Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems:
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems |c Franco Pirajno |
| 264 | 1 | |a [Dordrecht] |b Springer Science+Business Media |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XXXII, 1250 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. Kt. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
Contents
1 Water and Hydrothermal
Fluids on Earth
. 1
1.1
Introduction
. 1
1.2
Origin of Water; Sea and Surface Waters
. 5
1.2.1
Seawater
. 9
1.2.2
Surface Water
. 13
1.2.3
Groundwater
. 15
1.3
Structure and Properties of Water;
Hydration
and Hydrolysis
. 17
1.4 Hydrothermal
Fluids
. 18
1.4.1
Solubility and Boiling
. 22
1.4.2
Acid-Base Nomenclature
. 23
1.4.3
Redox
Potential
. 24
1.4.4
Chemical Potential, Chemical Activity,
Fugacity,
Oxygen
Fugacity
. 26
1.4.5
Hot Springs
. 30
1.4.6
Fluid Inclusions
. 38
1.4.7
Dissolved Constituents and Metals Partitioning in
Hydrothermal
Solutions
. 42
1.4.8
The Role of Complex Ions and Ligands in
Hydrothermal
Fluids
. 44
1.4.9
Complex Ions in
Hydrothermal
Solutions
. 47
1.4.10
Precipitation of Solutes and Metal Deposition
. 50
1.4.11
Isotopie
Tracers
. 51
1.5
Concluding Remarks
. 64
References
. 65
2 Hydrothermal
Processes and Wall Rock Alteration
. 73
2.1
Introduction
. 73
2.1.1
The Main Components of
a
Hydrothermal
System
. 74
2.1.2
Magma Degassing and
Magmatic
Hydrothermal
Systems
80
2.2
Role of
Volatiles
in Granitic Magmas
. 86
2.3 Hydrothermal
Alteration
. 90
2.3.1
Hydrogen Ion Metasomatism (Hydrolytic Alteration)
and Base Cation Exchange
. 91
Contents
2.3.2
Styles
and Types of
Hydrothermal
Alteration
. 94
2.4
Intrusion-Related Alkali Metasomatism
. 104
2.4.1
Sodic
Metasomatism and Albitites
. 104
2.4.2
Potassio
Metasomatism and Microclinites
. 105
2.5
Alkali Metasomatism (Fenites) in Anorogenic Ring Complexes
106
2.5.1
Fenites
. 107
2.6
Alteration in Porphyry Systems
.
Ill
2.6.1
Lowell-Guilbert and Breccia Pipe Models
. 114
2.6.2
Diorite
Model
. 117
2.6.3 Hydrothermal
Alteration in
Climax
-Туре
Porphyry Mo
Systems
. 117
2.7
Skarns
. 119
2.8
Alteration in Epithermal Systems
. 120
2.8.1
Siliceous Precipitates, Self-Sealing and
Hydrothermal
Breccias
. 122
2.9 Hydrothermal
Alteration in Submarine Mineral Systems
. 124
2.9.1 Hydrothermal
Alteration in Kuroko-Type Mineral
Systems
. 125
2.9.2
Oceanic Crust
Hydrothermal Metamorphism. 126
2.10
Other Types of Alteration
. 131
2.10.1
Tourmalinisation
. 132
2.10.2
Serpentinisation and Talc-Carbonate Alteration
. 133
2.10.3
Hematitisation and Fe-Rich Alteration
. 135
2.10.4
Carbonatisation and Dolomitisation
. 136
2.11
Metamorphism of Hydrothermally Altered Rock
. 137
2.12
Geochemical Signatures and
Isotopie
Tracers
. 143
2.12.1
Geochemistry
. 143
2.12.2
Isotopie
Tracers
. 151
2.13
Detection of
Hydrothermal
Alteration from Spectral Remote
Sensing
. 153
2.14
Concluding Remarks
. 156
References
. 157
Tectonic Settings,
Geodynamics
and Temporal Evolution of
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems
. 165
3.1
Introduction
. 165
3.2
Tectonic Settings and
Geodynamics
of Mineral Systems
. 166
3.2.1
Convergent Plate Boundaries; Arc and Back-Arc
Settings, Collision Tectonics,
. 171
3.2.2
Divergent Plate Boundaries; Mid-Oceanic Ridges,
Passive Margins and Continental Rifting
. 178
3.2.3
Mantle Plumes Tectonics and
Hydrothermal
Systems
. . 187
3.3
Metallogeny and
Geodynamics
. 188
3.4
Temporal Evolution of Ore Systems,
Supercontinent
Cycles and
Global Metallogeny
. 192
Contents
3.5
Concluding Remarks
. 199
References
. 199
Intrusion-Related
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems
. 205
4.1
Introduction
. 205
4.2
Intrusion-Related
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems and Granitic
Magmatism
. 207
4.3 Greisen
Ore Systems
. 218
4.3.1
Greisenisation Processes
. 220
4.3.2
Geochemistry
. 227
4.3.3
Greisen-Style Mineral Systems
. 227
4.3.4
Sn and
W
Geochemistry in the
Greisen
System and
Deposition of Cassiterite and Wolframite
. 228
4.3.5
Tin Deposits Associated with the Felsic Phase of the
Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa
. 230
4.3.6
The Sn-W Deposits of Southwest England, Cornwall
and Portugal
. 238
4.3.7
The
Greisen
Systems of the Tasman Fold Belt System
. . 244
4.3.8
The East Kemptville Sn
Greisen, Nova
Scotia, Canada
. 248
4.3.9
The
Brandberg
West
Greisen
Vein Systems, Namibia
. . 250
4.3.10
The Kalguta
Mo-W-Be-Bi Greisen
System, Southeastern
Altai (Russia)
. 258
4.4
Intrusion-Related Gold, Polymetallic and Uraniferous Vein
Systems and Breccia Pipes
. 260
4.4.1
Scheelite Dome, an Intrusion-Related
Au
Deposit,
Yukon, Canada
. 262
4.4.2
The Kidston Breccia Pipe, Queensland, Australia
. 269
4.4.3
Uraniferous Vein Systems
. 272
4.4.4
Sabie-Pilgrim's Rest, South Africa
. 273
4.4.5
Capricorn Orogen Structurally Controlled
Hydrothermal
Vein (Base and Precious Metals), Western
Australia
. 275
4.4.6
Polymetallic Vein Systems of the Altai (Siberia) and
Northwestern Mongolia (Yustid Rift Zone)
. 277
4.5 Hydrothermal
Systems Associated with Alkaline Magmatism
and Anorogenic Ring Complexes
. 280
4.5.1
Tectonic Settings, Ages and Controls of Intracontinental
Alkaline Magmatism in Africa
. 283
4.5.2
Ore Systems of Alkaline Ring Complexes
. 285
4.6
Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold-Rare Earth Elements-Uranium
Mineral Systems
. 306
4.6.1
Olympic Dam, South Australia
. 312
4.6.2
Vergenoeg Fe
Oxides-Fluorite Deposit, South Africa
. . 322
4.6.3
The
Palabora
Complex (South Africa)
. 326
4.6.4
Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China
328
Contents
4.6.5
Candelaria,
Punta Del
Cobre
District,
Chilean Coastal
Belt
. 336
4.7
Concluding Remarks
. 339
References
. 340
Porphyry Systems; Fossil and Active Epithermal Systems
. 355
5.1
Introduction
. 355
5.2
Porphyry Systems
. 356
5.2.1
Porphyry Systems of Convergent Margins
. 367
5.2.2
Porphyry Systems in Intracontinental Extensional
Tectonic Settings and Volcanic Rifted Margins
. 390
5.2.3
The Oldest Porphyry Systems
. 419
5.3
Fossil and Active Epithermal Systems
. 422
5.3.1
Fossil Epithermal Systems
. 426
5.3.2
Ladolam Epithermal System, Lihir Island, Papua New
Guinea
. 442
5.3.3
Hauraki Goldfield, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand
448
5.3.4
The Epithermal Systems of the
Biga
Peninsula,
Northwestern Anatolia
. 456
5.3.5
Epithermal Systems in the South China Fold Belt
. 463
5.3.6
The
El Indio-Pascua Wpithermal
Belt, Chile
. 475
5.3.7
Epithermal Systems in the Northern Great Basin, USA.
481
5.3.8
The Oldest Epithermal Systems, Archaean Pilbara and
Yilgarn Cratons, Western Australia
. 486
5.4
Active Epithermal Systems (Geothermal Fields)
. 493
5.4.1
Kamchatka Peninsula and
Kurile
Islands
. 497
5.4.2
Geothermal Systems of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New
Zealand
. 500
5.4.3
Geysers-Clear Lake Geothermal System, California,
USA
. 505
5.4.4
The Yellowstone National Park Geothermal System,
USA
. 507
5.4.5
Saltón Sea
. 513
5.4.6
Lake Tanganyika
. 515
5.5
Concluding Remarks
. 516
References
. 517
Skarn
Systems
. 535
6.1
Introduction
. 535
6.2
Copper
Skarns
. 546
6.2.1
Bingham
. 548
6.2.2
Yerington
. 549
6.3
Sn-W and
W
Skaras.
550
6.3.1
Moina Sn-W
Deposit
. 551
6.3.2
King Island Scheelite Deposit
. 552
Contents xv
6.4 Proterozoic
W
Skarns
in the Gascoyne Complex, Western
Australia
. 553
6.5
Gold
Skarns
. 558
6.5.1
Navachab, Namibia
. 560
6.5.2
Gold
Skarns
in China
. 565
6.6
Zinc
Skarns
. 567
6.7
Molybdenum
Skarns
. 568
6.8
Iron
Skarns
. 569
6.9
Iron,
Au, Cu-Mo Skarns
in the Yangzte (Chiangjiang) River
Valley, China
. 570
6.10
The Geodynamic Setting of
Skarn
(and Porphyry)
Metallogenesis in
China
. 573
6.11
Concluding Remarks
. 576
References
. 577
7
Submarine
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems
. 581
7.1
Introduction
. 581
7.2
Physiography of the Ocean Floor
. 583
7.2.1
Mid-Ocean Ridges
. 584
7.2.2
Transform Faults and Fracture Zones
. 586
7.2.3
Seamounts and Volcanic Chains
. 588
7.3
Birth, Life and Death of an Ocean Basin
. 589
7.4
Oceanic
Lithosphère
and Ophiolites
. 592
7.4.1
Ophiolites
. 596
7.5
Submarine
Hydrothermal
Systems: Spreading Centres, Island
Arcs and Seamounts
. 599
7.5.1 Hydrothermal
Processes, Nature of Submarine
Hydrothermal
Fluids and Anatomy of a Seafloor
Sulphide Deposit
. 603
7.5.2 Hydrothermal
Systems at Spreading Centres
. 610
7.5.3
Subduction-Related Submarine
Hydrothermal
Systems
(Island Arcs, Intraoceanic and Intracontinental Back-
Arc Basins)
. 632
7.6
Oceanic Crust-Related (Ophiolite)
Hydrothermal
Mineral
Systems in the Geological Record
. 649
7.6.1
Massive Sulphide Deposits of the Samail Ophiolite,
Oman
. 649
7.6.2
The Cu Deposits of Cyprus Island
. 652
7.6.3
The Besshi-Type Cu Deposits of the Matchless
Amphibolite Belt, Namibia
. 655
7.7
Volcanic-Associated Massive Sulphide Ore Systems (VMS)
. . . 662
7.7.1
Kuroko-Type Mineral Systems
. 665
7.7.2
The Kuroko Deposits of Japan
. 679
7.7.3
Noranda or Abitibi-Type Type Massive Sulphide
Deposits
. 683
xv¡
Contents
7.7.4
The VMS Deposits of Tasmania, Australia
. 687
7.7.5
The Iberian
Pyrite
Belt Massive Sulphide Deposits
. 693
7.7.6
The Oldest VMS: Pilbara Craton, Western
Australia
. 705
7.8
Concluding Remarks
. 713
References
. 715
8
Metalliferous Sediments and Sedimentary Rock-Hosted Stratiform
and/or Stratabound
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems
. 727
8.1
Introduction
. 727
8.2
Basin Formation and Volcano-Sedimentary Successions in
Continental Rifts
. 731
8.3
Fluid Dynamics in Sedimentary Basins
. 736
8.4
The East African Rift System
. 741
8.4.1
Lake Tanganyika
. 748
8.4.2
The Afar Triangle
. 750
8.5
Red Sea Brine Pools
. 751
8.5.1
The Atlantis II Deep
. 756
8.5.2
Mechanisms for the Formation of the Red Sea
Metalliferous Sediments
. 760
8.6
Stratiform and Stratabound Sedimentary Rock-Hosted
Disseminated Cu Sulphides Ore systems
. 761
8.6.1
The Central African Copperbelt
. 766
8.6.2
Stratabound Cu-Ag Deposits of the Irumide Belt in
Southern Africa
. 773
8.6.3
Genetic Models
. 778
8.7
SEDEX Ore Systems
. 781
8.7.1
SEDEX Systems in Australia
. 786
8.7.2
SEDEX Systems in Southern Africa
. 809
8.8
Stratabound Carbonate Rock-Hosted Ore Systems
. 815
8.8.1
Mississippi
Valley
-Туре
Deposits of the Viburnum Trend
(USA)
. 819
8.8.2
Alpine-Type Deposits
. 821
8.8.3
Irish Midlands Deposits
. 823
8.8.4
Models of Ore Genesis for
MVT
Ore Systems
. 825
8.8.5
The Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag-V Deposits of the Otavi Mountain
Land, Namibia
. 828
8.8.6
MVT
Deposits of the Lennard Shelf, Western
Australia
. 840
8.8.7
MVT
Deposits in the North Sea?
. 843
8.9
Iron Formations and Manganese Deposits
. 843
8.9.1
Iron Formation Ore Systems and Genetic Models
. 850
8.9.2
Granular Iron Formation of the Palaeoproteroroic
Earaheedy Basin, Western Australia
. 857
8.9.3
Manganese Oxide Ores
. 861
Contents
8.10
Metalliferous
Sediments
on Seafloors
. 864
8.11
Concluding Remarks
. 866
References
. 867
Orogenic, Amagmatic and
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems of Uncertain
Origin
. 885
9.1
Introduction
. 885
9.2
Orogenic and Metamorphism-Related Lode Systems
. 887
9.2.1
Metamorphism and Fluid Generation;
Metamorphogenic
Hydrothermal
Systems
. 895
9.2.2
Fluid Paths: Shear Zones, Faults and Thrust
Faults
. 904
9.2.3
Veins in Metamorphic Rocks
. 907
9.2.4
Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Systematics
. 909
9.3
Orogenic Lodes
. 909
9.3.1
Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
. 915
9.3.2
Hemlo Au-Mo Deposit, Abitibi-Wawa Greenstone Belt,
Superior Province, Canada
. 920
9.3.3
Muruntau, Uzbekistan
. 925
9.3.4
Sukhoi Log Au-PGE Deposit of the Lena Goldfield,
Russia; Multi-Stage Origin with a Late Metamorphic
Overprint
. 929
9.3.5
Orogenic
Au
Lodes of the South Island, New Zealand
. 935
9.3.6
Precious Metal Lode Deposits in the North China Craton
944
9.3.7
Orogenic Lodes and Lamprophyres
. 963
9.4
Carlin-Type Gold Deposits
. 965
9.4.1
Carlin
Deposits of Nevada, Western USA
. 966
9.4.2
The
Carlin
Deposit
. 969
9.4.3
Genetic Models
. 971
9.5
Metalliferous Black Shales
. 974
9.5.1
Mo-Ni-V-PGE-Au in Black Shales, Southern China:
Seafloor Venting, Seawater Precipitation, or
Impact-Related?
. 976
9.6
Nonsulphide Mineral Systems
. 981
9.6.1
Classification and Genetic Models
. 982
9.6.2
Magellan Pb Deposit, Western Australia
. 985
9.6.3 Skorpion,
Namibia
. 989
9.7
Amagmatic
Hydrothermal
Systems Related to High Heat
Producing Granites
. 990
9.7.1
Southwest England and Cornwall High Heat Producing
Granites and Associated
Hydrothermal
Systems
. 992
9.7.2
Central Australian Heat Flow Province
. 995
9.8
An Unusual Amagmatic Mineral System in Inglefield Land, NW
Greenland
. 997
9.8.1
Mineralisation in Northeastern Inglefield Land
. 1000
xviii
Contents
9.8.2
Origin of the Rust Zones and Ore Genesis: A New
Mineralisation Style?
. 1002
9.9
Concluding Remarks
. 1007
References
. 1009
10 Hydrothermal
Systems and the Biosphere
. 1025
10.1
Introduction
.1025
10.2
The Emergence of Life on Earth
.1026
10.2.1
Panspermia
. 1030
10.2.2
Synthesis of Prebiotic Molecules, Organic Soups and
Warm Little Ponds?
. 1032
10.2.3
Sulphide Bubbles in Seafloor
Hydrothermal
Vents.
. . 1033
10.2.4
Models Based on Minerals Other than Sulphides
. 1036
10.2.5
The First Signs of Life on Earth and the Great Oxi¬
dation Event
. 1037
10.2.6
Is Life Being Created Today?
. 1044
10.3 Hydrothermal
Systems and the Biosphere; the Role of Bacteria
in Ore Genesis
.1046
10.3.1
High-Temperature Ecosystems Associated with
Mineralisation
.1050
10.3.2
Microbes Inside Rocks and in the Deep Subsurface
. . 1062
10.3.3
Role of Bacteria in the Weathering Profile
.1064
10.4
Gas Hydrates, Mud Volcanoes, Seafloor Seeps,
Methanogens
and Chemosynthetic Communities
.1065
10.4.1
Hydrate Ridge
.1068
10.4.2
Mud Volcanoes and Gas Hydrate Constructs in the
Geological Record
.1071
10.5 Hydrothermal
Ecosystems in the Geological Record
.1073
10.5.1
The
Rio Tinto
Basin, Spain
. 1073
10.5.2
Cretaceous Polymetallic Ore Deposit in Georgia
. 1077
10.5.3
Mid-Palaeozoic Hot Spring Deposits and Associated
Ecosystems, Queensland, Australia
. 1077
10.5.4
Palaeo- to Mesoarchaean Ecosystems Associated with
Hydrothermal
Activity in the East Pilbara Terrane
. . 1079
10.6
Concluding Remarks
. 1087
References
. 1088
11 Hydrothermal
Processes Associated with Meteorite Impacts
. 1097
11.1
Introduction
.1097
11.2
Asteroid and Cometary Impacts and
Hydrothermal
Circulation
.1098
11.2.1
A Working Model
.1100
11.3
Mineral Deposits and Impact Structures
.1102
11.3.1
The Sudbury
Hydrothermal
System
.1103
11.3.2
The Lockne Impact Structure
.1105
Contents xix
11.3.3
The Vredefort
Meteorite Impact and the Case for
Witwatersrand Gold
. 1106
11.4
Australian Examples of Impact-Related
Hydrothermal
Activity
.1111
11.4.1
Shoemaker Impact Structure
. 1112
11.4.2
Yarrabubba Impact Structure
. 1118
11.4.3
Woodleigh Impact Structure
. 1121
11.5
Concluding Remarks
. 1126
References
. 1126
12 Hydrothermal
Processes and Systems on Other Planets and Satellites:
Clues for the Search of Extraterrestrial Life
. 1131
12.1
Introduction
.1131
12.2
Extraterrestrial Water
.1131
12.3
Mars
.1133
12.3.1
Volcanism, Rifting and Mantle Plumes
. 1139
12.3.2
The Findings by the Spirit and Opportunity
Rovers
. 1145
12.3.3
The Findings of the OMEGA Mission and Their
Implications
. 1149
12.3.4
Water and Potential
Hydrothermal
Systems
on Mars
. 1152
12.3.5
Impact Craters
. 1162
12.4 Europa,
Ganymede, Enceladus and Titan
.1163
12.4.1 Europa. 1164
12.4.2
Ganymede
. 1170
12.4.3
Enceladus
. 1174
12.4.4
Titan
. 1177
12.5
Where to in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life?
.1181
12.5.1
Where There is Water There is Life?
. 1182
12.5.2
The Search for Extraterrestrial Life
. 1183
12.6
Concluding Remarks
.1201
References
. 1203
13
Uranium
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems
. 1213
13.1
Introduction
.1213
13.2
Uranium Geochemistry and Decay Schemes
.1214
13.2.1
Organic Geochemistry of Uranium
. 1216
13.2.2
Decay Schemes
. 1218
13.3
Uranium
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems
.1220
13.3.1
Plutonic Associations
. 1224
13.3.2
Unconformity-Related
U
Deposits
. 1229
13.3.3
Sandstone-Hosted/Roll Front
U
Deposits
. 1235
13.3.4
Time-Bound Character of
U
Mineral
Systems
. 1237
xx Contents
13.4
Concluding Remarks
.1238
References
. 1239
Index
. 1243 |
| adam_txt |
Contents
1 Water and Hydrothermal
Fluids on Earth
. 1
1.1
Introduction
. 1
1.2
Origin of Water; Sea and Surface Waters
. 5
1.2.1
Seawater
. 9
1.2.2
Surface Water
. 13
1.2.3
Groundwater
. 15
1.3
Structure and Properties of Water;
Hydration
and Hydrolysis
. 17
1.4 Hydrothermal
Fluids
. 18
1.4.1
Solubility and Boiling
. 22
1.4.2
Acid-Base Nomenclature
. 23
1.4.3
Redox
Potential
. 24
1.4.4
Chemical Potential, Chemical Activity,
Fugacity,
Oxygen
Fugacity
. 26
1.4.5
Hot Springs
. 30
1.4.6
Fluid Inclusions
. 38
1.4.7
Dissolved Constituents and Metals Partitioning in
Hydrothermal
Solutions
. 42
1.4.8
The Role of Complex Ions and Ligands in
Hydrothermal
Fluids
. 44
1.4.9
Complex Ions in
Hydrothermal
Solutions
. 47
1.4.10
Precipitation of Solutes and Metal Deposition
. 50
1.4.11
Isotopie
Tracers
. 51
1.5
Concluding Remarks
. 64
References
. 65
2 Hydrothermal
Processes and Wall Rock Alteration
. 73
2.1
Introduction
. 73
2.1.1
The Main Components of
a
Hydrothermal
System
. 74
2.1.2
Magma Degassing and
Magmatic
Hydrothermal
Systems
80
2.2
Role of
Volatiles
in Granitic Magmas
. 86
2.3 Hydrothermal
Alteration
. 90
2.3.1
Hydrogen Ion Metasomatism (Hydrolytic Alteration)
and Base Cation Exchange
. 91
Contents
2.3.2
Styles
and Types of
Hydrothermal
Alteration
. 94
2.4
Intrusion-Related Alkali Metasomatism
. 104
2.4.1
Sodic
Metasomatism and Albitites
. 104
2.4.2
Potassio
Metasomatism and Microclinites
. 105
2.5
Alkali Metasomatism (Fenites) in Anorogenic Ring Complexes
106
2.5.1
Fenites
. 107
2.6
Alteration in Porphyry Systems
.
Ill
2.6.1
Lowell-Guilbert and Breccia Pipe Models
. 114
2.6.2
Diorite
Model
. 117
2.6.3 Hydrothermal
Alteration in
Climax
-Туре
Porphyry Mo
Systems
. 117
2.7
Skarns
. 119
2.8
Alteration in Epithermal Systems
. 120
2.8.1
Siliceous Precipitates, Self-Sealing and
Hydrothermal
Breccias
. 122
2.9 Hydrothermal
Alteration in Submarine Mineral Systems
. 124
2.9.1 Hydrothermal
Alteration in Kuroko-Type Mineral
Systems
. 125
2.9.2
Oceanic Crust
Hydrothermal Metamorphism. 126
2.10
Other Types of Alteration
. 131
2.10.1
Tourmalinisation
. 132
2.10.2
Serpentinisation and Talc-Carbonate Alteration
. 133
2.10.3
Hematitisation and Fe-Rich Alteration
. 135
2.10.4
Carbonatisation and Dolomitisation
. 136
2.11
Metamorphism of Hydrothermally Altered Rock
. 137
2.12
Geochemical Signatures and
Isotopie
Tracers
. 143
2.12.1
Geochemistry
. 143
2.12.2
Isotopie
Tracers
. 151
2.13
Detection of
Hydrothermal
Alteration from Spectral Remote
Sensing
. 153
2.14
Concluding Remarks
. 156
References
. 157
Tectonic Settings,
Geodynamics
and Temporal Evolution of
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems
. 165
3.1
Introduction
. 165
3.2
Tectonic Settings and
Geodynamics
of Mineral Systems
. 166
3.2.1
Convergent Plate Boundaries; Arc and Back-Arc
Settings, Collision Tectonics,
. 171
3.2.2
Divergent Plate Boundaries; Mid-Oceanic Ridges,
Passive Margins and Continental Rifting
. 178
3.2.3
Mantle Plumes Tectonics and
Hydrothermal
Systems
. . 187
3.3
Metallogeny and
Geodynamics
. 188
3.4
Temporal Evolution of Ore Systems,
Supercontinent
Cycles and
Global Metallogeny
. 192
Contents
3.5
Concluding Remarks
. 199
References
. 199
Intrusion-Related
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems
. 205
4.1
Introduction
. 205
4.2
Intrusion-Related
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems and Granitic
Magmatism
. 207
4.3 Greisen
Ore Systems
. 218
4.3.1
Greisenisation Processes
. 220
4.3.2
Geochemistry
. 227
4.3.3
Greisen-Style Mineral Systems
. 227
4.3.4
Sn and
W
Geochemistry in the
Greisen
System and
Deposition of Cassiterite and Wolframite
. 228
4.3.5
Tin Deposits Associated with the Felsic Phase of the
Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa
. 230
4.3.6
The Sn-W Deposits of Southwest England, Cornwall
and Portugal
. 238
4.3.7
The
Greisen
Systems of the Tasman Fold Belt System
. . 244
4.3.8
The East Kemptville Sn
Greisen, Nova
Scotia, Canada
. 248
4.3.9
The
Brandberg
West
Greisen
Vein Systems, Namibia
. . 250
4.3.10
The Kalguta
Mo-W-Be-Bi Greisen
System, Southeastern
Altai (Russia)
. 258
4.4
Intrusion-Related Gold, Polymetallic and Uraniferous Vein
Systems and Breccia Pipes
. 260
4.4.1
Scheelite Dome, an Intrusion-Related
Au
Deposit,
Yukon, Canada
. 262
4.4.2
The Kidston Breccia Pipe, Queensland, Australia
. 269
4.4.3
Uraniferous Vein Systems
. 272
4.4.4
Sabie-Pilgrim's Rest, South Africa
. 273
4.4.5
Capricorn Orogen Structurally Controlled
Hydrothermal
Vein (Base and Precious Metals), Western
Australia
. 275
4.4.6
Polymetallic Vein Systems of the Altai (Siberia) and
Northwestern Mongolia (Yustid Rift Zone)
. 277
4.5 Hydrothermal
Systems Associated with Alkaline Magmatism
and Anorogenic Ring Complexes
. 280
4.5.1
Tectonic Settings, Ages and Controls of Intracontinental
Alkaline Magmatism in Africa
. 283
4.5.2
Ore Systems of Alkaline Ring Complexes
. 285
4.6
Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold-Rare Earth Elements-Uranium
Mineral Systems
. 306
4.6.1
Olympic Dam, South Australia
. 312
4.6.2
Vergenoeg Fe
Oxides-Fluorite Deposit, South Africa
. . 322
4.6.3
The
Palabora
Complex (South Africa)
. 326
4.6.4
Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China
328
Contents
4.6.5
Candelaria,
Punta Del
Cobre
District,
Chilean Coastal
Belt
. 336
4.7
Concluding Remarks
. 339
References
. 340
Porphyry Systems; Fossil and Active Epithermal Systems
. 355
5.1
Introduction
. 355
5.2
Porphyry Systems
. 356
5.2.1
Porphyry Systems of Convergent Margins
. 367
5.2.2
Porphyry Systems in Intracontinental Extensional
Tectonic Settings and Volcanic Rifted Margins
. 390
5.2.3
The Oldest Porphyry Systems
. 419
5.3
Fossil and Active Epithermal Systems
. 422
5.3.1
Fossil Epithermal Systems
. 426
5.3.2
Ladolam Epithermal System, Lihir Island, Papua New
Guinea
. 442
5.3.3
Hauraki Goldfield, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand
448
5.3.4
The Epithermal Systems of the
Biga
Peninsula,
Northwestern Anatolia
. 456
5.3.5
Epithermal Systems in the South China Fold Belt
. 463
5.3.6
The
El Indio-Pascua Wpithermal
Belt, Chile
. 475
5.3.7
Epithermal Systems in the Northern Great Basin, USA.
481
5.3.8
The Oldest Epithermal Systems, Archaean Pilbara and
Yilgarn Cratons, Western Australia
. 486
5.4
Active Epithermal Systems (Geothermal Fields)
. 493
5.4.1
Kamchatka Peninsula and
Kurile
Islands
. 497
5.4.2
Geothermal Systems of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New
Zealand
. 500
5.4.3
Geysers-Clear Lake Geothermal System, California,
USA
. 505
5.4.4
The Yellowstone National Park Geothermal System,
USA
. 507
5.4.5
Saltón Sea
. 513
5.4.6
Lake Tanganyika
. 515
5.5
Concluding Remarks
. 516
References
. 517
Skarn
Systems
. 535
6.1
Introduction
. 535
6.2
Copper
Skarns
. 546
6.2.1
Bingham
. 548
6.2.2
Yerington
. 549
6.3
Sn-W and
W
Skaras.
550
6.3.1
Moina Sn-W
Deposit
. 551
6.3.2
King Island Scheelite Deposit
. 552
Contents xv
6.4 Proterozoic
W
Skarns
in the Gascoyne Complex, Western
Australia
. 553
6.5
Gold
Skarns
. 558
6.5.1
Navachab, Namibia
. 560
6.5.2
Gold
Skarns
in China
. 565
6.6
Zinc
Skarns
. 567
6.7
Molybdenum
Skarns
. 568
6.8
Iron
Skarns
. 569
6.9
Iron,
Au, Cu-Mo Skarns
in the Yangzte (Chiangjiang) River
Valley, China
. 570
6.10
The Geodynamic Setting of
Skarn
(and Porphyry)
Metallogenesis in
China
. 573
6.11
Concluding Remarks
. 576
References
. 577
7
Submarine
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems
. 581
7.1
Introduction
. 581
7.2
Physiography of the Ocean Floor
. 583
7.2.1
Mid-Ocean Ridges
. 584
7.2.2
Transform Faults and Fracture Zones
. 586
7.2.3
Seamounts and Volcanic Chains
. 588
7.3
Birth, Life and Death of an Ocean Basin
. 589
7.4
Oceanic
Lithosphère
and Ophiolites
. 592
7.4.1
Ophiolites
. 596
7.5
Submarine
Hydrothermal
Systems: Spreading Centres, Island
Arcs and Seamounts
. 599
7.5.1 Hydrothermal
Processes, Nature of Submarine
Hydrothermal
Fluids and Anatomy of a Seafloor
Sulphide Deposit
. 603
7.5.2 Hydrothermal
Systems at Spreading Centres
. 610
7.5.3
Subduction-Related Submarine
Hydrothermal
Systems
(Island Arcs, Intraoceanic and Intracontinental Back-
Arc Basins)
. 632
7.6
Oceanic Crust-Related (Ophiolite)
Hydrothermal
Mineral
Systems in the Geological Record
. 649
7.6.1
Massive Sulphide Deposits of the Samail Ophiolite,
Oman
. 649
7.6.2
The Cu Deposits of Cyprus Island
. 652
7.6.3
The Besshi-Type Cu Deposits of the Matchless
Amphibolite Belt, Namibia
. 655
7.7
Volcanic-Associated Massive Sulphide Ore Systems (VMS)
. . . 662
7.7.1
Kuroko-Type Mineral Systems
. 665
7.7.2
The Kuroko Deposits of Japan
. 679
7.7.3
Noranda or Abitibi-Type Type Massive Sulphide
Deposits
. 683
xv¡
Contents
7.7.4
The VMS Deposits of Tasmania, Australia
. 687
7.7.5
The Iberian
Pyrite
Belt Massive Sulphide Deposits
. 693
7.7.6
The Oldest VMS: Pilbara Craton, Western
Australia
. 705
7.8
Concluding Remarks
. 713
References
. 715
8
Metalliferous Sediments and Sedimentary Rock-Hosted Stratiform
and/or Stratabound
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems
. 727
8.1
Introduction
. 727
8.2
Basin Formation and Volcano-Sedimentary Successions in
Continental Rifts
. 731
8.3
Fluid Dynamics in Sedimentary Basins
. 736
8.4
The East African Rift System
. 741
8.4.1
Lake Tanganyika
. 748
8.4.2
The Afar Triangle
. 750
8.5
Red Sea Brine Pools
. 751
8.5.1
The Atlantis II Deep
. 756
8.5.2
Mechanisms for the Formation of the Red Sea
Metalliferous Sediments
. 760
8.6
Stratiform and Stratabound Sedimentary Rock-Hosted
Disseminated Cu Sulphides Ore systems
. 761
8.6.1
The Central African Copperbelt
. 766
8.6.2
Stratabound Cu-Ag Deposits of the Irumide Belt in
Southern Africa
. 773
8.6.3
Genetic Models
. 778
8.7
SEDEX Ore Systems
. 781
8.7.1
SEDEX Systems in Australia
. 786
8.7.2
SEDEX Systems in Southern Africa
. 809
8.8
Stratabound Carbonate Rock-Hosted Ore Systems
. 815
8.8.1
Mississippi
Valley
-Туре
Deposits of the Viburnum Trend
(USA)
. 819
8.8.2
Alpine-Type Deposits
. 821
8.8.3
Irish Midlands Deposits
. 823
8.8.4
Models of Ore Genesis for
MVT
Ore Systems
. 825
8.8.5
The Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag-V Deposits of the Otavi Mountain
Land, Namibia
. 828
8.8.6
MVT
Deposits of the Lennard Shelf, Western
Australia
. 840
8.8.7
MVT
Deposits in the North Sea?
. 843
8.9
Iron Formations and Manganese Deposits
. 843
8.9.1
Iron Formation Ore Systems and Genetic Models
. 850
8.9.2
Granular Iron Formation of the Palaeoproteroroic
Earaheedy Basin, Western Australia
. 857
8.9.3
Manganese Oxide Ores
. 861
Contents
8.10
Metalliferous
Sediments
on Seafloors
. 864
8.11
Concluding Remarks
. 866
References
. 867
Orogenic, Amagmatic and
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems of Uncertain
Origin
. 885
9.1
Introduction
. 885
9.2
Orogenic and Metamorphism-Related Lode Systems
. 887
9.2.1
Metamorphism and Fluid Generation;
Metamorphogenic
Hydrothermal
Systems
. 895
9.2.2
Fluid Paths: Shear Zones, Faults and Thrust
Faults
. 904
9.2.3
Veins in Metamorphic Rocks
. 907
9.2.4
Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Systematics
. 909
9.3
Orogenic Lodes
. 909
9.3.1
Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
. 915
9.3.2
Hemlo Au-Mo Deposit, Abitibi-Wawa Greenstone Belt,
Superior Province, Canada
. 920
9.3.3
Muruntau, Uzbekistan
. 925
9.3.4
Sukhoi Log Au-PGE Deposit of the Lena Goldfield,
Russia; Multi-Stage Origin with a Late Metamorphic
Overprint
. 929
9.3.5
Orogenic
Au
Lodes of the South Island, New Zealand
. 935
9.3.6
Precious Metal Lode Deposits in the North China Craton
944
9.3.7
Orogenic Lodes and Lamprophyres
. 963
9.4
Carlin-Type Gold Deposits
. 965
9.4.1
Carlin
Deposits of Nevada, Western USA
. 966
9.4.2
The
Carlin
Deposit
. 969
9.4.3
Genetic Models
. 971
9.5
Metalliferous Black Shales
. 974
9.5.1
Mo-Ni-V-PGE-Au in Black Shales, Southern China:
Seafloor Venting, Seawater Precipitation, or
Impact-Related?
. 976
9.6
Nonsulphide Mineral Systems
. 981
9.6.1
Classification and Genetic Models
. 982
9.6.2
Magellan Pb Deposit, Western Australia
. 985
9.6.3 Skorpion,
Namibia
. 989
9.7
Amagmatic
Hydrothermal
Systems Related to High Heat
Producing Granites
. 990
9.7.1
Southwest England and Cornwall High Heat Producing
Granites and Associated
Hydrothermal
Systems
. 992
9.7.2
Central Australian Heat Flow Province
. 995
9.8
An Unusual Amagmatic Mineral System in Inglefield Land, NW
Greenland
. 997
9.8.1
Mineralisation in Northeastern Inglefield Land
. 1000
xviii
Contents
9.8.2
Origin of the Rust Zones and Ore Genesis: A New
Mineralisation Style?
. 1002
9.9
Concluding Remarks
. 1007
References
. 1009
10 Hydrothermal
Systems and the Biosphere
. 1025
10.1
Introduction
.1025
10.2
The Emergence of Life on Earth
.1026
10.2.1
Panspermia
. 1030
10.2.2
Synthesis of Prebiotic Molecules, Organic Soups and
Warm Little Ponds?
. 1032
10.2.3
Sulphide Bubbles in Seafloor
Hydrothermal
Vents.
. . 1033
10.2.4
Models Based on Minerals Other than Sulphides
. 1036
10.2.5
The First Signs of Life on Earth and the Great Oxi¬
dation Event
. 1037
10.2.6
Is Life Being Created Today?
. 1044
10.3 Hydrothermal
Systems and the Biosphere; the Role of Bacteria
in Ore Genesis
.1046
10.3.1
High-Temperature Ecosystems Associated with
Mineralisation
.1050
10.3.2
Microbes Inside Rocks and in the Deep Subsurface
. . 1062
10.3.3
Role of Bacteria in the Weathering Profile
.1064
10.4
Gas Hydrates, Mud Volcanoes, Seafloor Seeps,
Methanogens
and Chemosynthetic Communities
.1065
10.4.1
Hydrate Ridge
.1068
10.4.2
Mud Volcanoes and Gas Hydrate Constructs in the
Geological Record
.1071
10.5 Hydrothermal
Ecosystems in the Geological Record
.1073
10.5.1
The
Rio Tinto
Basin, Spain
. 1073
10.5.2
Cretaceous Polymetallic Ore Deposit in Georgia
. 1077
10.5.3
Mid-Palaeozoic Hot Spring Deposits and Associated
Ecosystems, Queensland, Australia
. 1077
10.5.4
Palaeo- to Mesoarchaean Ecosystems Associated with
Hydrothermal
Activity in the East Pilbara Terrane
. . 1079
10.6
Concluding Remarks
. 1087
References
. 1088
11 Hydrothermal
Processes Associated with Meteorite Impacts
. 1097
11.1
Introduction
.1097
11.2
Asteroid and Cometary Impacts and
Hydrothermal
Circulation
.1098
11.2.1
A Working Model
.1100
11.3
Mineral Deposits and Impact Structures
.1102
11.3.1
The Sudbury
Hydrothermal
System
.1103
11.3.2
The Lockne Impact Structure
.1105
Contents xix
11.3.3
The Vredefort
Meteorite Impact and the Case for
Witwatersrand Gold
. 1106
11.4
Australian Examples of Impact-Related
Hydrothermal
Activity
.1111
11.4.1
Shoemaker Impact Structure
. 1112
11.4.2
Yarrabubba Impact Structure
. 1118
11.4.3
Woodleigh Impact Structure
. 1121
11.5
Concluding Remarks
. 1126
References
. 1126
12 Hydrothermal
Processes and Systems on Other Planets and Satellites:
Clues for the Search of Extraterrestrial Life
. 1131
12.1
Introduction
.1131
12.2
Extraterrestrial Water
.1131
12.3
Mars
.1133
12.3.1
Volcanism, Rifting and Mantle Plumes
. 1139
12.3.2
The Findings by the Spirit and Opportunity
Rovers
. 1145
12.3.3
The Findings of the OMEGA Mission and Their
Implications
. 1149
12.3.4
Water and Potential
Hydrothermal
Systems
on Mars
. 1152
12.3.5
Impact Craters
. 1162
12.4 Europa,
Ganymede, Enceladus and Titan
.1163
12.4.1 Europa. 1164
12.4.2
Ganymede
. 1170
12.4.3
Enceladus
. 1174
12.4.4
Titan
. 1177
12.5
Where to in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life?
.1181
12.5.1
Where There is Water There is Life?
. 1182
12.5.2
The Search for Extraterrestrial Life
. 1183
12.6
Concluding Remarks
.1201
References
. 1203
13
Uranium
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems
. 1213
13.1
Introduction
.1213
13.2
Uranium Geochemistry and Decay Schemes
.1214
13.2.1
Organic Geochemistry of Uranium
. 1216
13.2.2
Decay Schemes
. 1218
13.3
Uranium
Hydrothermal
Mineral Systems
.1220
13.3.1
Plutonic Associations
. 1224
13.3.2
Unconformity-Related
U
Deposits
. 1229
13.3.3
Sandstone-Hosted/Roll Front
U
Deposits
. 1235
13.3.4
Time-Bound Character of
U
Mineral
Systems
. 1237
xx Contents
13.4
Concluding Remarks
.1238
References
. 1239
Index
. 1243 |
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| id | DE-604.BV035002541 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:40:57Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T09:47:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781402086120 9781402086137 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016671918 |
| oclc_num | 268938597 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XXXII, 1250 S. Ill., graph. Darst. Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Springer Science+Business Media |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Pirajno, Franco Verfasser aut Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems Franco Pirajno [Dordrecht] Springer Science+Business Media 2009 XXXII, 1250 S. Ill., graph. Darst. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Lagerstätte (DE-588)4039443-8 gnd rswk-swf Hydrothermale Phase (DE-588)4292338-4 gnd rswk-swf Hydrothermale Phase (DE-588)4292338-4 s Lagerstätte (DE-588)4039443-8 s DE-604 text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3099553&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016671918&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pirajno, Franco Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems Lagerstätte (DE-588)4039443-8 gnd Hydrothermale Phase (DE-588)4292338-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4039443-8 (DE-588)4292338-4 |
| title | Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems |
| title_auth | Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems |
| title_exact_search | Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems |
| title_full | Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems Franco Pirajno |
| title_fullStr | Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems Franco Pirajno |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems Franco Pirajno |
| title_short | Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems |
| title_sort | hydrothermal processes and mineral systems |
| topic | Lagerstätte (DE-588)4039443-8 gnd Hydrothermale Phase (DE-588)4292338-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lagerstätte Hydrothermale Phase |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3099553&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016671918&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pirajnofranco hydrothermalprocessesandmineralsystems |