The history of photography: from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York ; St. Louis ; San Francisco
McGraw-Hill Book Company
[1969]
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 599 Seiten 390 Illustrationen |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The history of photography |b from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era |c Helmut Gernsheim ; in collaboration with Alison Gernsheim |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Foreword
Introduction
CONTENTS
page
II
13
I THE PREHISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY 15
1 The history of the camera obscura 17
Origin in the darkened room with small hole for the observation of solar eclipses—gradual
improvement of the images by the addition of lenses and diaphragms—use by artists— scioptric
ball. Portable camera obscura for drawing—tent type—disguised camera obscuras—small
box and reflex cameras ready for photography in 1685—popularity of the camera obscura
as an aid in painting and scientific illustration in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries
—sedan chair, table, and miniature cameras—camera lucida.
2 Photochemical investigations 30
Darkening of silver salts by light not known to the alchemists—Schulze produces light
images on carbonate of silver in 1725—secret writing with nitrate of silver—light sensitivity
of silver .chloride—Dr Lewis a link between Schulze and Wedgwood—Scheele discovers
ammonia as fixing agent and that violet rays are chemically the most active—discovery of
infra-red and ultra-violet rays—Schulze’s observation widely disseminated.
3 Phantoms of photography 35
‘Giphantie’, a forecast—Lord Brougham’s claim—Professor Charles’s silhouettes.
4 The first conception of photography 37
Josiah Wedgwood’s camera obscura—the Lunar Society—Thomas Wedgwood’s photo-
graphic experiments—Sir Humphry Davy’s collaboration—publication of their results in
1802—successful only by superposition, not in the camera—inability to fix images—a mythical
account of Wedgwood’s photography-dissemination of his experiments.
II THE INVENTION OF PHOTOGRAPHY
53
5 Heliography 55
Nicéphore Niepce’s first attempts at photography—partially fixed paper photographs—
advance on Wedgwood—Heliographie copy of an engraving, 1822—bitumen of Judea
process on glass and metal—the world’s first photograph, 1826—its subsequent history
and rediscovery—Niepce’s communication to the Royal Society—partnership with Daguerre
to exploit Heliography—later perfected by Niepce de Saint-Victor—Niepce’s cameras.
6 The daguerreotype 65
Daguerre’s Diorama-attempts to make the images of the camera obscura permanent-
discovery of the development of the latent image, and a means of fixation-first successful
daguerreotype, 1837-attempts to exploit the process—patronage of Arago-French Govern-
ment acquires the daguerreotype process, 1839—pensions for Daguerre and Niepce’s son-
publication of the process-fears of artists-‘Daguerreotypomania’—disadvantages of the
daguerreotype—daguerreotype outfits.
7 Negativefpositive processes on paper 75
Photogenic Drawing—Fox Talbot’s sketching with camera lucida and camera obscura
leads to desire to fix images by chemical means—experiments with silver chloride paper—
contact copies and camera views-earliest surviving paper negative, 1835-photomicro-
graphs-announcement of Photogenic Drawing, 1839-positive prints-public indifference
to the invention-photographic cameras and paper on sale-discovery of the latent image,
1840, speeds up the process-the calotype-Talbot’s cameras.
8 Direct positives on paper 84
Hippolyte Bayard—negatives and direct positives made in the camera early in 1839-
Bayard’s photographs exhibited—discouraged by Arago—process not divulged until 1840
—dispute over priority—other direct positive paper processes.
p Other independent inventors 88
Friedrich Gerber-direct positive and negative/positive camera photographs on paper-
contact copies—suggestion of photography for book illustration—photomicrographs.
Rev. J. B. Reade’s solar mezzotints, contact copies, camera photographs, and photo-
micrographs—his discovery patented by Talbot—witness in Talbot versus Laroche trial.
Kobell and Steinheil’s camera photographs, 1839-Sir John Herschel’s independent invention
of photography- ‘hypo’ - origin of the words ‘photograph’, ‘negative’, ‘positive’—photo-
graph on glass.
Ill THE EARLY YEARS OF PHOTOGRAPHY 113
10 The daguerreotype in France 115
Travelling daguerreotypists-Excnrs/ens Daguerriennes—attempts at portraiture—Lerebours’
and Bissons’ studios—instantaneous views-zenith of popularity 1847—panoramic views—
increasing popularity of paper photography.
11 The daguerreotype in America 120
First daguerreotype in New World-Morse’s and Draper’s experiments-earliest portraits-
Daguerre’s agent in America-Gouraud’s daguerreotype exhibition in New York-advice on
taking portraits-Wolcott’s mirror camera-world’s first photographic portrait studio-
Morse and Draper’s portrait studio-daguerrotypes of Yucatan, California and Rocky
Mountains-Brady’s ‘Gallery of Illustrious Americans’-zenith of popularity 1853-the first
photographic journal-American daguerreotypes at the Great Exhibition.
12 The daguerreotype in Great Britain 130
Legality of Daguerre’s English patent-absence of amateur daguerreotypists-exhibitions
and demonstrations—Claudet the first licensee-exposure too long for portraiture-speeded
up by Wolcott’s mirror camera and acceleration with bromine—first public portrait studio
March 1841-Beard purchases the patent-acceleration with chlorine-rivalry of Beard
and Claudet-colouring daguerreotypes-painted backgrounds-red darkroom light-
hints on sitter’s dress and expression-retarding influence of the patents—lawsuit Beard versus
Egerton—Beard’s bankruptcy-Claudet’s ‘temple to photography’—other London studios-
the daguerreotype in the provinces-Thomas Davidson’s portrait lens and metal daguerreo-
type camera-Scottish studios-cost of outfit and chemicals.
ij The daguerreotype in German-speaking countries 155
Introduction of the daguerreotype in Berlin-Steinheil’s miniature camera-first portrait in
Germany—Petzval’s portrait lens—Kratochwila’s chemical acceleration-Voigtlander camera
-first studio in Vienna-Daguerreotype Club in Vienna-first portrait studio in Berlin-
Biow and Stelzner’s studio, Hamburg-earliest news photographs-Biow’s ‘National
Gallery of Photographic Portraits’-Leipzig portraitists-first exhibition of portraits by
J. B. Isenring-Isenring’s ‘Sonnenwagen’-Mollinger’s Swiss views.
14 The calotype and other paper processes in Great Britain 162
Lack of popularity of the calotype-irksome patent restrictions-Talbot’s motives in
patenting-Collen the first professional calotypist-introduction of retouching-Claudet’s
calotype portraits-the calotype in Scotland-first calotype portrait, May 1841-D. O. Hill
and R. Adamson’s calotype portraits and views. Other processes-blueprints-the Reading
printing establishment-‘The Pencil of Nature’-‘Sun Pictures in Scotland’-Henneman’s
portrait studio—fading—the Calotype Club-criticism of Talbot’s patents—photography at
the Great Exhibition—partial relaxation of the calotype patent-first photographic exhibition
in Britain-establishment of the Photographic Society-the golden period of photography
on paper—cameras for the paper processes—cost of apparatus and materials.
15 Photography on paper in other countries 185
The calotype in Germany, Austria, America, and France. Blanquart-Evrard s process-
his printing establishment at Lille-early French photographically illustrated books-
Maxime Du Camp’s eastern tour-Gustave Le Gray’s waxed paper process-the Société
Héliographique-work for the Committee of Historic Monuments-^iwe photography-
Victor Hugo in exile.
16 The introduction of photography on glass 194
Early experiments on glass-albumen process of Niépce de Saint-Victor-albumen paper-
enormous consumption of eggs-invention of the collodion process by Scott Archer-
injustice to Archer, the true inventor-Talbot claims the collodion process-lawsuit Talbot
versus Laroche results in freeing photography from the patent.
IV THE COLLODION PERIOD 229
17 The popularization of photography 231
Instruction in photography—relative popularity of the different processes-establishment
of new photographic societies.
18 Portrait photography-a new industry 234
Increase in professional photographers—retouching-charges for portraits—ambrotypes,
melainotypes, and ferrotypes—the cheap trader—low-class street photographers-cost of
materials.
jp *High art’ photography 243
Exaggerated claims for photography as an art—Baudelaire’s diatribe-fanciful compositions
by Lake Price, Rejlander, Robinson, and Julia Margaret Cameron-clichi-verre.
20 Stereoscopic photography 253
Binocular vision-Wheatstone’s reflecting stereoscope-Brewster’s lenticular stereoscope-
stereoscopic daguerreotypes-Claudet’s stereoscopic instruments-Brewster’s attacks on
Wheatstone-mass-production of stereo photographs-the optical wonder of the age-the
poor man’s picture gallery-decline and revival of stereoscopy-anaglyphs-stereoscopic and
other small cameras.
21 Instantaneous photography 263
Instantaneous street views with traffic-photographs with douds-Le Gray’s seascapes-
printing-in clouds-Wilson’s ‘Scottish Gems’.
22 News photography 266
Royal occasions and other events—Fenton’s and Robertson’s documentations of the
Crimean War-Beato’s photographs of the Indian Mutiny and the Opium War-French
documentation of Italian/Austrian War-the American Civil War-the Franco-Prussian
War and Paris Commune.
23 Landscape and architectural photography 275
The travelling photographer’s burden-rebuilding of the Crystal Palace-the Architectural
Photographic Association-topographical books illustrated with photographs—the Society
for Photographing the Relics of Old London-leading French, German and Italian photo-
graphers-Clifford’s ‘Voyage en Espagne’-Frith’s and Bedford’s journeys in the Near East-
photography in India and the Far East-pioneers of the American West-mountain photo-
graphy in the Alps and Himalayas.
24 The carte-de-visite period 293
Who introduced the carte?֊its popularization due to Disderi-the collecting mania-fortunes
made by ra/to-stereotyped poses-studio properties-the photograph album-tax on
phot ographs - carte novelties-carte-de-visite cameras-Cabinet and other new formats.
25 Some famous portrait photographers 304
Thomas Annan-Julia Margaret Cameron-Nadar-Carjat-Adam Salomon-Lewis Carroll-
Mathew Brady.
26 Mammoth and miniature photographs 311
Early enlargers-the solar camera and other enlargers-enlarging services-life-size enlarge-
ments-giant cameras-photographic panoramas. Reduction-forecast of microfilm docu-
mentation-microphotographs-microphotographic jewellery-the pigeon post during the
Siege of Paris-use of microphotographs in spying.
27 The evolution of dry plates 322
A dry period at photographic societies-preservative or dry collodion processes-‘culinary
period’-collodio-albumen process-first commercially produced plates-tannin process-
alkaline development-collodion emulsion dry plates—early attempts at photography with
gelatine-publication of gelatine emulsion by Dr Maddox, 1871-important improvements
by Burgess, Kennett, and Bennett-large-scale production of dry plates—the gelatine dry
plate supersedes collodion-prices of plates-orthochromatic and panchromatic emulsions.
28 Permanent photographs 335
Fading of silver prints-thc Fading Committee-Sutton’s printing establishment-pigment
printing with chromic salts-Mungo Ponton’s discovery of the light-sensitivity of bi-
chromate of potash-Poitevin’s carbon processes-Swan’s perfected carbon process and
photomezzotint-Woodburytype-Stannotype. Photographs on porcelain, glass and
enamel-Ivorytypes-photographs on silk and linen-uranium printing-Wothlytype-
platinotype.
V THE GELATINE PERIOD 397
29 Emulsion papers and mass-production printing 399
Collodio-chloride and gelatine bromide paper-developed and printing-out gelatine
chloride paper-gelatine chloro-bromide paper-mass-production printing-conditions of
labour-G. W. Wilson’s printing establishment-automatic printing machines.
Co» ini (5
9
30 Photography onJìlm 405
Stripping film-revival of paper ncgativcs-flcxiblc film-celluloid and nitro-cellulose film
-lawsuit Goodwin versus Uastman-prices of film.
31 Hand, pocket, and detective cameras 410
New apparatus after iHKo-changc-box, magazine, roller-slide, and roll-film earner.n the
Kodak-reflex camcras-pockct camcras-dctecuvc cameras-shutiers-exposure meters.
32 Push-button photography 422
Photography made casy-amatcur snapshooters-rnass-production of apparatus, materials,
and pictures-photography for the million-statistics concerning the increase in photo-
graphers-competition and undercutting causing a depression in professional photography.
33 Photography by artificial light 42i
Limelight-pyrotechnic compounds-magnesium light for photographing in caves, tunnels,
mines, and in the (¡rear Pyramid-flashlight powder and flash bulbs-Nadar s electric light
pictures in the catacombs of Paris-electric light portrait studios֊thc taslnon lor evening
photography - gas-light -‘Luxograph*.
34 The photography of movement 433
Action shots of everyday life-impact of instantaneous photography on the Impressionist
painters-street scenes with traffic-photographic analysis of movement-Marey s chrtmo-
graphy-Muybridge s investigations of animal loeomotion-the rocking horse* fallacy-
instruments demonstrating persistence of vision-Marcy’s cl։ rone »photograph y-ci nei ։u-
tography-thc work of Anschutz-multiple lens carncras-clectric flash photography-the
moving wheel experiment-photography of flying bullets and of splashes.
35 Documentation 447
Social documentation: Ponti’s Venetian characters-Thomson s ‘Street Life in London*֊
China and Its People* and ‘The People of India*-Annan’s photographic survey of Glasgow
slums-sociologicnl photographs of Riis and Hinc-San l:r.mcisco*s Chinatown·-Paul
Martin the first candid camcraman- Lnndon by Niglit -thc National Photographie
Record Association-Atget s documentation of Paris-Polar exploration.
36 Press photography 452
Attitude of newspapers to photography-topical photographs-thc first photo-interview -
photographs of the Doer War-the first woman press photographer-press agencies-press
cameras.
37 Naturalistic photography 456
Emerson’s photographs of the Norfolk Broads-revival of landscape photography-soft
versus sharp-influcncc of Imprcssionism- Dcath of Naturalistic Photography ֊ the Linked
Ring.
38 The aesthetic movement 4f 3
Controlled printing processes bring ‘freedom from photography’-/։« dr sihlr photography
extolled by art critics-cxhibitcd in art muscums-Shaw and photography-imitation
paintings-íírí nouveau photography in Prance, Austria, Hamburg-thc American Photo-
Scccssion-Sticglitz’s Gallery ayt and ‘Camera Work*.
VI SOME APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHY 505
3Q Aerial photography 507
First aerial photograph - Nadar’s balloon ‘Lc Gcant’-first aerial photograph in America-
Datut s kite photography-first photographs from an acroplanc-rockct photography.
IO
Contents
40 Under-water photography 511
First attempt by Thompson-Bazin’s diving-bell photography-Boutan’s technical improve-
ments in submarine photography.
41 Photography of criminals 514
First photographs taken in a prison-identity portraits of prisoners-wanted persons’ posters-
the Tichborne case-Bertillon’s physical measurement system-finger-prints.
42 Medical photography 517
X-ray photography.
VII THE EVOLUTION OF COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY 519
43 The evolution of colour photography 521
Initial disappointment at lack of colour-three-colour photography: Clerk-Maxwell’s
demonstration-Ducos du Hauron’s and Charles Cros’s correct theories-essential need for
panchromatic emulsions-Ives’s various instruments for taking and viewing colour pictures-
colour screen processes of Joly and McDonough-the Lumière Autochrome plate, the first
successful process-other additive and subtractive processes. Attempts at photography in
natural colours by Becquerel, Niépce de Saint-Victor-Lippmann’s interference process-
diffraction process of R. W. Wood.
VIII PHOTOGRAPHY AND THE PRINTED PAGE 537
44 Photomechanical printing processes 539
Photo-engraving-etched daguerreotype plates-photoglyphy-photogalvanography-first
publication of photographs in printing ink-Talbot claims Photogalvanography-Dallastype
-Heliogravure-photogravure-rotogravure. Photolithography-bitumen and bichromate
methods-application to Government maps-photozincography—collotype—phototype—
Albertype-Lichtdruck-Heliotype. Photo-type block (‘half-tone process’)-early sug-
gestions for screens-physical system of producing dots-the cross-line screen-photographs
in newspapers.
Conclusion
The necessity for public collections of photography.
Notes on the text
553
555
Bibliography
Appendix
Exposure times.
Approximate periods of photographic processes invented before 1914.
Milestones in photographic optics.
The first decade of photographic societies.
The first decade of photographic journals and annuals.
Sources of illustrations
Index
580
582
588
589
Frontispiece : Abbé Noliet. Tent Camera Obscura, J755
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| physical | 599 Seiten 390 Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 1969 |
| publishDateSearch | 1969 |
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| spelling | Gernsheim, Helmut 1913-1995 Verfasser (DE-588)119189895 aut The history of photography from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era Helmut Gernsheim ; in collaboration with Alison Gernsheim New York ; St. Louis ; San Francisco McGraw-Hill Book Company [1969] 599 Seiten 390 Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Fotografie (DE-588)4045895-7 gnd rswk-swf Fotografie (DE-588)4045895-7 s Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025581103&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gernsheim, Helmut 1913-1995 The history of photography from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Fotografie (DE-588)4045895-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4045895-7 |
| title | The history of photography from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era |
| title_auth | The history of photography from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era |
| title_exact_search | The history of photography from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era |
| title_full | The history of photography from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era Helmut Gernsheim ; in collaboration with Alison Gernsheim |
| title_fullStr | The history of photography from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era Helmut Gernsheim ; in collaboration with Alison Gernsheim |
| title_full_unstemmed | The history of photography from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era Helmut Gernsheim ; in collaboration with Alison Gernsheim |
| title_short | The history of photography |
| title_sort | the history of photography from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era |
| title_sub | from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era |
| topic | Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Fotografie (DE-588)4045895-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Fotografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025581103&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gernsheimhelmut thehistoryofphotographyfromthecameraobscuratothebeginningofthemodernera |