Canadian foreign policy in a changing world:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toronto
Thomson/Nelson
2007
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXXII, 562 S. 978-0-17-625207-6. - Ill. |
| ISBN: | 017625207X |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Canadian foreign policy in a changing world |c John Kirton |
| 264 | 1 | |a Toronto |b Thomson/Nelson |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXXII, 562 S. |b 978-0-17-625207-6. - Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Canadian foreign policy in a changing world
Autor: Kirton, John J.
Jahr: 2007
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments...........................................xxv
Acronyms and Abbreviations............................................xxviii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Canadian Foreign Policy.......................1
The Study of Canadian Foreign Policy....................................1
What Is Canadian Foreign Policy?........................................2
Why Study Canadian Foreign Policy?.....................................5
How to Study Canadian Foreign Policy: The Need for Theory.................6
Conclusion..........................................................7
Critical Questions....................................................7
PART I THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES_______________________________
Chapter 2 Premises and Principles...................................11
The Struggle for Canada: The Primacy of Foreign Policy....................11
The Old Perspectives in the New World.................................12
Small-Power Self-Defence: The Peripheral Dependence Perspective......12
The Model Middle Power: The Liberal Internationalist Perspective........13
A Country That Counts: The Complex Neo-Realist Perspective...........14
Basic Biases and Hidden Values....................................... 14
A Canadian, English, Eastern Liberal Literature....................... 14
Basic Biases of Class and Gender.................................. 15
Middle-Powermanship as an Official s Cop-out....................... 16
Bearing the Burden, Passing the Buck.............................. 16
Self-Satisfied Selfishness: The World s Principal Plutocrat............... 16
Canada s Mission Civilatrice....................................... 16
The Political Culture of Canadian Foreign Policy...........................17
Political Culture: Denis Stairs s Middle Power Pragmatism..............17
The Dissenting Views............................................17
National Interests: Canada as the World s Most Successful Country..........17
Survival........................................................ 18
Security........................................................ 18
Sovereignty..................................................... 19
Legitimacy..................................................... 19
Territory........................................................ 19
Relative Capability............................................... 20
Distinctive National Values: Canada as the World s Most Global Country......20
Antimilitarism...................................................21
Openness......................................................22
Multiculturalism.................................................23
NEL
VII
Environmentalism...............................................23
Globalism......................................................24
International Institutionalism.......................................24
Conclusion.........................................................25
Critical Questions................................................25
Notes..........................................................25
Chapter 3 Canada as a Liberal Internationalist Middle Power.............29
The Need for Three Theories..........................................29
Cuba, 1962........................................................30
The Experiment: One Crisis, Two Countries...........................30
The French Response............................................31
The Canadian Response..........................................32
The Systematic Differences........................................34
What Is Liberal Internationalism?.......................................35
The Eight Truths.................................................35
The Exceptions..................................................36
The Historical (Con)Fusion............................................37
The Imperial Empire as an International Institution....................38
The North American Institutions....................................38
The League and Its Legacy........................................38
The Canadian United Nations.....................................38
The Mythology of the Golden Decade .............................39
The Four Thematic Variants of Liberal Internationalism.....................39
Functionalism...................................................40
Mediatory Middle-Powermanship...................................41
Distributive Internationalism.......................................43
Niche Diplomacy................................................43
Conclusion.........................................................43
Critical Questions................................................44
Notes.........................................................44
Chapter 4 The Liberal Internationalist Perspective.......................47
The Need for Theory................................................47
The Great Debates on Canadian Foreign Policy...........................47
Imperialism or Autonomy, 1900-38................................48
Empire, League, or North America, 1939............................48
Quasi-lsolationism or Internationalism, 1948.........................49
Alliance or Independence, 1963...................................50
Modesty or Modification, 1968....................................50
Continentalism or Globalism, 1984.................................50
Multilateralism or Niche Diplomacy, 1990s..........................50
viii Contents
Basic Questions of Foreign Policy Analysis...............................51
Rank: How Powerful Is It?.........................................51
Activity: How Involved Is It?........................................52
Association: Who Are Its Friends?...................................52
Approach to World Order: What Kind of World Does It Want?...........52
External Determinants: How Do Other Countries Affect It?..............52
Societal Determinants: How Do Groups at Home Affect It?.............53
Government Determinants: How Does Its Government Affect It?.........53
Theoretical Perspectives: The Three Logics...............................53
The Major Power Logic...........................................53
The Middle Power Logic..........................................54
The Small Power Logic...........................................54
Theoretical Perspectives..............................................54
Liberal Internationalist Answers........................................55
Rank..........................................................55
Activity: Active, Responsible, Multiple Participation.....................55
Association: Combination, Consensus, Constraint.....................56
Approach to World Order: Moderate Institutionalization,
Multilateralization, Reformation....................................56
Conclusion.........................................................56
Critical Questions................................................56
Notes..........................................................57
Chapter 5 The Peripheral Dependence Perspective......................59
Vulnerabilities and Penetrated Polities...................................59
The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Second Look................................59
The Historical Perspective.............................................62
Cultural Dependence (MacMechan 1920)...........................63
Economic Dependence (Keenleyside 1927).........................63
Political Dependence (Doran 1996)................................64
Globalization as Americanization (Holmes 1970).....................64
International Institutional Dependence..............................65
September 11 and the Terrorists Within.............................65
The New Infatuation with Fading Power.............................66
Thematic Variants...................................................66
Economic Dependence...........................................66
Political Dependence.............................................66
Cultural Dependence............................................67
Institutionalized Dependence......................................67
The Theoretical Perspective...........................................67
Rank..........................................................67
Activity: Low, Undifferentiated, Imperial-Focused Interaction.............68
Association: Adherence, Acquiescence, Support.......................69
NEL
Contents ix
Approach to World Order: Existing Institutionalization,
Hegemony, Marginal Redistribution..............................69
Conclusion.........................................................70
Critical Questions................................................70
Notes..........................................................71
Chapter 6 The Complex Neo-Realist Perspective........................73
The Need for a Realist Perspective.....................................73
Cuba: A Third Look..................................................74
Diefenbaker s Divergence.........................................74
Why Did He Do It: Connecting Process to Behaviour..................74
Canada s Impact................................................75
Faint Traces of Future Hope.......................................76
The New Consciousness of Canadian Power.............................77
Canadian Policymakers...........................................77
Foreign Perceptions..............................................78
Foreign Scholars.................................................78
Scholars of Canadian Foreign Policy................................79
Thematic Variants...................................................80
Globalism, 1960-...............................................80
Interest-Based Initiation, 1968-71..................................81
Canadianization of the Global Order, 1972-.........................81
Leadership, 1996-..............................................81
The Complex Neo-Realist Perspective...................................82
Conceptual Foundations..........................................82
Rank..........................................................82
Activity: Global, Interest-Based, Autonomous Bilateral Involvement.......83
Association: Unilateralism, Divergence, Diversification..................84
Order: Revision, Concert, Modification...............................84
Conclusion.........................................................85
Critical Questions................................................85
Notes.........................................................86
PART II THE HISTORICAL EVIDENCE________________________________
Chapter 7 Capabilities and Behaviour.................................91
From Theory to Evidence.............................................91
Expectations: A General Meta-Theory...................................91
Five Shifts in Systemic Capabilities and System Structure...............91
The Emergence of Predicted Complex Neo-Realist Behaviour...........92
Constructing a Causal Model......................................93
The Meta-Theory: U.S. Capability and Role, Resulting Canadian Patterns... 93
x Contents
Capabilities and Vulnerabilities.........................................94
Objective Capability..............................................94
Specialized Capability............................................97
Vulnerabilities..................................................700
Assertion, Acknowledgment, and Adaptive Resilience.................103
International Behaviour.............................................103
Activity........................................................103
Association....................................................704
Approach to World Order........................................104
Conclusion........................................................105
Critical Questions...............................................705
Notes........................................................106
Chapter 8 The St. Laurent, Diefenbaker, and Pearson Years..............109
The Three Theories Applied..........................................109
The Debate...................................................709
The Cycle of Complex Neo-Realist Crowd-Out and Comeback.........7/0
The Meta-Theory Explanation.....................................7 70
Louis St. Laurent, 1945-57..........................................Ill
Doctrines.....................................................7 7 7
Resource Distributions...........................................113
Decisions.....................................................7 74
John Diefenbaker, 1957-63.........................................116
Doctrines.....................................................7 76
Resource Distributions...........................................7 77
Decisions.....................................................7 77
Lester Pearson, 1963-68...........................................118
Doctrines.....................................................7 78
Resource Distributions...........................................7 79
Decisions.....................................................7 79
Conclusion........................................................121
Critical Questions...............................................72 7
Notes........................................................122
Chapter 9 The Trudeau and Clark Years..............................125
The Trudeau and Clark Years Assessed.................................125
The Debate...................................................126
The Three-Stage Complex Neo-Realist Change......................727
The Causes of Successful Change.................................727
The Trudeau Decade, 1968-79......................................128
Doctrines.....................................................728
Resource Distributions...........................................729
Decisions.....................................................737
Contents xi
The Clark Interlude, 1979-80........................................134
The Debate...................................................134
Doctrines.....................................................134
Resource Distributions...........................................135
Decisions.....................................................135
Trudeau s Final Mandate, 1980-84...................................136
Doctrines.....................................................136
Resource Distributions...........................................136
Decisions.....................................................136
Conclusion........................................................138
Critical Questions...............................................138
Notes........................................................138
Chapter 10 The Mulroney Years.....................................141
The Mulroney Years Assessed........................................141
The Debate...................................................147
Sustained Assertive Globalism....................................142
Doctrines.........................................................143
The Foreign Policy Review.......................................143
The Four Throne Speeches.......................................144
Joe Clark s New Internationalism Lecture, 1986....................744
Defence White Paper, 1987......................................145
Aid Policy.....................................................145
Canada s Role.................................................145
Resource Distributions..............................................145
Diplomatic Representation.......................................145
Summit Diplomacy.............................................145
Bilateral Institutions.............................................146
The Budget...................................................146
Decisions: The First Mandate.........................................147
Free Trade with the United States, 1984-88........................147
Strategic Defence Initiative, September 1985.......................147
Polar Sea, September 1985......................................147
South African Apartheid, September 1985..........................147
Space........................................................148
Summitry.....................................................148
Decisions: The Second Mandate......................................148
Negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement, 1989.........748
Joining the Organization of American States, October 1990...........748
Sustainable Development and the United Nations Convention
on Environment and Development, June 1992...................149
Concluding the Cold War, 1989...................................149
Gulf War, 1990-91.............................................149
Former Yugoslavia, 1991-93.....................................149
xii Contents
Conclusion........................................................150
Critical Questions...............................................150
Notes........................................................157
Chapter 11 The Chretien Years......................................155
The Chretien Years Assessed.........................................155
The Debate...................................................155
Expansive Global Leadership.....................................156
The Causes of Relative Capability and Equal Vulnerability.............757
Doctrines.........................................................159
Canada in the World, 1995......................................159
Defence White Paper, 1994......................................160
Axworthy Doctrine, 1996........................................160
Dialogue Report 2003..........................................167
Resource Distributions..............................................161
Summit Diplomacy.............................................167
Budgets......................................................162
Combat Operations.............................................162
Decisions......................................................... 163
An Overview of Complex Neo-Realist Success....................... 163
The Three Perspectives Applied...................................164
Economics and Trade: Competitive Liberalization....................165
Military Intervention.............................................168
Shaping 2 Ist-Century Global Order...............................177
Conclusion........................................................174
Critical Questions............................................... 174
Notes........................................................ 175
Chapter 12 The Martin and Harper Years.............................181
The Martin Years Assessed...........................................181
The Debate...................................................187
The Foreign Policy of Achievement................................183
The Meta-Theory Causes........................................184
Doctrines.....................................................186
Resource Distributions...........................................189
Decisions.....................................................190
The Harper Years Assessed..........................................194
The Debate...................................................194
Leadership in Global Democratic Development.....................194
The Meta-Theory Applied........................................195
Doctrines.....................................................195
Resource Distributions...........................................196
Decisions.....................................................197
NEL
Contents xiii
Conclusion........................................................199
Critical Questions...............................................199
Notes........................................................199
PART III THE POLICYMAKING PROCESS__________________________
Chapter 13 Governmental Determinants.............................203
Studying Individual and Governmental Determinants.....................203
The Great Conditional Variation...................................203
The Debate...................................................204
The Theoretical Logic...........................................205
The Thesis of Growing Governmental and Prime
Ministerial Salience.............................................206
Prime Ministers Individual Foreign Policy Belief Systems..................207
Pearson s Internationalism.......................................207
Trudeau s Globalist Anti-Nationalism...............................207
Mulroney s Emergent Globalism..................................208
Chretien s Anti-American Assimilation..............................209
Martin s Foreign Policy Belief System...............................270
Harper s Foreign Policy Belief System..............................272
Ottawa s Collective Ideologies........................................213
The Ottawa Men...............................................213
The Tendency Triumvirate........................................213
Changing Elite Attitudes.........................................213
Mulroney s Border Boy Patronage?...............................214
The Classic Collective Configurations..................................214
The Three Classic Configurations..................................274
St Laurent....................................................215
Diefenbaker...................................................215
Pearson......................................................215
Trudeau......................................................215
Mulroney.....................................................216
Chretien......................................................216
Martin........................................................218
Harper.......................................................22 1
Conclusion........................................................221
Critical Questions...............................................222
Notes........................................................222
Chapter 14 Societal Determinants...................................227
Societal Determinants Assessed......................................227
The Complex Neo-Realist Prediction...............................227
The Thesis of Increasing Societal Salience..........................228
Stages of Influence.............................................228
The Four-Way Influence Relationship...............................229
xiv Contents
The Provincial Governments and Quebec..............................229
Parliament, Parties, and Elections.....................................232
Parliament....................................................232
Parties........................................................232
Elections......................................................233
Business, Labour, and Interest Groups.................................233
The Bias-to-Business Argument...................................234
Interest Groups................................................235
Knowledge Producers, Policy Networks, and Epistemic Communities........236
The Media........................................................236
The Primacy of TV News.........................................236
A Canadian Production and Portrait...............................237
The Reciprocal Impact on Policy, Policymaking, and Government
Media Management..........................................237
Coverage of Canada Abroad.....................................237
Public Opinion and Distinctive National Values..........................238
Existence......................................................238
Effectiveness...................................................238
The New Complex Neo-Realist Consensus..........................238
Canada s Distinctive National Values..............................239
The Current Complex Neo-Realist Consensus.......................240
Conclusion.......................................................240
Critical Questions...............................................241
Notes........................................................241
Chapter 15 External Determinants...................................243
How External Determinants Shape Foreign Policy........................243
The External Determinants That Matter............................243
The Debate...................................................244
Systemic Transformation and Canadian Rise........................245
Theory...........................................................247
The Key Questions..............................................247
The Predictions of the Three Perspectives...........................247
The Meta-Theory Applied........................................248
Deep Dependence on the Domestic United States......................248
Congress.....................................................248
Interest Groups................................................249
The Electoral Cycle.............................................249
The Major Power System: Power and Polarity...........................249
The United States..............................................249
Western Europe................................................251
The USSR.....................................................251
The Post-Cold War Transformations...............................252
NEL Contents xv
Globalization, Vulnerability, and War...................................253
The Great Globalization Debate..................................253
The Evidence on Canada s Globalization...........................253
The New Vulnerability...........................................254
The Advent of Ongoing Global War...............................254
Ideas............................................................255
The International Image of Canada...............................255
International Elite Images........................................255
International Media Images......................................256
International Public Opinion......................................256
New Principles and Norms.......................................256
International Institutions.............................................256
The New Internationalism.......................................256
The United Nations.............................................257
The G7/8 Compliance Record....................................258
Conclusion........................................................258
Critical Questions...............................................259
Notes........................................................259
PART IV REGIONAL OVERVIEWS___________________________________
Chapter 16 Canada-U.S. Relations: Theory............................263
Canada-U.S. Relations Assessed......................................263
The Centrality of the United States................................263
The Need for New Theories......................................263
The Debate...................................................264
Canada as a Competitive Global Governor.........................265
Canadian Foreign Policy Toward the United States.......................265
Canada s Five Options..........................................265
Canada s Five Options in Practice, 1945-2006.....................266
The Broad Trends..............................................268
The Study of Canada-United States Relations...........................269
Four Analytical Vantage Points....................................269
Era Analyses: Describing the Record...............................270
Causal Models of the Integration Dynamic: Explaining the Record......271
The Model of Special Partnership.....................................272
Disparity......................................................272
Disaggregation................................................272
Institutionalization..............................................273
Commonality..................................................273
Efficient, Harmonious, Balanced Stability...........................273
The Discrepant Evidence.........................................274
The Adjusting America Model........................................274
The Adjusting America Alternative.................................274
xvi Contents
The Adjusting America Model....................................275
Conclusion........................................................275
Critical Questions...............................................276
Notes........................................................276
Chapter 17 Canada-U.S. Relations: Evidence..........................279
Applying the Adjusting America Model.................................279
The Key Causes: Capability, Victory, and Vulnerability.................279
Imperial America, 1945-68......................................281
America the Vanquished and the Special Partnership s Death, 1967-80.....281
Adjusting to America, 1967-72...................................281
Adjusting with America, 1972-76.................................282
Adjusting America, 1976-80.....................................282
America the Victorious and the Plurilateral Partnership, 1980-93...........282
Competing Theses on the Reagan-Bush Years......................282
Adjusting without America, 1980-84..............................283
Adjusting with America Again, 1984-88...........................284
Adjusting America Again, 1988-93...............................284
America the Vulnerable, 1993-2001..................................285
The Conventional Wisdom Challenged.............................285
American Power: The Clinton Goldilocks Restoration.................286
Clinton s Foreign Policy of Engagement............................286
Professional, Plurilateral, Institutionalized Access and Interaction........286
Canadian Societal Support.......................................287
Outcomes.....................................................287
America the Newly Vulnerable, 2001-.................................287
The Debate...................................................287
American Power...............................................288
United States Foreign Policy......................................289
United States Foreign Policy Decision-Making.......................290
Canadian Access and Interaction..................................291
Canadian Decision Making.......................................291
Canadian Societal Support.......................................291
The Martin and Harper Extensions................................292
Conclusion.......................................................292
Critical Questions...............................................293
Notes........................................................293
Chapter 18 North America.........................................295
Canada s North America Policy Assessed...............................295
The Debate...................................................295
Canada s North American Community.............................296
Causes of Canada s Policy Change................................297
NEL
Contents xvii
Convergent Visions, 1976-90........................................297
The Fragile Historical Foundations.................................297
The California Vision of a North American Accord, 1976..............298
Trudeau s 1980 Bilateralism.....................................298
Reagan s Patient Strategy, 1981..................................298
The U.S. Move to Bilateralism....................................299
The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement, 1988......................299
Mexico s Move to Multilateralism..................................299
Negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement, 1990-93..........299
Canada s Reluctant Entry........................................299
The Causes of Canadian Reluctance...............................300
The Incentives for Canadian Action................................300
Bush s Core NAFTA.............................................301
Clinton s NAFTA Plus............................................301
Chretien s Reluctant Acceptance..................................302
The New NAFTA Regime............................................302
The NAFTA Revolution...........................................302
The NAFTA Institutions..........................................303
The North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation
and the Commission for Environmental Cooperation...............303
The North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation and
the Commission for Labor Cooperation..........................303
NAFTA s Effects....................................................304
Canada s Trade and Investment Benefits...........................304
NAFTA s Institutions in Action.....................................304
Environmental Regulatory Protection...............................305
Canadian Public Support........................................305
Building the North American Community...............................306
The 1998-99 Initiatives.........................................306
Deepening: The Fox-Bush Approach...............................307
Broadening...................................................308
The Shock of September 11, 2001................................308
Conclusion.......................................................309
Critical Questions...............................................310
Notes........................................................310
Chapter 19 Europe...............................................313
Canada s European Policy Assessed...................................313
The Debate...................................................313
Canada s Embedded, Expanding Eurocentricity......................313
Causes of Continuity and Change in Canadian Policy.................375
A Geopolitical Gravity Model.........................................317
Canada s Changing Approach, 1945-93...............................317
The St. Laurent Years...........................................317
xviii Contents
The Diefenbaker Years..........................................318
The Pearson Years..............................................318
The Trudeau Years..............................................318
The Mulroney Years.............................................319
Canada s European Policy after 1993..................................319
The Doctrine of February 7, 1995.................................319
The Resource Distribution Record.................................320
Military Engagement: The War in Bosnia and Kosovo................320
The Canada-Spain Turbot War....................................321
The Trade Relationship: The Trans-Atlantic Free Trade Initiative
and Beyond.................................................322
Russia and the East.............................................323
Canada s Approach to the Post-Cold War European Order................323
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Enlargement and Military Doctrine... 323
The OSCE Enlargement to the East................................324
The Bosnian and Kosovo Contact Groups..........................324
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.............324
The Arctic Council Enlargement to the North........................324
The Causes of Canada s Expanded Eurocentricity........................325
The System...................................................325
Canadian Society...............................................325
The State.....................................................326
Conclusion........................................................326
Critical Questions...............................................327
Notes........................................................327
Chapter 20 Asia Pacific............................................329
Canada s Asia-Pacific Policy Assessed..................................329
The Debate about Canada s Asia-Pacific Policy......................329
Canada as an Asia-Pacific Principal Power..........................329
Causes of Change and Continuity in Canadian Policy.................330
A Theory of Imperial Succession......................................331
The Relative Capability-International Behaviour Gap......................332
Activity........................................................332
Association....................................................332
Order........................................................332
The Phases of Canada s Asia-Pacific Policy..............................332
The Prewar Foundation..........................................332
The World War II Divorce and Americanization......................333
Commonwealth Middle-Powerism in the MacArthur-
McCarthyAge, 1945-57......................................333
The Diefenbaker Years..........................................333
The Pearson Years..............................................334
The Trudeau Years..............................................334
NEL
Contents xix
The Mulroney Years.............................................334
The Chretien Years.............................................335
The Martin Years...............................................336
The Harper Years...............................................336
Approaches to Regional Order.......................................337
The Multilateral Background......................................337
The Asian Development Bank and Fund...........................337
Economics: The Emergence of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation......337
Security.......................................................338
Causes of Shift and Sluggishness.....................................339
The International System........................................339
Societal Sources...............................................340
State-Level Determinants........................................341
Conclusion.......................................................342
Critical Questions...............................................343
Notes........................................................343
Chapter 21 The Americas..........................................347
Canada s Americas Policy Assessed...................................347
The Debate...................................................347
Canada s Expansion in the Americas..............................347
Causes of Canada s Expansion.......................................348
The Geopolitical Gravity Model Applied............................349
The Theory of Imperial Succession Applied.........................349
The Phases of Canada s Expanding Involvement.........................350
The Pre-1945 Period............................................350
The St. Laurent Years...........................................350
The Diefenbaker Years..........................................350
The Pearson Years..............................................351
The Trudeau Years..............................................351
The Mulroney Years.............................................352
The Chretien Years.............................................353
The Martin Years...............................................355
The Harper Years...............................................356
Canada s Approach to Regional Order.................................356
The Commonwealth Connection..................................356
The Organization of American States..............................356
The Summit of the Americas, 1994-..............................357
The Free Trade Agreement of the Americas.........................357
Causes of Canada s Expansion in the Americas..........................359
The Primacy of Systemic Causes..................................359
The Secondary Societal Drivers...................................360
The Limited State Process.......................................361
xx Contents
Conclusion........................................................361
Critical Questions...............................................362
Notes........................................................362
Chapter 22 Africa and the Middle East...............................367
Canada s Africa-Middle East Connection and Contrast....................367
Canada s Africa Policy Assessed......................................367
The Debate...................................................367
Canada s Expanding Leadership..................................368
The Causes of Canada s Expanding Leadership.....................368
The Geopolitical Gravity Model...................................369
The Model of Imperial Succession.................................369
The Development Assistance Instrument...............................369
The Phases of Canada s African Involvement............................371
The St. Laurent Years...........................................371
The Diefenbaker Years..........................................372
The Pearson Years..............................................372
The Trudeau Years..............................................372
The Mulroney Years.............................................373
The Chretien Years.............................................373
The Martin Years...............................................374
The Harper Years...............................................375
Approaches to Regional Order: The Commonwealth and la Francophonie___376
The Commonwealth............................................376
La Francophonie...............................................376
Causes of Canada s African Policy.....................................377
The System....................................................377
Society.......................................................377
State.........................................................377
Canada s Middle East Policy Assessed.................................378
The Debate...................................................378
Beyond Internationalism.........................................378
Causes of Canada s Move Beyond Internationalism..................379
The Geopolitical Gravity Model...................................379
The Theory of Imperial Succession................................380
The Peacekeeping Instrument........................................380
Canadian Peacekeeping as a Variable Addiction.....................380
The Imperial Adjustment Theory of Canada s Peacekeeping Path.......381
The Phases of Canada s Middle East Policy.............................382
The St. Laurent Years...........................................382
The Diefenbaker Years..........................................383
The Pearson Years..............................................383
The Trudeau Years.............................................383
Contents xxi
The Clark Interlude.............................................384
The Mulroney Years.............................................384
The Chretien Years.............................................384
The Martin and Harper Years.....................................384
Approaches to Regional Order.......................................385
Causes of Canada s Middle East Policy.................................385
Conclusion.......................................................386
Critical Questions...............................................386
Notes........................................................387
PARTV GLOBAL GOVERNANCE____________________________________
Chapter 23 Multilateralism, Plurilateralism, and the United Nations.......393
Canada s Changing United Nations....................................393
The Great Transformation: Kosovo, 1999...........................393
The Debate...................................................394
Canada s Plurilateral Global Governance...........................395
Key Concepts.....................................................396
Unilateralism, Bilateralism, and Multilateralism......................396
Varieties of Canadian Multilateralism..............................396
Canada s Changing Multilateral Choices............................397
Phases of Canada s Approach........................................398
The St. Laurent Years...........................................398
The Diefenbaker Years..........................................399
The Pearson Years..............................................399
The Trudeau Years.............................................400
The Mulroney Years............................................402
The Chretien Years.............................................403
The Martin and Harper Years.....................................404
Causes of Canada s Change.........................................409
System.......................................................409
Society.......................................................409
State.........................................................410
Conclusion........................................................410
Critical Questions...............................................411
TVofes........................................................411
Chapter 24 Concert Diplomacy in the Group of Eight...................413
Canada s G8 Diplomacy Assessed....................................413
The Debate...................................................413
Canada s Diplomacy of Concert..................................414
The Causes of Canada s Diplomacy of Concert......................414
An Overview of Canada s G8 Summit Success..........................414
Canada s Hosting Record........................................414
xxii Contents
Canadian Objectives Attained....................................415
Canadian Compliance..........................................4 15
Canada s Institutional Contribution................................415
Canada as a Successful Summiteer, 1975-94..........................415
Presence: Canada s Full Membership..............................416
Participation: Canadian Agenda Setting, Assertion, and Initiative........417
Partnerships: Canada s Fluid Coalition Diplomacy....................417
Prevalence on Outcomes........................................419
Public Acclaim at Home.........................................419
Canada s Summit Leadership, 1995-2001.............................420
Halifax Summit, 1995...........................................420
Lyon Summit, 1996.............................................421
Denver Summit, 1997..........................................42 1
Birmingham Summit, 1998......................................42 1
Cologne Summit, 1999.........................................42 1
Okinawa Summit, 2000.........................................422
Genoa Summit, 2001...........................................422
Canada s Leadership, 2001-05......................................422
The Response to September 11..................................422
Kananaskis Summit, 2002.......................................423
Evian Summit, 2003............................................424
Sea Island Summit, 2004........................................425
Gleneagles Summit, 2005.......................................425
Causes of Canada s Summit Success..................................426
External Determinants...........................................426
Societal Determinants...........................................427
Governmental Determinants.....................................427
Conclusion.......................................................427
Critical Questions...............................................428
Notes........................................................428
References.......................................................431
Appendices
Appendix 1 Theoretical Perspectives on Canadian Foreign Policy.......459
Appendix 2 Relative Capability Ratios of Nine Major Powers, 1930-97.. .461
Appendix 3 Global Military Power.................................463
Appendix 4 Global Trade Power..................................465
Appendix 5 Global Aid Power....................................466
Appendix 6 Global Information Power.............................468
Appendix 7 Global Ecological Power...............................469
Appendix 8 Global Terrorism Vulnerability...........................470
Appendix 9 Global Energy Vulnerability.............................471
Appendix 10 Resident Diplomatic Posts............................472
Appendix 11 Summit Visits, 1948-2006...............................474
Contents xxiii
Appendix 12 Canada s Use of Force, 1898-2006......................480
Appendix 13 Bilateral Institutions Beyond the United States,
St. Laurent to Mulroney.................................481
Appendix 14 Plurilateral Institutional Involvement, 1945-1999............483
Appendix 15 Major Foreign Policy Doctrines, 1947-2006................484
Appendix 16 Prime Ministerial Experience..............................487
Appendix 17 Canada s Prime Ministers and Ministers of Foreign Affairs.....489
Appendix 18 A Geopolitical Gravity Model of Regional Relevance..........491
Appendix 19 Regional Organizations Involving Canada..................492
Appendix 20 A Theory of Imperial Succession..........................494
Appendix 21 The Theory of Imperial Succession in the Americas..........495
Appendix 22 Canadian Public Opinion on International Organizations......496
Appendix 23 United Nations Expenditure in Federal Budgets..............498
Appendix 24 The Growth of the G8 Summit System of Institutions........499
Appendix 25 Canadian Public Opinion on the G7, 1993-94.............503
Chronology of Major Events in Postwar Canadian Foreign Policy............505
Index............................................................543
xxiv Contents
|
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