1 Armia Konna podczas walk na polskim teatrze działań wojennych w 1920 roku: organizacja, uzbrojenie, wyposażenie oraz wartość bojowa
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toruń
Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Rezension |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache u.d.T.: The 1st Calvary Army during the war of the 1920 |
| Beschreibung: | 508 s. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788323121831 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a 1 Armia Konna podczas walk na polskim teatrze działań wojennych w 1920 roku |b organizacja, uzbrojenie, wyposażenie oraz wartość bojowa |c Aleksander Smoliński |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Toruń |b Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika |c 2008 | |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache u.d.T.: The 1st Calvary Army during the war of the 1920 | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a Bibliogr. s. 454-478. Indeksy | |
| 610 | 1 | 7 | |a Związek Radziecki / Raboče-Krest'ânskaâ Krasnaâ Armiâ / 1 Konnaâ Armiâ |2 jhpk |
| 610 | 1 | 7 | |a Związek Radziecki - Raboče-Krest'ânskaâ Krasnaâ Armiâ - 1 Konnaâ Armiâ |2 jhpk |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) - historia jednostek - Związek Radziecki |2 jhpk | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137947710095360 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
........................................................................................................................... 7
Przypisy do Wstępu
............................................................................................. 19
Rozdział I
Geneza i dzieje
1
Armii Konnej do kwietnia
1920
roku
............................................ 29
Kawaleria rosyjska w ostatnich latach panowania cara Mikołaja
II
oraz
w przededniu wojny domowej w Rosji
............................................................... 29
Kawaleria „białych i „czerwonych w pierwszym okresie wojny domowej
w Rosji oraz dzieje
4
Dywizji Kawalerii
-
do czerwca
1919
roku
...................... 33
Od Korpusu Konnego
10
Armii do
1
Armii Konnej i formowanie kolejnych
podległych im dywizji kawalerii
-
czerwiec 1919-kwiecień
1920
roku
............ 39
Przypisy do rozdziału I
........................................................................................ 55
Rozdział
II
Przygotowania do przegrupowania na polski teatr działań wojennych oraz ustalenie
ostatecznego O. de B.
1
Armii Konnej
-
kwiecień-maj
1920
roku
............................ 70
Przypisy do rozdziału
II
.......................................................................................121
Rozdział III
Straty poniesione podczas walk z Wojskiem Polskim oraz spadek morale, uzyskane
zdobycze
-
czerwiec-wrzesień
1920
roku
...................................................................161
Przypisy do rozdziału III
.....................................................................................230
Rozdział
IV
Zmiany stanu liczebnego oraz O. de B. armii Budionnego podczas jej walk
z Wojskiem Polskim latem
1920
roku
.........................................................................264
Przypisy do rozdziału
IV
.....................................................................................333
Rozdział
V
Pociągi pancerne
1
Armii Konnej w trakcie jej walk na polskim teatrze działań
wojennych
-
maj-wrzesień
1920
roku
........................................................................366
Przypisy do rozdziału
V
.......................................................................................379
Rozdział
VI
Wiedza Sztabu Generalnego oraz Naczelnego Dowództwa Wojska Polskiego
0 stanie organizacyjnym i liczebnym
1
Armii Konnej podczas jej walk na froncie
polskim w
1920
roku
...................................................................................................385
Przypisy do rozdziału
VI
.....................................................................................402
Rozdział
VII
Bilans strat w ludziach, koniach i materiale wojennym poniesionych w okresie
mąj-wrzesień
1920
roku
..............................................................................................420
Przypisy do rozdziału
VII
....................................................................................434
Zakończenie
..................................................................................................................446
Przypisy do Zakończenia
.....................................................................................452
Bibliografia
..................................................................................................................454
Spis tabel
....................................................................................................................»479
Indeks osób
...................................................................................................................481
Indeks geograficzny
......................................................................................................494
The
Ist Cavalry Army during the war of the
1920 -
organisation, weaponry,
EQUIPMENT AND MILITARY VALUE. SUMMARY
.........................................·.............................
^QO
1
Конармия во время борьбы на польском театре военных действий в
1920
г.
Организация, вооружение, снаряжение и боеспособность. Резюме
.............................504
THE 1st CAVALRY ARMY DURING THE WAR OF THE
1920
-
ORGANISATION, WEAPONRY, EQUIPMENT
AND MILITARY VALUE
Summary
When World War I started tsarist Russia owned large numbers of great cavalry
-
regular,
guard and front-line, as well as Cossack. These troops were used during the warfare as independent
cavalry, grouped into divisions and corps, known at the time as strategic cavalry of the Russian
Army. As a result, the then enemies of Russia also included large units of that type into their
armies. Contrary to the Western Front, thus, the warfare on the Eastern Front, and later on the
Romanian Front, had a manoeuvring character.
The February Revolution in Russia, followed by the Bolshevik coup-de-tat and the
withdrawal of Russia from World War I, destroyed the old army together with numerous regular
cavalry troops of high quality. What was lost then was the long-term organisation and cadre
output. Moreover, dismissed soldiers plundered the reserves; they mainly stole horses. In
1917
the above processes were sped up due to the fact that non-Russian, mainly Polish and Ukrainian,
units began forming out of the Russian Cavalry.
The other reason for the above situation was mass desertions which have resulted in wild
demobilisation of the Russian Army. At first Bolsheviks, the new leaders of the country could not
control the situation. Moreover, they opted for total and fast disintegration of the old state struc¬
tures, an important element of which was the army.
The same rules, although slower, referred to the self-demobilisation of the Cossack units.
In most cases they returned to the regions of the River Don, Kuban and Terek, and to the Ural and
Siberia in large organised groups. There were the cases, however, when their return meant for
some time new Bolshevik social rules and political chaos. But soon in many Cossack villages the
basic rules of the old social traditions were revived, as Cossacks, mainly those from the Don,
Kuban, Terek and Ural regions, were rarely the followers of the Bolshevik rule.
When the warfare of the Whites against the Bolsheviks started it became clear their basic
military support might come only from the Don and Kuban Cossack regions. Soon these areas
became important sources of soldiers, which enabled to rebuild large and good cavalry units.
From the beginning of the warfare, thus, the Whites strived for forming large quantities of cavalry,
which enabled them to quickly concentrate their forces in a given place and time. As a result, at
the beginning of the civil war in Russia they were able to defeat potentially stronger formations
of the Reds.
Initially, the regular units of the Red Army of Workers and Peasants, which were formed in
the central provinces (gubernyas) of Russia, included solely divisional cavalry. Its tasks were to
service the infantry by conducting reconnaissance. Such cavalry units, thus, were unable to act
independently. These were the defeats of the
1918
suffered by the Reds in the civil war which
initiated the formation of regular cavalry out of the riflemen divisions. At first cavalry regiments
Summary
501
were formed, which later gave rise to brigades and divisions. These large units were to be able to
undertake independent military operations.
The above process was faster and more dynamic and took a bit different course in the areas
where the Whites took power and where irregular guerrilla units supporting the Reds were formed.
As early as
1918
the first pro-Bolshevik infantry and cavalry partisan units were formed in the
Salsky Region by the River Don, in the Stavropolsky Region as well as in the vicinity of the
Velykokniazhevskaya village. The latter ones were used for both reconnaissance and guarding.
One of those who organised cavalry was Semyon Mykhailovich Budyonny, later the com¬
mander of the 1st Cavalry Army. He began the formation of the Platovsky Cavalry Unit. Despite
difficulties with horses and weaponry, he was soon the commander of the division of two
squadrons. Initially, all these units formed and operated independently. In summer and autumn of
1918
the first regiments were formed, later to be transformed into the Is Cavalry Army.
In the above way the 1st Soviet Don Riflemen Division was formed in June
1918.
Its com¬
mander ordered that the Platovsky Cavalry Division of Budyonny incorporate a number of smaller
partisan units. Borys Mokyevich Dumyenko became the Division s commander, while Budyonny
the vice-commander. In mid-June this division was renamed into the 1st Socialist Executive
Cavalry Regiment of Workers and Peasants; Dumyenko continued to be its commander.
In summer and autumn of
1918
the Bolsheviks fought against numerous Cossack formations
of the Whites along the wide-spread front-line at Tsarytsyn. Thus, they needed large formations of
that type on their side. As a result, on
25*
October a special order was issued by the headquarters
of the
IO 1
Army. Under it, the 1st Soviet Don Cavalry Brigade commanded by Dumyenko was
formed as part of the Is1 Soviet Don Riflemen Division. As the actions undertaken by the Is So¬
viet Don Cavalry Brigade were in most cases successful, on
28
November
1918
the next order was
issued by the headquarters of the
IO 1
Army. Under it, the Brigade, together with other cavalry
units was to be reformed into the Is Collective Cavalry Division. Dumyenko was its first com¬
mander, while Semyon Budyonny was the head of the headquarters. This situation was unchanged
until the end of
1918,
when Dumyenko was forced to leave the Red Cavalry due to ill health.
In January next year the 1st Collective Cavalry Division was transformed into the Independent
Cavalry Division, and in March that year into the 4lh Cavalry Division.
The above large military unit was the basis for the formation of the Cavalry Corps of the
10*
Army on
25lh
June
1919,
later to be transformed into the 1st Cavalry Corps of the South
Frontline commanded by Budyonny. The 1st Cavalry Corps also included the Is1 Stavropolska
Cavalry Division of Workers and Peasants, which was later renamed as the
б 1
Cavalry Division.
The 1st Cavalry Corps included armoured trains which, together with armoured cars, became an
integral part of the cavalry units.
In autumn of
1919
the situation of the Bolshevik military forces at the South Frontline was
very hard due to the prolonging offensive of the Volunteer Army at Moscow, Kursk and Orel.
Large quantities of the White cavalry forced the Red Army to withdraw and might have paralyzed
the activities at its back. Despite this, the Bolsheviks undertook intensive mobilization of their
forces, especially stressing the need for forming large cavalry units which would be able to stand
against the cavalry of the Whites. As a result, in October
1919
the Soviet South Frontline gained
the Iй Cavalry Corps of Semyon Budyonny.
On ll 1 November, due to the fact that the l5t Cavalry Corps was successful in the warfare
against the Whites, the Revolutionary Wai· Council of the South Frontline decided to use it as the
basis for the formation of the 1st Cavalry Army, which could be used even for strategic military
operations. On 17th November this initiative gained support from the Revolutionary War Council
of the Republic, and thus on 19lh November the headquarters of the South Frontline issued the
order under which the Is1 Cavalry Coips was transformed into the 1st Cavalry Army. The size
and organization of Budyonny s corps, as well as potential for development, eased the task. The
Iя Cavalry Army incorporated the 4lh,
б*
and
1
Iі Cavalry Divisions, the Special Cavalry brigade,
as well as other military formations. The commander-in-chief of this Army was Semyon
Budyonny.
. ■ ■
502____________________________________________________________________
The first task of the 1SI Cavalry Army was to defeat the withdrawing main military forces of
the Volunteer Army which was part of the Military Forces of the Russia s South. Following the
enemy, Budyonny s forces seized Novyi Oskol on 25th November and Valuyki on 9lh December.
On
20Ѓ
December
1919
the divisions of the Is1 Cavalry Army defeated the military forces of
General Anton Denykyn during their crossing of the
Doniec
River, and seized the villages of
Rubyezhnaya and Lisychansk. Next the Is Cavalry Army fought in the
Donbas
(the Donieck
District). On 29lh December it seized the village of Debalcevo, while on
30
December Gorlovka.
After seizing the
Donbas,
Budyonny was ordered to seize Rostov upon Don with the 7lh Army.
As a result, on
б 1
January the
1
Cavalry Army seized Taganrog, while on
б 1
January, after hard
fights, it entered Rostov as well as Nahichevan and Novocherkassk, thus ending up the warfare
against the military forces of Denikin.
In January
1920
the Budyonny s Army joined the Caucasian Frontline and was ordered to
fight the groups of the White military forces which were heading for the Northern Caucasus. The
warfare took place between
Π 1
January and March. After crossing the River Manych the 1st Ca¬
valry Army seized the village of Tykhoryeckaya. Finally, on 22nd March
1920,
it reached Maykop
and thus ended its warfare against the military forces of the Whites.
The successes of the 1st Cavalry Army were observed by the 2nd Department of the General
Headquarters of the Polish Army as well as selected units of the Command-in-chief of the Polish
Army. Various intelligence activities against the Iя Cavalry Army were intensified in spring and
summer
1920.
The Polish side was mainly interested in its organization, size and weapons, as well
as its commandership and the level of morale of the cavalrymen. The intelligence data enabled the
Polish Commandership to learn both potential and real military abilities of the Is Cavalry Army.
The intelligence information collected by radio, however, was mainly used to learn its general
march directions as well as its military actions undertaken during individual operations and
battles which took place in the Polish theatre of war.
The Replenishment Unit of the
Γ
Cavalry Army used the winter of
1919/1920
and the
following spring, spent in Taganrog, for supplying the army with men, horses and war equipment
in order to upgrade its military abilities. It was also necessary to reorganize the army. These tasks,
however, were not easy due to numerous cases of infectious diseases which might turn into epi¬
demics. Moreover, the Replenishment Unit had to face severe financial difficulties and shortages
in supplies, including uniforms and boots, horse tacks and harnesses, and weapons. Despite these
problems, the Unit managed to form the
Ыл
Cavalry Division and numerous other military for¬
mations and services by May
1920.
Besides other equipment, the Is1 Cavalry Army had armoured
trains and cars as well as air force units.
At the beginning of
1920
Soviet Russia began large-scale preparations leading to win the
war with Poland and export the revolutionary ideas to West Europe, mainly Germany. Thus, on
25111 March the 1st Cavalry Army was moved to the Polish theatre of war and incorporated into
the South-West Frontline. Both field-headquarters and all supportive services were transported
from Rostov, Maykop, Taganrog and partly Bataysk by rail, while all the large cavalry units,
i.e. the 4th, 6lh, ll 1 and M 1 Cavalry Divisions, were to move on horseback. The march began in
the morning of 20lh April
1920.
The Iя Cavalry Army included strategic cavalry masses. Its organisation and supply level,
number, armament and manoeuvring abilities made of it a dangerous opponent in the Polish-Bol¬
shevik war. Moreover, it could threat the stability of the Polish Army frontline by the way the
commanders of the South-West Frontline and the commander-in-chief of the Red Army were
planning to use it operationally. In the approaching military campaign the Iм Cavalry Army was
to be one of the elements which would ensure a military success of the Bolsheviks.
Dislocation of the 1st Cavalry Army was continued despite constant lack of horse tack, their
inappropriate shoeing, and long daily distances to cover. As a result, in May there were many
cavalrymen on foot, as their weak or sick horses were abandoned on the way. At the same time
the army fought against anti-Bolshevik guerrilla units in Ukraine.
The march along the 1200-km distance from Maykop through Rostov upon Don, Pavlograd,
Dnepropetrovsk and Yelizavetgrad to Human in Ukraine lasted until
25
May. The first actions
503
in the Polish theatre of war were undertaken on the next day, while the main warfare between
the 1st Cavalry Army and the Polish Army took place four days after the dislocation had finished,
i.e. on
29 h
May
1920.
Despite failures at the beginning this led to breaking the frontline by the
Red Army.
The June and July fights proved Polish troops were a much more demanding opponent for
the 1st Cavalry Army than the military formations of the Whites it had fought against before.
Moreover, they showed a number of organisational shortcomings as well as lack of consequences
in military operations undertaken by both the commands of the Is1 Cavalry Army itself and the
entire South-West Frontline. One of the outcomes of such a situation was a severe increase in
the loss of cavalrymen, horses and weaponry experienced by the Is1 Cavalry Army. Morale and
discipline of the soldiers was worsened even further by supply difficulties. This led to numerous
cases of looting, raping, murdering (mainly prisoners of war), marauding as well as showing
anti-Semitism and chauvinism, the latter to be understood as an anti-Pole resentment. Moreover,
desertion intensified, which sometimes had mass character at all the stages of the warfare against
Poland.
As a result of the above situation, the Polish-Soviet war led by the 1st Cavalry Army had
a very cruel character. This referred to the prisoners of war and civil population alike. This
stemmed from the fact that the Budyonny s army transferred to the Polish theatre of war all the
pathology of the civil war in Russia.
Similarly to the earlier warfare in South Russia and North Caucasus, at the Polish frontline
Budyonny and his army supervised large infantry units, other cavalry units as well as artillery.
One of the tasks of the riflemen divisions was to contain the enemy military forces in order to
enable the cavalry divisions to lead active manoeuvring operations and avoid strong resistance
centres of the opponent. At the same time, the 1st Cavalry Army gained a new unit of the Special
Independent Cavalry Brigade. As a result, in August
1920
the Is Cavalry Army included four
cavalry divisions, one cavalry brigade and three riflemen divisions.
Although at the beginning the Is Cavalry Army recorded large successes, its campaign
against Poland finally failed completely. The army suffered heavy losses in dead, wounded,
injured and the missing, as well as in prisoners and deserters; at times the number of the sick
was exceptionally large. Moreover, the Budyonny s army also suffered heavy losses in horses,
weapons and other equipment irreplaceable even by the looted goods.
Besides strong and successful resistance of the Polish Army and it s the then allies, the rea¬
sons for the failures of the 1st Cavalry Army were the operational and strategic mistakes made by
its Revolutionary War Council, the commands of the South-West Frontline, and Sergei Sergeye-
vich Kamenev, the Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army. Other reasons include the fact that the
warfare against Poland took longer than it had been expected and the Polish Army occurred to be
more resistant against the Communist propaganda than the previous enemies of the Red Army.
Although defeated and seriously weakened, the 1st Cavalry Army remained a very dangerous
military force according to the Polish intelligence services. On 26lh September
1920,
it joined the
reserves of the General Commands of the Red Army, as it was to be used to fight the remaining
units of the Whites operating in northern Tauriga and in Crimea, then under the commandership
of General Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel. Before leaving the Polish theatre of war by the Is Ca¬
valry Army, however, it needed to be reorganized, manned by large numbers of new soldiers, and
supplied with weapons and horses.
On
ЗО 1
September, after the
ľ1
Cavalry Army finally escaped the Polish Army, it left Ber-
ditchev to undertake another 700-km
march
through Beleya Cerkva, Zhmerynka and Kahivka.
In this way, the Is Cavalry Army ended its involvement in hard and bloody warfare at the Polish
theatre of war during the summer campaign of
1920.
Translated by
Aleksandra
Zaparucha
|
| adam_txt |
SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
. 7
Przypisy do Wstępu
. 19
Rozdział I
Geneza i dzieje
1
Armii Konnej do kwietnia
1920
roku
. 29
Kawaleria rosyjska w ostatnich latach panowania cara Mikołaja
II
oraz
w przededniu wojny domowej w Rosji
. 29
Kawaleria „białych" i „czerwonych" w pierwszym okresie wojny domowej
w Rosji oraz dzieje
4
Dywizji Kawalerii
-
do czerwca
1919
roku
. 33
Od Korpusu Konnego
10
Armii do
1
Armii Konnej i formowanie kolejnych
podległych im dywizji kawalerii
-
czerwiec 1919-kwiecień
1920
roku
. 39
Przypisy do rozdziału I
. 55
Rozdział
II
Przygotowania do przegrupowania na polski teatr działań wojennych oraz ustalenie
ostatecznego O. de B.
1
Armii Konnej
-
kwiecień-maj
1920
roku
. 70
Przypisy do rozdziału
II
.121
Rozdział III
Straty poniesione podczas walk z Wojskiem Polskim oraz spadek morale, uzyskane
zdobycze
-
czerwiec-wrzesień
1920
roku
.161
Przypisy do rozdziału III
.230
Rozdział
IV
Zmiany stanu liczebnego oraz O. de B. armii Budionnego podczas jej walk
z Wojskiem Polskim latem
1920
roku
.264
Przypisy do rozdziału
IV
.333
Rozdział
V
Pociągi pancerne
1
Armii Konnej w trakcie jej walk na polskim teatrze działań
wojennych
-
maj-wrzesień
1920
roku
.366
Przypisy do rozdziału
V
.379
Rozdział
VI
Wiedza Sztabu Generalnego oraz Naczelnego Dowództwa Wojska Polskiego
0 stanie organizacyjnym i liczebnym
1
Armii Konnej podczas jej walk na froncie
polskim w
1920
roku
.385
Przypisy do rozdziału
VI
.402
Rozdział
VII
Bilans strat w ludziach, koniach i materiale wojennym poniesionych w okresie
mąj-wrzesień
1920
roku
.420
Przypisy do rozdziału
VII
.434
Zakończenie
.446
Przypisy do Zakończenia
.452
Bibliografia
.454
Spis tabel
.»479
Indeks osób
.481
Indeks geograficzny
.494
The
Ist Cavalry Army during the war of the
1920 -
organisation, weaponry,
EQUIPMENT AND MILITARY VALUE. SUMMARY
.·.
^QO
1
Конармия во время борьбы на польском театре военных действий в
1920
г.
Организация, вооружение, снаряжение и боеспособность. Резюме
.504
THE 1st CAVALRY ARMY DURING THE WAR OF THE
1920
-
ORGANISATION, WEAPONRY, EQUIPMENT
AND MILITARY VALUE
Summary
When World War I started tsarist Russia owned large numbers of great cavalry
-
regular,
guard and front-line, as well as Cossack. These troops were used during the warfare as independent
cavalry, grouped into divisions and corps, known at the time as 'strategic cavalry' of the Russian
Army. As a result, the then enemies of Russia also included large units of that type into their
armies. Contrary to the Western Front, thus, the warfare on the Eastern Front, and later on the
Romanian Front, had a manoeuvring character.
The February Revolution in Russia, followed by the Bolshevik coup-de-tat and the
withdrawal of Russia from World War I, destroyed the old army together with numerous regular
cavalry troops of high quality. What was lost then was the long-term organisation and cadre
output. Moreover, dismissed soldiers plundered the reserves; they mainly stole horses. In
1917
the above processes were sped up due to the fact that non-Russian, mainly Polish and Ukrainian,
units began forming out of the Russian Cavalry.
The other reason for the above situation was mass desertions which have resulted in wild
demobilisation of the Russian Army. At first Bolsheviks, the new leaders of the country could not
control the situation. Moreover, they opted for total and fast disintegration of the old state struc¬
tures, an important element of which was the army.
The same rules, although slower, referred to the self-demobilisation of the Cossack units.
In most cases they returned to the regions of the River Don, Kuban and Terek, and to the Ural and
Siberia in large organised groups. There were the cases, however, when their return meant for
some time new Bolshevik social rules and political chaos. But soon in many Cossack villages the
basic rules of the old social traditions were revived, as Cossacks, mainly those from the Don,
Kuban, Terek and Ural regions, were rarely the followers of the Bolshevik rule.
When the warfare of the Whites against the Bolsheviks started it became clear their basic
military support might come only from the Don and Kuban Cossack regions. Soon these areas
became important sources of soldiers, which enabled to rebuild large and good cavalry units.
From the beginning of the warfare, thus, the Whites strived for forming large quantities of cavalry,
which enabled them to quickly concentrate their forces in a given place and time. As a result, at
the beginning of the civil war in Russia they were able to defeat potentially stronger formations
of the Reds.
Initially, the regular units of the Red Army of Workers and Peasants, which were formed in
the central provinces (gubernyas) of Russia, included solely divisional cavalry. Its tasks were to
service the infantry by conducting reconnaissance. Such cavalry units, thus, were unable to act
independently. These were the defeats of the
1918
suffered by the Reds in the civil war which
initiated the formation of regular cavalry out of the riflemen divisions. At first cavalry regiments
Summary
501
were formed, which later gave rise to brigades and divisions. These large units were to be able to
undertake independent military operations.
The above process was faster and more dynamic and took a bit different course in the areas
where the Whites took power and where irregular guerrilla units supporting the Reds were formed.
As early as
1918
the first pro-Bolshevik infantry and cavalry partisan units were formed in the
Salsky Region by the River Don, in the Stavropolsky Region as well as in the vicinity of the
Velykokniazhevskaya village. The latter ones were used for both reconnaissance and guarding.
One of those who organised cavalry was Semyon Mykhailovich Budyonny, later the com¬
mander of the 1st Cavalry Army. He began the formation of the Platovsky Cavalry Unit. Despite
difficulties with horses and weaponry, he was soon the commander of the division of two
squadrons. Initially, all these units formed and operated independently. In summer and autumn of
1918
the first regiments were formed, later to be transformed into the Is' Cavalry Army.
In the above way the 1st Soviet Don Riflemen Division was formed in June
1918.
Its com¬
mander ordered that the Platovsky Cavalry Division of Budyonny incorporate a number of smaller
partisan units. Borys Mokyevich Dumyenko became the Division's commander, while Budyonny
the vice-commander. In mid-June this division was renamed into the 1st Socialist Executive
Cavalry Regiment of Workers and Peasants; Dumyenko continued to be its commander.
In summer and autumn of
1918
the Bolsheviks fought against numerous Cossack formations
of the Whites along the wide-spread front-line at Tsarytsyn. Thus, they needed large formations of
that type on their side. As a result, on
25*
October a special order was issued by the headquarters
of the
IO"1
Army. Under it, the 1st Soviet Don Cavalry Brigade commanded by Dumyenko was
formed as part of the Is1 Soviet Don Riflemen Division. As the actions undertaken by the Is' So¬
viet Don Cavalry Brigade were in most cases successful, on
28
November
1918
the next order was
issued by the headquarters of the
IO"1
Army. Under it, the Brigade, together with other cavalry
units was to be reformed into the Is' Collective Cavalry Division. Dumyenko was its first com¬
mander, while Semyon Budyonny was the head of the headquarters. This situation was unchanged
until the end of
1918,
when Dumyenko was forced to leave the Red Cavalry due to ill health.
In January next year the 1st Collective Cavalry Division was transformed into the Independent
Cavalry Division, and in March that year into the 4lh Cavalry Division.
The above large military unit was the basis for the formation of the Cavalry Corps of the
10*
Army on
25lh
June
1919,
later to be transformed into the 1st Cavalry Corps of the South
Frontline commanded by Budyonny. The 1st Cavalry Corps also included the Is1 Stavropolska
Cavalry Division of Workers and Peasants, which was later renamed as the
б"1
Cavalry Division.
The 1st Cavalry Corps included armoured trains which, together with armoured cars, became an
integral part of the cavalry units.
In autumn of
1919
the situation of the Bolshevik military forces at the South Frontline was
very hard due to the prolonging offensive of the Volunteer Army at Moscow, Kursk and Orel.
Large quantities of the White cavalry forced the Red Army to withdraw and might have paralyzed
the activities at its back. Despite this, the Bolsheviks undertook intensive mobilization of their
forces, especially stressing the need for forming large cavalry units which would be able to stand
against the cavalry of the Whites. As a result, in October
1919
the Soviet South Frontline gained
the Iй Cavalry Corps of Semyon Budyonny.
On ll"1 November, due to the fact that the l5t Cavalry Corps was successful in the warfare
against the Whites, the Revolutionary Wai· Council of the South Frontline decided to use it as the
basis for the formation of the 1st Cavalry Army, which could be used even for strategic military
operations. On 17th November this initiative gained support from the Revolutionary War Council
of the Republic, and thus on 19lh November the headquarters of the South Frontline issued the
order under which the Is1 Cavalry Coips was transformed into the 1st Cavalry Army. The size
and organization of Budyonny's corps, as well as potential for development, eased the task. The
Iя Cavalry Army incorporated the 4lh,
б*
and
1
Iі" Cavalry Divisions, the Special Cavalry brigade,
as well as other military formations. The commander-in-chief of this Army was Semyon
Budyonny.
. ■ ■ '
502_
The first task of the 1SI Cavalry Army was to defeat the withdrawing main military forces of
the Volunteer Army which was part of the Military Forces of the Russia's South. Following the
enemy, Budyonny's forces seized Novyi Oskol on 25th November and Valuyki on 9lh December.
On
20Ѓ
December
1919
the divisions of the Is1 Cavalry Army defeated the military forces of
General Anton Denykyn during their crossing of the
Doniec
River, and seized the villages of
Rubyezhnaya and Lisychansk. Next the Is' Cavalry Army fought in the
Donbas
(the Donieck
District). On 29lh December it seized the village of Debalcevo, while on
30'"
December Gorlovka.
After seizing the
Donbas,
Budyonny was ordered to seize Rostov upon Don with the 7lh Army.
As a result, on
б"1
January the
1"
Cavalry Army seized Taganrog, while on
б"1
January, after hard
fights, it entered Rostov as well as Nahichevan and Novocherkassk, thus ending up the warfare
against the military forces of Denikin.
In January
1920
the Budyonny's Army joined the Caucasian Frontline and was ordered to
fight the groups of the White military forces which were heading for the Northern Caucasus. The
warfare took place between
Π"1
January and March. After crossing the River Manych the 1st Ca¬
valry Army seized the village of Tykhoryeckaya. Finally, on 22nd March
1920,
it reached Maykop
and thus ended its warfare against the military forces of the Whites.
The successes of the 1st Cavalry Army were observed by the 2nd Department of the General
Headquarters of the Polish Army as well as selected units of the Command-in-chief of the Polish
Army. Various intelligence activities against the Iя Cavalry Army were intensified in spring and
summer
1920.
The Polish side was mainly interested in its organization, size and weapons, as well
as its commandership and the level of morale of the cavalrymen. The intelligence data enabled the
Polish Commandership to learn both potential and real military abilities of the Is' Cavalry Army.
The intelligence information collected by radio, however, was mainly used to learn its general
march directions as well as its military actions undertaken during individual operations and
battles which took place in the Polish theatre of war.
The Replenishment Unit of the
Γ'
Cavalry Army used the winter of
1919/1920
and the
following spring, spent in Taganrog, for supplying the army with men, horses and war equipment
in order to upgrade its military abilities. It was also necessary to reorganize the army. These tasks,
however, were not easy due to numerous cases of infectious diseases which might turn into epi¬
demics. Moreover, the Replenishment Unit had to face severe financial difficulties and shortages
in supplies, including uniforms and boots, horse tacks and harnesses, and weapons. Despite these
problems, the Unit managed to form the
Ыл
Cavalry Division and numerous other military for¬
mations and services by May
1920.
Besides other equipment, the Is1 Cavalry Army had armoured
trains and cars as well as air force units.
At the beginning of
1920
Soviet Russia began large-scale preparations leading to win the
war with Poland and export the revolutionary ideas to West Europe, mainly Germany. Thus, on
25111 March the 1st Cavalry Army was moved to the Polish theatre of war and incorporated into
the South-West Frontline. Both field-headquarters and all supportive services were transported
from Rostov, Maykop, Taganrog and partly Bataysk by rail, while all the large cavalry units,
i.e. the 4th, 6lh, ll"1 and M"1 Cavalry Divisions, were to move on horseback. The march began in
the morning of 20lh April
1920.
The Iя Cavalry Army included 'strategic' cavalry masses. Its organisation and supply level,
number, armament and manoeuvring abilities made of it a dangerous opponent in the Polish-Bol¬
shevik war. Moreover, it could threat the stability of the Polish Army frontline by the way the
commanders of the South-West Frontline and the commander-in-chief of the Red Army were
planning to use it operationally. In the approaching military campaign the Iм Cavalry Army was
to be one of the elements which would ensure a military success of the Bolsheviks.
Dislocation of the 1st Cavalry Army was continued despite constant lack of horse tack, their
inappropriate shoeing, and long daily distances to cover. As a result, in May there were many
cavalrymen on foot, as their weak or sick horses were abandoned on the way. At the same time
the army fought against anti-Bolshevik guerrilla units in Ukraine.
The march along the 1200-km distance from Maykop through Rostov upon Don, Pavlograd,
Dnepropetrovsk and Yelizavetgrad to Human in Ukraine lasted until
25'"
May. The first actions
503
in the Polish theatre of war were undertaken on the next day, while the main warfare between
the 1st Cavalry Army and the Polish Army took place four days after the dislocation had finished,
i.e. on
29'h
May
1920.
Despite failures at the beginning this led to breaking the frontline by the
Red Army.
The June and July fights proved Polish troops were a much more demanding opponent for
the 1st Cavalry Army than the military formations of the Whites it had fought against before.
Moreover, they showed a number of organisational shortcomings as well as lack of consequences
in military operations undertaken by both the commands of the Is1 Cavalry Army itself and the
entire South-West Frontline. One of the outcomes of such a situation was a severe increase in
the loss of cavalrymen, horses and weaponry experienced by the Is1 Cavalry Army. Morale and
discipline of the soldiers was worsened even further by supply difficulties. This led to numerous
cases of looting, raping, murdering (mainly prisoners of war), marauding as well as showing
anti-Semitism and chauvinism, the latter to be understood as an anti-Pole resentment. Moreover,
desertion intensified, which sometimes had mass character at all the stages of the warfare against
Poland.
As a result of the above situation, the Polish-Soviet war led by the 1st Cavalry Army had
a very cruel character. This referred to the prisoners of war and civil population alike. This
stemmed from the fact that the Budyonny's army transferred to the Polish theatre of war all the
pathology of the civil war in Russia.
Similarly to the earlier warfare in South Russia and North Caucasus, at the Polish frontline
Budyonny and his army supervised large infantry units, other cavalry units as well as artillery.
One of the tasks of the riflemen divisions was to contain the enemy military forces in order to
enable the cavalry divisions to lead active manoeuvring operations and avoid strong resistance
centres of the opponent. At the same time, the 1st Cavalry Army gained a new unit of the Special
Independent Cavalry Brigade. As a result, in August
1920
the Is' Cavalry Army included four
cavalry divisions, one cavalry brigade and three riflemen divisions.
Although at the beginning the Is' Cavalry Army recorded large successes, its campaign
against Poland finally failed completely. The army suffered heavy losses in dead, wounded,
injured and the missing, as well as in prisoners and deserters; at times the number of the sick
was exceptionally large. Moreover, the Budyonny's army also suffered heavy losses in horses,
weapons and other equipment irreplaceable even by the looted goods.
Besides strong and successful resistance of the Polish Army and it's the then allies, the rea¬
sons for the failures of the 1st Cavalry Army were the operational and strategic mistakes made by
its Revolutionary War Council, the commands of the South-West Frontline, and Sergei Sergeye-
vich Kamenev, the Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army. Other reasons include the fact that the
warfare against Poland took longer than it had been expected and the Polish Army occurred to be
more resistant against the Communist propaganda than the previous enemies of the Red Army.
Although defeated and seriously weakened, the 1st Cavalry Army remained a very dangerous
military force according to the Polish intelligence services. On 26lh September
1920,
it joined the
reserves of the General Commands of the Red Army, as it was to be used to fight the remaining
units of the Whites operating in northern Tauriga and in Crimea, then under the commandership
of General Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel. Before leaving the Polish theatre of war by the Is' Ca¬
valry Army, however, it needed to be reorganized, manned by large numbers of new soldiers, and
supplied with weapons and horses.
On
ЗО"1
September, after the
ľ1
Cavalry Army finally escaped the Polish Army, it left Ber-
ditchev to undertake another 700-km
march
through Beleya Cerkva, Zhmerynka and Kahivka.
In this way, the Is' Cavalry Army ended its involvement in hard and bloody warfare at the Polish
theatre of war during the summer campaign of
1920.
Translated by
Aleksandra
Zaparucha |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Smoliński, Aleksander 1964- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)139178392 |
| author_facet | Smoliński, Aleksander 1964- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Smoliński, Aleksander 1964- |
| author_variant | a s as |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035021388 |
| contents | Bibliogr. s. 454-478. Indeksy |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)233500430 (DE-599)BVBBV035021388 |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1920 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1920 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035021388 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:46:33Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:20:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788323121831 |
| language | Polish |
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| physical | 508 s. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
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| publisher | Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika |
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| spelling | Smoliński, Aleksander 1964- Verfasser (DE-588)139178392 aut 1 Armia Konna podczas walk na polskim teatrze działań wojennych w 1920 roku organizacja, uzbrojenie, wyposażenie oraz wartość bojowa Aleksander Smoliński Wyd. 1. Toruń Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika 2008 508 s. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache u.d.T.: The 1st Calvary Army during the war of the 1920 Bibliogr. s. 454-478. Indeksy Związek Radziecki / Raboče-Krest'ânskaâ Krasnaâ Armiâ / 1 Konnaâ Armiâ jhpk Związek Radziecki - Raboče-Krest'ânskaâ Krasnaâ Armiâ - 1 Konnaâ Armiâ jhpk Sowjetunion Konnaja Armija 1 (DE-588)4450416-0 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1920 gnd rswk-swf Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / kampanie i bitwy / Polska jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / historia jednostek / Związek Radziecki jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) - historia jednostek - Związek Radziecki jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) - kampanie i bitwy - Polska jhpk Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 (DE-588)4076206-3 gnd rswk-swf Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 (DE-588)4076206-3 s Sowjetunion Konnaja Armija 1 (DE-588)4450416-0 b Geschichte 1920 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016690500&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016690500&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Rezension |
| spellingShingle | Smoliński, Aleksander 1964- 1 Armia Konna podczas walk na polskim teatrze działań wojennych w 1920 roku organizacja, uzbrojenie, wyposażenie oraz wartość bojowa Bibliogr. s. 454-478. Indeksy Związek Radziecki / Raboče-Krest'ânskaâ Krasnaâ Armiâ / 1 Konnaâ Armiâ jhpk Związek Radziecki - Raboče-Krest'ânskaâ Krasnaâ Armiâ - 1 Konnaâ Armiâ jhpk Sowjetunion Konnaja Armija 1 (DE-588)4450416-0 gnd Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / kampanie i bitwy / Polska jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / historia jednostek / Związek Radziecki jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) - historia jednostek - Związek Radziecki jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) - kampanie i bitwy - Polska jhpk Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 (DE-588)4076206-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4450416-0 (DE-588)4076206-3 |
| title | 1 Armia Konna podczas walk na polskim teatrze działań wojennych w 1920 roku organizacja, uzbrojenie, wyposażenie oraz wartość bojowa |
| title_auth | 1 Armia Konna podczas walk na polskim teatrze działań wojennych w 1920 roku organizacja, uzbrojenie, wyposażenie oraz wartość bojowa |
| title_exact_search | 1 Armia Konna podczas walk na polskim teatrze działań wojennych w 1920 roku organizacja, uzbrojenie, wyposażenie oraz wartość bojowa |
| title_exact_search_txtP | 1 Armia Konna podczas walk na polskim teatrze działań wojennych w 1920 roku organizacja, uzbrojenie, wyposażenie oraz wartość bojowa |
| title_full | 1 Armia Konna podczas walk na polskim teatrze działań wojennych w 1920 roku organizacja, uzbrojenie, wyposażenie oraz wartość bojowa Aleksander Smoliński |
| title_fullStr | 1 Armia Konna podczas walk na polskim teatrze działań wojennych w 1920 roku organizacja, uzbrojenie, wyposażenie oraz wartość bojowa Aleksander Smoliński |
| title_full_unstemmed | 1 Armia Konna podczas walk na polskim teatrze działań wojennych w 1920 roku organizacja, uzbrojenie, wyposażenie oraz wartość bojowa Aleksander Smoliński |
| title_short | 1 Armia Konna podczas walk na polskim teatrze działań wojennych w 1920 roku |
| title_sort | 1 armia konna podczas walk na polskim teatrze dzialan wojennych w 1920 roku organizacja uzbrojenie wyposazenie oraz wartosc bojowa |
| title_sub | organizacja, uzbrojenie, wyposażenie oraz wartość bojowa |
| topic | Związek Radziecki / Raboče-Krest'ânskaâ Krasnaâ Armiâ / 1 Konnaâ Armiâ jhpk Związek Radziecki - Raboče-Krest'ânskaâ Krasnaâ Armiâ - 1 Konnaâ Armiâ jhpk Sowjetunion Konnaja Armija 1 (DE-588)4450416-0 gnd Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / kampanie i bitwy / Polska jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / historia jednostek / Związek Radziecki jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) - historia jednostek - Związek Radziecki jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) - kampanie i bitwy - Polska jhpk Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 (DE-588)4076206-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Związek Radziecki / Raboče-Krest'ânskaâ Krasnaâ Armiâ / 1 Konnaâ Armiâ Związek Radziecki - Raboče-Krest'ânskaâ Krasnaâ Armiâ - 1 Konnaâ Armiâ Sowjetunion Konnaja Armija 1 Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / kampanie i bitwy / Polska Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / historia jednostek / Związek Radziecki Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) - historia jednostek - Związek Radziecki Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) - kampanie i bitwy - Polska Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016690500&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016690500&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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