Intelligencija i vlastʹ: dinamika vzaimodejstvija ; [dorogomu učitelju Galine Michajlovne Andreevoj posvjaščaem]
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kurgan [u.a.]
PK "Zauralʹe"
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: The intelligentsia and authority. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung auch in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 303 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 5942210829 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | 302_______________________________
ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИЯ И ВЛАСТЬ: ДИНАМИКА ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Стр.
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
................................................................................ 12
Глава
1.
ВЛАСТЬ И ОБЩЕСТВО
............................................... 21
Власть мнимая и власть реальная.
Истоки становления: история свидетельствует
.......................21
Социальная база и социальные ориентиры:
история учит
...........................................................................85
Диалектика цели и средств в системе власти:
история предостерегает
...........................................................96
Два взгляда на развал Советского Союза
..................................111
Глава
2.
СТАТУСНО-РОЛЕВЫЕ ФУНКЦИИ ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИИ:
теоретический курс
................................................122
Интеллектуалы, профессионалы, интеллигенты и интеллигенция:
кто есть кто. Истоки дискуссии
.......................................... 122
Социальная функция интеллигенции в процессе ее становления
.....152
Социологическая интерпретация статуса
и функций интеллигенции в постоянно изменяющемся мире
.....167
Глава
3.
ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИИ И ВЛАСТИ:
ретроспектива и современность
.............................188
Интеллигенция в системе власти
...............................................188
Отношение власти к интеллигенции
..........................................205
Отношение интеллигенции к власти
..........................................227
Глава
4.
ДИНАМИКА СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ РОЛИ
И СТАТУСА ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИИ
..................................242
Детерминация смены вех российской интеллигенции
.................242
Ментальность современной интеллигенции
................................259
Интеллектуальный потенциал общества
.....................................270
ВМЕСТО ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЯ
.........................................................289
ПОСЛЕСЛОВИЕ РЕЦЕНЗЕНТА
...............................................297
Введение
INTRODUCTION
The introduction to this book was actually written before the analysis of the
problems of interaction of the intelligentsia and the authorities. It was rather short
and very briefly disclosed the main idea: the specificity and purposefulness of the
activity of intellectual intelligentsia. But having considered the prolonged discussion
on the reasons of disintegration of the Soviet Union on the pages of the «Literaturnaya
gazeta»,
we deemed it necessary to specify the contents of the widely spread, both in
scientific,
publicistic
literature and ordinary people s sense, the categories:
«intelligentsia», «intellectual», «professional», «specialist».
The well-known aphorism says, Humanity would have gotten rid of a half of its
mistakes if it could specify the notions at the proper time.
M. Antonov s article «Lessons for the future»
was the immediate ground for
paying attention to the meaty characteristics of intelligentsia. In order to avoid
accusation in erroneous interpretation of the author s ideas, we shall cite some
quotations from his article.
«The USSR was destroyed as it had accumulated the critical mass of up-to-
date, shutting down technologies thus making useless whole branches of
production into which the masters of the world invested billions of dollars and
their introduction was prohibited».
«There is hardly any need to expatiate on the external enemies as they even
nowadays demand the internationalization of Russia s natural resources. To expose
the internal enemies, it is necessary to retrace how the people and the intelligentsia
withstood one another through all our history, the struggle of the tsarist autocracy
and
the
boyať s ».
«Both
a boyar,
even being broke, never loses the
boyars
manners, and an
intellectual, being deprived of real privileges, keeps in mind his high birth . It did
not mean that an intellectual is always unpatriotic. He could love his country, but
wished it to become European by its essence».
«In
pre-
Revolutionary Russia Stolypin set a blasphemous goal (from the point of
Russian opinions): to etch all the ideals of equality and to inculcate the feeling of
a master , of an independent master. In short, to create in this country a middle
1
Antonov M.
Lessons for the future
//
Literaturnaya
gazeta,
February
21-27, № 7, 2007.
g
__________________________________
ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИЯ И ВЛАСТЬ: ДИНАМИКА ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ
class (to put it bluntly, the kulaks without regard for any sphere of activity),
which can secure life like the humans live .
«The result of that experiment is frightful. In the civil war the people started
exterminating with frenzy all those who simply looked only like
a barin ,
i.e. a
man belonging to the upper strata of society». That showed what an outrage upon
the people s consciousness was the regime of the latest one hundred years of the
empire
—
from Peter III to Nicholas II».
«For a short period of time after the end of the civil war, the country changed so as if
there never were either enlightened monarchs or liberals educated in a European way.
The Russians, heartened up after a century of oppression, again turned their
country into the only possible home of the people-warrior, i.e. into barracks where
the life proceeds according to the garrison and guard duty rules but not according to
the western social models exhibited in shop windows».
«However, the Soviet intelligentsia did not implement its main task: it did not
arm the people and the authorities with an adequate understanding of the reality. It
could not do it in the main, though. The notions that are in the intellectual s
consciousness do not describe the processes taking place in the country. In the total,
both the leaders of the country and the people, creating the original Russian
civilization, considered that they were building a communist society».
«And what is happening with our country now is explained by the fact that in the
usual crisis (and crises are inevitable from time to time, the present one being caused
by the need of transition to the post-industrial formation), the liberal intelligentsia
decided to prevail and inflicted a mean blow at the sore society. Naturally, the
intellectuals prefer to hush up the above-said reason of the USSR break-up».
«The main blame for the troubles befallen our country is namely on that
intelligentsia. For that intelligentsia it is not important whether the country perishes
or not, for it, above all, is that there is no totalitarianism and in return there are
exchanges and freedom of financial speculations. For Russia it is a must to break
away from the hypnosis imposed by the democratic propaganda. For how long are
we to heed the cultural workers who served gorbachovshchina-yeltsinshchina
(gorbachovry-yeltsinry) being busy with creating bandit serial films and post-modern
art filled with obscene language on stage and screen?»
«Nevertheless, our people showed that they do not accept the life in which there
is no place for social justice and patriotism. The time of boyardom is again coming
to an end quickly and the epoch of new autocracy is setting in. The question is
certainly not in restoring monarchy, as it is archaic... There should be a collective
leadership with a leader (a presidium headed by a chairperson). At that the principle
of indivisibility of power should be maintained».
Введение
.
,
■ 7
«Radical conclusions of the occurred should be made. By the following historic
turn we must bring up a generation of educated people of the new kind... devoted to
the real patriotic ideals and ready to serve not simply the Fatherland, but the regime
as well (it goes without saying: a patriotic and a fair one)».
«And in order not to return to history any more, it is necessary to refute the
myth that as if under socialism there took place a breaking-off with historic Russia.
The history of Russia is the history of relay of three empires . In the times of
Danilovichi empire , the Russian national character and the ideal of a totalitarian
State were formed. For
300
years of the empire of europeanizators the Romanovs...
degraded catastrophically. The USSR restored to life the totalitarian regime and
the Russian man.,The Soviet man was not simply Russian, he was as if a resurrected
moscovite».2
There would be no sense to dwell at length on such an interpretation of the
intelligentsia s role in Russia if M. Antonov s opinion were unique. But accusation
of the intelligentsia for all the misfortunes, whatever befell the society, is
inherent, first of all, to the ordinary consciousness: an intellectual (and what is
more, with spectacles and a hat on) was a swearword in the making stage of the
Soviet society. As to the government, it came from words to deeds: hundreds of
deported representatives of intelligentsia from Russia in the 20ies of the previous
centenary, thousands of those sent to GULag are evidences of its treatment of
the intelligentsia.
.
M. Antonov s article provokes surprise by the fact that this theorist demonstrates
his full ignorance in defining the specificity, status and activity trends of the Russian
intelligentsia from the moment of its coming into being. In the present book we
expose those processes in details, define more exactly the common and the distinctive
of the intelligentsia, intellectuals, professionals and specialists. In the same place
we consider it necessary to attract attention to the fact that the very notion
intelligentsia is of merely Russian origin. Boborykin introduced it into the scientific
turn of speech in the 60ies of the
XIX
century. A. Nikolayev wrote, «Only he/she
will be an intellectual who understands the falsehood of life, sees how we are all
obliged to the people s labour and how the people is doomed to a wretched existence,
and, finally, he/she who wishes to struggle against that falsehood of life, to help
the toilers to organize their life on the new, better bases and spares all his/her
force... The intelligentsia is recognized by its behaviour towards the working-people...
The intelligentsia is moved out by all the classes and by all groups of people». 3
Still before the appearance of the notion intelligentsia , people, aspiring to make
2
ibid.
3
Nikolayev
A.A.
Intelligentsia and people.
-
M.:
1906. -
p.
12-13.
g
_______________
ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИЯ И ВЛАСТЬ: ДИНАМИКА ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ
the people s life easier, were sufficiently active in Russia. Not by chance that after
the revolt of the Decembrists there appeared such a chastooshka (a short folk
verse, usually humorous and topical, sung in a lively manner) in the midst of the
people: /a word for word translation/
In Europe, a shoemaker
To become a gentleman
Rebels, it is quite clear!
At us the revolution was
Excited by the nobility
-
Does it want to be shoemakers?
S. Yelpatievsky gave the following definition to intelligentsia: «Intelligentsia is a
socially thinking and socially feeling part of a society, armed with knowledge, guided
by the social impulses part of the society that in its thoughts and feelings, in its world
outlook and in its social behaviour departs not from the narrow, personal, professional
group or class interests, but from the interests of the whole country, from the people
in general. The cardinal indication in the notion of refinement is in its social character...in
its spiritual essence... The doctor for whom medicine is a mere trade... is not
intelligentsia.4 The lawyer for whom the interests exceeding the limits of his law
business are alien is not intelligentsia».4 Those Russian intelligentsia s words were
not mere words. They were embodied into concrete deeds, e.g. many representatives
of the intelligentsia, having corresponding diplomas and knowledge, abandoned their
comfortable apartments, spheres of interesting personal contacts, their professional
activity and went to the people . They worked there in the severest conditions as
physicians, medical nurses, teachers, pharmaceutical chemists, etc.
The words of R. Ivanov-Razumnik can be cited as the general conclusion in
understanding the purposefulness of the intelligentsia s mission: «It is accepted to
consider any educated person as an intellectual. It is nonsense. No diplomas by
themselves will make an educated person intelligent ... Vice versa, to the
intelligentsia may belong as well manual workers, mental workers, cultured and
uncultured persons, scientists, professors and semi-literate workers if they satisfy
some social-ethical criterion. Consequently, the intelligentsia is an ethical-anti-
Philistinan, socially classless successive group characterized by new creative forms
and ideals and actively introducing them into life in the direction of physical and
mental, social and private liberation of the individual».5
4
Yelpatievsky S.Y. From the talks about intelligentsia. Russian Wealth ,
1904. -
p.68.
5
Ivanov-Razumnik R. What does intelligentsia mean?
-
Berlin,
1920. -
p.U., What does
makhayevschina mean?
-
SPb
- 1908. -
p.
146-147.
Введение
_________________________________________________________________________9
The presented excursus in the understanding of the intelligentsia s nature, specificity
of its conceptions and actions is a must in view of numerous multi-variable
interpretations of the given category and included in it different groups having
actually no relations whatever to the intelligentsia. It is natural that the crossing of
either those or other qualities, peculiar to the intellectuals, professionals, specialists,
is inherent to the intelligentsia, as well, to a certain extent. Thus, for example,
knowledge, scientific thinking, store of theoretical knowledge indispensable for the
intellectuals, independent kinds of specialists and professionals are very important
for the intelligentsia, as well. But the specificity of the intelligentsia is not in that as
it was shown previously. Its main specificity is its moral potential. During many
decades the intelligentsia was in the opposition to the State power and was its active
critic. Up-to-dateness lays other claims to the intelligentsia: instead of a critic of the
power it should become the subject of power. (In order not to mix it with the
intellectuals, professionals and so on, who are named by many «the detachments of
the intelligentsia», we are obliged to add the adjective intelligent to the definition
of intelligentsia. Though, as it is seen in our short introduction
—
it is nonsense equal
to say oily oil , as without intellectuality there is no intelligentsia. Moral criterion
is the essential indication of the intelligentsia.)
The passed century, especially its second half, prepared the appearance of the
new informational civilization. The industrial civilization is gone into the past; new
interrelations, new forms of interaction appeared, processes of globalization are being
formed. It is certain that globalization is understood differently. Some consider it on
the everyday life level, e.g. as the seizure of Russian markets, Russian science and
Russian brains by the Americans. Separate Mass Media stir up that attitude stressing
the needlessness of Russia entering the system of globalization.
Willy-nilly to enter those processes but they do not depend on the wish of people.
It is a historical appropriateness as well as the transition to the informational stage
of the development of a society.. Such stage is characterized, first of all, by the fact
that the values and the contents of the capital change. Nowadays the principal
capital is not lands, factories, natural resources, but the human intellect. Namely
the human potential, human resource is becoming the main subject of reforming the
reality, the principal resource of development. The information technologies condition
the necessity of interaction of not only separate persons or separate groups, but, first
of all, the countries. Its absence means that all the spheres of nation s life activity
lag behind economics, politics,
socio-culture, etc.
That is why sociologists disclose
the contents of the category globalization as the interconditionality and interaction
of all the processes happening in separate countries and in the world as a whole.
IQ
__________________________
ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИЯ И ВЛАСТЬ: ДИНАМИКА ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ
There is no doubt that conflicts between personalities, social groups, nations and
States take place. On the one hand, there are different nations with their traditions,
with their culture created for centuries. That is the centripetal force holding a given
nation together. From the other hand, globalization is a distinctive centrifugal force
breaking off, to a certain degree, the formed social-cultural bonds, equalizing all the
nations in the technological, market, economy aspects. Hence springs up a trauma in
connection with the lack of certain conditions of transition from the habitual traditions
to the modern processes. The modern policy is called upon to gradually prepare the
society of this or that country for its optimal functioning in the conditions of
informational civilization. Unfortunately, separate leaders frequently try to change
the situation with hasty decisions regardless of the real conditions, of the specificity
of the development of concrete States, of the common conformities to natural law,
and, as a rule, they are guided by their own ambitions.
Nowadays there are lots of examples of such deplorable policy and its results
become apparent at the hot points of our planet. At the present stage of the world
association development, the policy of tolerance is a must; it is necessary to create
a legal foundation of the globalization processes, and in organizing the single system
of interaction within the all-world association there is a need for gradualness and
consideration. On the one hand it is necessary to understand that not a single
culture6 can preserve itself absolutely autonomous, defend itself from other influences;
in any case culture is the synthesis of different cultures and that should be fixed by
the within State and intergovernmental laws. On the other hand there should exist
a legal shield against the ousting of one culture by another one. Only with a
certain balance of those processes, it is possible to attain a relative painless transition
to the globalization processes begot by the informational civilization.
V. Barinov names the informational society as the highest, in comparison with
all the previous ones, level of development of the human society. A. Podberiozkin
and
E. Ivanov
consider that the ultimate aim of the political and State building at
the modern stage of development of the world commonwealth is the transition to
the informational stage. That stage is a necessity for creating the society, which will
be able to concede the optimal conditions for the development and self-realization
of moral, competent, inspired personalities. The intellectual potential of States is
determined (already now and the more so in the perspective) is determined by the
level
öf
intellect of their citizens. «The nation and the State, as those authors write,
is the sum total of personalities but not a dull mass . The sum total·of nils as a
result gives only a nil. And vice versa, the sum of outstanding personalities, great
6
We regard culture here in the broad sense of the notion, as the way and the result of human
and social activity in all their spheres, as nature s other existence .
.
Введение
potentials, gives an enormous national potential, which in its turn is the locomotive
of globalization».7
But, having agreed with the above named creative characteristics of globalization,
it is impossible to keep in the background its destructive force. The informational
civilization, engendering interconditionality of various processes of the world
commonwealth s functioning, can indeed secure the potential unprecedented
development of the humanity. At the same time, there springs up a possibility to
destroy it by using the newest technologies.
Such a possible dichotomic result brings up the question: what is to be done in
the modern established situation? Naturally, the answer to that question does not
depend on the nations inhabiting these or those countries. It does depend either on
the intellectuals, professionals, specialists or the intelligentsia. When the A-bombs
were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the order of the USA president Truman,
Oppenheimer,
one of the scientific group leaders created the A-bomb, came to him
and said with horror, «What you have done, Mr. President! I cannot live, I cannot
sleep, my hands are covered with blood». Truman ordered that
Oppenheimer
should
not be let in to him any more...
Every subject of power uses the cover in the name of the people , but very rarely
lends an ear to the people s voice. That is why the main idea of our work is the thesis:
the intellectual intelligentsia in Russia should become the subject of power.
And, please, don t take us for daydreamers,
Utopists!
In the end of the
XIX
century
N.
Berdyayev, R. Ivanov-Razumnik, P. Lavrov, R. Vipper, D. Ovsyaniko-
Kulikovsky
et al
were not called realists. Nevertheless, it is recognized today that
they actually paved the way for the October Revolution. Though it took more than
fifty years. The historic pace of development is increasing. The analysis of modern
Russian scientific and
publicistic
literature witnesses the presence of protest movement
in relation to different forms of increasing authoritarianism, to the corrupt union of
the power with business retaining their positions, to the adoption of hasty, unverified
on effectiveness of laws in draft and reforms.
Such situation, to our opinion, is not an index of the incompetence of the authorities
but is an index of their dependency on the certain interested groups. In connection
with that, it is possible to conclude that the society is made sufficiently ready for a
gradual change of the subject of power and transfer of plenary powers to the intelligent
intelligentsia. The most complicated at that is the question of elaborating a system of
moral maturity indicators and checking their presence in one or other subject. That
problem may be solved only with joint efforts of numerous sociology collectives and
experts to bring to light the compliance of personal grades of the potential subjects
of authoritative structures, the essence and orientation of their activity.
7
Podberyezkin
Α.,
Ivanov E.
In the search of a new algorithm of development
//
Free thought
magazine.
-XXI, N3. 2005,
p.103-104.
|
| adam_txt |
302_
ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИЯ И ВЛАСТЬ: ДИНАМИКА ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Стр.
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
. 12
Глава
1.
ВЛАСТЬ И ОБЩЕСТВО
. 21
Власть мнимая и власть реальная.
Истоки становления: история свидетельствует
.21
Социальная база и социальные ориентиры:
история учит
.85
Диалектика цели и средств в системе власти:
история предостерегает
.96
Два взгляда на развал Советского Союза
.111
Глава
2.
СТАТУСНО-РОЛЕВЫЕ ФУНКЦИИ ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИИ:
теоретический курс
.122
Интеллектуалы, профессионалы, интеллигенты и интеллигенция:
кто есть кто. Истоки дискуссии
. 122
Социальная функция интеллигенции в процессе ее становления
.152
Социологическая интерпретация статуса
и функций интеллигенции в постоянно изменяющемся мире
.167
Глава
3.
ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИИ И ВЛАСТИ:
ретроспектива и современность
.188
Интеллигенция в системе власти
.188
Отношение власти к интеллигенции
.205
Отношение интеллигенции к власти
.227
Глава
4.
ДИНАМИКА СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ РОЛИ
И СТАТУСА ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИИ
.242
Детерминация смены вех российской интеллигенции
.242
Ментальность современной интеллигенции
.259
Интеллектуальный потенциал общества
.270
ВМЕСТО ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЯ
.289
ПОСЛЕСЛОВИЕ РЕЦЕНЗЕНТА
.297
Введение
INTRODUCTION
The introduction to this book was actually written before the analysis of the
problems of interaction of the intelligentsia and the authorities. It was rather short
and very briefly disclosed the main idea: the specificity and purposefulness of the
activity of intellectual intelligentsia. But having considered the prolonged discussion
on the reasons of disintegration of the Soviet Union on the pages of the «Literaturnaya
gazeta»,
we deemed it necessary to specify the contents of the widely spread, both in
scientific,
publicistic
literature and ordinary people's sense, the categories:
«intelligentsia», «intellectual», «professional», «specialist».
The well-known aphorism says, "Humanity would have gotten rid of a half of its
mistakes if it could specify the notions" at the proper time.
M. Antonov's article «Lessons for the future»
'
was the immediate ground for
paying attention to the meaty characteristics of intelligentsia. In order to avoid
accusation in erroneous interpretation of the author's ideas, we shall cite some
quotations from his article.
«The USSR was destroyed as it had accumulated the critical mass of up-to-
date, "shutting down" technologies thus making useless whole branches of
production into which "the masters of the world" invested billions of dollars and
their introduction was prohibited».
«There is hardly any need to expatiate on the external enemies as they even
nowadays demand the "internationalization" of Russia's natural resources. To expose
the internal enemies, it is necessary to retrace how the people and the intelligentsia
withstood one another through all our history, the struggle of "the tsarist autocracy"
and
"
the
boyať's'».
«Both
a boyar,
even being broke, never loses the
boyars'
manners, and an
intellectual, being deprived of real privileges, keeps in mind his "high birth". It did
not mean that an intellectual is always unpatriotic. He could love his country, but
wished it to become European by its essence».
«In
pre-
Revolutionary Russia Stolypin set a blasphemous goal (from the point of
Russian opinions): to etch all the ideals of equality and to inculcate the "feeling of
a master", of an independent master. In short, to create in "this country" a "middle
1
Antonov M.
Lessons for the future
//
Literaturnaya
gazeta,
February
21-27, № 7, 2007.
g
_
ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИЯ И ВЛАСТЬ: ДИНАМИКА ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ
class" (to put it bluntly, the kulaks without regard for any sphere of activity),
which can secure life "like the humans live".
«The result of that experiment is frightful. In the civil war the people started
exterminating with frenzy all those who simply looked only like
"a barin",
i.e. a
man belonging to the upper strata of society». That showed what an outrage upon
the people's consciousness was the regime of the latest one hundred years of the
empire
—
from Peter III to Nicholas II».
«For a short period of time after the end of the civil war, the country changed so as if
there never were either "enlightened monarchs" or liberals educated in a European way.
The Russians, heartened up after a century of oppression, again turned their
country into the only possible home of the people-warrior, i.e. into barracks where
the life proceeds according to the garrison and guard duty rules but not according to
the western social models exhibited in shop windows».
«However, the Soviet intelligentsia did not implement its main task: it did not
arm the people and the authorities with an adequate understanding of the reality. It
could not do it in the main, though. The notions that are in the intellectual's
consciousness do not describe the processes taking place in the country. In the total,
both the leaders of the country and the people, creating the original Russian
civilization, considered that they were building a communist society».
«And what is happening with our country now is explained by the fact that in the
usual crisis (and crises are inevitable from time to time, the present one being caused
by the need of transition to the post-industrial formation), the liberal intelligentsia
decided to prevail and inflicted a mean blow at the sore society. Naturally, the
intellectuals prefer to hush up the above-said reason of the USSR break-up».
«The main blame for the troubles befallen our country is namely on that
intelligentsia. For that intelligentsia it is not important whether the country perishes
or not, for it, above all, is that there is no totalitarianism and in return there are
exchanges and freedom of financial speculations. For Russia it is a must to break
away from the hypnosis imposed by the "democratic" propaganda. For how long are
we to heed the "cultural workers" who served "gorbachovshchina-yeltsinshchina"
(gorbachovry-yeltsinry) being busy with creating bandit serial films and "post-modern
art" filled with obscene language on stage and screen?»
«Nevertheless, our people showed that they do not accept the life in which there
is no place for social justice and patriotism. The time of "boyardom" is again coming
to an end quickly and the epoch of new autocracy is setting in. The question is
certainly not in restoring monarchy, as it is archaic. There should be a collective
leadership with a leader (a presidium headed by a chairperson). At that the principle
of indivisibility of power should be maintained».
Введение
.
,
■ 7
«Radical conclusions of the occurred should be made. By the following historic
turn we must bring up a generation of educated people of the new kind. devoted to
the real patriotic ideals and ready to serve not simply the Fatherland, but the regime
as well (it goes without saying: a patriotic and a fair one)».
«And in order not to return to history any more, it is necessary to refute the
myth that as if under socialism there took place a breaking-off with historic Russia.
The history of Russia is the history of relay of three "empires". In the times of
"Danilovichi empire", the Russian national character and the ideal of a totalitarian
State were formed. For
300
years of the empire of europeanizators the Romanovs.
degraded catastrophically. The USSR restored to life the totalitarian regime and
the Russian man.,The Soviet man was not simply Russian, he was as if a "resurrected"
moscovite».2
There would be no sense to dwell at length on such an interpretation of the
intelligentsia's role in Russia if M. Antonov's opinion were unique. But accusation
of the intelligentsia for all the misfortunes, whatever befell the society, is
inherent, first of all, to the ordinary consciousness: an intellectual (and what is
more, with spectacles and a hat on) was a swearword in the making stage of the
Soviet society. As to the government, it came from words to deeds: hundreds of
deported representatives of intelligentsia from Russia in the 20ies of the previous
centenary, thousands of those sent to GULag are evidences of its treatment of
the intelligentsia.
.
M. Antonov's article provokes surprise by the fact that this "theorist" demonstrates
his full ignorance in defining the specificity, status and activity trends of the Russian
intelligentsia from the moment of its coming into being. In the present book we
expose those processes in details, define more exactly the common and the distinctive
of the intelligentsia, intellectuals, professionals and specialists. In the same place
we consider it necessary to attract attention to the fact that the very notion
"intelligentsia" is of merely Russian origin. Boborykin introduced it into the scientific
turn of speech in the 60ies of the
XIX
century. A. Nikolayev wrote, «Only he/she
will be an intellectual who understands the falsehood of life, sees how we are all
obliged to the people's labour and how the people is doomed to a wretched existence,
and, finally, he/she who wishes to struggle against that falsehood of life, to help
the toilers to organize their life on the new, better bases and spares all his/her
force. The intelligentsia is recognized by its behaviour towards the working-people.
The intelligentsia is moved out by all the classes and by all groups of people». 3
Still before the appearance of the notion "intelligentsia", people, aspiring to make
2
ibid.
3
Nikolayev
A.A.
Intelligentsia and people.
-
M.:
1906. -
p.
12-13.
g
_
ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИЯ И ВЛАСТЬ: ДИНАМИКА ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ
the people's life easier, were sufficiently active in Russia. Not by chance that after
the revolt of the Decembrists there appeared such a "chastooshka" (a short folk
verse, usually humorous and topical, sung in a lively manner) in the midst of the
people: /a word for word translation/
In Europe, a shoemaker
To become a gentleman
Rebels, it is quite clear!
At us the revolution was
Excited by the nobility
-
Does it want to be shoemakers?
S. Yelpatievsky gave the following definition to intelligentsia: «Intelligentsia is a
socially thinking and socially feeling part of a society, armed with knowledge, guided
by the social impulses part of the society that in its thoughts and feelings, in its world
outlook and in its social behaviour departs not from the narrow, personal, professional
group or class interests, but from the interests of the whole country, from the people
in general. The cardinal indication in the notion of refinement is in its social character.in
its spiritual essence. The doctor for whom medicine is a mere trade. is not
intelligentsia.4 The lawyer for whom the interests exceeding the limits of his law
business are alien is not intelligentsia».4 Those Russian intelligentsia's words were
not mere words. They were embodied into concrete deeds, e.g. many representatives
of the intelligentsia, having corresponding diplomas and knowledge, abandoned their
comfortable apartments, spheres of interesting personal contacts, their professional
activity and went "to the people". They worked there in the severest conditions as
physicians, medical nurses, teachers, pharmaceutical chemists, etc.
The words of R. Ivanov-Razumnik can be cited as the general conclusion in
understanding the purposefulness of the intelligentsia's mission: «It is accepted to
consider any educated person as an intellectual. It is nonsense. No diplomas by
themselves will make an "educated" person "intelligent". Vice versa, to the
intelligentsia may belong as well manual workers, mental workers, "cultured" and
"uncultured" persons, scientists, professors and semi-literate workers if they satisfy
some social-ethical criterion. Consequently, the intelligentsia is an ethical-anti-
Philistinan, socially classless successive group characterized by new creative forms
and ideals and actively introducing them into life in the direction of physical and
mental, social and private liberation of the individual».5
4
Yelpatievsky S.Y. From the talks about intelligentsia. "Russian Wealth",
1904. -
p.68.
5
Ivanov-Razumnik R. What does "intelligentsia" mean?
-
Berlin,
1920. -
p.U., What does
"makhayevschina" mean?
-
SPb
- 1908. -
p.
146-147.
Введение
_9
The presented excursus in the understanding of the intelligentsia's nature, specificity
of its conceptions and actions is a must in view of numerous multi-variable
interpretations of the given category and included in it different groups having
actually no relations whatever to the intelligentsia. It is natural that the crossing of
either those or other qualities, peculiar to the intellectuals, professionals, specialists,
is inherent to the intelligentsia, as well, to a certain extent. Thus, for example,
knowledge, scientific thinking, store of theoretical knowledge indispensable for the
intellectuals, independent kinds of specialists and professionals are very important
for the intelligentsia, as well. But the specificity of the intelligentsia is not in that as
it was shown previously. Its main specificity is its moral potential. During many
decades the intelligentsia was in the opposition to the State power and was its active
critic. Up-to-dateness lays other claims to the intelligentsia: instead of a critic of the
power it should become the subject of power. (In order not to mix it with the
intellectuals, professionals and so on, who are named by many «the detachments of
the intelligentsia», we are obliged to add the adjective "intelligent" to the definition
of intelligentsia. Though, as it is seen in our short introduction
—
it is nonsense equal
to say "oily oil", as without intellectuality there is no intelligentsia. Moral criterion
is the essential indication of the intelligentsia.)
The passed century, especially its second half, prepared the appearance of the
new informational civilization. The industrial civilization is gone into the past; new
interrelations, new forms of interaction appeared, processes of globalization are being
formed. It is certain that globalization is understood differently. Some consider it on
the everyday life level, e.g. as the seizure of Russian markets, Russian science and
Russian brains by the Americans. Separate Mass Media stir up that attitude stressing
the needlessness of Russia entering the system of globalization.
Willy-nilly to enter those processes but they do not depend on the wish of people.
It is a historical appropriateness as well as the transition to the informational stage
of the development of a society. Such stage is characterized, first of all, by the fact
that the values and the contents of the capital change. Nowadays the principal
capital is not lands, factories, natural resources, but the human intellect. Namely
the human potential, human resource is becoming the main subject of reforming the
reality, the principal resource of development. The information technologies condition
the necessity of interaction of not only separate persons or separate groups, but, first
of all, the countries. Its absence means that all the spheres of nation's life activity
lag behind economics, politics,
socio-culture, etc.
That is why sociologists disclose
the contents of the category "globalization" as the interconditionality and interaction
of all the processes happening in separate countries and in the world as a whole.
IQ
_
ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИЯ И ВЛАСТЬ: ДИНАМИКА ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ
There is no doubt that conflicts between personalities, social groups, nations and
States take place. On the one hand, there are different nations with their traditions,
with their culture created for centuries. That is the centripetal force holding a given
nation together. From the other hand, globalization is a distinctive centrifugal force
breaking off, to a certain degree, the formed social-cultural bonds, equalizing all the
nations in the technological, market, economy aspects. Hence springs up a trauma in
connection with the lack of certain conditions of transition from the habitual traditions
to the modern processes. The modern policy is called upon to gradually prepare the
society of this or that country for its optimal functioning in the conditions of
informational civilization. Unfortunately, separate leaders frequently try to change
the situation with hasty decisions regardless of the real conditions, of the specificity
of the development of concrete States, of the common conformities to natural law,
and, as a rule, they are guided by their own ambitions.
Nowadays there are lots of examples of such deplorable policy and its results
become apparent at the "hot points" of our planet. At the present stage of the world
association development, the policy of tolerance is a must; it is necessary to create
a legal foundation of the globalization processes, and in organizing the single system
of interaction within the all-world association there is a need for gradualness and
consideration. On the one hand it is necessary to understand that not a single
culture6 can preserve itself absolutely autonomous, defend itself from other influences;
in any case culture is the synthesis of different cultures and that should be fixed by
the within State and intergovernmental laws. On the other hand there should exist
a legal "shield" against the "ousting" of one culture by another one. Only with a
certain balance of those processes, it is possible to attain a relative "painless" transition
to the globalization processes begot by the informational civilization.
V. Barinov names the informational society as the highest, in comparison with
all the previous ones, level of development of the human society. A. Podberiozkin
and
E. Ivanov
consider that the ultimate aim of the political and State building at
the modern stage of development of the world commonwealth is the transition to
the informational stage. That stage is a necessity for creating the society, which will
be able to concede the optimal conditions for the development and self-realization
of moral, competent, inspired personalities. The intellectual potential of States is
determined (already now and the more so in the perspective) is determined by the
level
öf
intellect of their citizens. «The nation and the State, as those authors write,
is the sum total of personalities but not a "dull mass". The sum total·of nils as a
result gives only a nil. And vice versa, the sum of outstanding personalities, great
6
We regard "culture" here in the broad sense of the notion, as the way and the result of human
and social activity in all their spheres, as "nature's other existence".
.
Введение
potentials, gives an enormous national potential, which in its turn is the "locomotive"
of globalization».7
But, having agreed with the above named creative characteristics of globalization,
it is impossible to keep in the background its destructive force. The informational
civilization, engendering interconditionality of various processes of the world
commonwealth's functioning, can indeed secure the potential unprecedented
development of the humanity. At the same time, there springs up a possibility to
destroy it by using the newest technologies.
Such a possible dichotomic result brings up the question: what is to be done in
the modern established situation? Naturally, the answer to that question does not
depend on the nations inhabiting these or those countries. It does depend either on
the intellectuals, professionals, specialists or the intelligentsia. When the A-bombs
were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the order of the USA president Truman,
Oppenheimer,
one of the scientific group leaders created the A-bomb, came to him
and said with horror, «What you have done, Mr. President! I cannot live, I cannot
sleep, my hands are covered with blood». Truman ordered that
Oppenheimer
should
not be let in to him any more.
Every subject of power uses the cover "in the name of the people", but very rarely
lends an ear to the people's voice. That is why the main idea of our work is the thesis:
the intellectual intelligentsia in Russia should become the subject of power.
And, please, don't take us for daydreamers,
Utopists!
In the end of the
XIX
century
N.
Berdyayev, R. Ivanov-Razumnik, P. Lavrov, R. Vipper, D. Ovsyaniko-
Kulikovsky
et al
were not called realists. Nevertheless, it is recognized today that
they actually paved the way for the October Revolution. Though it took more than
fifty years. The historic pace of development is increasing. The analysis of modern
Russian scientific and
publicistic
literature witnesses the presence of protest movement
in relation to different forms of increasing authoritarianism, to the corrupt union of
the power with business retaining their positions, to the adoption of hasty, unverified
on effectiveness of laws in draft and reforms.
Such situation, to our opinion, is not an index of the incompetence of the authorities
but is an index of their dependency on the certain interested groups. In connection
with that, it is possible to conclude that the society is made sufficiently ready for a
gradual change of the subject of power and transfer of plenary powers to the intelligent
intelligentsia. The most complicated at that is the question of elaborating a system of
moral maturity indicators and checking their presence in one or other subject. That
problem may be solved only with joint efforts of numerous sociology collectives and
experts to bring to light the compliance of personal grades of the potential subjects
of authoritative structures, the essence and orientation of their activity.
7
Podberyezkin
Α.,
Ivanov E.
In the search of a new algorithm of development
//
Free thought
magazine.
-XXI, N3. 2005,
p.103-104. |
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| publisher | PK "Zauralʹe" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Barbakova, Kreina G. 1934- Verfasser (DE-588)139633022 aut Intelligencija i vlastʹ dinamika vzaimodejstvija ; [dorogomu učitelju Galine Michajlovne Andreevoj posvjaščaem] K. G. Barbakova ; V. A. Mansurov The intelligentsia and authority Kurgan [u.a.] PK "Zauralʹe" 2007 303 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: The intelligentsia and authority. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung auch in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1850-1920 gnd rswk-swf Sozialstruktur (DE-588)4055898-8 gnd rswk-swf Politische Kultur (DE-588)4046540-8 gnd rswk-swf Intellektueller (DE-588)4027249-7 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Intellektueller (DE-588)4027249-7 s Sozialstruktur (DE-588)4055898-8 s Politische Kultur (DE-588)4046540-8 s Geschichte 1850-1920 z DE-604 Mansurov, Valerij A. Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016669691&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016669691&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Barbakova, Kreina G. 1934- Mansurov, Valerij A. Intelligencija i vlastʹ dinamika vzaimodejstvija ; [dorogomu učitelju Galine Michajlovne Andreevoj posvjaščaem] Sozialstruktur (DE-588)4055898-8 gnd Politische Kultur (DE-588)4046540-8 gnd Intellektueller (DE-588)4027249-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055898-8 (DE-588)4046540-8 (DE-588)4027249-7 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Intelligencija i vlastʹ dinamika vzaimodejstvija ; [dorogomu učitelju Galine Michajlovne Andreevoj posvjaščaem] |
| title_alt | The intelligentsia and authority |
| title_auth | Intelligencija i vlastʹ dinamika vzaimodejstvija ; [dorogomu učitelju Galine Michajlovne Andreevoj posvjaščaem] |
| title_exact_search | Intelligencija i vlastʹ dinamika vzaimodejstvija ; [dorogomu učitelju Galine Michajlovne Andreevoj posvjaščaem] |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Intelligencija i vlastʹ dinamika vzaimodejstvija ; [dorogomu učitelju Galine Michajlovne Andreevoj posvjaščaem] |
| title_full | Intelligencija i vlastʹ dinamika vzaimodejstvija ; [dorogomu učitelju Galine Michajlovne Andreevoj posvjaščaem] K. G. Barbakova ; V. A. Mansurov |
| title_fullStr | Intelligencija i vlastʹ dinamika vzaimodejstvija ; [dorogomu učitelju Galine Michajlovne Andreevoj posvjaščaem] K. G. Barbakova ; V. A. Mansurov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intelligencija i vlastʹ dinamika vzaimodejstvija ; [dorogomu učitelju Galine Michajlovne Andreevoj posvjaščaem] K. G. Barbakova ; V. A. Mansurov |
| title_short | Intelligencija i vlastʹ |
| title_sort | intelligencija i vlastʹ dinamika vzaimodejstvija dorogomu ucitelju galine michajlovne andreevoj posvjascaem |
| title_sub | dinamika vzaimodejstvija ; [dorogomu učitelju Galine Michajlovne Andreevoj posvjaščaem] |
| topic | Sozialstruktur (DE-588)4055898-8 gnd Politische Kultur (DE-588)4046540-8 gnd Intellektueller (DE-588)4027249-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sozialstruktur Politische Kultur Intellektueller Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016669691&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016669691&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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