Solid waste management in the world's cities:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Undetermined |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Earthscan
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Water and sanitation in the world's cities
2010 = 3 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. [217] - 222 |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 228 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781849711692 9781849711708 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Solid waste management in the world s cities
Autor:
Jahr: 2010
CONTENTS
Foreword y
Acknowledgements vi
Contents ix
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
xu
xvii
A Note to Decision-Makers xix
Key Sheet 1: Modernizing Solid Waste in the Asian Tigers xxvi
1 Executive Summary 1
Bharati Chaturvedi
2 Introduction and Key Concepts 3
Introducing this book 3
About the authors 5
About the organization of this book 6
The scale of the solid waste problem 6
What is municipal solid waste (MSW)? 6
Key Sheet 2: Special Waste Streams 8
Taking the measure of MSW 11
Managing more and more waste 13
Key Sheet 3: Health Risks Related to Solid Waste Management 14
Learning from history 19
The role of development drivers in solid waste modernization 19
Modernization of solid waste management systems in developed countries 20
The solid waste challenge in developing and transitional country cities 21
Moving towards sustainable solutions 22
Solid waste and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 22
The integrated sustainable waste management (ISWM) framework 23
Sustainability in solid waste management is possible 23
Dare to innovate 25
Key Sheet 4: Recyclers and Climate Change 26
3 Profiling the Reference Cities 28
Selecting the reference cities 28
Understanding the reference cities 30
Methodology 31
The process flow approach and the use of a process flow diagram 31
Information and indicators 36
The role of city profilers 37
Solid Waste Management in the World s Cities
Information quality ^8
Quick look at the main indicators in the reference cities 39
City indicators 39
Interpreting the data 39
Description of each indicator 39
Adelaide 46
Bamako 48
Belo Horizonte 50
Bengaluru 52
Canete 54
Curepipe 56
Delhi 58
Dhaka 60
Ghorahi 62
Kunming 64
Lusaka 66
Managua 68
Moshi 70
Nairobi 72
Quezon City 74
Rotterdam 76
San Francisco 78
Sousse 80
Tompkins County 82
Varna 84
The Three Key Integrated Sustainable Waste Management System Elements
in the Reference Cities 87
Waste collection: Protecting public health 87
Basic issues 87
Insights from the reference cities and global good practice in waste collection 89
Key Sheet 5: Examples of Municipal Waste Collection and Transfer Systems 90
Key Sheet 6: Emerging Global Good Practice in the Design of Small-Scale Solid Waste Equipment:
The Situation in Solid Waste Divisions in Cities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 93
Waste treatment and disposal: Front lines of environmental protection 104
Basic issues 104
Key Sheet 7: Draft Report of the Inaugural Meeting on the Regional 3R Forum in Asia,
11-12 November 2009 106
Insights from the reference cities and global good practices in waste disposal 108
Key Sheet 8: Phasing Out Open Dumps 111
Resource management: Valorizing recyclables and organic materials and conserving resources 116
Basic issues 116
Key Sheet 9: Waste Concern and World Wide Recycling: Financing Dhaka Market Composting
with Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and Carbon Credits 117
Key Sheet 10: Building the Private Sector and Reducing Poverty through Sustainable Recycling
in South-Eastern Europe 124
Contents
Key Sheet 11: Key Insights on Recycling in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, from the
GTZ/CWG (2007) Informal-Sector Study 128
Key Sheet 12: The Dutch Approach to Producer Responsibility 133
Insights from the reference cities and global good practices in resource recovery 134
5 Integrated Sustainable Waste Management Governance Features in the
Reference Cities 141
Inclusivity 141
Key issues and concepts 141
Key Sheet 13: WIEGO, Its Work on Waste-Pickers and the First World Encounter of
Waste-Pickers in Colombia in 2008 145
Key Sheet 14: First World Conference and Third Latin American Conference of Waste-Pickers,
Bogota, Colombia, 1-4 March 2008 146
Inclusivity in the reference cities and global good practices 149
User inclusivity: Consultation, communication and involvement of users 149
Key Sheet 15: The Evidence Base for Household Waste Prevention: How Best to Promote
Voluntary Actions by Households 150
Key Sheet 16: The International Labour Organization and the Model of Micro-Franchising in East Africa 157
Financial sustainability 164
Collection 164
Disposal 165
Key Sheet 17: Closure and Upgrading of the Open Dumpsite at Pune, India 167
Resource management and sustainable finance 169
Insights from the reference cities and global good practices in financial sustainability 170
Key Sheet 18: Solid Waste, Recycling and Carbon Financing: Fact or Fiction? 179
Sound institutions, proactive policies 184
Issues 184
Key Sheet 19: Waste Management and Governance: Collaborative Approaches for
Public Service Delivery 187
Cities and experience with good governance practices 191
6 Reflections and Recommendations 203
Reflecting back on the key messages of the book 203
Lessons from the cities 204
Local solutions to local problems 204
Different approaches to a similar problem 205
Data is power: Indicators of good practice in integrated sustainable waste management 206
Putting integrated sustainable waste management into practice 207
Consider all the dimensions of integrated sustainabile waste management 207
Building recycling rates 207
A focus on waste reduction 208
Use all available sources of finance 209
Our key conclusion 210
Moving towards financial sustainability and the role of donors 210
Closing words: What makes an ISWM system sustainable? 212
Glossary of Terms 213
References 217
Index 223
LIST OF FIGURESJABLES AND BOXES
FIGURES
2.1 A world of variation in classifying MSW composition in the reference cities 12
2.2 The integrated sustainable waste management (ISWM) framework 27
3.1 Process flow diagram for Canete, Peru 33
3.2 Process flow diagram for Lusaka, Zambia, from the GTZ/CWG (2007) report 34
3.3 Process flow diagram for Delhi, India 35
4.1 Collection coverage for non-slum and slum households 88
4.2 Waste management hierarchy 105
4.3 Stepwise progression controlling disposal 109
K9.1 How the Clean Development Mechanism project uses public, private and community cooperation 119
K18.1 Carbon market growth in 2008 180
K18.2 Who is buying and who is selling carbon credits? 182
5.1 Regulation process of solid waste in Peru 194
TABLES
K2.1 Healthcare waste generation by income level 8
2.1 Municipal solid waste generation in the reference cities 11
2.2 Waste composition in the reference cities 12
2.3 Estimates of current world MSW generation and projections of what it might become 13
2.4 Relevance of improved SWM to the Millennium Development Goals 25
3.1 The reference cities 30
3.2 Values of a short set of indicators in the reference cities 38
4.1 Waste collection rates in urban areas in selected Latin American and African countries 96
4.2 Average collection coverage in the reference cities, in ranked order from 100 per cent 96
4.3 Percentage of fleet working in the reference cities 101
4.4 Feedback mechanisms and satisfaction levels 102
4.5 Waste disposal in the reference cities 108
K9.1 Impact of carbon financing on total investment 121
Kll.l Citywide generation of solid waste in the six GTZ/CWG (2007) cities 129
K11.2 Composition of waste in the six GTZ/CWG (2007) cities and in cities in the US and The Netherlands 129
K11.3 Material recovered by the formal and informal sector 130
K11.4 Informal-sector collection of recovered material in the six cities 130
K11.5 Informal-sector income and earnings from recycling in the study cities 131
K11.6 Modelled total solid waste materials handling system costs per tonne, net costs per tonne and total
net costs for the whole sector for all tonnes handled by that sector 131
K12.1 Dutch national recycling goals in 2008 and their achievement levels in Rotterdam 133
List of figures, tables and boxes
Xlll
4.6 Reference city recycling rates as a percentage of municipal solid waste 134
4.7 Actual recovery rates vs recovery targets in the reference cities 135
4.8 Destinations of organic waste in the reference cities 135
4.9 Optimizing recovery by building on successes 136
5.1 Participation and inclusivity in the reference cities 154
5.2 Profile of informal activities in solid waste 156
5.3 Informal and formal participation in waste system 160
5.4 Institutional context for inclusive provider practices 161
5.5 Understanding revenues and values of different types of materials to be recycled 169
5.6 Waste management costs and budgeting in the reference cities 170
5.7 Annual municipal waste management budget calculations 171
5.8 Sources of operational funds: Revenues 172
5.9 Fees and incentives 173
5.10 Sources of funds 175
5.11 Benchmark indicators for sustainable financing 176
K18.1 Numbers of projects and programmes 179
K18.2 Preparedness of the projects 179
K18.3 Carbon market at a glance: Volumes and values, 2007-2008 180
K18.4 Issuance rate in 2009 for CDM landfill gas and composting projects 181
K18.5 Verified emissions reductions for landfill gas, composting and incineration projects in the voluntary
carbon market in 2009 181
K18.6 List of current methodologies 183
5.12 Professional recognition 201
BOXES
S.l Some recent solid waste crises xix
K3.1 Health risks for waste workers and recyclers 16
2.1 Waste management and climate change 20
2.2 Plague-like epidemic in Surat, India 21
2.3 Integrated sustainable waste management (ISWM) 27
4.1 The economic cost of poor waste management 89
4.2 Importance of waste for the Silicon Valley of India 97
4.3 Collecting air in Byala, Bulgaria 97
4.4 Beijing Spring Festival 98
4.5 Principles of a good collection service 98
4.6 Taking waste matters into their own hands 99
4.7 The motorization debate in Bamako, Mali 100
4.8 A tale of two cities (in one) 100
4.9 Swatchh Mitra in Bengaluru 102
4.10 Creating trust and willingness to pay in Nairobi 102
4.11 Public engagement for enhanced recycling in the UK 103
4.12 Dandora among the dirty 30 104
4.13 A crisis stimulates change 105
4.14 The Matuail landfill, Dhaka, Bangladesh 110
4.15 Failed treatment facilities in India 114
4.16 Understanding the function of technology 114
?_. * ,. Solid Waste Management in the World s Cities
XIV
4.17 Beware the magic solution salesman 115
K9.1 Compost plant in Bulta, Narayanganj - a capacity of 130 tonnes per day 121
4.18 The Maraichers: Agricultural supply chain sink for the Bamako waste problem 126
4.19 Economic Aspects of the Informal Sector in Solid Waste. 2007 127
4.20 Plastic bag reduction 136
4.21 Institutionalizing the sink value of recycling in The Netherlands 138
4.22 A scrap of decency 139
5.1 Public interest litigation in India: Sugar PIL or bitter PIL? 142
5.2 Programa de Selo Verde, Ceara State, Brazil 149
5.3 Participatory urban waste planning in Vietnam 155
5.4 Siting the new Tompkins County landfill 156
5.5 The early bird gets the ... e-waste 160
5.6 Framing social dialogue and social inclusion in Brazil 162
5.7 Legal backing for waste-pickers in Cali, Colombia 162
5.8 The Swabhimana platform: Key to waste planning in Bengaluru 163
5.9 C0GEVAD: A stakeholder platform in Mali 163
5.10 Integrating user feedback mechanisms with municipal monitoring and supervising tasks in Quezon City 163
5.11 Involving the community in assessing collection routes in Catia La Mar, Venezuela 164
5.12 Where there is a will, there is a way 166
5.13 Making getting to know your costs a priority, from Hong Kong to Nicaragua 171
5.14 Belo Horizonte, Brazil 172
5.15 Why the donkeys of Bamako, Mali, were dying in 1999 172
5.16 Considerations when setting up revenue collection strategies 174
5.17 Recovering costs of collection in Bengaluru, Karnataka State, India 177
5.18 Urban environmental accords: Setting an example in policy commitments 191
5.19 Separating the political head from the administrative body: Different experiences from the reference cities 192
5.20 Sector analysis leading to change at all policy levels 194
5.21 Reserving land for a landfill to avoid being caught by surprise 195
5.22 Roles in waste management 196
5.23 Owning up for the landfill in Bamako, Mali 197
5.24 Working together in Brazil 198
5.25 International Labour Organization (IL0) micro-franchising in Africa 199
5.26 Safi youth group in Mombasa, Kenya 199
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