Bacterial disease mechanisms: an introduction to cellular microbiology
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2002
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIX, 656 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 0521792509 052179689X |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Wilson, Michael |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Bacterial disease mechanisms |b an introduction to cellular microbiology |c Michael Wilson ; Rod McNab and Brian Henderson |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2002 | |
| 300 | |a XXIX, 656 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Bacterial Diseases |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Cellular Biology |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Microbiology |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Pathomechanismus |0 (DE-588)4173544-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Bakterielle Infektion |0 (DE-588)4004301-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 700 | 1 | |a McNab, Rod |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Henderson, Brian |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137931697291264 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface xvii
Abbreviations used xxi
Chapter I An introduction to bacterial diseases page 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The normal bacterial flora of humans 2
1.2.1 The skin 7
1.2.2 The oral cavity 9
1.2.3 The respiratory tract 10
1.2.4 The gastrointestinal tract 12
1.2.5 The urogenital tract 15
1.3 Bacteria and disease 16
1.3.1 Types of host-bacteria interaction 16
1.3.2 Diseases caused by members of the normal microflora 18
1.3.2.1 Damage to the epithelium 20
1.3.2.2 The presence of a foreign body 21
1.3.2.3 The transfer of bacteria to sites where they are 21
not part of the normal microflora
1.3.2.4 Suppression of the immune system by drugs or 22
radiation
1.3.2.5 Impairment of host defences due to infection by 22
an exogenous pathogen
1.3.2.6 Disruption of the normal microflora by 23
antibiotics
1.3.2.7 Unknown precipitating factor 23
1.3.3 Exogenous infections 24
1.4 The spectrum of bacterial diseases 26
1.4.1 Infections that are not usually accompanied by tissue 28
invasion and dissemination
1.4.1.1 Infections confined to mucosal surfaces 28
1.4.1.2 Infections confined to the skin 31
1.4.2 Infections accompanied by tissue invasion and 33
dissemination
1.4.2.1 Causative organism produces an exotoxin 33
1.4.2.2 Causative organism does not produce an 34
exotoxin
1.5 Concept check 36
1.6 Introduction to the paradigm organisms 37
1.6.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 37
1.6.2 Esckerichia coli 39
1.7 What s next? 40
1.8 Questions 41
1.9 Further reading 42
1.10 Internet links 44
I CONTENTS ^ Chapter 2 Bacterial cell biology 46
2.1 Introduction 46
2.2 Bacterial ultrastructure 47
2.2.1 Size, shape and organisation 47
2.2.2 Cytoplasmic membrane 49
2.2.3 Cytoplasm 50
2.2.4 Bacterial cell wall 50
2.2.4.1 Gram-positive cell wall 51
2.2.4.2 Gram-negative cell wall 53
2.2.4.3 Cell wall of Mycobacterium spp. 54
2.2.5 Surface appendages 55
2.2.6 Cell-surface-associated components 56
2.3 Bacterial cell cycle 57
2.4 Sporulation 59
2.5 Bacterial protein secretion systems 61
2.5.1 The general secretory pathway 62
2.5.2 The Tat export pathway 64
2.5.3 Terminal branches of the GSP 66
2.5.3.1 The main terminal branch (type II secretion) 67
2.5.3.2 The chaperone-usher pathway 69
2.5.3.3 Type IV secretion 69
2.5.4 T Te I secretion 70
2.5.5 Type III secretion 72
2.6 Genetic aspects of bacterial virulence 75
2.6.1 Gene regulation 76
2.6.1.1 Sensing changes in the environment 76
2.6.1.2 Gene transcription 77
2.6.1.3 Gene induction and repression 79
2.6.2 Antigenic and phase variation 82
2.6.2.1 DNA inversion 82
2.6.2.2 DNA recombination 84
2.6.2.3 Slipped-strand mispairing 85
2.6.2.4 Epigenetic variation 86
2.6.2.5 Point mutations 86
2.6.3 Mobile genetic elements 87
2.6.3.1 Plasmids 87
2.6.3.2 Bacteriophages 88
2.6.3.3 Transposable elements 89
2.6.4 Pathogenicity islands 92
2.7 Bacterial biofilms 96
2.8 Concept check ™1
2.9 Cell biology of the paradigm organisms 102
2.9.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 102
2.9.2 Escherichia colt 105
2.10 What s next? 106
2.11 Questions 106
2.12 Further reading 107
2.13 Internet links 109
CONTENTS
Chapter 3 Molecular analysis of bacterial virulence 111
mechanisms
3.1 Introduction ill
3.2 Mutational analysis 113
3.2.1 Directed mutagenesis 113
3.2.2 Random mutagenesis 116
3.2.3 Signature-tagged mutagenesis 117
3.3 Protein expression approaches 121
3.3.1 Surface and secreted proteins 121
3.3.2 Proteomics 124
3.3.2.1 Proteomic methodology 124
3.3.2.2 Proteomics in microbiology 129
3.4 Subtractive and differential analysis of mRNA 130
3.5 In vivo expression technology 134
3.6 Reporter systems 137
3.7 Genomic approaches 141
3.8 Assessing gene expression using DNA microarrays 144
3.9 Eukaryotic molecular methods 146
3.9.1 Yeast two-hybrid screening 146
3.9.1.1 Description of the technique 146
3.9.1.2 Use of the two-hybrid system in investigating 148
bacterial virulence factors
3.9.2 Transgenesis and the generation of gene knockouts 149
3.9.2.1 Description of the technique 149
3.9.2.2 Knockout mice in bacterial virulence research 151
3.9.3 Dominant-negative mutants 153
3.9.3.1 Description of the technique 153
3.9.3.2 Use of dominant-negative mutants in the study 155
of bacterial virulence
3.9.4 Oligonucleotide-based gene inactivation 156
3.10 Concept check 157
3.11 What s next? 157
3.12 Questions 158
3.13 Further reading 158
3.14 Internet links 161
Chapter 4 Communication in infection 162
4.1 Introduction 162
4.2 Eukaryotic cell signalling 164
4.2.1 A brief overview of eukaryotic cell-cell signalling 164
4.2.2 Cell receptors for signal transduction 165
4.2.2.1 Ion channel receptors 166
4.2.2.2 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) 166
4.2.23 The GTPase superfamily 169
4.2.2.4 Receptors with inherent enzymic activity 170
4.2.2.5 Receptors linked to a separate cytoplasmic 172
I enzyme
)NTENTS 4.2.3 Intracellular signal transduction 172
4.2.3.1 The basic building blocks of intracellular signal 174
transduction
4.2.4 Signal transduction and selective gene transcription 182
4.2.4.1 The JAK/STAT pathway of gene activation 183
4.2.4.2 Gene transcription via the MAP kinase pathways 184
4.2.5 Signal transduction and the cell cytoskeleton 188
4.2.5.1 Integrins and cell signalling 189
4.2.5.2 Small GTPases and regulation of the actin 189
cytoskeleton
4.2.6 Cyokines: key host signalling molecules 192
4.2.6.1 A brief history of cytokines 193
4.2.6.2 Properties of cytokines 194
4.2.6.3 Cytokine nomenclature 195
4.2.6.4 Biological actions of cytokines 195
4.2.6.5 Cytokine networks 200
4.2.6.6 Cytokine structure and cytokine receptors 201
4.3 Prokaryotic cell signalling 209
4.3.1 Intracellular signalling in prokaryotes 209
4.3.1.1 Introduction 209
4.3.1.2 Two-component signal transduction 211
4.3.1.3 Other signal transduction pathways in bacteria 216
4.3.1.4 Monitoring of the internal environment of the 216
bacterium
4.3.2 Cell-cell signalling in bacteria 216
4.3.2.1 Quorum sensing 216
4.3.2.2 Bacterial cytokines 224
4.4 Bacterial reception of host signals 225
4.5 Concept check 228
4.6 Signalling in the paradigm organisms 229
4.6.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 229
4.6.1.1 Intracellular signalling 229
4.6.1.2 Intercellular signalling 229
4.6.1.3 Host-bacteria signalling 230
4.6.2 Escherichia coli 230
4.6.2.1 Intracellular signalling 230
4.6.2.2 Intercellular signalling 231
4.6.2.3 Host-bacteria signalling 231
4.7 What s next? 232
4.8 Questions 232
4.9 Further reading 233
4.10 Internet links 236
Chapter 5 The mucosal surface: the front line of 238
antibacterial defence
5.1 Introduction 239
5.2 An overview of antibacterial defence 239
5.3 The mucosal surface 241
CONTENTS I
5.3.1 Epithelial cells and epithelia 242
5.4 Mucosal antibacterial defences 246
5.4.1 The mucosal surface as a physical barrier to bacteria 246
5.4.2 Antibacterial chemicals produced by the mucosae 248
5.4.3 Antibacterial biomolecules produced by the mucosae 248
5.4.3.1 Mucin 249
5.4.3.2 Lysozyme 249
5.4.3.3 Lactoferrin 251
5.4.3.4 Lactoperoxidase 252
5.4.3.5 Secretory phospholipase A2 253
5.4.3.6 Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor 253
5.4.3.7 Trefoil peptides 253
5.4.3.8 Acute phase proteins 254
5.4.3.9 Collectins 254
5.4.3.10 Secretory IgA 254
5.4.3.11 Antibacterial peptides 255
5.4.4 Overview of the synthesis of antibacterials by mucosal 260
epithelial cells
5.5 The mucosal epithelium as a shedding surface 260
5.6 The normal microflora as an antibacterial agent 263
5.7 Other cell populations in mucosal epithelia 266
5.7.1 M cells 266
5.7.2 Paneth cells 268
5.7.3 Intra-epithelial lymphocytes 269
5.8 The mucosal epithelium as a watchdog 269
5.9 Concept check 271
5.10 The paradigm organisms and mucosal surfaces 272
5.10.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 272
5.10.2 Escherichia coli 273
5.11 What s next? 275
5.12 Questions 275
5.13 Further reading 275
5.14 Internet links 277
Chapter 6 Immune defences against bacteria 278
6.1 Introduction 279
6.2 How would you design an immune system to defend 280
yourself against bacteria?
6.3 The cell populations involved in immunity to bacteria 282
6.3.1 Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells 283
6.3.2 Granulocytes 285
6.3.3 Mast cells and basophils 287
6.3.4 Lymphocytes 288
6.3.5 M cells 292
6.3.6 Vascular endothelial cells 292
lONTENTS 6.4 The soluble effector molecules of inflammation and 294
immunity
6.4.1 Acute phase proteins 294
6.4.2 Complement system 295
6.4.3 Antibodies 296
6.4.4 Cytokines 297
6.5 Organisation of the immune system 298
6.6 Innate immunity 303
6.6.1 How do you recognise a pathogen? 304
6.6.1.1 Pattern recognition receptors 304
6.6.1.2 Drosophtta, Toll, Toll-like receptors and the Ips 307
locus
6.6.1.3 Complement: a recognition and effector system 308
of antibacterial defence
6.6.2 Phagocytes and phagocytosis of bacteria 314
6.6.2.1 Receptors involved in phagocytosis 314
6.6.2.2 Phagosomes, vesicular transport and 318
generation of the phagolysosome
6.6.2.3 Bacterial killing in the phagolysosome 319
6.7 Acquired immunity 321
6.7.1 Generation of diversity (GOD) 323
6.7.2 Major histocompatibility complex proteins and antigen 324
presentation
6.7.2.1 MHC proteins 324
6.7.2.2 An introduction to antigen presentation 326
6.7.3 Functions of effector T cell populations 337
6.7.3.1 CD4 effector mechanisms: Thl and Th2 340
lymphocytes
6.7.3.2 The Thl/Th2 paradigm 340
6.7.3.3 Generation of Thl and Th2 lymphocytes 341
6.7.3.4 Effector functions of Thl lymphocytes 342
6.8 A brief overview of the immune response to bacterial 344
infections
6.9 Concept check 347
6.10 Immune defences and the paradigm organisms 347
6.10.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 347
6.10.2 Escherichia colt 348
6.11 What s next? 349
6.12 Questions 349
6.13 Further reading 350
6.14 Internet links 351
Chapter 7 Bacterial adhesion as a virulence mechanism 353
7.1 Introduction 353
7.2 To what do bacteria adhere? 355
7.2.1 Adhesion to external body surfaces 355
7.2.2 Adhesion to internal surfaces 357
CONTENTS |
7.2.3 Adhesion under the microscope - to what do bacteria really 358
adhere?
7.3 Mechanisms involved in bacterial adhesion 360
7.3.1 Pre-adhesion events 360
7.3.2 Adhesive interactions 362
7.3.2.1 Hydrophobic interactions 362
7.3.2.2 Cation-bridging 363
7.3.2.3 Receptor-ligand binding 363
7.3.3 Bacterial structures involved in adhesion 364
7.3.3.1 What bacterial structures are involved in 364
adhesion?
7.3.3.2 What is the nature of the adhesins on the 367
structures involved in adhesion?
7.3.4 Host molecules functioning as receptors 370
7.4 Tissue tropism 373
7.5 Consequences of bacterial adhesion 375
7.5.1 Effects on the bacterium 376
7.5.2 Effects on the host 377
7.5.2.1 Epithelial cells 377
7.5.2.2 Fibroblasts 389
7.5.2.3 Endothelial cells 390
7.5.2.4 Phagocytic cells 392
7.6 Prevention of bacterial adhesion 393
7.7 Concept check 395
7.8 Adhesion of the paradigm organisms 395
7.8.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 395
7.8.2 Escherichia coli 399
7.9 What s next? 399
7.10 Questions 400
7.11 Further reading 401
7.12 Internet links 404
Chapter 8 Bacterial invasion as a virulence mechanism 405
8.1 Introduction 405
8.2 Invasion mechanisms 409
8.2.1 Invasion of epithelial cells 412
8.2.1.1 Invasion involving actin rearrangements 413
8.2.1.2 Invasion involving microtubules 432
8.2.1.3 Paracytosis 433
8.2.2 Invasion of vascular endothelial cells 435
8.2.2.1 Neisseria meningitidis 435
8.2.2.2 Listeria monocytogenes 436
8.2.2.3 Citrobacter freundii 437
8.2.2.4 BartoneUa henselae 437
8.2.2.5 ^-Haemolytic streptococci 437
8.2.2.6 Streptococcus pneumoniae 437
8.3 Consequences of invasion 441
83.1 Effects on host cells 441
i
CONTENTS 8.3.1.1 Cytokine release 442
8.3.1.2 Prostaglandin release 443
8.3.1.3 Effects on the expression of adhesion molecules 443
and neutrophil adhesion
8.3.1.4 Cell death 444
8.3.1.5 Synthesis of tissue factor 444
8.3.2 Effects on bacteria 446
8.4 Bacterial survival and growth subsequent to invasion 447
8.4.1 Intracellular lifestyle 448
8.4.1.1 Survival within vacuoles 448
8.4.1.2 Survival in the cytoplasm of the host cell 452
8.4.2 Extracellular lifestyle 455
8.5 Concept check 456
8.6 Invasion of host cells by the paradigm organisms 456
8.6.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 456
8.6.2 Escherichia coli 458
8.7 What s next? 461
8.8 Questions 461
8.9 Further reading 462
8.10 Internet links 465
Chapter 9 Bacterial exotoxins 466
9.1 Introduction 466
9.2 Classification of toxins by their activity 467
9.3 Type I (membrane-acting) toxins 468
9.3.1 Stable toxin (ST) family 469
9.3.2 Bacterial superantigens 472
9.4 Type II (membrane-damaging) toxins 473
9.4.1 Channel-forming toxins 473
9.4.1.1 Channel formation involving p-sheet-containing 473
toxins
9.4.1.2 Channel formation involving a-helix-containing 477
toxins
9.4.1.3 Thiol-activated cholesterol-binding cytolysins 478
9.4.1.4 RTX toxins 483
9.4.2 Toxins that damage membranes enzymically 487
9.4.2.1 Phospholipases 487
9.4.2.2 Proteases 487
9.5 Type III (intracellular) toxins 487
9.5.1 AB5 toxins 489
9.5.1.1 The cholera toxin paradigm 489
9.5.1.2 Same organisation, different function: Shiga 492
toxins are N-glycosidases
9.5.2 ADP-ribosylation is a common toxin activity 496
9.5.2.1 Pertussis toxin, a variant AB5 design 496
9.5.2.2 ADP-ribosyltransferases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 497
9.5.2.3 Binary ADP-ribosylating toxins 498
9.5.3 Other AB toxin activities 498
CONTENTS
9.5.3.1 Glucosyltransferase 498
9.5.3.2 Deamidase 499
9.5.3.3 Protease 500
9.5.3.4 Adenylyl cyclase 501
9.5.4 Type III secretion and toxin injection 502
9.5.4.1 Yersinia spp. 503
9.5.4.2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 503
9.5.5 Type IV secretion and toxin injection 504
9.6 Toxins as therapeutic agents 505
9.6.1 Vaccines 505
9.6.2 Mucosal vaccines 505
9.6.3 Chimeric immunotoxins 506
9.6.4 Muscle spasms 507
9.7 Concept check 507
9.8 Toxins produced by the paradigm organisms 507
9.8.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 507
9.8.2 Escherichia coli 509
9.9 What s next? 510
9.10 Questions 511
9.11 Further reading 511
9.12 Internet links 513
Chapter 10 Bacterial evasion of host defence mechanisms 514
10.1 Introduction 514
10.2 Evasion of immune defences at mucosal surfaces 516
10.2.1 Evasion of secretory IgA 516
10.2.2 Evasion of antibacterial peptides 519
10.3 Cytokines in antibacterial defence: mechanisms of 520
microbial evasion
10.3.1 Modulins 522
10.3.2 Virokines and viroceptors 524
10.3.2.1 Virokines 525
10.3.2.2 Viroceptors 527
10.3.2.3 Cytokine transcription 527
10.3.3 Bacterial evasion of cytokines 527
10.4 Evasion of innate immune mechanisms 532
10.4.1 Complement evasion 532
10.4.1.1 Bacterial capsules 533
10.4.1.2 Proteases and complement evasion 533
10.4.1.3 Interference with complement regulatory 534
proteins
10.4.2 Evasion of phagocytic killing 537
10.4.2.1 Evasion of killing by means of type in secretion 538
systems
10.4.2.2 Intracellular parasitism: a novel mechanism to 540
evade phagocytosis
10.43 Evasion of antigen processing 547
CONTENTS __^_
10.5 Evasion of acquired immunity 548
10.5.1 Evasion of antibodies 550
10.5.1.1 Bacterial immunoglobulin-binding proteins 550
10.5.1.2 Antigenic variation 551
10.5.2 Superantigens and evasion of T lymphocyte responses 554
10.6 Bacterial control of the cell cycle and apoptosis as evasion 558
mechanisms
10.6.1 Bacterial inhibition of cell cycle progression 558
10.6.1.1 The eukaryotic cell cycle 558
10.6.1.2 Bacterial proteins with the ability to control cell 559
cycle progression
10.6.2 Bacterial control of apoptosis 563
10.6.2.1 The mechanism of apoptosis 564
10.6.2.2 Bacterial control of the apoptotic process 569
10.7 Concept check 575
10.8 Evasion of host defences by the paradigm organisms 575
10.8.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 575
10.8.2 Escherichia coli 576
10.9 What s next? 578
10.10 Questions 578
10.11 Further reading 578
10.12 Internet links 582
Chapter 11 Bacteria in human health and disease: the 583
future?
11.1 Introduction 583
11.2 Identification of bacterial virulence genes and virulence 585
mechanisms in vivo
11.2.1 Caenorhdbditis elegans and bacterial virulence 586
11.2.2 Study of bacterial pathogenic mechanisms in humans 587
11.3 Development of new antibacterials 589
11.3.1 Inhibition of bacterial adhesion 590
11.3.2 Antibacterial peptides 592
11.3.3 Antisense 592
11.3.4 Other approaches 592
11.3.5 New targets from genomics 593
11.3.6 Using genomics to identify vaccine candidates 594
11.4 Genomics to identify the basics of life 594
11.5 Bacteria and idiopathic diseases 595
11.5.1 Helicobacter pylori, ulcers and cancer 597
11.5.2 Bacteria and heart disease 598
11.5.3 Other diseases possibly caused by bacteria 602
11.5.3.1 Psoriasis 602
11.5.3.2 Kidney stones 602
11.5.3.3 Asthma and the hygiene hypothesis 603
11.6 Conversations with the normal microflora 604
11.6.1 Vibrio fischeri and the bobtail squid 604
11.6.2 The mammalian intestine: another host-microbe interface 607
CONTENTS |
11.6.2.1 Alterations in intestinal anatomy/renewal in 607
gnotobiotic mice
11.6.2.2 Alterations in the GALT of gnotobiotic mice 609
11.6.2.3 Alteration in epithelial cell differentiation in 609
gnotobiotic mice
11.6.3 Wolbachia pipientis and insect reproduction 611
11.7 Summary 611
11.8 Further reading 612
11.9 Internet links 614
Appendix A Glossary of terms used 615
Appendix B. Brief descriptions of bacteria frequently mentioned 633
Index 639
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface xvii
Abbreviations used xxi
Chapter I An introduction to bacterial diseases page 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The normal bacterial flora of humans 2
1.2.1 The skin 7
1.2.2 The oral cavity 9
1.2.3 The respiratory tract 10
1.2.4 The gastrointestinal tract 12
1.2.5 The urogenital tract 15
1.3 Bacteria and disease 16
1.3.1 Types of host-bacteria interaction 16
1.3.2 Diseases caused by members of the normal microflora 18
1.3.2.1 Damage to the epithelium 20
1.3.2.2 The presence of a foreign body 21
1.3.2.3 The transfer of bacteria to sites where they are 21
not part of the normal microflora
1.3.2.4 Suppression of the immune system by drugs or 22
radiation
1.3.2.5 Impairment of host defences due to infection by 22
an exogenous pathogen
1.3.2.6 Disruption of the normal microflora by 23
antibiotics
1.3.2.7 Unknown precipitating factor 23
1.3.3 Exogenous infections 24
1.4 The spectrum of bacterial diseases 26
1.4.1 Infections that are not usually accompanied by tissue 28
invasion and dissemination
1.4.1.1 Infections confined to mucosal surfaces 28
1.4.1.2 Infections confined to the skin 31
1.4.2 Infections accompanied by tissue invasion and 33
dissemination
1.4.2.1 Causative organism produces an exotoxin 33
1.4.2.2 Causative organism does not produce an 34
exotoxin
1.5 Concept check 36
1.6 Introduction to the paradigm organisms 37
1.6.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 37
1.6.2 Esckerichia coli 39
1.7 What's next? 40
1.8 Questions 41
1.9 Further reading 42
1.10 Internet links 44
I CONTENTS ^ Chapter 2 Bacterial cell biology 46
2.1 Introduction 46
2.2 Bacterial ultrastructure 47
2.2.1 Size, shape and organisation 47
2.2.2 Cytoplasmic membrane 49
2.2.3 Cytoplasm 50
2.2.4 Bacterial cell wall 50
2.2.4.1 Gram-positive cell wall 51
2.2.4.2 Gram-negative cell wall 53
2.2.4.3 Cell wall of Mycobacterium spp. 54
2.2.5 Surface appendages 55
2.2.6 Cell-surface-associated components 56
2.3 Bacterial cell cycle 57
2.4 Sporulation 59
2.5 Bacterial protein secretion systems 61
2.5.1 The general secretory pathway 62
2.5.2 The Tat export pathway 64
2.5.3 Terminal branches of the GSP 66
2.5.3.1 The main terminal branch (type II secretion) 67
2.5.3.2 The chaperone-usher pathway 69
2.5.3.3 Type IV secretion 69
2.5.4 T Te I secretion 70
2.5.5 Type III secretion 72
2.6 Genetic aspects of bacterial virulence 75
2.6.1 Gene regulation 76
2.6.1.1 Sensing changes in the environment 76
2.6.1.2 Gene transcription 77
2.6.1.3 Gene induction and repression 79
2.6.2 Antigenic and phase variation 82
2.6.2.1 DNA inversion 82
2.6.2.2 DNA recombination 84
2.6.2.3 Slipped-strand mispairing 85
2.6.2.4 Epigenetic variation 86
2.6.2.5 Point mutations 86
2.6.3 Mobile genetic elements 87
2.6.3.1 Plasmids 87
2.6.3.2 Bacteriophages 88
2.6.3.3 Transposable elements 89
2.6.4 Pathogenicity islands 92
2.7 Bacterial biofilms 96
2.8 Concept check ™1
2.9 Cell biology of the paradigm organisms 102
2.9.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 102
2.9.2 Escherichia colt 105
2.10 What's next? 106
2.11 Questions 106
2.12 Further reading 107
2.13 Internet links 109
CONTENTS
Chapter 3 Molecular analysis of bacterial virulence 111
mechanisms
3.1 Introduction ill
3.2 Mutational analysis 113
3.2.1 Directed mutagenesis 113
3.2.2 Random mutagenesis 116
3.2.3 Signature-tagged mutagenesis 117
3.3 Protein expression approaches 121
3.3.1 Surface and secreted proteins 121
3.3.2 Proteomics 124
3.3.2.1 Proteomic methodology 124
3.3.2.2 Proteomics in microbiology 129
3.4 Subtractive and differential analysis of mRNA 130
3.5 In vivo expression technology 134
3.6 Reporter systems 137
3.7 Genomic approaches 141
3.8 Assessing gene expression using DNA microarrays 144
3.9 Eukaryotic molecular methods 146
3.9.1 Yeast two-hybrid screening 146
3.9.1.1 Description of the technique 146
3.9.1.2 Use of the two-hybrid system in investigating 148
bacterial virulence factors
3.9.2 Transgenesis and the generation of gene knockouts 149
3.9.2.1 Description of the technique 149
3.9.2.2 Knockout mice in bacterial virulence research 151
3.9.3 Dominant-negative mutants 153
3.9.3.1 Description of the technique 153
3.9.3.2 Use of dominant-negative mutants in the study 155
of bacterial virulence
3.9.4 Oligonucleotide-based gene inactivation 156
3.10 Concept check 157
3.11 What's next? 157
3.12 Questions 158
3.13 Further reading 158
3.14 Internet links 161
Chapter 4 Communication in infection 162
4.1 Introduction 162
4.2 Eukaryotic cell signalling 164
4.2.1 A brief overview of eukaryotic cell-cell signalling 164
4.2.2 Cell receptors for signal transduction 165
4.2.2.1 Ion channel receptors 166
4.2.2.2 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) 166
4.2.23 The GTPase superfamily 169
4.2.2.4 Receptors with inherent enzymic activity 170
4.2.2.5 Receptors linked to a separate cytoplasmic 172
I enzyme
)NTENTS 4.2.3 Intracellular signal transduction 172
4.2.3.1 The basic building blocks of intracellular signal 174
transduction
4.2.4 Signal transduction and selective gene transcription 182
4.2.4.1 The JAK/STAT pathway of gene activation 183
4.2.4.2 Gene transcription via the MAP kinase pathways 184
4.2.5 Signal transduction and the cell cytoskeleton 188
4.2.5.1 Integrins and cell signalling 189
4.2.5.2 Small GTPases and regulation of the actin 189
cytoskeleton
4.2.6 Cyokines: key host signalling molecules 192
4.2.6.1 A brief history of cytokines 193
4.2.6.2 Properties of cytokines 194
4.2.6.3 Cytokine nomenclature 195
4.2.6.4 Biological actions of cytokines 195
4.2.6.5 Cytokine networks 200
4.2.6.6 Cytokine structure and cytokine receptors 201
4.3 Prokaryotic cell signalling 209
4.3.1 Intracellular signalling in prokaryotes 209
4.3.1.1 Introduction 209
4.3.1.2 Two-component signal transduction 211
4.3.1.3 Other signal transduction pathways in bacteria 216
4.3.1.4 Monitoring of the internal environment of the 216
bacterium
4.3.2 Cell-cell signalling in bacteria 216
4.3.2.1 Quorum sensing 216
4.3.2.2 Bacterial cytokines 224
4.4 Bacterial reception of host signals 225
4.5 Concept check 228
4.6 Signalling in the paradigm organisms 229
4.6.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 229
4.6.1.1 Intracellular signalling 229
4.6.1.2 Intercellular signalling 229
4.6.1.3 Host-bacteria signalling 230
4.6.2 Escherichia coli 230
4.6.2.1 Intracellular signalling 230
4.6.2.2 Intercellular signalling 231
4.6.2.3 Host-bacteria signalling 231
4.7 What's next? 232
4.8 Questions 232
4.9 Further reading 233
4.10 Internet links 236
Chapter 5 The mucosal surface: the front line of 238
antibacterial defence
5.1 Introduction 239
5.2 An overview of antibacterial defence 239
5.3 The mucosal surface 241 \
CONTENTS I
5.3.1 Epithelial cells and epithelia 242
5.4 Mucosal antibacterial defences 246
5.4.1 The mucosal surface as a physical barrier to bacteria 246
5.4.2 Antibacterial chemicals produced by the mucosae 248
5.4.3 Antibacterial biomolecules produced by the mucosae 248
5.4.3.1 Mucin 249
5.4.3.2 Lysozyme 249
5.4.3.3 Lactoferrin 251
5.4.3.4 Lactoperoxidase 252
5.4.3.5 Secretory phospholipase A2 253
5.4.3.6 Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor 253
5.4.3.7 Trefoil peptides 253
5.4.3.8 Acute phase proteins 254
5.4.3.9 Collectins 254
5.4.3.10 Secretory IgA 254
5.4.3.11 Antibacterial peptides 255
5.4.4 Overview of the synthesis of antibacterials by mucosal 260
epithelial cells
5.5 The mucosal epithelium as a shedding surface 260
5.6 The normal microflora as an antibacterial agent 263
5.7 Other cell populations in mucosal epithelia 266
5.7.1 M cells 266
5.7.2 Paneth cells 268
5.7.3 Intra-epithelial lymphocytes 269
5.8 The mucosal epithelium as a watchdog 269
5.9 Concept check 271
5.10 The paradigm organisms and mucosal surfaces 272
5.10.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 272
5.10.2 Escherichia coli 273
5.11 What's next? 275
5.12 Questions 275
5.13 Further reading 275
5.14 Internet links 277
Chapter 6 Immune defences against bacteria 278
6.1 Introduction 279
6.2 How would you design an immune system to defend 280
yourself against bacteria?
6.3 The cell populations involved in immunity to bacteria 282
6.3.1 Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells 283
6.3.2 Granulocytes 285
6.3.3 Mast cells and basophils 287
6.3.4 Lymphocytes 288
6.3.5 M cells 292
6.3.6 Vascular endothelial cells 292
lONTENTS 6.4 The soluble effector molecules of inflammation and 294
immunity
6.4.1 Acute phase proteins 294
6.4.2 Complement system 295
6.4.3 Antibodies 296
6.4.4 Cytokines 297
6.5 Organisation of the immune system 298
6.6 Innate immunity 303
6.6.1 How do you recognise a pathogen? 304
6.6.1.1 Pattern recognition receptors 304
6.6.1.2 Drosophtta, Toll, Toll-like receptors and the Ips 307
locus
6.6.1.3 Complement: a recognition and effector system 308
of antibacterial defence
6.6.2 Phagocytes and phagocytosis of bacteria 314
6.6.2.1 Receptors involved in phagocytosis 314
6.6.2.2 Phagosomes, vesicular transport and 318
generation of the phagolysosome
6.6.2.3 Bacterial killing in the phagolysosome 319
6.7 Acquired immunity 321
6.7.1 Generation of diversity (GOD) 323
6.7.2 Major histocompatibility complex proteins and antigen 324
presentation
6.7.2.1 MHC proteins 324
6.7.2.2 An introduction to antigen presentation 326
6.7.3 Functions of effector T cell populations 337
6.7.3.1 CD4 effector mechanisms: Thl and Th2 340
lymphocytes
6.7.3.2 The Thl/Th2 paradigm 340
6.7.3.3 Generation of Thl and Th2 lymphocytes 341
6.7.3.4 Effector functions of Thl lymphocytes 342
6.8 A brief overview of the immune response to bacterial 344
infections
6.9 Concept check 347
6.10 Immune defences and the paradigm organisms 347
6.10.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 347
6.10.2 Escherichia colt 348
6.11 What's next? 349
6.12 Questions 349
6.13 Further reading 350
6.14 Internet links 351
Chapter 7 Bacterial adhesion as a virulence mechanism 353
7.1 Introduction 353
7.2 To what do bacteria adhere? 355
7.2.1 Adhesion to external body surfaces 355
7.2.2 Adhesion to internal surfaces 357
CONTENTS |
7.2.3 Adhesion under the microscope - to what do bacteria really 358
adhere?
7.3 Mechanisms involved in bacterial adhesion 360
7.3.1 Pre-adhesion events 360
7.3.2 Adhesive interactions 362
7.3.2.1 Hydrophobic interactions 362
7.3.2.2 Cation-bridging 363
7.3.2.3 Receptor-ligand binding 363
7.3.3 Bacterial structures involved in adhesion 364
7.3.3.1 What bacterial structures are involved in 364
adhesion?
7.3.3.2 What is the nature of the adhesins on the 367
structures involved in adhesion?
7.3.4 Host molecules functioning as receptors 370
7.4 Tissue tropism 373
7.5 Consequences of bacterial adhesion 375
7.5.1 Effects on the bacterium 376
7.5.2 Effects on the host 377
7.5.2.1 Epithelial cells 377
7.5.2.2 Fibroblasts 389
7.5.2.3 Endothelial cells 390
7.5.2.4 Phagocytic cells 392
7.6 Prevention of bacterial adhesion 393
7.7 Concept check 395
7.8 Adhesion of the paradigm organisms 395
7.8.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 395
7.8.2 Escherichia coli 399
7.9 What's next? 399
7.10 Questions 400
7.11 Further reading 401
7.12 Internet links 404
Chapter 8 Bacterial invasion as a virulence mechanism 405
8.1 Introduction 405
8.2 Invasion mechanisms 409
8.2.1 Invasion of epithelial cells 412
8.2.1.1 Invasion involving actin rearrangements 413
8.2.1.2 Invasion involving microtubules 432
8.2.1.3 Paracytosis 433
8.2.2 Invasion of vascular endothelial cells 435
8.2.2.1 Neisseria meningitidis 435
8.2.2.2 Listeria monocytogenes 436
8.2.2.3 Citrobacter freundii 437
8.2.2.4 BartoneUa henselae 437
8.2.2.5 ^-Haemolytic streptococci 437
8.2.2.6 Streptococcus pneumoniae 437
8.3 Consequences of invasion 441
83.1 Effects on host cells 441
i
CONTENTS 8.3.1.1 Cytokine release 442
8.3.1.2 Prostaglandin release 443
8.3.1.3 Effects on the expression of adhesion molecules 443
and neutrophil adhesion
8.3.1.4 Cell death 444
8.3.1.5 Synthesis of tissue factor 444
8.3.2 Effects on bacteria 446
8.4 Bacterial survival and growth subsequent to invasion 447
8.4.1 Intracellular lifestyle 448
8.4.1.1 Survival within vacuoles 448
8.4.1.2 Survival in the cytoplasm of the host cell 452
8.4.2 Extracellular lifestyle 455
8.5 Concept check 456
8.6 Invasion of host cells by the paradigm organisms 456
8.6.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 456
8.6.2 Escherichia coli 458
8.7 What's next? 461
8.8 Questions 461
8.9 Further reading 462
8.10 Internet links 465
Chapter 9 Bacterial exotoxins 466
9.1 Introduction 466
9.2 Classification of toxins by their activity 467
9.3 Type I (membrane-acting) toxins 468
9.3.1 Stable toxin (ST) family 469
9.3.2 Bacterial superantigens 472
9.4 Type II (membrane-damaging) toxins 473
9.4.1 Channel-forming toxins 473
9.4.1.1 Channel formation involving p-sheet-containing 473
toxins
9.4.1.2 Channel formation involving a-helix-containing 477
toxins
9.4.1.3 'Thiol-activated'cholesterol-binding cytolysins 478
9.4.1.4 RTX toxins 483
9.4.2 Toxins that damage membranes enzymically 487
9.4.2.1 Phospholipases 487
9.4.2.2 Proteases 487
9.5 Type III (intracellular) toxins 487
9.5.1 AB5 toxins 489
9.5.1.1 The cholera toxin paradigm 489
9.5.1.2 Same organisation, different function: Shiga 492
toxins are N-glycosidases
9.5.2 ADP-ribosylation is a common toxin activity 496
9.5.2.1 Pertussis toxin, a variant AB5 design 496
9.5.2.2 ADP-ribosyltransferases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 497
9.5.2.3 Binary ADP-ribosylating toxins 498
9.5.3 Other AB toxin activities 498
CONTENTS
9.5.3.1 Glucosyltransferase 498
9.5.3.2 Deamidase 499
9.5.3.3 Protease 500
9.5.3.4 Adenylyl cyclase 501
9.5.4 Type III secretion and toxin 'injection' 502
9.5.4.1 Yersinia spp. 503
9.5.4.2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 503
9.5.5 Type IV secretion and toxin 'injection' 504
9.6 Toxins as therapeutic agents 505
9.6.1 Vaccines 505
9.6.2 Mucosal vaccines 505
9.6.3 Chimeric immunotoxins 506
9.6.4 Muscle spasms 507
9.7 Concept check 507
9.8 Toxins produced by the paradigm organisms 507
9.8.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 507
9.8.2 Escherichia coli 509
9.9 What's next? 510
9.10 Questions 511
9.11 Further reading 511
9.12 Internet links 513
Chapter 10 Bacterial evasion of host defence mechanisms 514
10.1 Introduction 514
10.2 Evasion of immune defences at mucosal surfaces 516
10.2.1 Evasion of secretory IgA 516
10.2.2 Evasion of antibacterial peptides 519
10.3 Cytokines in antibacterial defence: mechanisms of 520
microbial evasion
10.3.1 Modulins 522
10.3.2 Virokines and viroceptors 524
10.3.2.1 Virokines 525
10.3.2.2 Viroceptors 527
10.3.2.3 Cytokine transcription 527
10.3.3 Bacterial evasion of cytokines 527
10.4 Evasion of innate immune mechanisms 532
10.4.1 Complement evasion 532
10.4.1.1 Bacterial capsules 533
10.4.1.2 Proteases and complement evasion 533
10.4.1.3 Interference with complement regulatory 534
proteins
10.4.2 Evasion of phagocytic killing 537
10.4.2.1 Evasion of killing by means of type in secretion 538
systems
10.4.2.2 Intracellular parasitism: a novel mechanism to 540
evade phagocytosis
10.43 Evasion of antigen processing 547
CONTENTS _^_
10.5 Evasion of acquired immunity 548
10.5.1 Evasion of antibodies 550
10.5.1.1 Bacterial immunoglobulin-binding proteins 550
10.5.1.2 Antigenic variation 551
10.5.2 Superantigens and evasion of T lymphocyte responses 554
10.6 Bacterial control of the cell cycle and apoptosis as evasion 558
mechanisms
10.6.1 Bacterial inhibition of cell cycle progression 558
10.6.1.1 The eukaryotic cell cycle 558
10.6.1.2 Bacterial proteins with the ability to control cell 559
cycle progression
10.6.2 Bacterial control of apoptosis 563
10.6.2.1 The mechanism of apoptosis 564
10.6.2.2 Bacterial control of the apoptotic process 569
10.7 Concept check 575
10.8 Evasion of host defences by the paradigm organisms 575
10.8.1 Streptococcus pyogenes 575
10.8.2 Escherichia coli 576
10.9 What's next? 578
10.10 Questions 578
10.11 Further reading 578
10.12 Internet links 582
Chapter 11 Bacteria in human health and disease: the 583
future?
11.1 Introduction 583
11.2 Identification of bacterial virulence genes and virulence 585
mechanisms in vivo
11.2.1 Caenorhdbditis elegans and bacterial virulence 586
11.2.2 Study of bacterial pathogenic mechanisms in humans 587
11.3 Development of new antibacterials 589
11.3.1 Inhibition of bacterial adhesion 590
11.3.2 Antibacterial peptides 592
11.3.3 Antisense 592
11.3.4 Other approaches 592
11.3.5 New targets from genomics 593
11.3.6 Using genomics to identify vaccine candidates 594
11.4 Genomics to identify the basics of life 594
11.5 Bacteria and idiopathic diseases 595
11.5.1 Helicobacter pylori, ulcers and cancer 597
11.5.2 Bacteria and heart disease 598
11.5.3 Other diseases possibly caused by bacteria 602
11.5.3.1 Psoriasis 602
11.5.3.2 Kidney stones 602
11.5.3.3 Asthma and the hygiene hypothesis 603
11.6 Conversations with the normal microflora 604
11.6.1 Vibrio fischeri and the bobtail squid 604
11.6.2 The mammalian intestine: another host-microbe interface 607
CONTENTS |
11.6.2.1 Alterations in intestinal anatomy/renewal in 607
gnotobiotic mice
11.6.2.2 Alterations in the GALT of gnotobiotic mice 609
11.6.2.3 Alteration in epithelial cell differentiation in 609
gnotobiotic mice
11.6.3 Wolbachia pipientis and insect reproduction 611
11.7 Summary 611
11.8 Further reading 612
11.9 Internet links 614
Appendix A Glossary of terms used 615
Appendix B. Brief descriptions of bacteria frequently mentioned 633
Index 639 |
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| author | Wilson, Michael McNab, Rod Henderson, Brian |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:43:48Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:20:08Z |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Wilson, Michael Verfasser aut Bacterial disease mechanisms an introduction to cellular microbiology Michael Wilson ; Rod McNab and Brian Henderson Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2002 XXIX, 656 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bacterial Diseases cabt Cellular Biology cabt Microbiology cabt Pathomechanismus (DE-588)4173544-4 gnd rswk-swf Bakterielle Infektion (DE-588)4004301-0 gnd rswk-swf Bakterielle Infektion (DE-588)4004301-0 s Pathomechanismus (DE-588)4173544-4 s DE-604 McNab, Rod Verfasser aut Henderson, Brian Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016680145&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wilson, Michael McNab, Rod Henderson, Brian Bacterial disease mechanisms an introduction to cellular microbiology Bacterial Diseases cabt Cellular Biology cabt Microbiology cabt Pathomechanismus (DE-588)4173544-4 gnd Bakterielle Infektion (DE-588)4004301-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4173544-4 (DE-588)4004301-0 |
| title | Bacterial disease mechanisms an introduction to cellular microbiology |
| title_auth | Bacterial disease mechanisms an introduction to cellular microbiology |
| title_exact_search | Bacterial disease mechanisms an introduction to cellular microbiology |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Bacterial disease mechanisms an introduction to cellular microbiology |
| title_full | Bacterial disease mechanisms an introduction to cellular microbiology Michael Wilson ; Rod McNab and Brian Henderson |
| title_fullStr | Bacterial disease mechanisms an introduction to cellular microbiology Michael Wilson ; Rod McNab and Brian Henderson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bacterial disease mechanisms an introduction to cellular microbiology Michael Wilson ; Rod McNab and Brian Henderson |
| title_short | Bacterial disease mechanisms |
| title_sort | bacterial disease mechanisms an introduction to cellular microbiology |
| title_sub | an introduction to cellular microbiology |
| topic | Bacterial Diseases cabt Cellular Biology cabt Microbiology cabt Pathomechanismus (DE-588)4173544-4 gnd Bakterielle Infektion (DE-588)4004301-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bacterial Diseases Cellular Biology Microbiology Pathomechanismus Bakterielle Infektion |
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