Albania: from isolation toward reform:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC
International Monetary Fund
1992
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Occasional paper / International Monetary Fund
98 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | VII, 84 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1557752664 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Albania: from isolation toward reform |c Mario I. Blejer ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington, DC |b International Monetary Fund |c 1992 | |
| 300 | |a VII, 84 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents
Page
Preface vii
I. Introduction I
An Overview 1
Historical and Political Background 3
Box 1. A Profile of Albania 2
II. The Pre-Reform Economic System 6
Evolution of Stalinist System 6
State Ownership 6
Central Planning 6
Financial Policies 8
Economic Organization of Enterprises 8
Box 2. Strengthening of State Control: New Constitution of 1976 7
III. Economic Performance in the 1980s 10
Output, Income, and Expenditure 10
Output Growth and Composition 10
Expenditure 13
Household Income, Saving, and Consumption 14
Sectoral Developments 15
Agriculture
Industry
Construction and Housing
Internal Trading Activity
Factor Markets: Organization and Development 25
Capital Stock and Investment 25
Comparison of Capital Productivity with Other East European
Countries
State of Capital Stock and Causes of Low Productivity
Labor Market 27
Structure of Population, Labor Force, and Employment
Organization and Unemployment
Wages 29
Wage Determination System
Wage Developments and Relativities
Social Security
Price Determination 32
Price System 32
Price Developments and Recent Reforms 33
D
Page
Macroeconomic Policies 34
Budgetary Organization and Fiscal Developments 34
Role of Fiscal Policy
Structure of Government
Budgetary Process
Fiscal Developments Until 1990
Revenues
Expenditures
Deficit Financing
Interaction of Ministry of Finance with State Enterprises
Money and Credit 41
The Financial System
Monetary and Credit Policies
Monetary Developments
Household Financial Assets and Liabilities
Balance of Payments and External Issues 46
Overview of External Developments
Foreign Trade
Services and Transfers
Capital Account and External Debt
Official Reserves
Box 3. The Dual Budgetary System 35
IV. Political and Economic Developments in 1991 53
V. Toward Economic Reform 55
External Sector Reforms 55
Domestic Economy Reforms 56
Bibliography 58
Appendix: Albanian Statistics 59
Tables
Section
I 1. Social Indicators 2
2. Main Economic Indicators 4
III 3. Net Material Product by Sector of Origin, 1951-90 11
4. Net Material Product and Gross Domestic Product by Final
Use, 1980-90 12
5. Money Incomes and Expenditures of the Population in Current
Prices, 1980-91 14
6. Agricultural Production and Pattern of Ownership, 1980-90 16
7. Comparison of Agricultural Productivity Among East
European Countries, 1988 17
8. Area Under Cultivation, Production, and Yields of Selected
Agricultural Products, 1980-90 18
9. Industrial Production, 1980-90 19
10. Construction Activity, 1980-89 22
11. Internal Trading Activity in Current Prices, 1980-91 24
12. Comparison of Productivity of Capital with Other East
European Countries, 1981-89 26
13. Population, Labor Force, and Employment, 1975-90 28
fl
Page
14. Average Monthly Earnings, 1975-90 31
15. Wholesale and Retail Price Indices, 1975-90 33
16. Fiscal Indicators, 1982-90 37
17. General Government Tax Revenue in CPEs, 1986 39
18. Structure of Government Expenditure, 1985 41
19. Monetary Survey, 1980-90 44
20. Balance of Payments in Convertible Currencies, 1968-91 48
21. External Debt in Convertible and Nonconvertible Currencies 51
22. Official External Reserves and Other Foreign Assets 52
Appendix
Al. Conversion from MPS to SNA Accounts—Summary Table—in
Current Prices, 1980-89 59
A2. Agricultural Production, 1980-90 60
A3. Industrial Production, 1980-90 61
A4. Output of Selected Industrial Products, 1950-June 1991 62
A5. Summary Energy Balance, 1975-90 63
A6. Domestic Production of Energy, 1975-90 63
A7. Production and Consumption of Electric Power, 1975-90 64
A8. Gross Fixed Investment, 1980-90 64
A9. Employment by Sector, 1975-90 65
A10. Selected Retail Prices in Official and Private Markets 66
All. State Budget Operations, 1982-90 67
A12. General Government Tax Revenue 68
A13. General Government Expenditure 69
A14. State Investment 70
A15. Consumer Price Subsidies 70
A16. Subsidies to Enterprises 71
A17. Net Transfers of Enterprise Sector to State Budget 71
A18. Balance Sheet of State Bank of Albania (SBA), 1980-90 72
A19. Balance Sheet of State Agricultural Bank, 1980-90 73
A20. Balance Sheet of Savings Banks, 1980-90 73
A21. Interest Rates on Bank Credits, 1980-90 74
A22. Interest Rates on Bank Deposits, 1980-90 75
A23. Balance of Payments in Rubles, 1968-90 76
A24. Balance of Payments in Nonconvertible Currencies Other than
Ruble, 1968-90 77
A25. Export and Import Indices for Value, Volume, and Prices 78
A26. Commodity Composition of Exports and Imports in Convert¬
ible Currencies, SITC Classification 79
A27. Commodity Composition of Exports and Imports in Noncon¬
vertible Currencies, SITC Classification 80
A28. Geographical Distribution of Exports and Imports, 1975-90 81
A29. Exchange Rates 82
Charts
Section
III 1. Net Material Product by Sector of Origin, 1951-90 10
2. Net Material Product and Gross Domestic Product, Annual
Growth Rates, 1981-90 12
3. Sectoral Growth Rates, 1981-89 13
4. Net Material Product by Final Use, 1980-90 13
5. Money Incomes and Expenditures of Population, 1980-90 15
D
Page
6. Comparison of Agricultural Productivity Among East Eu¬
ropean Countries 17
7. Unemployment Rate, 1980-90 29
8. Average Monthly Earnings, 1980-90 32
9. Selected Fiscal Indicators, 1982-90 38
10. Assets and Liabilities of Households, 1980-90 45
11. Income, Expenditure, and Savings of Population, 1989(IV)-
1991(11) 46
12. Distribution of Household Bank Deposits, 1985 and 1990 46
13. Current Account Balance, 1968-90 47
14. Exports and Imports, 1968-90 47
The following symbols have been used throughout this paper:
. to indicate that data are not available;
— to indicate that the figure is zero or less than half the final digit shown, or that the item
does not exist;
- between years or months (e.g., 1991-92 or January-June) to indicate the years or
months covered, including the beginning and ending years or months;
/ between years (e.g., 1991/92) to indicate a crop or fiscal (financial) year.
"Billion" means a thousand million.
Minor discrepancies between constituent figures and totals are due to rounding.
The term "country," as used in this paper, does not in all cases refer to a territorial entity
that is a state as understood by international law and practice; the term also covers some
territorial entities that are not states, but for which statistical data are maintained and
provided internationally on a separate and independent basis.
D |
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| genre | (DE-588)4056995-0 Statistik 1968-1990 gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Statistik 1968-1990 |
| geographic | Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Albanien |
| id | DE-604.BV026955420 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T00:24:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1557752664 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021616490 |
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| physical | VII, 84 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1992 |
| publishDateSearch | 1992 |
| publishDateSort | 1992 |
| publisher | International Monetary Fund |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Occasional paper / International Monetary Fund |
| spelling | Albania: from isolation toward reform Mario I. Blejer ... Washington, DC International Monetary Fund 1992 VII, 84 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Occasional paper / International Monetary Fund 98 Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd rswk-swf Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4056995-0 Statistik 1968-1990 gnd-content Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 g Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 s DE-604 Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 s Bléjer, Mario I. 1948- Sonstige (DE-588)128429941 oth International Monetary Fund Occasional paper 98 (DE-604)BV002597241 98 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021616490&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Albania: from isolation toward reform Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066493-4 (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4001028-4 (DE-588)4056995-0 |
| title | Albania: from isolation toward reform |
| title_auth | Albania: from isolation toward reform |
| title_exact_search | Albania: from isolation toward reform |
| title_full | Albania: from isolation toward reform Mario I. Blejer ... |
| title_fullStr | Albania: from isolation toward reform Mario I. Blejer ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Albania: from isolation toward reform Mario I. Blejer ... |
| title_short | Albania: from isolation toward reform |
| title_sort | albania from isolation toward reform |
| topic | Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftspolitik Wirtschaft Albanien Statistik 1968-1990 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021616490&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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