurement Uncertainties / 19
1.17 Summary of Chapter 14: Measurement of Components Without Coaxial
Connectors / 21
1.18 Part III: Measurement of Individual RF Components / 21
VI CONTENTS
1.19 Summary of Chapter 15: RF Communications
System Block Diagram / 22
1.20 Summary of Chapter 16: Signal Control Components / 22
1.21 Summary of Chapter 17: PLOs / 22
1.22 Summary of Chapter 18: Upconverters / 24
1.23 Summary of Chapter 19: Power Amplifiers / 24
1.24 Summary of Chapter 20: Antennas / 29
1.25 Summary of Chapter 21: RF Receiver Requirements / 31
1.26 Summary of Chapter 22: RF Filters / 33
1.27 Summary of Chapter 23: LNAs / 35
1.28 Summary of Chapter 24: Mixers / 36
1.29 Summary of Chapter 25: Noise Figure Measurement / 38
1.30 Summary of Chapter 26: Intermodulation Product Measurement / 38
1.31 Summary of Chapter 27: Overall Receiver / 39
1.32 Summary of Chapter 28: RFICs and SOC / 39
1.33 Part IV: Testing of Devices and Systems with Digitally
Modulated RF Signals / 41
1.34 Summary of Chapter 29: Digital Communications Signals / 42
1.35 Summary of Chapter 30: FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Multiple Access
Techniques / 44
1.36 Summary of Chapter 31: OFDM and OFDMA / 46
1.37 Summary of Chapter 32: ACP / 48
1.38 Summary of Chapter 33: Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagrams, and
EVM / 48
1.39 Summary of Chapter 34: CCDF / 51
1.40 Summary of Chapter 35: BER / 53
1.41 Summary of Chapter 36: Measurement of GSM
Evolution Components / 54
1.42 Annotated Bibliography / 55
PART I RF AND WIRELESS PRINCIPLES 57
2 CHARACTERISTICS OF RF SIGNALS 59
2.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields / 60
2.2 Electromagnetic Waves / 62
2.3 Properties of RF Waves / 63
Frequency / 64
Wavelength / 64
Impedance / 67
CONTENTS VII
Power Density / 67
Phase / 68
2.4 RF Power Expressed in dB and dBm / 69
dB Terminology / 70
dBm Terminology / 72
2.5 Using dB and dBm to Determine an RF Link Budget / 73
2.6 Alternate Names for dB and dBm / 78
2.7 Annotated Bibliography / 78
3 MISMATCHES 79
3.1 The Mismatch Problem / 79
3.2 Ways of Specifying Mismatches / 80
3.3 Conversion Between Different Ways of Expressing Mismatch / 82
3.4 S-Parameters / 85
3.5 Matching with the Smith Chart / 87
3.6 Derivation of the Smith Chart / 89
3.7 Plotting Mismatches on the Smith Chart / 94
3.8 Matching Calculations with the Smith Chart / 99
3.9 Using Parallel Matching Elements / 103
3.10 Lumped Elements in Combination / 105
3.11 Smith Chart Software / 106
3.12 Annotated Bibliography / 111
4 DIGITAL MODULATION 113
4.1 Modulation Principles / 113
4.2 Multilevel Modulation / 115
4.3 Special Phase Modulation Techniques / 118
DPSK / 118
tt/4QPSK / 119
3/8ir 8PSK Modulation for EDGE / 119
4.4 Digital Frequency Modulation / 120
4.5 Upconversion Requirements / 122
4.6 Annotated Bibliography / 122
PART II RF MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT 123
5 RF SIGNAL GENERATORS 125
5.1 What an RF Signal Generator Does / 125
Viii CONTENTS
5.2 Supported Wireless Communication Formats / 127
5.3 RF Signal Generator Displays / 127
5.4 RF Signal Generator Controls / 127
5.5 Modulation Architectures / 129
5.6 Phase Noise of the RF Signal Generator / 130
5.7 Annotated Bibliography / 130
6 RF POWER METERS 131
6.1 RF Power Meter Basics / 131
6.2 Power Meter Sensors / 133
6.3 A Schottky Diode for Power Measurements in Cellular Phone
Systems / 134
6.4 The Power Meter Unit / 135
6.5 Power Meter Controls / 138
6.6 Annotated Bibliography / 138
7 FREQUENCY COUNTERS 139
7.1 Frequency Counter Operation / 139
7.2 Annotated Bibliography / 141
8 VNAs 143
8.1 What a VNA Does / 143
8.2 What a VNA Can Measure / 143
8.3 VNA Controls / 144
Dislay Control / 144
Channel Setup / 145
Trace Setup / 145
Entry Control / 147
8.4 VNA Display Notations / 147
8.5 Error Correction / 147
8.6 Example of VNA Measurements on an RF Part / 152
8.7 Swept Measurements on the VNA as a Function of Power / 154
8.8 Example Measurement Procedure Using the VNA / 157
Objective / 157
Measurements Being Demonstrated / 158
DUT Specifications / 161
Significance to Wireless System Performance / 161
Generic Procedure / 161
8.9 Annotated Bibliography / 165
CONTENTS IX
9 SPECTRUM ANALYZERS 167
9.1 Spectrum Analyzer Principles / 167
9.2 What a Spectrum Analyzer Can Measure / 168
9.3 Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram / 170
9.4 Spectrum Analyzer Controls / 171
Center Frequency and Span / 171
Reference Level and Attenuation / 172
Resolution Bandwidth / 173
Video Bandwidth / 173
Markers / 175
9.5 Power Suite Measurements / 175
9.6 Basic Modulation Formats / 175
9.7 Example Spectrum Analyzer Operation and FM Spectrum
Measurement / 178
Objective / 178
FM Theory / 178
Measurements Being Demonstrated / 178
Generic Procedure / 178
9.8 Annotated Bibliography / 180
10 VSAs 183
10.1 What a VSA Does / 183
10.2 VS A Equipment / 183
10.3 What the VSA Can Measure / 185
10.4 Annotated Bibliography / 191
11 NOISE FIGURE METERS 193
11.1 Noise Figure Meter Setup / 193
11.2 Noise Figure Principles / 193
11.3 Annotated Bibliography / 197
12 COAXIAL CABLES AND CONNECTORS 199
12.1 Coaxial Connectors / 199
12.2 Cables and Connectors Best Practices / 200
12.3 Popular Coaxial Cable Connectors / 200
12.4 Coaxial Cables / 202
12.5 Annotated Bibliography / 202
X CONTENTS
13 RF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES 203
13.1 Mismatch Uncertainties / 204
13.2 RF Power Meter Measurement Uncertainties / 205
Mismatch Uncertainties / 205
Calibration Factor Uncertainty / 207
Magnification and Offset / 207
13.3 Uncertainty of VNA Measurement of Absolute Power / 207
13.4 Uncertainty of Spectrum Analyzer Measurements / 210
Frequency Measurement Uncertainty / 210
Power Measurement Uncertainty / 210
Examples of Measurement Uncertainty of PSA 4440E Spectrum
Analyzer Under Different Measurement Conditions / 211
13.5 Measurement Uncertainties of Ratioed Measurements with a
VNA / 211
13.6 Noise Figure Measurement Uncertainty / 215
13.7 Annotated Bibliography / 216
14 COMPONENTS THAT DO NOT HAVE
COAXIAL CONNECTORS 219
14.1 Using SOLT Calibration Standards Fabricated in Microstrip / 220
14.2 TRL Standards in Microstrip / 222
14.3 De-Embedding / 222
14.4 Including the Fixture Effects as Part of the VNA Calibration / 223
14.5 Annotated Bibliography / 223
PART III MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL RF
COMPONENTS 225
15 RF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM 227
15.1 RF Communications System Components / 227
15.2 Annotated Bibliography / 232
16 SIGNAL CONTROL COMPONENTS 233
16.1 RF Semiconductors / 233
16.2 Electronically Controlled Attenuators and Switches / 236
16.3 Measurements of PIN Diode Attenuators and Switches / 240
16.4 Annotated Bibliography / 240
CONTENTS XI
17 PLOs 241
17.1 Characteristics and Operation of a PLO / 241
17.2 Phase Noise and its Significance in a Digital RF
Communications System / 246
17.3 Characteristics of PLOs that Need to be Measured / 248
Frequency / 248
Tuning Sensitivity / 249
Power / 249
Phase Noise / 249
17.4 Example Procedure for Phase Noise Measurements of PLOs / 252
Measurements Being Described / 252
Specifications of PLO / 252
Significance to Wireless System Performance / 252
Generic Procedure / 252
17.5 Annotated Bibliography / 254
18 UPCONVERTERS 255
18.1 How an Upconverter Works / 255
18.2 Mathematical Theory of Upconverter and
Mixer Action / 257
18.3 Measurement of Upconverter Performance / 258
18.4 Generic Procedure for Upconverter Measurement / 261
18.5 Annotated Bibliography / 262
19 POWER AMPLIFIERS 263
19.1 RF Transistors / 263
19.2 Semiconductor Materials for RF Transistors / 264
19.3 Transistor Fabrication Processes / 265
MESFETs / 265
Bipolar Transistor / 268
HEMTs and HBTs / 270
LDMOS / 271
19.4 Modulation Distortion Caused by Power Amplifier
Nonlinearity / 272
19.5 Measurements to be Performed on RF Power Amplifiers / 278
19.6 Measurements of Amplifier Output Characteristics Versus Frequency
and Input Power / 278
19.7 Harmonic Power Measurements / 283
XII CONTENTS
19.8 Example Power Amp Measurements on the VNA / 284
Objective / 284
Measurements Being Demonstrated / 285
Specifications of Power Amplifier / 285
Generic Procedure / 285
19.9 Annotated Bibliography / 287
20 ANTENNAS 289
20.1 Antenna Functions / 289
Gain / 289
Pattern / 291
Gain / 292
Side Lobes / 292
Polarization / 292
Impedance Match / 293
Antenna Area / 293
20.2 Types of Antennas / 293
Half-Wave Dipole Antenna / 293
Patch Antenna / 295
Colinear Dipole Array / 296
Parabolic Dish Antennas / 297
Patch Antenna Array / 297
20.3 Measurement of Antennas / 299
20.4 Duplexers / 301
20.5 Annotated Bibliography / 302
21 RF RECEIVER REQUIREMENTS 303
21.1 Annotated Bibliography / 305
22 RF FILTERS 307
22.1 RF Filter Characteristics / 307
22.2 RF Filter Design / 308
22.3 Types of Filters / 309
Microstrip Filter / 309
Ceramic Block Filter / 309
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Filters / 310
Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator (FBAR) Filters / 311
Base Station Filters / 312
CONTENTS XIII
22.4 Measurement of RF Filters / 313
22.5 Group Delay and its Measurement / 314
22.6 Example Filter Measurement / 318
Objective / 318
Measurements Being Demonstrated / 318
Specifications of DUT / 318
Generic Procedure / 319
22.7 Annotated Bibliography / 319
23 LNAs 321
23.1 Thermal Noise / 322
23.2 Noise Figure Principles / 322
Noise Figure of Passive Components / 323
Cascaded Noise Figure / 324
Mismatching of the Transistor Input to
Reduce Noise Figure / 325
23.3 Intermodulation Products / 328
23.4 S-Parameters and How they are Used / 331
23.5 Example LNA Measurement on the VNA / 334
Objective / 334
Measurements Being Demonstrated / 335
Specifications of LNA / 335
Generic Procedure / 335
23.6 Annotated Bibliography / 344
24 MIXERS 345
24.1 Basic Mixer Performance / 345
24.2 Selection of Individual Voice and Data Channels / 349
24.3 The Removal of Image Noise / 350
24.4 ZIF Mixer / 351
24.5 Mixer Measurements / 353
24.6 Annotated Bibliography / 355
25 NOISE FIGURE MEASUREMENT 357
25.1 Noise Figure Measurement Setup
and Procedure / 357
25.2 Measurement of the Noise Figure and Gain of LNAs, Filters, and
Mixers / 358
Xiv CONTENTS
25.3 Approximate Measurements of Noise Figure Without the NF
Hardware and Software / 363
25.4 Measurement of Noise Figure Contours on the
Smith Chart / 364
25.5 Annotated Bibliography / 364
26 INTERMODULATION PRODUCT MEASUREMENT 367
26.1 Intermodulation Products / 367
26.2 Third-Order Intercept Point / 369
26.3 Calculation of Maximum Input Power / 370
26.4 Cautions When Measuring Distortion Products / 371
26.5 Example Measurement for Intermodulation Products / 371
Objective / 371
Measurements Being Demonstrated / 372
Generic Procedure / 372
26.6 Annotated Bibliography / 373
27 OVERALL RECEIVER PERFORMANCE 375
27.1 Overall Performance of a Typical RF Receiver / 376
27.2 Formulas for Combining Gain, Noise Figure, and OIP3
of the Receiver Components / 379
27.3 Software for Calculation of Overall Receiver Performance / 379
27.4 Calculation of Overall Receiver Performance as a Function of Part
Temperature / 383
27.5 Switching the LNA Into and Out of the Overall Receiver / 384
27.6 Annotated Bibliography / 385
28 RFICs 387
28.1 Wireless LAN / 388
28.2 Four Band GSM, GPRS, EDGE Handset / 389
28.3 Annotated Bibliography / 392
PART IV TESTING OF DEVICES WITH DIGITALLY
MODULATED SIGNALS 393
29 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 395
29.1 Block Diagram of the Complete Wireless Communication
System / 396
29.2 Analog Voice and Video Signals / 398
CONTENTS XV
29.3 The Digitizing of Analog Signals / 400
29.4 Data Signals / 403
29.5 Compression of Digital Voice and Data Signals / 404
Compression of Voice Signals / 404
Compression of Video Signals / 406
29.6 Error Correction / 407
29.7 Typical Bit Rates of
Communications Systems / 409
29.8 Packet Switching / 410
29.9 Annotated Bibliography / 411
30 MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES: FDMA,
TDMA, AND CDMA 413
30.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) / 413
30.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) / 416
30.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) / 418
30.4 3G Cell Phones / 424
30.5 High Data Rate Systems for Cell Phones / 425
Cdma2000 Systems / 425
HSDPA High Data Rate Systems / 426
30.6 Measurement of the Distortion of Digitally Modulated Signals by
RF Components / 429
30.7 Annotated Bibliography / 429
31 OFDM, OFDMA, AND WiMAX 431
31.1 802.11 Specifications / 431
31.2 OFDM Multiple Access Principles / 433
31.3 WiMAX / 435
31.4 Annotated Bibliography / 437
32 ACP 439
32.1 ACP / 439
32.2 Measuring ACP / 440
32.3 ACP for North American Digital Cellular (NADC) Versus
GSM Modulation Formats / 440
32.4 Backoff / 441
32.5 ACP Measurement Results for NADC and GSM / 441
32.6 Zero Span / 443
32.7 Annotated Bibliography / 444
XVI CONTENTS
33 CONSTELLATION, VECTOR, AND
EYE DIAGRAM AND EVM 445
33.1 Power Amplifier Backoff / 446
33.2 Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagrams / 447
Constellation Diagram / 447
Vector Diagram / 447
Eye Diagram / 447
33.3 EVM / 451
EVM Troubleshooting / 451
EVM Versus Time / 451
EVM Spectrum / 451
IQ Modulator Impairments / 454
33.4 Measurements of Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagrams
and EVM on an RF Power Amplifier and on an IF Filter / 454
33.5 EVM Trouble Shooting Tree / 463
33.6 Annotated Bibliography / 463
34 CCDF 465
34.1 CCDF Curves / 466
34.2 Derivation of CCDF Curves / 467
34.3 Comparison of Vector Diagrams and CCDF / 467
34.4 The Effect of the Number of Active Spread Spectrum Codes / 470
34.5 CCDF in Component Design / 470
34.6 Annotated Bibliography / 473
35 BER 475
35.1 BER (Bit Error Rate) Testing / 475
35.2 Annotated Bibliography / 477
36 MEASUREMENT OF GSM EVOLUTION COMPONENTS 479
36.1 Measurement of EDGE Signal Distortion / 481
36.2 Measurement of WCDMA and HSDPA Distortions / 482
36.3 Annotated Bibliography / 489
TERMINOLOGY 491
INDEX 497
|
| adam_txt |
Titel: RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems
Autor: Scott, Allan W.
Jahr: 2008
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 The Market for Cellular Phones and Wireless Data Transmission
Equipment / 1
1.2 Organization of the Book / 3
1.3 Part I: RF Principles / 4
1.4 Summary of Chapter 2: Characteristics of RF Signals / 4
1.5 Summary of Chapter 3: Mismatches / 4
1.6 Summary of Chapter 4: Digital Modulation / 4
1.7 Part II: RF Measurement Equipment / 9
1.8 Summary of Chapter 5: RF Signal Generators / 9
1.9 Summary of Chapter 6: Power Meters / 10
1.10 Summary of Chapter 7: Frequency Counters / 10
1.11 Summary of Chapter 8: VNAs / 14
1.12 Summary of Chapter 9: Spectrum Analyzers / 14
1.13 Summary of Chapter 10: VSAs / 17
1.14 Summary of Chapter 11: Noise Figure Meters / 17
1.15 Summary of Chapter 12: Coaxial Cables and Connectors / 19
1.16 Summary of Chapter 13: Measurement Uncertainties / 19
1.17 Summary of Chapter 14: Measurement of Components Without Coaxial
Connectors / 21
1.18 Part III: Measurement of Individual RF Components / 21
VI CONTENTS
1.19 Summary of Chapter 15: RF Communications
System Block Diagram / 22
1.20 Summary of Chapter 16: Signal Control Components / 22
1.21 Summary of Chapter 17: PLOs / 22
1.22 Summary of Chapter 18: Upconverters / 24
1.23 Summary of Chapter 19: Power Amplifiers / 24
1.24 Summary of Chapter 20: Antennas / 29
1.25 Summary of Chapter 21: RF Receiver Requirements / 31
1.26 Summary of Chapter 22: RF Filters / 33
1.27 Summary of Chapter 23: LNAs / 35
1.28 Summary of Chapter 24: Mixers / 36
1.29 Summary of Chapter 25: Noise Figure Measurement / 38
1.30 Summary of Chapter 26: Intermodulation Product Measurement / 38
1.31 Summary of Chapter 27: Overall Receiver / 39
1.32 Summary of Chapter 28: RFICs and SOC / 39
1.33 Part IV: Testing of Devices and Systems with Digitally
Modulated RF Signals / 41
1.34 Summary of Chapter 29: Digital Communications Signals / 42
1.35 Summary of Chapter 30: FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Multiple Access
Techniques / 44
1.36 Summary of Chapter 31: OFDM and OFDMA / 46
1.37 Summary of Chapter 32: ACP / 48
1.38 Summary of Chapter 33: Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagrams, and
EVM / 48
1.39 Summary of Chapter 34: CCDF / 51
1.40 Summary of Chapter 35: BER / 53
1.41 Summary of Chapter 36: Measurement of GSM
Evolution Components / 54
1.42 Annotated Bibliography / 55
PART I RF AND WIRELESS PRINCIPLES 57
2 CHARACTERISTICS OF RF SIGNALS 59
2.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields / 60
2.2 Electromagnetic Waves / 62
2.3 Properties of RF Waves / 63
Frequency / 64
Wavelength / 64
Impedance / 67
CONTENTS VII
Power Density / 67
Phase / 68
2.4 RF Power Expressed in dB and dBm / 69
dB Terminology / 70
dBm Terminology / 72
2.5 Using dB and dBm to Determine an RF Link Budget / 73
2.6 Alternate Names for dB and dBm / 78
2.7 Annotated Bibliography / 78
3 MISMATCHES 79
3.1 The Mismatch Problem / 79
3.2 Ways of Specifying Mismatches / 80
3.3 Conversion Between Different Ways of Expressing Mismatch / 82
3.4 S-Parameters / 85
3.5 Matching with the Smith Chart / 87
3.6 Derivation of the Smith Chart / 89
3.7 Plotting Mismatches on the Smith Chart / 94
3.8 Matching Calculations with the Smith Chart / 99
3.9 Using Parallel Matching Elements / 103
3.10 Lumped Elements in Combination / 105
3.11 Smith Chart Software / 106
3.12 Annotated Bibliography / 111
4 DIGITAL MODULATION 113
4.1 Modulation Principles / 113
4.2 Multilevel Modulation / 115
4.3 Special Phase Modulation Techniques / 118
DPSK / 118
tt/4QPSK / 119
3/8ir 8PSK Modulation for EDGE / 119
4.4 Digital Frequency Modulation / 120
4.5 Upconversion Requirements / 122
4.6 Annotated Bibliography / 122
PART II RF MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT 123
5 RF SIGNAL GENERATORS 125
5.1 What an RF Signal Generator Does / 125
Viii CONTENTS
5.2 Supported Wireless Communication Formats / 127
5.3 RF Signal Generator Displays / 127
5.4 RF Signal Generator Controls / 127
5.5 Modulation Architectures / 129
5.6 Phase Noise of the RF Signal Generator / 130
5.7 Annotated Bibliography / 130
6 RF POWER METERS 131
6.1 RF Power Meter Basics / 131
6.2 Power Meter Sensors / 133
6.3 A Schottky Diode for Power Measurements in Cellular Phone
Systems / 134
6.4 The Power Meter Unit / 135
6.5 Power Meter Controls / 138
6.6 Annotated Bibliography / 138
7 FREQUENCY COUNTERS 139
7.1 Frequency Counter Operation / 139
7.2 Annotated Bibliography / 141
8 VNAs 143
8.1 What a VNA Does / 143
8.2 What a VNA Can Measure / 143
8.3 VNA Controls / 144
Dislay Control / 144
Channel Setup / 145
Trace Setup / 145
Entry Control / 147
8.4 VNA Display Notations / 147
8.5 Error Correction / 147
8.6 Example of VNA Measurements on an RF Part / 152
8.7 Swept Measurements on the VNA as a Function of Power / 154
8.8 Example Measurement Procedure Using the VNA / 157
Objective / 157
Measurements Being Demonstrated / 158
DUT Specifications / 161
Significance to Wireless System Performance / 161
Generic Procedure / 161
8.9 Annotated Bibliography / 165
CONTENTS IX
9 SPECTRUM ANALYZERS 167
9.1 Spectrum Analyzer Principles / 167
9.2 What a Spectrum Analyzer Can Measure / 168
9.3 Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram / 170
9.4 Spectrum Analyzer Controls / 171
Center Frequency and Span / 171
Reference Level and Attenuation / 172
Resolution Bandwidth / 173
Video Bandwidth / 173
Markers / 175
9.5 Power Suite Measurements / 175
9.6 Basic Modulation Formats / 175
9.7 Example Spectrum Analyzer Operation and FM Spectrum
Measurement / 178
Objective / 178
FM Theory / 178
Measurements Being Demonstrated / 178
Generic Procedure / 178
9.8 Annotated Bibliography / 180
10 VSAs 183
10.1 What a VSA Does / 183
10.2 VS A Equipment / 183
10.3 What the VSA Can Measure / 185
10.4 Annotated Bibliography / 191
11 NOISE FIGURE METERS 193
11.1 Noise Figure Meter Setup / 193
11.2 Noise Figure Principles / 193
11.3 Annotated Bibliography / 197
12 COAXIAL CABLES AND CONNECTORS 199
12.1 Coaxial Connectors / 199
12.2 Cables and Connectors Best Practices / 200
12.3 Popular Coaxial Cable Connectors / 200
12.4 Coaxial Cables / 202
12.5 Annotated Bibliography / 202
X CONTENTS
13 RF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES 203
13.1 Mismatch Uncertainties / 204
13.2 RF Power Meter Measurement Uncertainties / 205
Mismatch Uncertainties / 205
Calibration Factor Uncertainty / 207
Magnification and Offset / 207
13.3 Uncertainty of VNA Measurement of Absolute Power / 207
13.4 Uncertainty of Spectrum Analyzer Measurements / 210
Frequency Measurement Uncertainty / 210
Power Measurement Uncertainty / 210
Examples of Measurement Uncertainty of PSA 4440E Spectrum
Analyzer Under Different Measurement Conditions / 211
13.5 Measurement Uncertainties of Ratioed Measurements with a
VNA / 211
13.6 Noise Figure Measurement Uncertainty / 215
13.7 Annotated Bibliography / 216
14 COMPONENTS THAT DO NOT HAVE
COAXIAL CONNECTORS 219
14.1 Using SOLT Calibration Standards Fabricated in Microstrip / 220
14.2 TRL Standards in Microstrip / 222
14.3 De-Embedding / 222
14.4 Including the Fixture Effects as Part of the VNA Calibration / 223
14.5 Annotated Bibliography / 223
PART III MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL RF
COMPONENTS 225
15 RF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM 227
15.1 RF Communications System Components / 227
15.2 Annotated Bibliography / 232
16 SIGNAL CONTROL COMPONENTS 233
16.1 RF Semiconductors / 233
16.2 Electronically Controlled Attenuators and Switches / 236
16.3 Measurements of PIN Diode Attenuators and Switches / 240
16.4 Annotated Bibliography / 240
CONTENTS XI
17 PLOs 241
17.1 Characteristics and Operation of a PLO / 241
17.2 Phase Noise and its Significance in a Digital RF
Communications System / 246
17.3 Characteristics of PLOs that Need to be Measured / 248
Frequency / 248
Tuning Sensitivity / 249
Power / 249
Phase Noise / 249
17.4 Example Procedure for Phase Noise Measurements of PLOs / 252
Measurements Being Described / 252
Specifications of PLO / 252
Significance to Wireless System Performance / 252
Generic Procedure / 252
17.5 Annotated Bibliography / 254
18 UPCONVERTERS 255
18.1 How an Upconverter Works / 255
18.2 Mathematical Theory of Upconverter and
Mixer Action / 257
18.3 Measurement of Upconverter Performance / 258
18.4 Generic Procedure for Upconverter Measurement / 261
18.5 Annotated Bibliography / 262
19 POWER AMPLIFIERS 263
19.1 RF Transistors / 263
19.2 Semiconductor Materials for RF Transistors / 264
19.3 Transistor Fabrication Processes / 265
MESFETs / 265
Bipolar Transistor / 268
HEMTs and HBTs / 270
LDMOS / 271
19.4 Modulation Distortion Caused by Power Amplifier
Nonlinearity / 272
19.5 Measurements to be Performed on RF Power Amplifiers / 278
19.6 Measurements of Amplifier Output Characteristics Versus Frequency
and Input Power / 278
19.7 Harmonic Power Measurements / 283
XII CONTENTS
19.8 Example Power Amp Measurements on the VNA / 284
Objective / 284
Measurements Being Demonstrated / 285
Specifications of Power Amplifier / 285
Generic Procedure / 285
19.9 Annotated Bibliography / 287
20 ANTENNAS 289
20.1 Antenna Functions / 289
Gain / 289
Pattern / 291
Gain / 292
Side Lobes / 292
Polarization / 292
Impedance Match / 293
Antenna Area / 293
20.2 Types of Antennas / 293
Half-Wave Dipole Antenna / 293
Patch Antenna / 295
Colinear Dipole Array / 296
Parabolic Dish Antennas / 297
Patch Antenna Array / 297
20.3 Measurement of Antennas / 299
20.4 Duplexers / 301
20.5 Annotated Bibliography / 302
21 RF RECEIVER REQUIREMENTS 303
21.1 Annotated Bibliography / 305
22 RF FILTERS 307
22.1 RF Filter Characteristics / 307
22.2 RF Filter Design / 308
22.3 Types of Filters / 309
Microstrip Filter / 309
Ceramic Block Filter / 309
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Filters / 310
Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator (FBAR) Filters / 311
Base Station Filters / 312
CONTENTS XIII
22.4 Measurement of RF Filters / 313
22.5 Group Delay and its Measurement / 314
22.6 Example Filter Measurement / 318
Objective / 318
Measurements Being Demonstrated / 318
Specifications of DUT / 318
Generic Procedure / 319
22.7 Annotated Bibliography / 319
23 LNAs 321
23.1 Thermal Noise / 322
23.2 Noise Figure Principles / 322
Noise Figure of Passive Components / 323
Cascaded Noise Figure / 324
Mismatching of the Transistor Input to
Reduce Noise Figure / 325
23.3 Intermodulation Products / 328
23.4 S-Parameters and How they are Used / 331
23.5 Example LNA Measurement on the VNA / 334
Objective / 334
Measurements Being Demonstrated / 335
Specifications of LNA / 335
Generic Procedure / 335
23.6 Annotated Bibliography / 344
24 MIXERS 345
24.1 Basic Mixer Performance / 345
24.2 Selection of Individual Voice and Data Channels / 349
24.3 The Removal of Image Noise / 350
24.4 ZIF Mixer / 351
24.5 Mixer Measurements / 353
24.6 Annotated Bibliography / 355
25 NOISE FIGURE MEASUREMENT 357
25.1 Noise Figure Measurement Setup
and Procedure / 357
25.2 Measurement of the Noise Figure and Gain of LNAs, Filters, and
Mixers / 358
Xiv CONTENTS
25.3 Approximate Measurements of Noise Figure Without the NF
Hardware and Software / 363
25.4 Measurement of Noise Figure Contours on the
Smith Chart / 364
25.5 Annotated Bibliography / 364
26 INTERMODULATION PRODUCT MEASUREMENT 367
26.1 Intermodulation Products / 367
26.2 Third-Order Intercept Point / 369
26.3 Calculation of Maximum Input Power / 370
26.4 Cautions When Measuring Distortion Products / 371
26.5 Example Measurement for Intermodulation Products / 371
Objective / 371
Measurements Being Demonstrated / 372
Generic Procedure / 372
26.6 Annotated Bibliography / 373
27 OVERALL RECEIVER PERFORMANCE 375
27.1 Overall Performance of a Typical RF Receiver / 376
27.2 Formulas for Combining Gain, Noise Figure, and OIP3
of the Receiver Components / 379
27.3 Software for Calculation of Overall Receiver Performance / 379
27.4 Calculation of Overall Receiver Performance as a Function of Part
Temperature / 383
27.5 Switching the LNA Into and Out of the Overall Receiver / 384
27.6 Annotated Bibliography / 385
28 RFICs 387
28.1 Wireless LAN / 388
28.2 Four Band GSM, GPRS, EDGE Handset / 389
28.3 Annotated Bibliography / 392
PART IV TESTING OF DEVICES WITH DIGITALLY
MODULATED SIGNALS 393
29 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 395
29.1 Block Diagram of the Complete Wireless Communication
System / 396
29.2 Analog Voice and Video Signals / 398
CONTENTS XV
29.3 The Digitizing of Analog Signals / 400
29.4 Data Signals / 403
29.5 Compression of Digital Voice and Data Signals / 404
Compression of Voice Signals / 404
Compression of Video Signals / 406
29.6 Error Correction / 407
29.7 Typical Bit Rates of
Communications Systems / 409
29.8 Packet Switching / 410
29.9 Annotated Bibliography / 411
30 MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES: FDMA,
TDMA, AND CDMA 413
30.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) / 413
30.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) / 416
30.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) / 418
30.4 3G Cell Phones / 424
30.5 High Data Rate Systems for Cell Phones / 425
Cdma2000 Systems / 425
HSDPA High Data Rate Systems / 426
30.6 Measurement of the Distortion of Digitally Modulated Signals by
RF Components / 429
30.7 Annotated Bibliography / 429
31 OFDM, OFDMA, AND WiMAX 431
31.1 802.11 Specifications / 431
31.2 OFDM Multiple Access Principles / 433
31.3 WiMAX / 435
31.4 Annotated Bibliography / 437
32 ACP 439
32.1 ACP / 439
32.2 Measuring ACP / 440
32.3 ACP for North American Digital Cellular (NADC) Versus
GSM Modulation Formats / 440
32.4 Backoff / 441
32.5 ACP Measurement Results for NADC and GSM / 441
32.6 Zero Span / 443
32.7 Annotated Bibliography / 444
XVI CONTENTS
33 CONSTELLATION, VECTOR, AND
EYE DIAGRAM AND EVM 445
33.1 Power Amplifier Backoff / 446
33.2 Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagrams / 447
Constellation Diagram / 447
Vector Diagram / 447
Eye Diagram / 447
33.3 EVM / 451
EVM Troubleshooting / 451
EVM Versus Time / 451
EVM Spectrum / 451
IQ Modulator Impairments / 454
33.4 Measurements of Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagrams
and EVM on an RF Power Amplifier and on an IF Filter / 454
33.5 EVM Trouble Shooting Tree / 463
33.6 Annotated Bibliography / 463
34 CCDF 465
34.1 CCDF Curves / 466
34.2 Derivation of CCDF Curves / 467
34.3 Comparison of Vector Diagrams and CCDF / 467
34.4 The Effect of the Number of Active Spread Spectrum Codes / 470
34.5 CCDF in Component Design / 470
34.6 Annotated Bibliography / 473
35 BER 475
35.1 BER (Bit Error Rate) Testing / 475
35.2 Annotated Bibliography / 477
36 MEASUREMENT OF GSM EVOLUTION COMPONENTS 479
36.1 Measurement of EDGE Signal Distortion / 481
36.2 Measurement of WCDMA and HSDPA Distortions / 482
36.3 Annotated Bibliography / 489
TERMINOLOGY 491
INDEX 497 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Scott, Allan W. Frobenius, Rex |
| author_facet | Scott, Allan W. Frobenius, Rex |
| author_role | aut aut |
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| callnumber-label | TK7874 |
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| dewey-full | 621.3845/6 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
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| dewey-search | 621.3845/6 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.3845 16 |
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| discipline | Elektrotechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik Mess-/Steuerungs-/Regelungs-/Automatisierungstechnik / Mechatronik |
| discipline_str_mv | Elektrotechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik Mess-/Steuerungs-/Regelungs-/Automatisierungstechnik / Mechatronik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035022922 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:46:57Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:20:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470129487 0470129484 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2008004929 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016692014 |
| oclc_num | 191898162 |
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| owner_facet | DE-573 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-83 |
| physical | XX, 503 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
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| publisher | Wiley & Sons |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Scott, Allan W. Verfasser aut RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems Allan W. Scott ; Rex Frobenius Hoboken, NJ Wiley & Sons 2008 XX, 503 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Radio frequency integrated circuits / Testing Wireless communication systems / Equipment and supplies / Design and construction Cellular telephones / Equipment and supplies / Design and construction Cell phones Equipment and supplies Design and construction Radio frequency integrated circuits Testing Wireless communication systems Equipment and supplies Design and construction Handy (DE-588)4338635-0 gnd rswk-swf Hochfrequenzmesstechnik (DE-588)4160144-0 gnd rswk-swf Verteiltes System (DE-588)4238872-7 gnd rswk-swf Hochfrequenzmesstechnik (DE-588)4160144-0 s Handy (DE-588)4338635-0 s DE-604 Verteiltes System (DE-588)4238872-7 s Frobenius, Rex Verfasser aut http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0811/2008004929-d.html Publisher description lizenzfrei http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0811/2008004929-t.html lizenzfrei Inhaltsverzeichnis HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016692014&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Scott, Allan W. Frobenius, Rex RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems Radio frequency integrated circuits / Testing Wireless communication systems / Equipment and supplies / Design and construction Cellular telephones / Equipment and supplies / Design and construction Cell phones Equipment and supplies Design and construction Radio frequency integrated circuits Testing Wireless communication systems Equipment and supplies Design and construction Handy (DE-588)4338635-0 gnd Hochfrequenzmesstechnik (DE-588)4160144-0 gnd Verteiltes System (DE-588)4238872-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4338635-0 (DE-588)4160144-0 (DE-588)4238872-7 |
| title | RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems |
| title_auth | RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems |
| title_exact_search | RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems |
| title_exact_search_txtP | RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems |
| title_full | RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems Allan W. Scott ; Rex Frobenius |
| title_fullStr | RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems Allan W. Scott ; Rex Frobenius |
| title_full_unstemmed | RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems Allan W. Scott ; Rex Frobenius |
| title_short | RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems |
| title_sort | rf measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems |
| topic | Radio frequency integrated circuits / Testing Wireless communication systems / Equipment and supplies / Design and construction Cellular telephones / Equipment and supplies / Design and construction Cell phones Equipment and supplies Design and construction Radio frequency integrated circuits Testing Wireless communication systems Equipment and supplies Design and construction Handy (DE-588)4338635-0 gnd Hochfrequenzmesstechnik (DE-588)4160144-0 gnd Verteiltes System (DE-588)4238872-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Radio frequency integrated circuits / Testing Wireless communication systems / Equipment and supplies / Design and construction Cellular telephones / Equipment and supplies / Design and construction Cell phones Equipment and supplies Design and construction Radio frequency integrated circuits Testing Wireless communication systems Equipment and supplies Design and construction Handy Hochfrequenzmesstechnik Verteiltes System |
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