European state aid law:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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München
Beck [u.a.]
2010
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XLVI, 816 S. |
| ISBN: | 9783406578847 9781841139180 |
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MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS - SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS IX LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XXIX
LISTOFABBREVATIONS XXXI LIST OF JUDGEMENTS OF THE COMMUNITY COURTS XXXV
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1 § 1 BASIC OUTLINE OF STATE AID LAW
(HEIDENHAIN) 1 § 2 DEVELOPMENT OF STATE AID LAW (HEIDENHAIN) 8 CHAPTER
2. THE CONCEPT OF STATE AID 13 § 3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES (HEIDENHAIN) 13 §
4 THE CONCEPT OF STATE AID (HEIDENHAIN) 22 § 5 DE MINIMIS AID (ZULEGER)
61 § 6 STATE INVESTMENTS OF CAPITAL (LEIBENATH) 73 § 7 STATE LIABILITIES
(LEIBENATH) 104 § 8 TAXES AND DUTIES (JESTAEDT) 118 § 9 PUBLIC FUNDING
OF INFRASTRUCTURE, SALES OF PUBLIC LAND AND BUILDINGS (HEIDENHAIN) 131
CHAPTER 3. COMPATIBILITY OF STATE AID PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 87(2) EC 143 §
10 SIGNIFICANCE OF EXEMPTIONS (HEIDENHAIN) 143 § 11 STATE AIDS OF A
SOCIAL CHARACTER TO INDIVIDUAL CONSUMERS - ARTICLE 87(2)(A) EC
(HEIDENHAIN) 145 § 12 STATE AIDS FOR NATURAL DISASTERS AND EXCEPTIONAL
OCCURRENCIES - ARTICLE 87(2)(B) EC (HEIDENHAIN) 14 BIBLIOGRAFISCHE
INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/989879763 DIGITALISIERT DURCH CONTENTS -
SUMMARY CHAPTER 6. PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS 447 § 22 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
(KLASSE) 447 § 23 TRANSPARENCY DIRECTIVE (KLASSE) 453 § 24 FINANCING
PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS (KLASSE) 459 § 25 CROSS-SUBSIDISATION (KLASSE) 462 §
26 PRIVATISATION (KLASSE) 471 § 27 RELATION TO ARTICLE 295 EC (KLASSE)
493 CHAPTER 7. SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST 499 § 28 SERVICES
OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST (KLASSE) 499 § 29 SECTOR SPECIFIC RULES
(KLASSE) 549 CHAPTER 8. PROCEDURES BEFORE THE COMMISSION, COUNCIL
REGULATION 659/1999 573 § 30 GENERAL PRINCIPLES (SINNAEVE) 573 § 31
PROCEDURE REGARDING NOTIFIED AID (SINNAEVE) 591 § 32 PROCEDURE REGARDING
UNLAWFUL AID (SINNAEVE) 628 § 33 PROCEDURE REGARDING MISUSE OF AID
(SINNAEVE) 669 § 34 PROCEDURE REGARDING EXISTING AID SCHEMES (SINNAEVE)
672 § 35 RIGHTS OF INTERESTED PARTIES (SINNAEVE) 68 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1 § 1 BASIC OUTLINE OF STATE AID LAW 1 A.
PROHIBITION OF STATE AID 1 I. BASIS FOR THE PROHIBITION 1 II. AUTHORITY
OF THE COMMISSION 3 III. AUTHORITY OF THE COUNCIL 4 IV. AUTHORITY OF THE
COMMUNITY COURTS 4 V. GOALS OF AID REGULATION 4 B. SCOPE OF STATE AID
PROHIBITION 5 I. SUBSTANTIVE SCOPE 5 II. GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE 5 III. ECSC
TREATY 6 IV. EURATOM TREATY 6 C. VOLUME OF AID BEING GRANTED 6 § 2
DEVELOPMENT OF STATE AID LAW 8 A. GENERAL 8 B. ACTS OF THE COMMISSION 9
I. COMMUNICATIONS, GUIDELINES, FRAMEWORKS, REGULATIONS 9 1. PROCEDURE 9
2. BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATIONS 9 3. HORIZONTAL AID 9 4. REGIONAL AID 10
5. SECTORAL AID 11 II. STATISTICAL DATA 11 III. TRANSPARENCY OF THE
COMMISSION'S ACTIVITIES 11 C. ACTS OF THE COUNCIL 12 CHAPTER 2. THE
CONCEPT OF STATE AID 13 § 3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 13 A. DEMARCATION OF
JURISDICTIONS 13 B. ELEMENTS OF STATE AID 14 C. INTERPRETING THE
ELEMENTS 15 D. GRANTORS OF AID 18 E. AID RECIPIENTS 19 F. TYPES OF AID
19 G. COMPENSATION FOR THE DISCHARGE OF SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC
INTEREST 20 H. DE MINIMIS AID 20 I. DEROGATORY PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY
21 §4 THE CONCEPT OF STATE AID 22 A. GRANTING OF AN ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE
23 I TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. ATTRIBUTION TO THE STATE 34 3. STATE CONTROL
36 4. RESOURCES OF PRIVATE UNDERTAKINGS 37 5. PREUSSENELEKTRA 38 III.
REQUIREMENT OF TRANSFER OF RESOURCES 40 C. FAVORING OF CERTAIN
UNDERTAKINGS OR THE PRODUCTION OF CERTAIN GOODS 43 I. UNDERTAKINGS 44
II. THE PRODUCTION OF CERTAIN GOODS 44 III. SPECIFIC MEASURES 45 IV.
ADVANTAGES INHERENT IN THE SYSTEM 48 V. TAX LAW MEASURES 49 VI. BROAD
INTERPRETATION 49 D. DISTORTION OF COMPETITION 49 I. DISTORTION OF
COMPETITION 50 II. RELEVANT MARKET 53 1. CONCEPT OF STATE AID 53 2.
APPROVAL OF STATE AID 53 E. ADVERSE EFFECTS ON TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER
STATES 54 I. TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES 55 II. ADVERSE EFFECT ON TRADE
55 III. IRREFUTABLE PRESUMPTIONS 56 IV. ALIGNMENT OF COMPETITIVE
CONDITIONS 57 V. TRADE WITH NON-MEMBER STATES 58 VI. LOCAL MATTERS 58
VII. PERCEPTIBLE EFFECT 59 § 5 DEMINIMIS AID 61 A. THE COMMISSION'S DE
MINIMIS POLICY 61 B. THE DE MINIMIS REGULATION 62 I. LEGAL BASIS OF THE
DE MINIMIS REGULATION 62 II. PROCEDURE TO ADOPT THE DE MINIMIS
REGULATION 62 III. SCOPE OF THE DE MINIMIS REGULATION 62 1 TABLE OF
CONTENTS DD) DISPROPORTIONATE STATE PARTICIPATION IN A MIXED
PUBLIC-PRIVATE ENTERPRISE; INVESTMENTS EXCEEDING THE NET ASSET VALUE OF
THE BENEFICIARY ENTERPRISE 81 D) FOURTH GROUP OF CASES: OTHER CASES /
GROUNDS FOR A PRESUMPTION OF STATE AID 82 2. COMMUNICATION ON PUBLIC
UNDERTAKINGS 82 A) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION 83 AA) BROAD
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES TO EVALUATION 83 BB) RELEVANT POINT IN TIME FOR
EVALUATION 83 CC) DIFFERENCE IN THE ASSESSMENT OF MAJORITY AND MINORITY
STAKES . 83 DD) APPROPRIATE RETURN ON INVESTMENT 84 EE) DIFFERENTIATION
BETWEEN FIRST-TIME AND REPEATED INVESTMENTS . 87 FF) STRATEGIC
INVESTMENT MOTIVES 87 GG) THE INVESTOR'S NEED FOR INFORMATION 89 B)
EVALUATION OF PARTICULAR TYPES OF INVESTMENT 89 AA) EQUITY INVESTMENTS
89 (1) EARNING POWER 90 (2) FINANCIAL INDICATORS 91 (3) MARKET SITUATION
91 (4) COST OF RESTRUCTURING COMPARED TO THE COST OF LIQUIDATION 93 BB)
DEBT INVESTMENTS 94 3. SUMMARY 95 B. SPECIAL QUESTIONS, PROBLEM CASES 95
I. THE APPROPRIATE SCOPE FOR THE STATE'S ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, RATIONALITY
OF PRIVATE INVESTORS' MARKET BEHAVIOUR 96 II. INVESTMENTS IN PROFITABLE
ENTERPRISES 97 III. DEFINITION OF THE PRIVATE INVESTOR TO BE USED AS A
STANDARD OF COMPARISON 98 IV. CALCULATION OF THE AVERAGE RETURN IN THE
INDUSTRY (COST OF CAPITAL) 99 1. COST OF EQUITY 99 2. COST OF DEBT 101
V. CALCULATING THE STATE AID COMPONENT OF STATE CAPITAL INVESTMENTS 101
1 TABLE OF CONTENTS § 8 TAXES AND DUTIES 118 A. INTRODUCTION 118 B.
ECONOMIE BENEFIT 120 C. BY THE STATE OR THROUGH STATE RESOURCES 120 D.
SELECTIVITY 122 I. GENERAL PROVISIONS AND EXCEPTIONS 123 1. EXCEPTIONS
123 2. EXAMPLES 123 3. GEOGRAPHIC SELECTIONS 126 II. JUSTIFICATION
THROUGH THE NATURE OR INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE TAX SYSTEM . 127 1.
CONCEPT 127 2. INDIVIDUAL CASES 129 E. DISTORTION OF COMPETITION 130 §9
PUBLIC FUNDING OF INFRASTRUCTURE, SALES OF PUBLIC LAND AND BUILDINGS 131
A. PUBLIC FUNDING OF INFRASTRUCTURE 131 I. STATE MANAGED INFRASTRUCTURES
131 II. PUBLIC OR PRIVATE OPERATORS 132 III. PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
133 IV. OBLIGATIONS OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST 134 V. DEVELOPMENT OF
REAL ESTATE 134 B. SALES OF PUBLIC LAND AND BUILDINGS 134 I. COMMISSION
COMMUNICATION 134 1. GENERAL AREA OF APPLICATION 134 2. SALE THROUGH AN
UNCONDITIONAL BIDDING PROCEDURE 135 3. SALE WITHOUT AN UNCONDITIONAL
BIDDING PROCEDURE 136 4. NOTIFICATION, COMPLAINTS 137 5. CONDITIONS OF
SALE 137 II. PRACTICE OF THE COMMISSION 138 1. FREEDOM OF THE
PARTICIPANTS 138 2. UNCONDITIONAL BIDDING PROCEDURE 138 3. INDEPENDENT
EVALUATION 138 4. PRINCIPLES OF APPRAISAL 140 5. SPECIAL SALE CONDITIONS
141 6. DISTORTION OF COMPETITION, ADVERSE EFFECT ON INTRA-COMMUNITY
TRADE . 141 CHAPTER 3. COMPATIBILITY OF STATE AID WITH THE COMMON
MARKET PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 87(2) EC . 143 § TABLE OF CONTENTS VI. LEGAL
REMEDIES 170 C. BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATIONS (BERS) 171 I. AUTHORITY OF
THE COMMISSION 171 II. FORCE OF LAW AND BINDING EFFECT 172 III. EFFECT
OF EXEMPTION 174 IV. BASIS OF AUTHORITY 175 V. PROMULGATION PROCEDURE
175 VI. OVERSIGHT PROCEDURE 176 VII. QUALIFICATION RISK AND RIGHT TO AD
HOC NOTIFICATION 176 VIII. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUBSTANTIVE CONTENT OF
BERS 177 IX. PRINCIPLES FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF BERS 178 X. LEGAL
REMEDIES AGAINST BERS 179 XI. CHANGES INTRODUCED BY THE GENERAL BLOCK
EXEMPTION REGULATION 179 D. THE COMMISSION'S AD HOC RULINGS 180 § 15
STATE AID PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 87(3)(A) AND (C) EC - PROMOTION OF AREAS
WITH ABNORMALLY LOW STANDARD OF LIVING OR SERIOUS UNDEREMPLOYMENT,
PROMOTION OF CERTAIN ECONOMIC AREAS - REGIONAL AID 183 A. BACKGROUND 183
I. INTRODUCTION 183 II. GUIDELINES AND FRAMEWORKS 184 III. RELATION TO
EUROPEAN REGIONAL PROMOTION 185 B. GUIDELINES ON NATIONAL REGIONAL AID
186 I. SCOPE OF APPLICATION 186 II. FORMS OF AID 186 1. FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLE: INVESTMENT AID 186 2. OPERATING AID 188 3. AID FOR NEWLY
CREATED SMALL ENTERPRISES 188 III. ASSISTED REGIONS, POPULATION
CEILINGS, REGIONAL AID MAPS 189 1. DETERMINATION OF A COMMUNITY ASSISTED
REGIONS POPULATION CEILING . 189 2. DETERMINATION OF ELIGIBLE
NATIONAL POPULATION COVERAGE 190 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. PRINCIPLES 202
II. PRACTICAL APPLICATION PRIOR TO THE FINANCIAL MARKETS CRISIS 203 III.
THE FINANCIAL MARKETS CRISIS 2008/2009 203 1. THE BEGINNING: APPLICATION
OF RESCUING AND RESTRUCTURING GUIDELINES . 203 2. APPLICATION OF
ARTICLE 87(3)(B) EC 204 3. STATE AID TO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 205 A)
AUTHORISATION OF AID MEASURES UNDER THE COMMISSION'S COMMU- NICATIONS
205 B) THE MEMBER STATES' SCHEMES AND AD-HOC MEASURES IN SUPPORT OF
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 207 C) DISTINCTION BETWEEN FUNDAMENTALLY SOUND
BANKS AND BANKS SUFFER- ING FROM ENDOGENOUS PROBLEMS 207 4. STATE AID TO
THE REAL ECONOMY 207 § 17 STATE AID PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 87(3)(C) EC -
AID TO FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN ECONOMIE ACTIVITIS OR
CERTAIN ECONOMIE AREAS - HORIZONTAL AID 209 A. RESCUE AND RESTRUCTURING
AID 211 I. COMMUNITY GUIDELINES ON STATE AID FOR RESCUING AND
RESTRUCTURING FIRMS IN DIFFICULTY - SELF-BINDING REGULATIONS OF THE
COMMISSION 212 II. SCOPE OF APPLICATION 214 1. SUBSTANTIVE SCOPE OF
APPLICATION 214 A) OBJECTIVE OF THE AID 214 B) FORM OF THE AID 215 2.
SCOPE OF APPLICATION WITH RESPECT TO ECONOMIC SECTORS 215 3. PERIOD OF
EFFECT 216 III. DEFINITION OF TERMS AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
APPROVAL 216 1. FIRM IN DIFFICULTY 216 A) OPERATIONAL CRITERIA 217 B)
SYMPTOMS 217 C) ENTERPRISES IN INSOLVENCY 218 D) NEWLY FOUNDED
ENTERPRISES 218 E TABLE OF CONTENTS CC) FORM 228 DD) PREMATURELY
DISBURSED RESTRUCTURING AID 229 EE) SMES 229 B) AVOIDANCE OF UNDUE
DISTORTIONS OF COMPETITION 229 AA) REDUCTION OF MARKET PRESENCE 229 BB)
EXCEPTIONS 232 CC) BASIS FOR REVIEW 233 C) LIMITATION OF AID TO THE
MINIMUM 234 AA) AVOIDANCE OF SURPLUS CASH 234 BB) SUBSIDIARITY 234 CC)
PROOF 236 3. INFORMATION REQUIRED IN CONNECTION WITH THE NOTIFICATION OF
RESTRUCTUR- ING AID 236 4. CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS 236 5.
IMPLEMENTATION OF AND AMENDMENTS TO THE RESTRUCTURING PLAN 237 6.
MONITORING AND ANNUAL REPORT 238 VI. AID TO COVER THE SOCIAL COSTS OF
RESTRUCTURING 238 1. DEFINITION 239 2. REQUIREMENTS FOR APPROVAL 239 B.
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND INNOVATION AID 240 I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 240
II. COMMUNITY FRAMEWORK ON STATE AID FOR RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND
INNOVATION 242 III. COMPATIBILITY OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AID
PURSUANT TO ARTI- CLE 87(3)(C) EC 243 1. RESEARCH CATEGORIES 243 2. AID
INTENSITY, ELIGIBLE COSTS AND FORM OF THE AID 245 3. SUPPLEMENTS 248 IV.
COMPATIBILITY OF INNOVATION AID PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 87(3)(C) EC 249 1.
AID FOR YOUNG, INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES 250 2. AID FOR PROCESS AND
OPERATIONAL INNOVATION IN THE SERVICE SECTOR 252 3. AID FOR INNOVATION
ADVISORY AND INNOVATION SUPPORT SERVICES 252 4. AID FOR THE SECONDMENT
OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL 253 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5. AID FOR THE
RELOCATION OF UNDERTAKINGS 280 6. AID INVOLVED IN TRADABLE ENVIRONMENTAL
CERTIFICATES 281 IV. INCENTIVE EFFECT AND NECESSITY OF AID 285 V. AID IN
THE FORM OF REDUCTIONS OF OR EXEMPTIONS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES 285 VI.
DETAILED ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF AID 290 1. MEASURES SUBJECT
TO DETAILED ASSESSMENT 290 2. BALANCING TEST 291 3. OPENING OF A FORMAL
INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE 292 VII. COMPATIBILITY OF AID PURSUANT TO
ARTICLE 87(3)(B) EC 292 VIII. NOTIFICATION, REPORTING, AND MONITORING OF
ENVIRONMENTAL AID 293 IX. CUMULATION 294 X. "STRANDED COSTS" IN THE
ELECTRICITY SECTOR 294 D. EXPORT AID 296 I. OVERVIEW 296 II. EXPORT AID
297 III. INTERNATIONALISATION AID 298 IV. AID IN THE FIELD OF
EXPORT-CREDIT INSURANCES 299 E. STATE AID AND RISK CAPITAL MEASURES 302
I. INTRODUCTION 302 II. MAIN LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 303 1. GENERAL BLOCK
EXEMPTION REGULATION 303 A) INTRODUCTION 303 B) SCOPE, DEFINITIONS,
INDIVIDUAL THRESHOLDS AND THE ESSENTIAL RULES REGARDING RISK CAPITAL 304
AA) SCOPE 304 BB) DEFINITIONS 304 CC) CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION 305 C)
CUMULATION 306 2. GUIDELINES ON RISK CAPITAL INVESTMENTS 2006 306 A)
SCOPE 306 B) DEFINITIONS 307 C) STRUCTURE OF THE GUIDELINES 308 D)
ASSESSMENT OFTHE COMPATIBILITY UNDER ARTICLE 87(1) EC 308 AA) AID TO
INVESTORS 308 BB TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE REVIEW
OF PLANNED AID GRANTS 318 2. OBJECTIVES OF SECTORAL AID 320 II. SECTORS
SUBJECT TO SPECIAL REGULATIONS 320 1. SENSITIVE SECTORS 320 2. OTHER
SECTORS WITH SPECIAL REGULATIONS 321 III. COMMISSION PRACTICE AND
COMMUNICATIONS IN SECTORS WITHOUT SPECIAL REGULATIONS 323 IV. REGULATORY
INSTRUMENTS GOVERNING SECTORAL AID 326 1. GUIDELINES AND COMMUNITY
FRAMEWORKS 326 2. REGULATIONS AND DIRECTIVES 330 V. ADMINISTRATIVE
DISCRETION IN DECISION MAKING 331 VI. SECTOR REPORTS 333 VII. STATE AID
ACTION PLAN AND HORIZONTAL AID POLICIES 333 B. AID IN THE TRANSPORT
SECTOR 335 I. GENERAL 335 II. INLAND TRANSPORT (TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS
OR PASSENGERS BY RAIL, ROAD OR INLAND WATERWAY) 337 1. GENERAL
PRINCIPLES 337 2. APPLICABLE PROVISIONS 338 A) GENERAL PROVISIONS -
REGULATIONS 1370/2007 AND 1192/69 CONCERN- ING STATE AID IN RAIL, ROAD,
AND INLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT 338 B) ROAD TRANSPORT 339 C) RAIL
TRANSPORT 340 AA) DIRECTIVE 91/440/EEC: 340 BB) FIRST RAILWAY PACKAGE:
341 CC) SECOND RAILWAY PACKAGE: 341 DD) THIRD RAILWAY PACKAGE: 342 D)
INLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT 342 E) INTERMODAL TRANSPORT 344 3. APPLICATION
IN PRACTICE 344 A) REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPATIBILITY UNDER ARTICLE 73 EC
344 B) ROAD TRANSPORT 345 C) RAIL TRANSPORT 346 D) INLAND WATERWAY
TRANSPORT 347 E TABLE OF CONTENTS D) EFFECTS OFTHE ATTACKS OF 11
SEPTEMBER 2001 366 E) AIRPORTS 366 C. AID IN THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR 367
I. APPLICABLE SECTORAL REGULATIONS 367 II. LEGAL FRAMEWORK THROUGH 31
DECEMBER 2001 368 III. LEGAL FRAMEWORK SINCE 1 JANUARY 2003 370 1.
MULTISECTORAL REGIONAL AID FRAMEWORK FOR LARGE INVESTMENT PROJECTS 370
A) PERIOD OF VALIDITY 371 B) SCOPE OF APPLICATION 371 C) AID LEVELS 373
D) LIST OF SECTORS 374 2. GUIDELINES ON NATIONAL REGIONAL AID FOR
2007-2013 374 A) SCOPE OF APPLICATION 374 B) FORM OF AID 375 C) MAXIMUM
AID INTENSITY 375 D) LARGE INVESTMENT PROJECTS 376 E) NOTIFICATION AND
ASSESSMENT 377 F) IN-DEPTH ASSESSMENT 378 3. OTHER AID 380 4. EUROPEAN
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY FRAMEWORK OF 25 FEBRUARY 2009 380 D. AID IN THE
SHIPBUILDING SECTOR 382 I. FRAMEWORK ON STATE AID TO SHIPBUILDING 382 1.
SCOPE OF APPLICATION 382 2. SECTORAL AID PROVISIONS 383 A) OPERATING AID
383 B) EXPORT CREDITS 384 C) DEVELOPMENT AID 384 D) AID FOR INNOVATION
385 E) REGIONAL AID 385 F) CLOSURE AID 386 3. APPLICATION OF HORIZONTAL
AID PROVISIONS 386 4. NOTIFICATION OBLIGATION AND MONITORING 386 II.
APPLICATION OF BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATIONS 387 III. SHIP-FINANCING
GUARANTEE SCHEMES 387 IV. NEW MEMBER STATES AND CANDIDATES FOR ACCESSION
387 E. AID TO THE STEEL INDUSTRY 388 I TABLE OF CONTENTS D) OPERATING
AID - ARTICLE 5(3) COAL REGULATION 397 E) INHERITED LIABILITIES -
ARTICLE 7 COAL REGULATION 397 2. PROCEDURE 398 3. EXPIRATION 398 III.
AID GRANTED PRIOR TO 24 JULY 2002 398 G. AID IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
398 I. DEFINITION OFTHE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 398 II. SPECIFIC FEATURES OF
STATE AID IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 399 1. STATE AID AS AN INSTRUMENT
TO ACHIEVE THE AGRICULTURAL POLICY GOALS 399 2. NO DIRECT APPLICATION OF
ARTICLES 87 TO 89 EC 401 3. IMPORTANT ROLE OFTHE COUNCIL 401 4. SPECIFIC
STRUCTURE OFTHE MARKET 402 II. THE SPECIFIC AID INSTRUMENTS APPLICABLE
TO THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 402 1. REGULATION 1535/2007 - AGRICULTURAL DE
MINIMIS 403 2. THE AGRICULTURAL BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATION 404 A)
PURPOSE AND SCOPE 404 B) PROCEDURE 404 C) CATEGORIES OF AID COVERED BY
THE BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATION 405 3. THE COMMUNITY GUIDELINES FOR STATE
AID IN THE AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY SECTOR 2007-2013 405 A) PURPOSE AND
SCOPE 405 B) PROCEDURE 405 C) GENERAL PRINCIPLES 406 D) CATEGORIES OF
AID COVERED BY THE AGRICULTURAL GUIDELINES 406 4. OVERVIEW OF THE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF AID AND REFERENCE TO THE ADEQUATE LEGAL BASIS 406 A)
AID FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 406 B) RISK AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT 406 C) OTHER
TYPES OF AID 407 D) AID TO FORESTRY 408 E) TABLE WITH AN OVERVIEW OFTHE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF AID 408 § TABLE OF CONTENTS E. SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
FOR EXEMPTION FOR THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF AID 432 I. REGIONAL AID
432 1. REGIONAL INVESTMENT AID 432 2. AID FOR NEWLY CREATED SMALL
ENTERPRISES 433 II. SME AID 433 1. INTRODUCTION 433 2. SME DEFINITION
433 3. COMPATIBILITY CRITERIA OF SME AID 434 A) SME INVESTMENT AID 434
B) AID FOR FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP 434 C) SME AID FOR CONSULTANCY
SERVICES AND PARTICIPATION IN FAIRS 435 AA) AID FOR CONSULTANCY IN
FAVOUR OF SMES 435 BB) AID FOR SME PARTICIPATION IN FAIRS 436 D) RISK
CAPITAL AID 436 III. AID FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 437 1.
INTRODUCTION 437 2. DEFINITIONS 437 3. COMPATIBILITY CRITERIA FOR AID
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 437 A) AID FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
EXCEPT IN THE FORM OF TAX REDUC- TIONS 437 B) AID IN THE FORM OF
REDUCTIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES 438 IV. AID FOR RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION 439 1. INTRODUCTION 439 2. DEFINITION OF
R&D&I 439 3. COMPATIBILITY CRITERIA OF R&D&I AID 439 A) R&D PROJECT AID
439 B) INNOVATION AID 439 V. TRAINING AID 439 1. INTRODUCTION 439 2.
GENERAL AND SPECIFIC TRAINING 440 3. COMPATIBILITY CRITERIA OF TRAINING
AID 441 A) PERMISSIBLE AID INTENSITIES AND BONUSES 441 B) ELIGIBLE COSTS
441 VI. AID FOR EMPLOYMENT 442 1. INTRODUCTION 442 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS §
24 FINANCING PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS 459 A. PRESENTATION OFTHE PROBLEM 459
B. NEED FOR PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS TO HAVE A WIDE
DISCRETION IN THEIR INVESTMENT DECISIONS 460 C. CONCLUSION 461 §25
CROSS-SUBSIDISATION 462 A. INTRODUCTION 462 B. CROSS-SUBSIDY ANALYSIS
FROM AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE 464 C. CROSS-SUBSIDISATION AND STATE AID
466 I. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 87 EC TO INTERNAL TRANSACTIONS 466 II.
CROSS-SUBSIDISATION ANALYSIS IN A GROUP OF COMPANIES AND THE LIMITS TO
THE APPLICATION OFTHE MEIP 467 HI. CROSS-SUBSIDISATION AND
OVERCOMPENSATION OF PUBLIC SERVICES 470 §26 PRIVATISATION 471 A.
INTRODUCTION 471 B. STATE AID IN THE CONTEXT OF PRIVATISATION 473 I.
PRIVATISATIONS NOT INVOLVING AID 474 1. STOCK EXCHANGE FLOTATION 474 2.
COMPETITIVE TENDER 475 A) OPEN, TRANSPARENT AND NON-DISCRIMINATORY
TENDER 475 B) UNCONDITIONAL TENDER 478 C) HIGHEST BID 482 D) SUFFICIENT
TIME AND INFORMATION 484 E) CONSEQUENCES OF PROCEDURAL FLAWS 485 II.
PRIVATISATIONS THAT REQUIRE NOTIFICATION 486 1. LIST OF INDICATORS
PROVIDED FOR IN THE REPORT 486 2. PRIVATISATIONS FOLLOWING AN EXPERT
EVALUATION 487 III. NEGATIVE PURCHASE PRICE 490 § 27 RELATION TO ARTICLE
295 EC 493 A. THE PRINCIPLE OF NEUTRALITY AS LAID DOWN IN ARTICLE 295 EC
493 B. STATE AID LAW AS A TRIGGER FOR PRIVATISATION 494 I. INCITING
PRIVATISATIONS THROUGH A RIGID INTERPRETATION OFTHE MEIP 494 II TABLE OF
CONTENTS E. THE DEROGATION PROVIDED FOR IN ARTICLE 86(2) EC 533 I. THE
COMMISSION'S SGEI PACKAGE 534 1. THE SGEI DECISION 535 A) SCOPE OF
APPLICATION AND THRESHOLDS 535 B) CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION 536 2. THE
SGEI FRAMEWORK 537 A) SCOPE OF APPLICATION 537 B) CONDITIONS FOR
EXEMPTION 538 II. THE CONDITIONS OF ARTICLE 86(2) EC IN THE CASE LAW 539
1. DEFINING A GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST 540 2. ENTRUSTMENT 543 3.
PROPORTIONALITY 545 A) PROPORTIONALITY AND OBSTRUCTION TEST 545 B)
COMMUNITY INTEREST 548 § 29 SECTOR SPECIFIC RULES 549 A. INTRODUCTION
550 B. TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES 550 C. POSTAL SERVICES 551 D. ENERGY
552 E. TRANSPORT 554 I. PUBLIC SERVICE OBLIGATIONS IN INLAND TRANSPORT
554 II. PUBLIC SERVICE OBLIGATIONS IN MARITIME TRANSPORT 556 III. PUBLIC
SERVICE OBLIGATIONS IN AIR TRANSPORT 558 F. PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING
559 I. INTRODUCTION 559 II. BROADCASTING COMMUNICATION OFTHE COMMISSION
562 1. THE STATE AID CHARACTER OF FUNDING OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTERS
562 2. DISTINCTION BETWEEN EXISTING AND NEW STATE AID 564 3. ASSESSMENT
OF STATE FUNDING OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTERS UNDER ARTICLE 86(2) EC
566 A) PUBLIC SERVICE REMIT 567 B) ENTRUSTMENT 568 C) PROPORTIONALITY OF
THE FUNDING 569 AA) CHOICE OF FUNDING 569 BB) TRANSPARENCY REQUIREMENTS
569 CC TABLE OF CONTENTS D. INTERNAL ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION OFTHE
COMMISSION IN THE AREA OF STATE AID CONTROL 589 § 31 PROCEDURE REGARDING
NOTIFIED AID 591 A. NOTIFICATION AND STANDSTILL REQUIREMENT 591 I.
CONTENT 591 II. EXCEPTIONS 595 III. SPECIAL NOTIFICATION OBLIGATIONS 597
IV. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 598 V. WITHDRAWAL OF A NOTIFICATION 600 VI.
STANDSTILL REQUIREMENT 601 B. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION PROCEDURE 602 I.
PURPOSE AND SUBJECT OFTHE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION PROCEDURE 602 II.
DURATION OFTHE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION PROCEDURE 604 III. CONSEQUENCES
OF EXPIRY OFTHE TWO-MONTH PERIOD 607 IV. DECISIONS AFTER THE PRELIMINARY
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE 610 C. FORMAL INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE 614 I.
PURPOSE AND SUBJECT OFTHE FORMAL INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE 614 II.
DURATION OFTHE FORMAL INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE 620 III. DECISIONS AFTER
THE FORMAL INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE 622 D. REVOCATION OF A DECISION 625 §
32 PROCEDURE REGARDING UNLAWFUL AID 628 A. GENERAL 628 B. INITIATION OF
A PROCEDURE 629 C. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION PROCEDURE 630 I. INJUNCTIONS
630 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 630 2. INFORMATION INJUNCTION 631 3.
SUSPENSION INJUNCTION 632 4. PROVISIONAL RECOVERY INJUNCTION 633 II. NO
TIME LIMITS 636 III. DECISIONS AFTER THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
PROCEDURE 637 D TABLE OF CONTENTS C. ON-SITE MONITORING VISITS (ARTICLE
22 REG 659/1999) 694 D. NON-COMPLIANCE WITH DECISIONS AND JUDGMENTS
(ARTICLE 23 REG 659/1999) 696 § 37 COMMON PROVISIONS 699 A. PROFESSIONAL
SECRECY (ARTICLE 24 REG 659/1999) 699 B. ADDRESSEE OF DECISIONS (ARTICLE
25 REG 659/1999) 700 C. PUBLICATION OF DECISIONS (ARTICLE 26 REG
659/1999) 701 D. IMPLEMENTING PROVISIONS (ARTS. 27-29 REG 659/1999) 704
E. ENTRY INTO FORCE (ARTICLE 30 REG 659/1999) 704 CHAPTER 9. PROCEDURES
BEFORE COMMUNITY COURTS 707 §38 INTRODUCTION 707 A. GENERAL 707 B. LEGAL
BASIS 708 C. SCOPE OFTHE PRESENT SUMMARY 708 § 39 LEGAL REMEDIES FOR THE
MEMBER STATE GRANTING AID AND OTHER STATE BODIES 709 A. LEGAL REMEDIES
TO CHALLENGE DECISIONS CLOSING THE FORMAL INVESTIGATION PROCE- DURE 709
I. THE MEMBER STATE GRANTING AID 709 II. OTHER STATE BODIES 710 1. LEGAL
ENTITY 710 2. LOCUS STANDI 710 A) DIRECT CONCERN 710 B) INDIVIDUAL
CONCERN 710 C) REGIONAL GOVERNMENT AGENCY'S IMMANENT CONCERN IN JUDICIAL
RE- VIEW 711 B. LEGAL REMEDIES AGAINST DECISIONS TO OPEN A FORMAL
INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE . 712 I. IS THE DECISION TO OPEN A FORMAL
INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE EXEMPT FROM JUDICIAL REVIEW? 712 1. PRINCIPLE:
DECISION UNREVIEWABLE, BECAUSE MERELY A PRELIMINARY MEA- SURE 712 2.
EXCEPTION: CLASSIFICATION AS NEW AID (TO WHICH THE STANDSTILL CLAUSE IS
APPLICABLE) 712 II TABLE OF CONTENTS III. FORMAL INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE
AND FINAL DECISIONS 725 E. ACTION FOR FAILURE TO ACT 725 F. CLAIMS FOR
DAMAGES PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 288(2) EC 725 § 41 LEGAL REMEDIES FOR
COMPETITORS OF THE AID RECIPIENT 727 A. GENERAL 728 B. LEGAL REMEDIES
AGAINST DECISIONS CONCLUDING A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION 728 I.
CONTESTABLE LEGAL ACT 728 1. DECISION THAT NO AID IS PRESENT OR THAT AID
IS COMPATIBLE UNDER ARTI- CLE 87(3) EC 728 2. FICTION OF APPROVAL UPON
EXPIRATION OF TIME LIMIT PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 4 PAR. 6 REG 659/1999 729
3. CLASSIFICATION AS EXISTING AID 729 II. STANDING 730 1. DIRECT CONCERN
730 A) DECISION CONCERNING INDIVIDUAL AID 730 B) DECISION CONCERNING A
GENERAL AID SCHEME 730 2. INDIVIDUAL CONCERN 731 HI. SUFFICIENT LEGAL
INTEREST 733 C. LEGAL REMEDIES AGAINST A DECISION MADE AT THE CONCLUSION
OFTHE FORMAL INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE 734 I. CONTESTABLE LEGAL ACT 734
II. STANDING 734 1. DIRECT CONCERN 734 2. INDIVIDUAL CONCERN 735 A) THE
DOUBLE TEST: "PROCEDURAL INVOLVEMENT" AND "SUBSTANTIVE EFFECT ON MARKET
POSITION" 735 B) PROCEDURAL INVOLVEMENT NECESSARY? 735 C) "SUBSTANTIVE
IMPACT" 737 III. SUFFICIENT LEGAL INTEREST 738 D. ACTION FOR FAILURE TO
ACT 738 I. SIGNIFICANCE 738 II. ADMISSIBILITY AND STANDING 739 III.
DEMAND FOR ACTION 739 IV. TIME PERIOD 739 1. GENERAL 739 2 TABLE OF
CONTENTS I. IMPORTANCE 746 II. CASE LAW ON THE STANDING OF TRADE
ASSOCIATIONS 746 1. THE ASSOCIATION AS ADVOCATE FOR THE CONCERNS OF ITS
MEMBERS 747 2. ASSOCIATION REPRESENTING ITS OWN CONCERNS 747 B.
INDIVIDUAL CASES 748 I. INDUSTRY AND TRADE ASSOCIATIONS 749 1.
ASSOCIATIONS OF AID RECIPIENTS 749 A) THE ASSOCIATION AS ADVOCATE OFTHE
CONCERNS OF ITS MEMBERS 749 B) INDIVIDUAL CONCERN OF AN ASSOCIATION 750
2. ASSOCIATIONS OF COMPETITORS 750 A) THE ASSOCIATION AS ADVOCATE FOR
THE CONCERNS OF ITS MEMBERS 750 B) INDEPENDENT CONCERN OFTHE ASSOCIATION
750 III. MISCELLANEOUS 750 § 43 SCOPE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 752 A. RELEVANT
POINT IN TIME FOR ASSESSMENT OFTHE FACTUAL AND LEGAL CIRCUMSTANCES 752
B. SUBSTANTIVE ALLEGATIONS: VIOLATION OFTHE EC TREATY OR OF A LEGAL
PROVISION TO BE APPLIED IN ITS IMPLEMENTATION 752 I. LEGAL STANDARDS
APPLICABLE TO REVIEW 752 II. LIMITATIONS ON THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW
IN THE CASE LAW 753 1. LIMITED REVIEW 753 2. THE COMMISSION'S SCOPE OF
DISCRETION AND JUDGMENT IN APPROVING STATE AID PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 87(3)
EC 753 3. DOES THE COMMISSION ENJOY DISCRETIONARY AUTHORITY IN
DETERMINING THAT A STATE MEASURE QUALIFIES AS STATE AID? 755 B.
PROCEDURAL GROUNDS 758 1. PARTICIPATION AND HEARING RIGHTS 758 A)
VIOLATION OFTHE MEMBER STATE'S RIGHT TO PARTICIPATION AND A FAIR HEARING
759 B) VIOLATION OFTHE PROCEDURAL RIGHTS OF OTHER PARTIES 760 2 TABLE OF
CONTENTS C. ENFORCEMENT OF COMMISSION RECOVERY DECISIONS BY NATIONAL
COURTS 781 D. INCIDENTAL CHALLENGES TO DECISIONS AUTHORIZING AID 782
CHAPTER 11. RELATION BETWEEN STATE AID LAW AND OTHER PROVISIONS OFTHE
TREATY 785 § 45 RELATIONSHIP OF ARTICLES 87,88 EC TO OTHER PROVISIONS
OFTHE TREATY 785 A. GENERAL 785 B. RELATIONSHIP TO ARTICLE 12 EC 787 C.
RELATIONSHIP TO ARTICLE 28 EC 787 D. RELATIONSHIP TO ARTICLE 31 EC 788
E. RELATIONSHIP TO ARTICLE 43,48 EC 788 F. RELATIONSHIP TO ARTICLE 81,82
EC 788 G. RELATIONSHIP TO ARTICLE 90 EC 789 H. RELATIONSHIP TO ARTICLE
132 EC 789 I. RELATIONSHIP TO COUNCIL REGULATION 139/2004 789 CHAPTER
12. STATE AID AND PUBLIC PROCUREMENT LAW 791 § 46 STATE AID AND PUBLIC
PROCUREMENT 791 §46 POINTS OF CONTACT BETWEEN STATE AID LAW AND PUBLIC
PROCUREMENT LAW 792 A. THE AWARD OF PUBLIC CONTRACTS AS STATE AID 793 I.
A SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE THROUGH THE AWARD OF PUBLIC CONTRACTS 793 1.
EXCESSIVE PRICE 794 2. OTHER NON-MARKET CONTRACT TERMS 795 3.
CONSIDERATION OF IRRELEVANT AWARD CRITERIA 795 4. DE FACTO AWARDS OF
PUBLIC CONTRACTS 798 5. IN-HOUSE AWARDS 799 6. POSITIVE DISCRIMINATION
799 7. PUBLIC CONTRACT FOR UNNECESSARY SERVICES 800 8. GRANTING OF
EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS OR CONCESSIONS 802 II. AVOIDANCE OF STATE AID THROUGH
THE AWARDING OF CONTRACTS IN OPEN COMPETITION 804 1. REQUIREMENTS FOR A
NON-DISCRIMINATORY BIDDING PROCEDURE 805 2 |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS - SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS IX LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XXIX
LISTOFABBREVATIONS XXXI LIST OF JUDGEMENTS OF THE COMMUNITY COURTS XXXV
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1 § 1 BASIC OUTLINE OF STATE AID LAW
(HEIDENHAIN) 1 § 2 DEVELOPMENT OF STATE AID LAW (HEIDENHAIN) 8 CHAPTER
2. THE CONCEPT OF STATE AID 13 § 3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES (HEIDENHAIN) 13 §
4 THE CONCEPT OF STATE AID (HEIDENHAIN) 22 § 5 DE MINIMIS AID (ZULEGER)
61 § 6 STATE INVESTMENTS OF CAPITAL (LEIBENATH) 73 § 7 STATE LIABILITIES
(LEIBENATH) 104 § 8 TAXES AND DUTIES (JESTAEDT) 118 § 9 PUBLIC FUNDING
OF INFRASTRUCTURE, SALES OF PUBLIC LAND AND BUILDINGS (HEIDENHAIN) 131
CHAPTER 3. COMPATIBILITY OF STATE AID PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 87(2) EC 143 §
10 SIGNIFICANCE OF EXEMPTIONS (HEIDENHAIN) 143 § 11 STATE AIDS OF A
SOCIAL CHARACTER TO INDIVIDUAL CONSUMERS - ARTICLE 87(2)(A) EC
(HEIDENHAIN) 145 § 12 STATE AIDS FOR NATURAL DISASTERS AND EXCEPTIONAL
OCCURRENCIES - ARTICLE 87(2)(B) EC (HEIDENHAIN) 14 BIBLIOGRAFISCHE
INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/989879763 DIGITALISIERT DURCH CONTENTS -
SUMMARY CHAPTER 6. PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS 447 § 22 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
(KLASSE) 447 § 23 TRANSPARENCY DIRECTIVE (KLASSE) 453 § 24 FINANCING
PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS (KLASSE) 459 § 25 CROSS-SUBSIDISATION (KLASSE) 462 §
26 PRIVATISATION (KLASSE) 471 § 27 RELATION TO ARTICLE 295 EC (KLASSE)
493 CHAPTER 7. SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST 499 § 28 SERVICES
OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST (KLASSE) 499 § 29 SECTOR SPECIFIC RULES
(KLASSE) 549 CHAPTER 8. PROCEDURES BEFORE THE COMMISSION, COUNCIL
REGULATION 659/1999 573 § 30 GENERAL PRINCIPLES (SINNAEVE) 573 § 31
PROCEDURE REGARDING NOTIFIED AID (SINNAEVE) 591 § 32 PROCEDURE REGARDING
UNLAWFUL AID (SINNAEVE) 628 § 33 PROCEDURE REGARDING MISUSE OF AID
(SINNAEVE) 669 § 34 PROCEDURE REGARDING EXISTING AID SCHEMES (SINNAEVE)
672 § 35 RIGHTS OF INTERESTED PARTIES (SINNAEVE) 68 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1 § 1 BASIC OUTLINE OF STATE AID LAW 1 A.
PROHIBITION OF STATE AID 1 I. BASIS FOR THE PROHIBITION 1 II. AUTHORITY
OF THE COMMISSION 3 III. AUTHORITY OF THE COUNCIL 4 IV. AUTHORITY OF THE
COMMUNITY COURTS 4 V. GOALS OF AID REGULATION 4 B. SCOPE OF STATE AID
PROHIBITION 5 I. SUBSTANTIVE SCOPE 5 II. GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE 5 III. ECSC
TREATY 6 IV. EURATOM TREATY 6 C. VOLUME OF AID BEING GRANTED 6 § 2
DEVELOPMENT OF STATE AID LAW 8 A. GENERAL 8 B. ACTS OF THE COMMISSION 9
I. COMMUNICATIONS, GUIDELINES, FRAMEWORKS, REGULATIONS 9 1. PROCEDURE 9
2. BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATIONS 9 3. HORIZONTAL AID 9 4. REGIONAL AID 10
5. SECTORAL AID 11 II. STATISTICAL DATA 11 III. TRANSPARENCY OF THE
COMMISSION'S ACTIVITIES 11 C. ACTS OF THE COUNCIL 12 CHAPTER 2. THE
CONCEPT OF STATE AID 13 § 3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 13 A. DEMARCATION OF
JURISDICTIONS 13 B. ELEMENTS OF STATE AID 14 C. INTERPRETING THE
ELEMENTS 15 D. GRANTORS OF AID 18 E. AID RECIPIENTS 19 F. TYPES OF AID
19 G. COMPENSATION FOR THE DISCHARGE OF SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC
INTEREST 20 H. DE MINIMIS AID 20 I. DEROGATORY PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY
21 §4 THE CONCEPT OF STATE AID 22 A. GRANTING OF AN ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE
23 I TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. ATTRIBUTION TO THE STATE 34 3. STATE CONTROL
36 4. RESOURCES OF PRIVATE UNDERTAKINGS 37 5. PREUSSENELEKTRA 38 III.
REQUIREMENT OF TRANSFER OF RESOURCES 40 C. FAVORING OF CERTAIN
UNDERTAKINGS OR THE PRODUCTION OF CERTAIN GOODS 43 I. UNDERTAKINGS 44
II. THE PRODUCTION OF CERTAIN GOODS 44 III. SPECIFIC MEASURES 45 IV.
ADVANTAGES INHERENT IN THE SYSTEM 48 V. TAX LAW MEASURES 49 VI. BROAD
INTERPRETATION 49 D. DISTORTION OF COMPETITION 49 I. DISTORTION OF
COMPETITION 50 II. RELEVANT MARKET 53 1. CONCEPT OF STATE AID 53 2.
APPROVAL OF STATE AID 53 E. ADVERSE EFFECTS ON TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER
STATES 54 I. TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES 55 II. ADVERSE EFFECT ON TRADE
55 III. IRREFUTABLE PRESUMPTIONS 56 IV. ALIGNMENT OF COMPETITIVE
CONDITIONS 57 V. TRADE WITH NON-MEMBER STATES 58 VI. LOCAL MATTERS 58
VII. PERCEPTIBLE EFFECT 59 § 5 DEMINIMIS AID 61 A. THE COMMISSION'S DE
MINIMIS POLICY 61 B. THE DE MINIMIS REGULATION 62 I. LEGAL BASIS OF THE
DE MINIMIS REGULATION 62 II. PROCEDURE TO ADOPT THE DE MINIMIS
REGULATION 62 III. SCOPE OF THE DE MINIMIS REGULATION 62 1 TABLE OF
CONTENTS DD) DISPROPORTIONATE STATE PARTICIPATION IN A MIXED
PUBLIC-PRIVATE ENTERPRISE; INVESTMENTS EXCEEDING THE NET ASSET VALUE OF
THE BENEFICIARY ENTERPRISE 81 D) FOURTH GROUP OF CASES: OTHER CASES /
GROUNDS FOR A PRESUMPTION OF STATE AID 82 2. COMMUNICATION ON PUBLIC
UNDERTAKINGS 82 A) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION 83 AA) BROAD
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES TO EVALUATION 83 BB) RELEVANT POINT IN TIME FOR
EVALUATION 83 CC) DIFFERENCE IN THE ASSESSMENT OF MAJORITY AND MINORITY
STAKES . 83 DD) APPROPRIATE RETURN ON INVESTMENT 84 EE) DIFFERENTIATION
BETWEEN FIRST-TIME AND REPEATED INVESTMENTS . 87 FF) STRATEGIC
INVESTMENT MOTIVES 87 GG) THE INVESTOR'S NEED FOR INFORMATION 89 B)
EVALUATION OF PARTICULAR TYPES OF INVESTMENT 89 AA) EQUITY INVESTMENTS
89 (1) EARNING POWER 90 (2) FINANCIAL INDICATORS 91 (3) MARKET SITUATION
91 (4) COST OF RESTRUCTURING COMPARED TO THE COST OF LIQUIDATION 93 BB)
DEBT INVESTMENTS 94 3. SUMMARY 95 B. SPECIAL QUESTIONS, PROBLEM CASES 95
I. THE APPROPRIATE SCOPE FOR THE STATE'S ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, RATIONALITY
OF PRIVATE INVESTORS' MARKET BEHAVIOUR 96 II. INVESTMENTS IN PROFITABLE
ENTERPRISES 97 III. DEFINITION OF THE PRIVATE INVESTOR TO BE USED AS A
STANDARD OF COMPARISON 98 IV. CALCULATION OF THE AVERAGE RETURN IN THE
INDUSTRY (COST OF CAPITAL) 99 1. COST OF EQUITY 99 2. COST OF DEBT 101
V. CALCULATING THE STATE AID COMPONENT OF STATE CAPITAL INVESTMENTS 101
1 TABLE OF CONTENTS § 8 TAXES AND DUTIES 118 A. INTRODUCTION 118 B.
ECONOMIE BENEFIT 120 C. BY THE STATE OR THROUGH STATE RESOURCES 120 D.
SELECTIVITY 122 I. GENERAL PROVISIONS AND EXCEPTIONS 123 1. EXCEPTIONS
123 2. EXAMPLES 123 3. GEOGRAPHIC SELECTIONS 126 II. JUSTIFICATION
THROUGH THE NATURE OR INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE TAX SYSTEM . 127 1.
CONCEPT 127 2. INDIVIDUAL CASES 129 E. DISTORTION OF COMPETITION 130 §9
PUBLIC FUNDING OF INFRASTRUCTURE, SALES OF PUBLIC LAND AND BUILDINGS 131
A. PUBLIC FUNDING OF INFRASTRUCTURE 131 I. STATE MANAGED INFRASTRUCTURES
131 II. PUBLIC OR PRIVATE OPERATORS 132 III. PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
133 IV. OBLIGATIONS OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST 134 V. DEVELOPMENT OF
REAL ESTATE 134 B. SALES OF PUBLIC LAND AND BUILDINGS 134 I. COMMISSION
COMMUNICATION 134 1. GENERAL AREA OF APPLICATION 134 2. SALE THROUGH AN
UNCONDITIONAL BIDDING PROCEDURE 135 3. SALE WITHOUT AN UNCONDITIONAL
BIDDING PROCEDURE 136 4. NOTIFICATION, COMPLAINTS 137 5. CONDITIONS OF
SALE 137 II. PRACTICE OF THE COMMISSION 138 1. FREEDOM OF THE
PARTICIPANTS 138 2. UNCONDITIONAL BIDDING PROCEDURE 138 3. INDEPENDENT
EVALUATION 138 4. PRINCIPLES OF APPRAISAL 140 5. SPECIAL SALE CONDITIONS
141 6. DISTORTION OF COMPETITION, ADVERSE EFFECT ON INTRA-COMMUNITY
TRADE . 141 CHAPTER 3. COMPATIBILITY OF STATE AID WITH THE COMMON
MARKET PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 87(2) EC . 143 § TABLE OF CONTENTS VI. LEGAL
REMEDIES 170 C. BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATIONS (BERS) 171 I. AUTHORITY OF
THE COMMISSION 171 II. FORCE OF LAW AND BINDING EFFECT 172 III. EFFECT
OF EXEMPTION 174 IV. BASIS OF AUTHORITY 175 V. PROMULGATION PROCEDURE
175 VI. OVERSIGHT PROCEDURE 176 VII. QUALIFICATION RISK AND RIGHT TO AD
HOC NOTIFICATION 176 VIII. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUBSTANTIVE CONTENT OF
BERS 177 IX. PRINCIPLES FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF BERS 178 X. LEGAL
REMEDIES AGAINST BERS 179 XI. CHANGES INTRODUCED BY THE GENERAL BLOCK
EXEMPTION REGULATION 179 D. THE COMMISSION'S AD HOC RULINGS 180 § 15
STATE AID PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 87(3)(A) AND (C) EC - PROMOTION OF AREAS
WITH ABNORMALLY LOW STANDARD OF LIVING OR SERIOUS UNDEREMPLOYMENT,
PROMOTION OF CERTAIN ECONOMIC AREAS - REGIONAL AID 183 A. BACKGROUND 183
I. INTRODUCTION 183 II. GUIDELINES AND FRAMEWORKS 184 III. RELATION TO
EUROPEAN REGIONAL PROMOTION 185 B. GUIDELINES ON NATIONAL REGIONAL AID
186 I. SCOPE OF APPLICATION 186 II. FORMS OF AID 186 1. FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLE: INVESTMENT AID 186 2. OPERATING AID 188 3. AID FOR NEWLY
CREATED SMALL ENTERPRISES 188 III. ASSISTED REGIONS, POPULATION
CEILINGS, REGIONAL AID MAPS 189 1. DETERMINATION OF A COMMUNITY ASSISTED
REGIONS POPULATION CEILING . 189 2. DETERMINATION OF ELIGIBLE
NATIONAL POPULATION COVERAGE 190 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. PRINCIPLES 202
II. PRACTICAL APPLICATION PRIOR TO THE FINANCIAL MARKETS CRISIS 203 III.
THE FINANCIAL MARKETS CRISIS 2008/2009 203 1. THE BEGINNING: APPLICATION
OF RESCUING AND RESTRUCTURING GUIDELINES . 203 2. APPLICATION OF
ARTICLE 87(3)(B) EC 204 3. STATE AID TO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 205 A)
AUTHORISATION OF AID MEASURES UNDER THE COMMISSION'S COMMU- NICATIONS
205 B) THE MEMBER STATES' SCHEMES AND AD-HOC MEASURES IN SUPPORT OF
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 207 C) DISTINCTION BETWEEN FUNDAMENTALLY SOUND
BANKS AND BANKS SUFFER- ING FROM ENDOGENOUS PROBLEMS 207 4. STATE AID TO
THE REAL ECONOMY 207 § 17 STATE AID PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 87(3)(C) EC -
AID TO FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN ECONOMIE ACTIVITIS OR
CERTAIN ECONOMIE AREAS - HORIZONTAL AID 209 A. RESCUE AND RESTRUCTURING
AID 211 I. COMMUNITY GUIDELINES ON STATE AID FOR RESCUING AND
RESTRUCTURING FIRMS IN DIFFICULTY - SELF-BINDING REGULATIONS OF THE
COMMISSION 212 II. SCOPE OF APPLICATION 214 1. SUBSTANTIVE SCOPE OF
APPLICATION 214 A) OBJECTIVE OF THE AID 214 B) FORM OF THE AID 215 2.
SCOPE OF APPLICATION WITH RESPECT TO ECONOMIC SECTORS 215 3. PERIOD OF
EFFECT 216 III. DEFINITION OF TERMS AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
APPROVAL 216 1. FIRM IN DIFFICULTY 216 A) OPERATIONAL CRITERIA 217 B)
SYMPTOMS 217 C) ENTERPRISES IN INSOLVENCY 218 D) NEWLY FOUNDED
ENTERPRISES 218 E TABLE OF CONTENTS CC) FORM 228 DD) PREMATURELY
DISBURSED RESTRUCTURING AID 229 EE) SMES 229 B) AVOIDANCE OF UNDUE
DISTORTIONS OF COMPETITION 229 AA) REDUCTION OF MARKET PRESENCE 229 BB)
EXCEPTIONS 232 CC) BASIS FOR REVIEW 233 C) LIMITATION OF AID TO THE
MINIMUM 234 AA) AVOIDANCE OF SURPLUS CASH 234 BB) SUBSIDIARITY 234 CC)
PROOF 236 3. INFORMATION REQUIRED IN CONNECTION WITH THE NOTIFICATION OF
RESTRUCTUR- ING AID 236 4. CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS 236 5.
IMPLEMENTATION OF AND AMENDMENTS TO THE RESTRUCTURING PLAN 237 6.
MONITORING AND ANNUAL REPORT 238 VI. AID TO COVER THE SOCIAL COSTS OF
RESTRUCTURING 238 1. DEFINITION 239 2. REQUIREMENTS FOR APPROVAL 239 B.
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND INNOVATION AID 240 I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 240
II. COMMUNITY FRAMEWORK ON STATE AID FOR RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND
INNOVATION 242 III. COMPATIBILITY OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AID
PURSUANT TO ARTI- CLE 87(3)(C) EC 243 1. RESEARCH CATEGORIES 243 2. AID
INTENSITY, ELIGIBLE COSTS AND FORM OF THE AID 245 3. SUPPLEMENTS 248 IV.
COMPATIBILITY OF INNOVATION AID PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 87(3)(C) EC 249 1.
AID FOR YOUNG, INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES 250 2. AID FOR PROCESS AND
OPERATIONAL INNOVATION IN THE SERVICE SECTOR 252 3. AID FOR INNOVATION
ADVISORY AND INNOVATION SUPPORT SERVICES 252 4. AID FOR THE SECONDMENT
OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL 253 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5. AID FOR THE
RELOCATION OF UNDERTAKINGS 280 6. AID INVOLVED IN TRADABLE ENVIRONMENTAL
CERTIFICATES 281 IV. INCENTIVE EFFECT AND NECESSITY OF AID 285 V. AID IN
THE FORM OF REDUCTIONS OF OR EXEMPTIONS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES 285 VI.
DETAILED ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF AID 290 1. MEASURES SUBJECT
TO DETAILED ASSESSMENT 290 2. BALANCING TEST 291 3. OPENING OF A FORMAL
INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE 292 VII. COMPATIBILITY OF AID PURSUANT TO
ARTICLE 87(3)(B) EC 292 VIII. NOTIFICATION, REPORTING, AND MONITORING OF
ENVIRONMENTAL AID 293 IX. CUMULATION 294 X. "STRANDED COSTS" IN THE
ELECTRICITY SECTOR 294 D. EXPORT AID 296 I. OVERVIEW 296 II. EXPORT AID
297 III. INTERNATIONALISATION AID 298 IV. AID IN THE FIELD OF
EXPORT-CREDIT INSURANCES 299 E. STATE AID AND RISK CAPITAL MEASURES 302
I. INTRODUCTION 302 II. MAIN LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 303 1. GENERAL BLOCK
EXEMPTION REGULATION 303 A) INTRODUCTION 303 B) SCOPE, DEFINITIONS,
INDIVIDUAL THRESHOLDS AND THE ESSENTIAL RULES REGARDING RISK CAPITAL 304
AA) SCOPE 304 BB) DEFINITIONS 304 CC) CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION 305 C)
CUMULATION 306 2. GUIDELINES ON RISK CAPITAL INVESTMENTS 2006 306 A)
SCOPE 306 B) DEFINITIONS 307 C) STRUCTURE OF THE GUIDELINES 308 D)
ASSESSMENT OFTHE COMPATIBILITY UNDER ARTICLE 87(1) EC 308 AA) AID TO
INVESTORS 308 BB TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE REVIEW
OF PLANNED AID GRANTS 318 2. OBJECTIVES OF SECTORAL AID 320 II. SECTORS
SUBJECT TO SPECIAL REGULATIONS 320 1. SENSITIVE SECTORS 320 2. OTHER
SECTORS WITH SPECIAL REGULATIONS 321 III. COMMISSION PRACTICE AND
COMMUNICATIONS IN SECTORS WITHOUT SPECIAL REGULATIONS 323 IV. REGULATORY
INSTRUMENTS GOVERNING SECTORAL AID 326 1. GUIDELINES AND COMMUNITY
FRAMEWORKS 326 2. REGULATIONS AND DIRECTIVES 330 V. ADMINISTRATIVE
DISCRETION IN DECISION MAKING 331 VI. SECTOR REPORTS 333 VII. STATE AID
ACTION PLAN AND HORIZONTAL AID POLICIES 333 B. AID IN THE TRANSPORT
SECTOR 335 I. GENERAL 335 II. INLAND TRANSPORT (TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS
OR PASSENGERS BY RAIL, ROAD OR INLAND WATERWAY) 337 1. GENERAL
PRINCIPLES 337 2. APPLICABLE PROVISIONS 338 A) GENERAL PROVISIONS -
REGULATIONS 1370/2007 AND 1192/69 CONCERN- ING STATE AID IN RAIL, ROAD,
AND INLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT 338 B) ROAD TRANSPORT 339 C) RAIL
TRANSPORT 340 AA) DIRECTIVE 91/440/EEC: 340 BB) FIRST RAILWAY PACKAGE:
341 CC) SECOND RAILWAY PACKAGE: 341 DD) THIRD RAILWAY PACKAGE: 342 D)
INLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT 342 E) INTERMODAL TRANSPORT 344 3. APPLICATION
IN PRACTICE 344 A) REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPATIBILITY UNDER ARTICLE 73 EC
344 B) ROAD TRANSPORT 345 C) RAIL TRANSPORT 346 D) INLAND WATERWAY
TRANSPORT 347 E TABLE OF CONTENTS D) EFFECTS OFTHE ATTACKS OF 11
SEPTEMBER 2001 366 E) AIRPORTS 366 C. AID IN THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR 367
I. APPLICABLE SECTORAL REGULATIONS 367 II. LEGAL FRAMEWORK THROUGH 31
DECEMBER 2001 368 III. LEGAL FRAMEWORK SINCE 1 JANUARY 2003 370 1.
MULTISECTORAL REGIONAL AID FRAMEWORK FOR LARGE INVESTMENT PROJECTS 370
A) PERIOD OF VALIDITY 371 B) SCOPE OF APPLICATION 371 C) AID LEVELS 373
D) LIST OF SECTORS 374 2. GUIDELINES ON NATIONAL REGIONAL AID FOR
2007-2013 374 A) SCOPE OF APPLICATION 374 B) FORM OF AID 375 C) MAXIMUM
AID INTENSITY 375 D) LARGE INVESTMENT PROJECTS 376 E) NOTIFICATION AND
ASSESSMENT 377 F) IN-DEPTH ASSESSMENT 378 3. OTHER AID 380 4. EUROPEAN
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY FRAMEWORK OF 25 FEBRUARY 2009 380 D. AID IN THE
SHIPBUILDING SECTOR 382 I. FRAMEWORK ON STATE AID TO SHIPBUILDING 382 1.
SCOPE OF APPLICATION 382 2. SECTORAL AID PROVISIONS 383 A) OPERATING AID
383 B) EXPORT CREDITS 384 C) DEVELOPMENT AID 384 D) AID FOR INNOVATION
385 E) REGIONAL AID 385 F) CLOSURE AID 386 3. APPLICATION OF HORIZONTAL
AID PROVISIONS 386 4. NOTIFICATION OBLIGATION AND MONITORING 386 II.
APPLICATION OF BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATIONS 387 III. SHIP-FINANCING
GUARANTEE SCHEMES 387 IV. NEW MEMBER STATES AND CANDIDATES FOR ACCESSION
387 E. AID TO THE STEEL INDUSTRY 388 I TABLE OF CONTENTS D) OPERATING
AID - ARTICLE 5(3) COAL REGULATION 397 E) INHERITED LIABILITIES -
ARTICLE 7 COAL REGULATION 397 2. PROCEDURE 398 3. EXPIRATION 398 III.
AID GRANTED PRIOR TO 24 JULY 2002 398 G. AID IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
398 I. DEFINITION OFTHE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 398 II. SPECIFIC FEATURES OF
STATE AID IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 399 1. STATE AID AS AN INSTRUMENT
TO ACHIEVE THE AGRICULTURAL POLICY GOALS 399 2. NO DIRECT APPLICATION OF
ARTICLES 87 TO 89 EC 401 3. IMPORTANT ROLE OFTHE COUNCIL 401 4. SPECIFIC
STRUCTURE OFTHE MARKET 402 II. THE SPECIFIC AID INSTRUMENTS APPLICABLE
TO THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 402 1. REGULATION 1535/2007 - AGRICULTURAL DE
MINIMIS 403 2. THE AGRICULTURAL BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATION 404 A)
PURPOSE AND SCOPE 404 B) PROCEDURE 404 C) CATEGORIES OF AID COVERED BY
THE BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATION 405 3. THE COMMUNITY GUIDELINES FOR STATE
AID IN THE AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY SECTOR 2007-2013 405 A) PURPOSE AND
SCOPE 405 B) PROCEDURE 405 C) GENERAL PRINCIPLES 406 D) CATEGORIES OF
AID COVERED BY THE AGRICULTURAL GUIDELINES 406 4. OVERVIEW OF THE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF AID AND REFERENCE TO THE ADEQUATE LEGAL BASIS 406 A)
AID FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 406 B) RISK AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT 406 C) OTHER
TYPES OF AID 407 D) AID TO FORESTRY 408 E) TABLE WITH AN OVERVIEW OFTHE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF AID 408 § TABLE OF CONTENTS E. SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
FOR EXEMPTION FOR THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF AID 432 I. REGIONAL AID
432 1. REGIONAL INVESTMENT AID 432 2. AID FOR NEWLY CREATED SMALL
ENTERPRISES 433 II. SME AID 433 1. INTRODUCTION 433 2. SME DEFINITION
433 3. COMPATIBILITY CRITERIA OF SME AID 434 A) SME INVESTMENT AID 434
B) AID FOR FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP 434 C) SME AID FOR CONSULTANCY
SERVICES AND PARTICIPATION IN FAIRS 435 AA) AID FOR CONSULTANCY IN
FAVOUR OF SMES 435 BB) AID FOR SME PARTICIPATION IN FAIRS 436 D) RISK
CAPITAL AID 436 III. AID FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 437 1.
INTRODUCTION 437 2. DEFINITIONS 437 3. COMPATIBILITY CRITERIA FOR AID
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 437 A) AID FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
EXCEPT IN THE FORM OF TAX REDUC- TIONS 437 B) AID IN THE FORM OF
REDUCTIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES 438 IV. AID FOR RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION 439 1. INTRODUCTION 439 2. DEFINITION OF
R&D&I 439 3. COMPATIBILITY CRITERIA OF R&D&I AID 439 A) R&D PROJECT AID
439 B) INNOVATION AID 439 V. TRAINING AID 439 1. INTRODUCTION 439 2.
GENERAL AND SPECIFIC TRAINING 440 3. COMPATIBILITY CRITERIA OF TRAINING
AID 441 A) PERMISSIBLE AID INTENSITIES AND BONUSES 441 B) ELIGIBLE COSTS
441 VI. AID FOR EMPLOYMENT 442 1. INTRODUCTION 442 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS §
24 FINANCING PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS 459 A. PRESENTATION OFTHE PROBLEM 459
B. NEED FOR PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS TO HAVE A WIDE
DISCRETION IN THEIR INVESTMENT DECISIONS 460 C. CONCLUSION 461 §25
CROSS-SUBSIDISATION 462 A. INTRODUCTION 462 B. CROSS-SUBSIDY ANALYSIS
FROM AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE 464 C. CROSS-SUBSIDISATION AND STATE AID
466 I. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 87 EC TO INTERNAL TRANSACTIONS 466 II.
CROSS-SUBSIDISATION ANALYSIS IN A GROUP OF COMPANIES AND THE LIMITS TO
THE APPLICATION OFTHE MEIP 467 HI. CROSS-SUBSIDISATION AND
OVERCOMPENSATION OF PUBLIC SERVICES 470 §26 PRIVATISATION 471 A.
INTRODUCTION 471 B. STATE AID IN THE CONTEXT OF PRIVATISATION 473 I.
PRIVATISATIONS NOT INVOLVING AID 474 1. STOCK EXCHANGE FLOTATION 474 2.
COMPETITIVE TENDER 475 A) OPEN, TRANSPARENT AND NON-DISCRIMINATORY
TENDER 475 B) UNCONDITIONAL TENDER 478 C) HIGHEST BID 482 D) SUFFICIENT
TIME AND INFORMATION 484 E) CONSEQUENCES OF PROCEDURAL FLAWS 485 II.
PRIVATISATIONS THAT REQUIRE NOTIFICATION 486 1. LIST OF INDICATORS
PROVIDED FOR IN THE REPORT 486 2. PRIVATISATIONS FOLLOWING AN EXPERT
EVALUATION 487 III. NEGATIVE PURCHASE PRICE 490 § 27 RELATION TO ARTICLE
295 EC 493 A. THE PRINCIPLE OF NEUTRALITY AS LAID DOWN IN ARTICLE 295 EC
493 B. STATE AID LAW AS A TRIGGER FOR PRIVATISATION 494 I. INCITING
PRIVATISATIONS THROUGH A RIGID INTERPRETATION OFTHE MEIP 494 II TABLE OF
CONTENTS E. THE DEROGATION PROVIDED FOR IN ARTICLE 86(2) EC 533 I. THE
COMMISSION'S SGEI PACKAGE 534 1. THE SGEI DECISION 535 A) SCOPE OF
APPLICATION AND THRESHOLDS 535 B) CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION 536 2. THE
SGEI FRAMEWORK 537 A) SCOPE OF APPLICATION 537 B) CONDITIONS FOR
EXEMPTION 538 II. THE CONDITIONS OF ARTICLE 86(2) EC IN THE CASE LAW 539
1. DEFINING A GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST 540 2. ENTRUSTMENT 543 3.
PROPORTIONALITY 545 A) PROPORTIONALITY AND OBSTRUCTION TEST 545 B)
COMMUNITY INTEREST 548 § 29 SECTOR SPECIFIC RULES 549 A. INTRODUCTION
550 B. TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES 550 C. POSTAL SERVICES 551 D. ENERGY
552 E. TRANSPORT 554 I. PUBLIC SERVICE OBLIGATIONS IN INLAND TRANSPORT
554 II. PUBLIC SERVICE OBLIGATIONS IN MARITIME TRANSPORT 556 III. PUBLIC
SERVICE OBLIGATIONS IN AIR TRANSPORT 558 F. PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING
559 I. INTRODUCTION 559 II. BROADCASTING COMMUNICATION OFTHE COMMISSION
562 1. THE STATE AID CHARACTER OF FUNDING OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTERS
562 2. DISTINCTION BETWEEN EXISTING AND NEW STATE AID 564 3. ASSESSMENT
OF STATE FUNDING OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTERS UNDER ARTICLE 86(2) EC
566 A) PUBLIC SERVICE REMIT 567 B) ENTRUSTMENT 568 C) PROPORTIONALITY OF
THE FUNDING 569 AA) CHOICE OF FUNDING 569 BB) TRANSPARENCY REQUIREMENTS
569 CC TABLE OF CONTENTS D. INTERNAL ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION OFTHE
COMMISSION IN THE AREA OF STATE AID CONTROL 589 § 31 PROCEDURE REGARDING
NOTIFIED AID 591 A. NOTIFICATION AND STANDSTILL REQUIREMENT 591 I.
CONTENT 591 II. EXCEPTIONS 595 III. SPECIAL NOTIFICATION OBLIGATIONS 597
IV. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 598 V. WITHDRAWAL OF A NOTIFICATION 600 VI.
STANDSTILL REQUIREMENT 601 B. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION PROCEDURE 602 I.
PURPOSE AND SUBJECT OFTHE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION PROCEDURE 602 II.
DURATION OFTHE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION PROCEDURE 604 III. CONSEQUENCES
OF EXPIRY OFTHE TWO-MONTH PERIOD 607 IV. DECISIONS AFTER THE PRELIMINARY
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE 610 C. FORMAL INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE 614 I.
PURPOSE AND SUBJECT OFTHE FORMAL INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE 614 II.
DURATION OFTHE FORMAL INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE 620 III. DECISIONS AFTER
THE FORMAL INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE 622 D. REVOCATION OF A DECISION 625 §
32 PROCEDURE REGARDING UNLAWFUL AID 628 A. GENERAL 628 B. INITIATION OF
A PROCEDURE 629 C. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION PROCEDURE 630 I. INJUNCTIONS
630 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 630 2. INFORMATION INJUNCTION 631 3.
SUSPENSION INJUNCTION 632 4. PROVISIONAL RECOVERY INJUNCTION 633 II. NO
TIME LIMITS 636 III. DECISIONS AFTER THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
PROCEDURE 637 D TABLE OF CONTENTS C. ON-SITE MONITORING VISITS (ARTICLE
22 REG 659/1999) 694 D. NON-COMPLIANCE WITH DECISIONS AND JUDGMENTS
(ARTICLE 23 REG 659/1999) 696 § 37 COMMON PROVISIONS 699 A. PROFESSIONAL
SECRECY (ARTICLE 24 REG 659/1999) 699 B. ADDRESSEE OF DECISIONS (ARTICLE
25 REG 659/1999) 700 C. PUBLICATION OF DECISIONS (ARTICLE 26 REG
659/1999) 701 D. IMPLEMENTING PROVISIONS (ARTS. 27-29 REG 659/1999) 704
E. ENTRY INTO FORCE (ARTICLE 30 REG 659/1999) 704 CHAPTER 9. PROCEDURES
BEFORE COMMUNITY COURTS 707 §38 INTRODUCTION 707 A. GENERAL 707 B. LEGAL
BASIS 708 C. SCOPE OFTHE PRESENT SUMMARY 708 § 39 LEGAL REMEDIES FOR THE
MEMBER STATE GRANTING AID AND OTHER STATE BODIES 709 A. LEGAL REMEDIES
TO CHALLENGE DECISIONS CLOSING THE FORMAL INVESTIGATION PROCE- DURE 709
I. THE MEMBER STATE GRANTING AID 709 II. OTHER STATE BODIES 710 1. LEGAL
ENTITY 710 2. LOCUS STANDI 710 A) DIRECT CONCERN 710 B) INDIVIDUAL
CONCERN 710 C) REGIONAL GOVERNMENT AGENCY'S IMMANENT CONCERN IN JUDICIAL
RE- VIEW 711 B. LEGAL REMEDIES AGAINST DECISIONS TO OPEN A FORMAL
INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE . 712 I. IS THE DECISION TO OPEN A FORMAL
INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE EXEMPT FROM JUDICIAL REVIEW? 712 1. PRINCIPLE:
DECISION UNREVIEWABLE, BECAUSE MERELY A PRELIMINARY MEA- SURE 712 2.
EXCEPTION: CLASSIFICATION AS NEW AID (TO WHICH THE STANDSTILL CLAUSE IS
APPLICABLE) 712 II TABLE OF CONTENTS III. FORMAL INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE
AND FINAL DECISIONS 725 E. ACTION FOR FAILURE TO ACT 725 F. CLAIMS FOR
DAMAGES PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 288(2) EC 725 § 41 LEGAL REMEDIES FOR
COMPETITORS OF THE AID RECIPIENT 727 A. GENERAL 728 B. LEGAL REMEDIES
AGAINST DECISIONS CONCLUDING A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION 728 I.
CONTESTABLE LEGAL ACT 728 1. DECISION THAT NO AID IS PRESENT OR THAT AID
IS COMPATIBLE UNDER ARTI- CLE 87(3) EC 728 2. FICTION OF APPROVAL UPON
EXPIRATION OF TIME LIMIT PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 4 PAR. 6 REG 659/1999 729
3. CLASSIFICATION AS EXISTING AID 729 II. STANDING 730 1. DIRECT CONCERN
730 A) DECISION CONCERNING INDIVIDUAL AID 730 B) DECISION CONCERNING A
GENERAL AID SCHEME 730 2. INDIVIDUAL CONCERN 731 HI. SUFFICIENT LEGAL
INTEREST 733 C. LEGAL REMEDIES AGAINST A DECISION MADE AT THE CONCLUSION
OFTHE FORMAL INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE 734 I. CONTESTABLE LEGAL ACT 734
II. STANDING 734 1. DIRECT CONCERN 734 2. INDIVIDUAL CONCERN 735 A) THE
DOUBLE TEST: "PROCEDURAL INVOLVEMENT" AND "SUBSTANTIVE EFFECT ON MARKET
POSITION" 735 B) PROCEDURAL INVOLVEMENT NECESSARY? 735 C) "SUBSTANTIVE
IMPACT" 737 III. SUFFICIENT LEGAL INTEREST 738 D. ACTION FOR FAILURE TO
ACT 738 I. SIGNIFICANCE 738 II. ADMISSIBILITY AND STANDING 739 III.
DEMAND FOR ACTION 739 IV. TIME PERIOD 739 1. GENERAL 739 2 TABLE OF
CONTENTS I. IMPORTANCE 746 II. CASE LAW ON THE STANDING OF TRADE
ASSOCIATIONS 746 1. THE ASSOCIATION AS ADVOCATE FOR THE CONCERNS OF ITS
MEMBERS 747 2. ASSOCIATION REPRESENTING ITS OWN CONCERNS 747 B.
INDIVIDUAL CASES 748 I. INDUSTRY AND TRADE ASSOCIATIONS 749 1.
ASSOCIATIONS OF AID RECIPIENTS 749 A) THE ASSOCIATION AS ADVOCATE OFTHE
CONCERNS OF ITS MEMBERS 749 B) INDIVIDUAL CONCERN OF AN ASSOCIATION 750
2. ASSOCIATIONS OF COMPETITORS 750 A) THE ASSOCIATION AS ADVOCATE FOR
THE CONCERNS OF ITS MEMBERS 750 B) INDEPENDENT CONCERN OFTHE ASSOCIATION
750 III. MISCELLANEOUS 750 § 43 SCOPE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 752 A. RELEVANT
POINT IN TIME FOR ASSESSMENT OFTHE FACTUAL AND LEGAL CIRCUMSTANCES 752
B. SUBSTANTIVE ALLEGATIONS: VIOLATION OFTHE EC TREATY OR OF A LEGAL
PROVISION TO BE APPLIED IN ITS IMPLEMENTATION 752 I. LEGAL STANDARDS
APPLICABLE TO REVIEW 752 II. LIMITATIONS ON THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW
IN THE CASE LAW 753 1. LIMITED REVIEW 753 2. THE COMMISSION'S SCOPE OF
DISCRETION AND JUDGMENT IN APPROVING STATE AID PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 87(3)
EC 753 3. DOES THE COMMISSION ENJOY DISCRETIONARY AUTHORITY IN
DETERMINING THAT A STATE MEASURE QUALIFIES AS STATE AID? 755 B.
PROCEDURAL GROUNDS 758 1. PARTICIPATION AND HEARING RIGHTS 758 A)
VIOLATION OFTHE MEMBER STATE'S RIGHT TO PARTICIPATION AND A FAIR HEARING
759 B) VIOLATION OFTHE PROCEDURAL RIGHTS OF OTHER PARTIES 760 2 TABLE OF
CONTENTS C. ENFORCEMENT OF COMMISSION RECOVERY DECISIONS BY NATIONAL
COURTS 781 D. INCIDENTAL CHALLENGES TO DECISIONS AUTHORIZING AID 782
CHAPTER 11. RELATION BETWEEN STATE AID LAW AND OTHER PROVISIONS OFTHE
TREATY 785 § 45 RELATIONSHIP OF ARTICLES 87,88 EC TO OTHER PROVISIONS
OFTHE TREATY 785 A. GENERAL 785 B. RELATIONSHIP TO ARTICLE 12 EC 787 C.
RELATIONSHIP TO ARTICLE 28 EC 787 D. RELATIONSHIP TO ARTICLE 31 EC 788
E. RELATIONSHIP TO ARTICLE 43,48 EC 788 F. RELATIONSHIP TO ARTICLE 81,82
EC 788 G. RELATIONSHIP TO ARTICLE 90 EC 789 H. RELATIONSHIP TO ARTICLE
132 EC 789 I. RELATIONSHIP TO COUNCIL REGULATION 139/2004 789 CHAPTER
12. STATE AID AND PUBLIC PROCUREMENT LAW 791 § 46 STATE AID AND PUBLIC
PROCUREMENT 791 §46 POINTS OF CONTACT BETWEEN STATE AID LAW AND PUBLIC
PROCUREMENT LAW 792 A. THE AWARD OF PUBLIC CONTRACTS AS STATE AID 793 I.
A SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE THROUGH THE AWARD OF PUBLIC CONTRACTS 793 1.
EXCESSIVE PRICE 794 2. OTHER NON-MARKET CONTRACT TERMS 795 3.
CONSIDERATION OF IRRELEVANT AWARD CRITERIA 795 4. DE FACTO AWARDS OF
PUBLIC CONTRACTS 798 5. IN-HOUSE AWARDS 799 6. POSITIVE DISCRIMINATION
799 7. PUBLIC CONTRACT FOR UNNECESSARY SERVICES 800 8. GRANTING OF
EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS OR CONCESSIONS 802 II. AVOIDANCE OF STATE AID THROUGH
THE AWARDING OF CONTRACTS IN OPEN COMPETITION 804 1. REQUIREMENTS FOR A
NON-DISCRIMINATORY BIDDING PROCEDURE 805 2 |
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| id | DE-604.BV035017036 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:45:48Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:22:43Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783406578847 9781841139180 |
| language | English |
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| publishDate | 2010 |
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| publisher | Beck [u.a.] |
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| spelling | European state aid law ed. by Martin Heidenhain München Beck [u.a.] 2010 XLVI, 816 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Europees recht gtt Mededingingsrecht gtt Overheidssteun gtt Europarecht Subventionsrecht (DE-588)4183935-3 gnd rswk-swf EU-landen gtt Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Subventionsrecht (DE-588)4183935-3 s DE-188 Heidenhain, Martin 1936- (DE-588)141045507 edt DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016686186&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | European state aid law Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Europees recht gtt Mededingingsrecht gtt Overheidssteun gtt Europarecht Subventionsrecht (DE-588)4183935-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4183935-3 |
| title | European state aid law |
| title_auth | European state aid law |
| title_exact_search | European state aid law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | European state aid law |
| title_full | European state aid law ed. by Martin Heidenhain |
| title_fullStr | European state aid law ed. by Martin Heidenhain |
| title_full_unstemmed | European state aid law ed. by Martin Heidenhain |
| title_short | European state aid law |
| title_sort | european state aid law |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Europees recht gtt Mededingingsrecht gtt Overheidssteun gtt Europarecht Subventionsrecht (DE-588)4183935-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Europees recht Mededingingsrecht Overheidssteun Europarecht Subventionsrecht EU-landen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016686186&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT heidenhainmartin europeanstateaidlaw |