Socijalizam na istorijskom raskršću: kriza, promene, izgledi
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Beograd
Institut za međunarodnu politiku i privredu
1990
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Englische Zusammenfassung: Socialism at the historical crossroads |
| Beschreibung: | 112 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 8670670089 |
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SADR2AJ
PREDGOVOR. 7
UVOD — dr Branko Pribicevic. 8
OSNOVNA OBELE2JA SAVREMENOG SVETA — dr Bra-
- na Markovic.16
SOCIJALISTICKE ZEMLJE — KRIZA SISTEMA I REFOR-
ME — dr Branko Pribicevic.35
SOCIJALISTICKE SNAGE I TEND ENOJE U ZAPADNOJ
EVROPI — dr Zorica Priklmajer.57
SOCIJALIZAM I ZEMLJE U RAZVOJU — dr Zoran Sta-
nojevic i dr Ljubomir Paligoric.71
ZAKLJUCAK — dr Branko Pribicevic . . . . . . 89
REZIME.99
SELEKTIVNA BIBLIOGRAFIJA . 108
CONTENTS
FOREWORD. 7
INTRODUCTION — Dr. Branko Pribicevic . 9
BASIC FEATURES OF CONTEMPORARY WORLD — Dr.
Brana Markovic .16
SOCIALIST COUNTRIES — SYSTEM CRISIS AND RE-
FORMS — Dr. Branko Pribicevic.35
SOCIALIST FORCES AND TENDENCIES IN WESTERN
EUROPE — Dr. Zorica Priklmajer.57
SOCIALISM AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES — Dr. Zo-
ran Stanojevic and D.r. Ljubomir Paligorid . 71
CONCLUSION — Dr. Branko Pribicevic.89
SUMMARY .99
SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY.108
SUMMARY
SOCIALISM AT THE HISTORICAL CROSSROADS —
CRISIS, CHANGES AND PROSPECTS
Three years ago Institute of International Politics and Econo-
mics began work on the extensive comparative research project tit-
led "Conditions and new tendencies in contemporary socialism".
Within the project eleven separate study papers have been elabora-
ted, dealing with various aspects of broad and complex processes
in the contemporary socialism, subject to great and even dramatic
changes in recent times. As an ultimate result of the project
this final, synthetic study has been produced, being written
by a group of prominent Yugoslav researchers. Taking as
starting point the fact that in all study papers mentioned
above, particular problems related to the overall conditions
and tendencies in contemporary socialism have been thorough-
ly analised, in this final study the authors have made efforts
to, in a synthetic and concise way, identify and present all
most significant problems and contradictions relevant for the
present and future development of the socialist processes in
the world. In the focus of this examination are the key issues
all significant groupings and orientations of the contemporary
socialism have faced in the 1980s, laying special emphasis on
the events that took place in the last few years.
In this study it has been assessed that socialism entered
on a world scale a fundamentally new phase during the last
decade. There has been a sufficient number of elements to de-
fine these years as great historical crossroads, as a fateful mo-
ment in the overall historical proces of socialism. Great and
dramatic changes have occured in the development trends of
socialism.
99
The historical epoch of socialism opened by the end of
the Second World War has been completed, the epoch that
could be characterised, in spite of the numerous controversial
tendencies, as the one that has brought particular breakthroughs
being in line with the socialist social transformations, where
the socialist forces have expanded and rose on a great scale.
In the last few years significant and great changes occured
affecting the global international position of socialism. A large
number of socialist forces are facing very difficult problems,
and numerous very disagreeable dilemmas related to this. We
are witnesses of rather substantial accumulation and conver-
gence of adverse development trends. The present historical mo-
ment is characterised by these adverse development trends that
have more or less extended to the all three aspects socialism
appear in — ideas, movement and practices. Socialist ideas have
recently lost a lot of its attractivness and credibility. In recent
years organised socialist forces have experienced serious defeats
in many cases. The most substantial source of concern is the
fact that the social reality of the countries who define their
systems as socialist, have to a great extent failed in what was
forecast and expected.
Trends of crisis have affected many groupings and seg-
ments of the present socialism almost at the same time. They
are the most pronounced among communists, but they are also
present in a different form and to a smaller extent among
sociaidemocrats, socialists, in various groupings of the new left,
among socialist forces in the East and West, in developed and
underdeveloped parts of the world. It is also trade unions who
face serious difficulties and specific challenges.
There are many reasons to speak of the used-up dynamic
and developmental, and particulary emancipatory potentialities
of a large number of conceptions, projects, and "models'' of
the socialist transformation. This, above all, refers to the mo-
del of state socialism that has before long been (for most of
communists) untouchable. There is a specific need for the sub-
stantial reconsideration of the socialdemocratic conception of
"democratic socialism", that faces many temptations and chal-
lenges imposed by great and continuous internal structural
transformations of capitalist countries. Such assessments are
often made when the Yugoslav alternative conception and pro-
ject of socialist self-management are concerned.
100
The socialist forces have very often been behind
their time and they have been considerably failing in facing
many significant and great changes brought by the develop-
ment of the world in the last few decades. This has especially
been apparent in facing great changes brought by the latest
phase of the scientific and technological progress that enables
great opportunities, but also far-reaching adverse social im-
plications. They have also been behind their time in facing a
large number of emancipatory potentialities opened by the so-
cial development, especially in developed regions, as well as in
facing ecological problems and now almost dramatic problems
concerning the growing gap between the developed and under-
developed parts of the world, then problems related to hte
so-called limits of growth and so on.
In many segments and groupings of the present socialism,
willingness and resolutness and, in a large number of cases
skills of the corresponding socialist forces to deal with abso-
lutely necessary critical reconsideration is pronounced, though
being very often behind its time. People are becoming more
and more willing to give up numerous ideas and conceptions
that have apparently not passed the test of historical verifi-
cation.
In order to more completely realize and understand the
problem as a whole and development tendencies of the con-
temporary socialism, it is not enough to consider only the
above mentioned global characteristics, problems and develop-
ment trends. For such understanding it is necessary to con-
sider specific problems significant groupings and segments of
the world socialism are facing. This is necessary, above all,
for the fact that in spite of the above mentioned
common problems, identical or similar development trends, these
groupings and segments often face numerous different problems
as well, and what is particulary significant, facing similar and
even identical problems they often react in very different ways.
For that reason the major part of the study is focused on
full and deep consideration of these issues in particular seg-
ments of the world socialist processes. One whole chapter
deals with the most significant problems of socialist countries,
that is the countries where communist parties are (or have
been not before long) in power. The following chapter pre-
sents the most important factors determining the conditions
101
and tendencies of the left-oriented forces acting in West Euro-
pean developed countries. Then follows the chapter that con-
siders the problems socialist-oriented forces of developing coun-
tries are facing in their efforts to make certain socialist break-
throughs.
On the basis of the research the authors of the study have
made some conclusions concerning the possibilities and pros-
pects to overcome the present moment characterised by great
stagnation and crisis in the development of socialism.
First of all the authors point to the fact that problems
socialist forces all over the world are facing are very serious,
but not unsolvable. The position of many socialist forces is
very difficult, but not hopeless. The process of critical recon-
sideration has been carried out in most of the socialist coun-
tries on a large scale. We are facing phenomena that only two
or three years ago were inconceivable. "Truths" that have not
long before been untouchable and eternal are being destroyed
before us. Discussions on the problems that have not long ago
been "taboo” are being initiated. In many of these countries
(Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and
Yugoslavia) important steps have been taken in creating a ge-
nuine multiparty pluralism and in rejecting the thesis on the
leading role of the communist party as one of the basic ideo-
logical postulates of the Marxist-Leninist conception of socia-
lism and a "prerequisite" for achieving the socialist transfor-
mation. In some countries important steps have been made in
introducing market economy and creating conditions for priva-
te enerpreneurship, as well as in rejecting the centrally plan-
ned state economy management. Great results have been made
in ensuring human rights and freedoms. Using democratic me-
thods, but also by bloody fights (Romania) the last bastions
of stalinist regimes are being overthrown.
Substantial critical reconsideration as well as significant
changes are also present in other parts of the movement. Pro-
gramme and current policy platform of the Italian Communist
Party has in some important elements become closer to the
contemporary socialdemocratie platform than to the traditional
communist one. In socialist and socialdemocratie parties the
process of reconsideration and completing of the traditional
doetrinary and policy platform is in progress again, resulting
in adoption of new programmes in many of these parties. A
102
large number of new social movements demanding changes in
the society and in the field of international relations are emerg-
ing on the political stage.
All this points to the fact that not only the process for
theoretical critical reconsideration has been opened, but in ma-
ny cases tumultuous processes of change, restoration and mo-
dernisation of political options and practices performed by the
corresponding socialist forces, are going on.
The authors point to the fact that willingness and skills
of the socialist forces to follow the way of genuinely radical
changes, thorough critical reconsideration and restoration is
the prerequisite for facing the present great problems, chal-
lenges and temptations in a successful way. The future of so-
cialism will to a great extent depend on willingness of the so-
cialist forces to form and gain support for a new vision, a
new project of socialism that would reflect reality, problems
and discrepancies of the present world, and not those of the
19th or early 20th century. This means that the movement has
to eliminate ideas, various ideological postulates that have not
parsed the verification of historical practices, as wel as to in-
corporate into the project of socialism some new elements,
components that the socialist forces have so far cared very
little for, or that have been completely neglected.
Within the framework of such reconsideration, restoration
and modernization the project of socialism will have to open
a large number of very significant questions. The authors of
this study point to some key issues, being at this moment es-
pecially important and topical.
Historical experience shows that the socialist forces have
to free themselves of the erroneous standpoint according to
which socialism is identified with the total socialisation of all
means of production, hence, that the socialisation of the eco-
nomy is 'The first step" in the process of "building" of a new
society. Such approach implies the revision of the attitude to-
wards the private property and enterpreneurship. The authors
of this study are of the opinion that socialism has to concep-
tualise itself as a society that not only permits but also implies
the existence of pluralism of property relations. The societies
striving to the socialist transformation have to conceptualise
themselves as societies of "mixed" economies. "Mixed" charac-
ter of the economy cannot be considered as something tempo-
103
rary. It must be a basic and long-standing feature of the eco-
nomic structures and economic policies of the countries striv-
ing to the socialist transformation of the society.
In order to have any chance to competing with the mo-
dem capitalism socialism has to prove itself as sucessful, ef-
ficient and on the whole as a system that produces results,
above all, in the sphere of production, and just after that and
in accordance with it, to offer and carry out a different, more
equitable system of income distribution«
In searching for a new conception of socialism it will be
especially significant to offer quite a new synthesis of its mar-
ket and plan dimension. The market and competition are in-
dispensable within the framework of the surroundings estab-
lished in a democratic way, but the market for itself cannot
set the direction the society should follow. Democratic control
of economic power and appropriate authority of the state and
planning in the main streams of the social and economic de-
velopment also prove to be indispensable.
The socialist forces should also free themselves of the sim-
plified vision according to which a new society is reduced to
solving only the conflict between the capital and labour« The
project of socialism cannot be reduced only to this dimension
of the problem, but should be extended and enriched by new
elements. The contemporary world on the whole is facing a
large number of problems of other kind, some of them being
even more important for the overall prospects and future of
the man and human community. The authors point to the fact
that, for instance, "termination of war between the man and
nature" could be more significant for the future of the mank-
ind, and socialism as well, than it could be the overcoming of
"the class struggle between the capital and labour". There is
another significant innovation concerning the traditional socia-
list, and particularly communist thesis on the position of the
traditional working class as a leading, and even exclusive so-
cial basis in the process of the socialist transformation. Pos-
sibilities and prospects of socialism to succeed, especially in
developed countries, will to a great extent depend on the de-
gree to what the socialist forces will be willing and capable of
fighting for a much broader social block composed of diffe-
rent social strata and classes ready to take part in the struggle
for the social transformation.
104
The socialist forces have also to free themselves of some
other traditional utopian ideas and elements, and among other
things, of the conception of socialism as a totally harmonious,
conflictless society, or on the other hand, a society where all
needs of the man could be met at he same time, and where
all social problems could be solved and resolved simultaneous-
ly. It is even in socialism that the society would have to face
the issue related to the social priorities, that is to face a di-
lemma of what problems should be given priority in using
available social funds. The same holds true with the postula-
ted (socialist) targets and values. It is also in socialism that
the society will have to make certain choices — giving prio-
rity to the particular targets and values usually cannot be
achieved without ^pushing into the background" some other
targets and values.
From the very beginnings the representatives of socialism
have stressed that the alternative they offer is the society who
will ensure well-being for all its citizens, and more precisely,
the society who will in a more successful way enable the ci-
tizens to meet all their needs. The socialist alternative cannot
be reduced to a mere promise concerning the existing consu-
mer needs to met in a more successful way. Those needs are
to a great extent not only the reflection of the achieved de-
velopment in developed capitalist countries (the so-called mass
consumption societies), but is also a reflection of the system
of values incorporated into the foundations of those societies,
and of course, a reflection of interests related to the existing
system of the social reproduction as a whole. This sort of
"competition” between capitalism and socialism was acceptable
in the last or present century, but today it cannot be the main
element of the socialist alternative when economic living con-
ditions are concerned. We have on a large scale entered a
phase of development where on an increasing scale the crucial
question would not be the one concerning the system that will
enable the existing consumer needs to be met in a more suc-
cessful way, but the question concerning the system that will
be more successful in forming and winning recognition for the
new system of needs, the system that would not produce des-
truction of environment and available resources, and that would,
consequently, not only be in accordance with the interests of
the present, but also of the future generations.
105
Identification with collectivism and rejection of any kind
of individualism did a lot of harm to the communist vision of
socialism. In practices collectivism was usually manifestated
as an imposed uniformity, "unity of views and interests", what
almost inevitably caused, among other things, the extremely
embarrasing passivisation of broad sections of the people, in-
cluding the substantial fall of motivation for work. In searh-
ing for a new socialism, the authors stress, It will be necessary
to conceptualise a quite new apporach to these problems, to
find systemmic solutions that will open the path for a more
successful linking, synthesis of individual and broad common,
social interests. Instead of the traditional idea that socialism
is a society where unity of interests is predominate, it must
be realized that in socialism differences in interests are not
only unavoidable but quite legitimate, what refers to differen-
ces in views and attitudes as well.
The major question the authors raise is: what is the sub-
stance and aim of the socialist alternative? What bears special
importance, particulary for the communist wing in the workers
and socialist movement, is to genuinely and not only formal-
ly reject the well-known reductionistic interpretation reducing
socialism to the state, social property, to the monistic "socia-
list democracy" where the power is actually executed by one
(communist) party "on behalf of the working class", and free-
dom and justice are achieved under the one-sided interpreta-
tino of general and common interests and targets".
Such values and elements of the economic and political sys-
tem should be incorporated into the new project of socialism,
that would ensure the pluralism of property relations, and
which would not only permit, but also encourage the compe-
tition of different ideas and different individual aspirations and
interests, and enable the pluralism of interests to manifest it-
self in the form of the appropriate political pluralism. The po-
litical and legal system of the socialist society has to ensure
full political rights and freedoms, real democracy, more justice
and equality, solidarity and humanism.
The authors of the study conclude that for many reasons
the future of socialism will to a great extent depend on to
what degree the socialist forces will be willing and capable of
forming and winning recognition for a genuinely new vision,
new concept and project of socialism. The task facing those
106
forces is undoubtedly very complex and difficult, but not un-
solvable. The obstacles to be taken into account are certainly
very serious. The same holds true with the dilemmas and tem-
ptations. However, there are very strong impulses to follow
this way. All this make us conclude, it is said in the study,
that the prospects for achieving the socialist transformation
should be taken as a historical chance and opportunity that
still exists, and by no means as an inevitable fate of the de-
velopment of the human society. The final result of this his-
torical drama will be determined not only by some "objective
laws", but perhaps for the most part, by the degree to what
the socialist forces will be willing and capable of responding
to the challenges they are facing late in the 20th century.
107
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Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)914767385 (DE-599)BVBBV027603844 |
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| geographic | Jugoslawien fes |
| geographic_facet | Jugoslawien |
| id | DE-604.BV027603844 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-05T11:00:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1031581-0 |
| isbn | 8670670089 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026345473 |
| oclc_num | 914767385 |
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| owner_facet | DE-Bo133 DE-12 |
| physical | 112 Seiten |
| publishDate | 1990 |
| publishDateSearch | 1990 |
| publishDateSort | 1990 |
| publisher | Institut za međunarodnu politiku i privredu |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Socijalizam na istorijskom raskršću kriza, promene, izgledi Institut za međunarodnu politiku i privredu. Redaktor Brana Marković Socialism at the historical crossroads Beograd Institut za međunarodnu politiku i privredu 1990 112 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Englische Zusammenfassung: Socialism at the historical crossroads Kommunistische Partei, Innerparteilicher Konflikt fes Sozialismus, Politische Theorie fes Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd rswk-swf Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd rswk-swf Internationales politisches System (DE-588)4125488-0 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien fes Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 s Internationales politisches System (DE-588)4125488-0 s Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 s DE-604 Marković, Brana edt Institut za Međunarodnu Politiku i Privredu (Belgrad) (DE-588)1031581-0 isb Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026345473&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026345473&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026345473&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Socijalizam na istorijskom raskršću kriza, promene, izgledi Kommunistische Partei, Innerparteilicher Konflikt fes Sozialismus, Politische Theorie fes Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd Internationales politisches System (DE-588)4125488-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055785-6 (DE-588)4175047-0 (DE-588)4125488-0 |
| title | Socijalizam na istorijskom raskršću kriza, promene, izgledi |
| title_alt | Socialism at the historical crossroads |
| title_auth | Socijalizam na istorijskom raskršću kriza, promene, izgledi |
| title_exact_search | Socijalizam na istorijskom raskršću kriza, promene, izgledi |
| title_full | Socijalizam na istorijskom raskršću kriza, promene, izgledi Institut za međunarodnu politiku i privredu. Redaktor Brana Marković |
| title_fullStr | Socijalizam na istorijskom raskršću kriza, promene, izgledi Institut za međunarodnu politiku i privredu. Redaktor Brana Marković |
| title_full_unstemmed | Socijalizam na istorijskom raskršću kriza, promene, izgledi Institut za međunarodnu politiku i privredu. Redaktor Brana Marković |
| title_short | Socijalizam na istorijskom raskršću |
| title_sort | socijalizam na istorijskom raskrscu kriza promene izgledi |
| title_sub | kriza, promene, izgledi |
| topic | Kommunistische Partei, Innerparteilicher Konflikt fes Sozialismus, Politische Theorie fes Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd Internationales politisches System (DE-588)4125488-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kommunistische Partei, Innerparteilicher Konflikt Sozialismus, Politische Theorie Sozialismus Politischer Wandel Internationales politisches System Jugoslawien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026345473&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026345473&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026345473&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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