Cultura Tiszapolgár în România:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Alba Iulia
Altip
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Bibliotheca Brukenthal
41 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Tiszapolgár culture in Romania |
| Beschreibung: | 428 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789731172446 |
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| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Bibliotheca Brukenthal |v 41 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Tiszapolgár culture in Romania | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Funde |0 (DE-588)4071507-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Tiszapolgárer Kultur |0 (DE-588)4229318-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Rumänien |z West |0 (DE-588)4445764-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022283567&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 307.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09014 |g 3 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804145361425530880 |
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| adam_text | CUPRINS
INTRODUCEREA EDITORULUI
........................................................................ 7
CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE
........................................................................................................................ 9
CAPITOLUL
I:
Eneolitic, chalcolitic sau epoca cuprului
..................................................... 11
CAPITOLUL
II:
Metoda de lucru. Baze de date şi informaţii. Cataloage şi dicţionare pentru cultura
Tiszapolgár
..................................................................................................... 29
CAPITOLUL III: Cultura
Tiszapolgár.
Noţiuni generale
................................................ 71
CAPITOLUL
IV:
Repertoriul descoperirilor aparţinând culturii
Tiszapolgár
de pe teritoriul
României
.......................................................................................................... 89
CAPITOLUL
V:
Cultura materială a culturii
Tiszapolgár
................................................ 143
CAPITOLUL
VI:
Ceramica şi evoluţia ei
.................................................................. 203
CAPITOLUL VII: Viaţa spirituală şi socială
............................................................... 247
CAPITOLUL VIII: Elemente de cronologie absolută. Concluzii
................................................... 255
SUMMARY
...................................................................................................... 261
LISTA ABREVIERILOR BIBLIOGRAFICE
.............................................................................. 269
LISTA BIBLIOGRAFICĂ
........................................................................................ 271
ANEXE
.......................................................................................................... 287
HĂRŢI ŞI PLANURI
....................................................................................................................... 317
PLANŞE
............................................................................................................................................. 330
TISZAPOLGÁR
CULTURE IN ROMANIA
Summary
Culture
name
This civilisation was labelled as
Tisa
IIі,
Tisa III2, late Tisa3, Româneşti4, Tiszapolgar-Romaneşii5
and
Tiszapolgár0
in the Romanian literature.
The first three terms have strong connections with the opinions that considered this culture as a component
of
Tisa
cultural complex. This idea is also present in the foreign literature: the Slovakian one regards this culture
as the second7 or the third phase8 of
Polgár
cultural complex; the Serbian historiography presents a resembling
opinion, because this culture is considered to be a phase of a large cultural complex, together with
Bodrogkeresztur culture9, named
Tiszapolgár
grupa10.
The Hungarian literature used the term
Tiszapolgár
and regarded it as an independent culture, at the
beginning of the Copper Age, which is very strong connected to
Bodrogkeresztúr
culture (it played a very
important role during the genesis of this culture) but still dissimilar1
.
Culture origin
In the entire territory of development, the formation of this culture is the result of a quite long
evolutional process, based on a background which presents slight differences depending on every urea
ihat
composed the territory of the future culture. This fact explains why, during the formative phase of this culture.
there is a large number of cultural aspects12, with very strong influences from the Late NeoJiihic background:
Herpály
cultural group in the eastern part of
Tisa
plain, including the western Transylvanian plain,
Csöszhalom
cultural group in the upper Tisa s watercourse, including the western part of
Hortobágy,
the northern and
western
part of
Nyírség
area and eastern Slovakia and Gorzsa cultural group in the area which is limited by the lower
Tisa s watercourse13. Among these, the most important for the genesis of
Tiszapolgár
culture was
Herpály
cultural group. The occupation area of this cultural group and the south-eastern part of
Csöszhalom
group
correspond with the territory of
Basatanya
group and the area of Gorzsa group will overlap the territory of Deszk
p
group
In the north-western part of the future territory of
Tiszapolgár
culture, in the eastern Slovakia, in the
Csöszhalom
area15, overlapping a Late Neolithic layer, characterized by white painted pottery (the Oborin group.
also named
Csőszhalom-Oborin
group) it was identified
â
layer that is representative because all the painted
pottery is gone. This chronological and cultural horizon is named
Proto-Tiszapolgár
and appears at
Zemplín.
Lučky, Tibava
(the settlement), and
Veľké Raškovce16.
According to the stratigraphy from
Bačka,
the period is contemporary to
Vinca D2.
Simultaneously, in
Transylvania we can speak about the
Proto-Tiszapolgár
phase of
Herpály
cultural group and about phase
АБ
of
the
Petreşti
culture, contemporary to the beginning of the
Ariuşd
culture. In Transdanubia this moment
corresponds to the unpainted phase (phase III) of
Lengyel
culture and in
Tisa
region, the
Vinca D
moment is
2
Dudaş
1970,
pp.
355-356.
j
Rusu
1971,
pp.
80-81.
glassa
1964^.365^.75.
P
-----1981,
pp.
21-29.
jOprinesculoei.
Lazarovici
1983;
Iercoşan
2002.
Javuk-SiSkal981.
Sšk
1
1968.
J(Tasić
1995.
Bk
1974.
95.
Brukner
1974.
Bognár-Kutzián
1963, 1972.
Lazarovici
1983
n
4
Ibidem.
Ibidem.
Іб
Jidan,
p.
213.
BrL*nerl974,p.ll4,n.
13.
261
.π
contemporary to the very end of
Tisza
culture and with
Proto-Tiszapolgár
time
.
In Some opinions occurred in
Hungarian literature according to which the beginning of the Tiszapolgar culture could be related to phase
Б
of
this culture, as it was defined by
Bognár-Kutzián
.
The appearance of this numerous groups and cultural aspects, especially durmg the earlier period of the
culture (the formative phase) is also obvious for the Romanian territory. The earliest Tiszapolgar symptoms.
named
Proto-Tiszapolgár,
are present in two distinctive areas: the northern and western Transylvanian area
concentrated on
Someş
and
Criş
rivers, at the moment of Suplacul
de Barcău
-
Iclod final
-
Dragu
-
Sacosul
Mare cultural horizon19, when the elements from
Tisa
plain penetrate faster and a southern area, belonging to
Banat,
where the elements from Hungary arrive much tardy, being contemporaneous to
Vinca D2
phase, at the
moment of
Tiszapolgár
culture genesis.
Culture territory
The development area of this culture comprises the eastern part of Hungary (eastern from
Tisa
river).
eastern Slovakia, northern Serbia and in Romania it occupies
Banat, Crişana, Sălaj, Sătmar,
south-western
Maramureş
and a part of western Transylvania. Throughout the Romanian territory the spread of the culture was
made using the
Someş, Criş,
lower
Mureş, Timiş
and
Bega
river basins; the increasing in number of the
Tiszapolgár
sites is very obvious in the
Tisa
plain20.
Evolution
During the development of this culture, it was considered that it could be split into two evolutional
phases (A and B) 2 the first one, the earliest, being characterized by the fact that people do not use the tell-like
settlements anymore
(Pusztaföldvár, Darvas, Tibava
with the exception of
Crna
Bara)
and they separate the
cemetery from settlement (Deszk, Tibava). Moreover, this first phase could be divided into two horizons, the
first one, A|, presenting many common features with the precedent Late Neolithic background, at
Darvas.
Szentpéterszeg,
Deszk, the beginning of the tell-like settlement from
Crna
Bara
and probably in the earliest
layers from Tibava, Oborin and
Senta-Bátka
and the second one, A7, when the Late Neolithic elements are
gone . The second phase, phase B, is considered to be the classical or the late phase and comprises all the
characteristic elements of this civilization. A different opinion regarding the evolution of this culture belongs to
Gheorghe Lazarovici, who considers that this culture has three phases: earlier, middle and a later one11, labelled
as phase A (formative phase with Late Neolithic elements), phase
В
(classical, with all the characteristic
elements of this culture) and a final phase with
Bodrogkeresztúr
elements24. We consider that the two-phase
evolution is much more connected to the archeological facts, while the third phase (which is practically the
transformational stage of
Tiszapolgár
culture into
Bodrogkeresztúr
culture) belongs to
Bodrogkeresztúr
culture.
as formative or earlier phase. The sub-phase
A¡
is, in our opinion, the same thing as
Proto-Tiszapolgár
stage, as
it was defined by the Hungarian literature.
Connections, influences
Based on artefacts, connections and influences analyses and mostly on the 14C existent data25 we propose
the tollowmg cultural horizons:
Tiszapolgár
A
-
Petresti
AB (end)-B
-
Cucuteni A} (end)-A2
-
Gumelnita A2
-
Sãlcuta
Па-Ь
-
Vinca D,
(етЦ
-D:
(early)
-
Lengyel
III
(Brodzány).
Tiszapolgár
В
-Petreci
В
-
Cucuteni
А3
-
Gumelniţa
A2~Bj
-
Sălcuta
lIc-III (early)
-
Vìnca
D2-
(early Ludamce).
17
Horváth
1987,
p.
46.
Kalicz-Raczky
1987,
p.
125.
Lazarovici
et alii.
1983-1984,
p.
21.
Lazarovici
1983,
fig.
10.
*
Bognár-Kutzián
1972,
p.
189.
Ibidem, p.
193.
*
Lazarovici
1975,
p.
10;
Idem
1983,
pp
8-13
Maxim
1999,
p.
124.
262
BragoŁi^^^
-----------------;---------------------------------------------------------
CUltoraligzapolcăr în România
Tranziţie
Tiszapolgár-Bodrogkerestúr
-
grupul Decea Mureşului
-
Petreşti
В
(very end)
(?) -
Cucutem
A
Ali
(early)
-
Gumelniţa
B¡
-
Sălcuţa
Ul
-
Lengyel
IV
-
Balaton-Lasinja
A26.
*
Settlements and dwellings
Settlements
Tiszapolgár
settlements were placed, generally, right near the watercourses, fact that is extremely
common to the entire prehistory.
196
certain sites are considered to belong to
Tiszapolgár
culture out of which
139
were declared settlements, six were used as shelters and five had a double function (settlement
una
necropolis). Five types of settlements are distinguished, based on relief forms where these structures were
disposed:
a) settlements placed on the lowlands, on the first river terraces, on the plain, on high terraces riuht
near the river meadow or on the marshes banks and on the sand banks
(77
sites).
b) settlements disposed on hilly lands, sometimes near the large watercourses or on the hill s slopes,
the southern ones were usually used
(23
cases).
c) settlements from mountain lands (quite rare) also placed near the watercourses and occupy
lhe
high
grounds of the area27.
d) shelters arranged in caves
(5
sites)
e) settlements on tells
(11
situations).
From the point of view of geographical and ethnographical typology, two large types of settlements were
distinguished28:
a) dense settlements
b) dispersed settlements.
The first category was usually placed on a very well determined relief unit: sand banks, small
tenaces
promontories, and hills, generally not so large from the surface point of view (between one hectare
lo twt
hectares). The second category comprises settlements disposed in open, large areas, especially on the plain, quite
large as surfaces (larger than two hectares: Tibava settlement used to have
3-4
ha
).
Inside the Romania territory,
46
settlements belong to phase A and
32
to phase
В
of
Tiszapolgár
culture.
Dwellings
From the architectural point of view, the dwellings can be separated into three types: pit-dwellings,
hovels and surface dwellings. The pit-dwellings are generally quite deep, their depth being around
1,50-2
m.
without any arrangements inside30. The hovels have a rectangular form, their dimensions being arounc
5,5x2,5x0,35
m
at
Parta31
and
3,20x3x0,40
m
at Suplacu
de
Barcau-Lap/j
1Ѓ.
The surface dwellings have
foundation trenches or just post holes and their surfaces are around
7,5
to
30
m2 at
Parta,
25-27
m
at Oradea-
Salca and
15
m2 at Caici-Cozard.
Taking into account only the dimensional aspect, one can notice that small dwellings are predominant:
4x3,80
m
for LI from Cwn-Cozard,
4,80x4,20
m
for L2 from Carei-Cozarar,
4,90x2,65
m
for L2 from
Homorodu de Sus,
4x2
m
for L4 and
4x3
for L5 from the same settlement,
4,50x5,60
m
and
5,50x4,90
m
being
the data for Oradea-Sa/ca
/.
At
Dumbrava,
on the eastern profile of
S
III, a surface dwelling was visible, but the
only determinable dimension was the length
(3,80
m)33; the same axis was noticed at Crasna
(3,60
and
3.70
m)
■
At
Zalău-Vafea Miţii
two houses were identified: one of them, L2 was trapezoidal and it was splitcd
m
two
rooms35; the second one had the following dimensions:
4,5x3
m36. At
Sacoşu
Mare, four dwellings were
»gated, two of them having
4,5x6
and
5x6
m. At
Parta,
for house L2 the data were
5x4
m, for LI 3,5x_..*>
.
investis
27 We quote this phase of Balaton-Lasinja group from
Pavúk
2000,
p.
18,
tabelle
1.
ІЄГГ.ПЧЯП
OíWl
_
іґ ґ
j
--
-uui, y. toy.
Ibidem, p. Hi.
^Siška
1968,
p.
161.
Lazarovici-Lazarovici
2003,
p.
425.
n Ibidem.
ibidem.
3
Lakó
1981,
p.
50.
з
Acosan
20D2,p.ll9,n.
75.
LazarovKi-Lazarovici
2008,
p.
255.
263
Пгярпу
Diaconescu
_______________________■__-________________
:
-----------
Cultura
-■^ ^■^aijiusgrnania
for
L
XI
3 5x2 5
m
for dwelling
119 2x60
m
and for platforms number P14 and P30
2x4
m
and
3x2,5
m37. In bis
paper on Copper Age architecture, Gheorghe Lazarovici divides the surface dwellings in three categories: large
(over
50
m2), medium
(25-30
m2) and small (less than
20
m
).
Practically, at the moment, there were identified
41
surface dwellings on the Romanian territory in
12
settlements38 (Cark-Cozard,
Homorodu de
Sus-Lunca, Zalau-Valea Midi,
Oradea-Sö/ca /,
Oradea-A
il
Suplacu
de
Barcau-Lapiş,
Dumbrava
-Ια
Cosma, Parţa-Tell
1,
Dăbîca-Cetate, Crasna-D/V/ca, Giurteiecu
Şimleului-GKW/u lui
Damian™
and
CIuj-Napoca-CWiinJ Polus).
Fire
installations
The first category and the only one certified for this civilization, which is in fact more a fire place than a
proper fire installation is the hearth. In Romania hearths were certified at:
Buciumi-CéTi/ra
satului
(one hearth of
1
m
diameter40, without any data connected to a dwelling), Crasna-D/nai (three hearths, all of them inside the
dwellings41), TMn-Valea
Miß
(one hearth inside of a house42), Dumbrava-L« Cosma (one open hearth, oval in
shape,
75x60
cm and
12
cm thick, without any trace of a dwelling around it43), Carei-Cozard (three hearths, first
VI oval in shape,
138x80
cm, outside the dwelling LI; the second one, V2 also oval in shape
60x40
cm, slightly
leaning to south, inside of LI; the third, V4, also oval,
55x43
cm easily over-elevated outside of dwellings44).
To resume, for the Romanian territory which was occupied by
Tiszapolgár
communities, there were nine
hearths discovered, out of which five were actually investigated. Out of these nine fire-places, five of them were
considered to be placed inside the dwellings, but only one rejoices by a clear description of discovery conditions
(V2 from
Carçi-Cozard).
From the morphological point of view we can observe the prevalence of oval hearths
relative to round ones, the ratio being
4
to
1.
Cemeteries
The most important sites of this civilization are the cemeteries:
Basatanya
(63
graves),
Veľké Raškovce
(44
graves), Tibava
(41
graves), Deszk
(28
graves) and
Hódmezővásárhely-Kotacpart
(17
graves). These sites
are usually placed apart from the settlements
(12
m
at Tibava and roughly
2
km at Tiszaug-Kisretpart).
The specific funeral rite is inhumation in contracted or sometimes in outstretched position, the body
being disposed on a side, men on the right and women on the left; sometimes the body is lying on the back.
especially in
Basatanya
group. Also the cremation rite can be observed, only in Lucska group
(4
graves at Tibava
and
7
at
Lučky).
The general orientation is west-east axis given by
62
graves from
Basatanya
and east-west axis
(26
graves at Deszk and
13
from Tibava)45. There are also bodies orientated on NW-SE axis at
Veľké Raškovce4
and
Hajdúböszörmény-Ficsori-Tó-Dülö47.
The funeral inventory is composed especially of pottery, which also
appears in men and women graves48. Women graves contain stone beads girdles around the pelvis of the
deceased and in men graves there are copper bracelets and beads spread around the torso49. At
Basatanya
men
graves also contain stone polished tools, flint blades, flint cores, stone arrow heads and mace heads50. At
Veľké
Raškovce,
only men s graves contain copper axes and a copper knife, but copper bracelets also appear in
women s graves
.
37
Ibidem.
ID
We didn t include among these sites the tell from
Uivar
because we don t have direct data about the existence of
1
iszapolgar dwellings here.
*
UkóWsfp^000 ÍS0UrCe http://WWW-CÍraec-r^^^^
Ibidem,
ρ.
50.
42
Iercoşan
2002,
p.
122..
43
Ibidem,
pp,
122-123.
44
Ibidem, p.
123.
45
Bognár-Kutzián
1972,
p.
153
46
Vizdal
1977,
p.
145.
47
Kovács- Váczi
2007,
p.
398.
48
Ibidem, p.
880,
fig.
га-Ь.
49
Ibidem, p.
882.
J° Ibidem, fig.
3
a-b,
4
а
-b,
5a
Vizdatl977,p.
145.
264
Уїяьх*^
--------- -■ ■-----------------------------------.-------------
cultura
liszapolgąr
în
Romania
The anthropological analyses on the skeletons from Basatnaya
(75
individuals) reveal the fact that the
proto-European and Mediterranean prevailed.
UIC ldia
ІІШ
Ulc
For Romanian territory this aspect is quite penurious, especially in what is regarding the number of
discoveries. As a conclusion we can speak about
11
sites which were considered to be part of Tiszapoie-ir
cemeteries; out of these only seven can be considered as certain
(Santăul Mic,
Hotoan,
Căpleni
and
Beba
Veche
are uncertain discoveries). In those seven certain sites
10
graves52 were identified, all inhumation graves four of
them belonging to children. Until now, these skeletons were not analysed from an anthropological point of view.
Pits
Neta Iecoşan
proposed a four types typology for this archaeological features, when he published his
volume on Tiszapolgar culture in north-western part of Romania: a) pit houses; b) pits for clay exploatation; c)
refuse pits; d) pits with special destination (ritual pits). We consider that this author missed a very
important
category: storage pits. We also think that it is very hard to believe that prehistoric communities used to excavate
pits just to throuh out inside refuses. Apart from the ritual pits, all the other categories became, after being used
¡n their first purpose, refuse pits. So in the above typology we can replace refuse pits with storage pits.
Fortifications. Enclosures
For the Romanian territory we identified three cases which can be integrated in this category.
Cehei
-
Oman
între urât53
is the first one but we have some
reservs
about it because this site was investigated only by
survey. Another one is
РагЏ-ТеП
-ul
I, where prof. Gheorghe Lazarovici investigated the first attested defensive
sistem
of
Tiszapolgár
culture for Romania. Into the fourth cultural layer, a stockade trench
(Ş17)
was identified
in trench
S
18
and it was explored on
15-18
m
length; it was
30-40
cm wide, and the transversal section was in
U shape54. In trench
SII
ditch number
121
was investigated, on a relatively short part; its width is
50-60
cm
and from
1,50
m
to
1,50
m
it presents post holes on it s bottom55. Another constitutive element is ditch 17b.
considered to belong to layer 4b and it is placed into the southern part of the settlement and it is considered to be
a stockade ditch56.
The magnetometrical plan from
Uivar-Gomr/ă,
made by prof.
Helmuth
Becker it is a very good and
comprehensive one. From the ditches defensive complex visible on it, four of them were considerd to he outside
the settlement. The fourth ditch (looking from inner part to exterior) cut by trench
VII
is considerd to belong to
Early Copper Age57. The authors consider that the
Tiszapolgár
settlement was moved easily to the south in
comparasion to
Vinca
settlement58.
Material culture
The main material culture category is pottery, for which we establish
262
vessels forms (arranged in
15
main types) and eight lids forms. The basis for our work was the typology created by
Idá Bognár-Kutzián
in her
papers from
1963
and
1972;
from the morphological point of view we can notice as characteristic forms the
hollow pedestal vessels.
The pottery ornamentation is characterized by almost absolute lack of painting technique (painted sherds
with red and black were discovered at
Dăbîca, Berea,
Cam-Cozard and Ar&d-Uzina
de apă).
The main
categories of trimmings are the bulges, the awl-head type of handles horizontally drilled or partially perforated,
be circular stitches arranged in several patterns, notches, barbotine not so often, scratches, alveoli.
There are other types of clay objects, like clay spindle-heads, loom-weights, clay spoon
(Сагеї-ЗДш
de
furare)
and zoomorphic representations
(Calata,
Gilău, Dăbîca,
Caxú-Cozard).
Other object categories are the polished stone drilled weapons and tools like hammer-axes, maces ana
battle axes and not-perforated like
trapezoid
axes, chisels, adzes. There are also chipped stone tools made in
great majority by flint. Characteristic are marble beads which often appear as funerary inventory (in
Romanu
——--------------__________
We did not took in consideration the so-called grave from
Beba
Veche,
because of the lack of information about .t.
PoP
et alii
2006,
p.
23.
bzarovici-Lazarovici
2008,
p.
266.
bidem, pp.
266-267.
toldan,
pp.
266-267.
л
Ibidem, p.
266.
Î,p.
166.
em, p.
160.
265
there is just a singular case and it is not sure that this possible grave belonged to
Tiszapolgár
culture, because
this beads were the only type of objects found at Hotoan).
Other objects were made of bones and horns, like antlers hammer-axes (which appear as funerary
inventory), awls, needles and handles. There were also wild-pig tusk adornments discovered.
The metal objects are manufactured especially from copper and here we can speak about jewelleries
(rings, beads and bracelets) which were usually identified as funerary inventory. For Romanian territory there
were
84
copper axes discovered connected in Romanian archeological literature to
Tiszapolgár
culture; out of
them, only
54
belong to the same chronological level as the above mentioned culture and from the spatial poim
of view they were discovered in the western half of the actual territory of Romanian. These facts could be a good
argument for an intense metallurgical activity.
The main types of this massive copper objects are: hammer-axes by
Pločnik, Cotiglet, Vidra, Čoka.
Székely
and
Nádudvar,
Codor
and Crestur types and flat axes by
Gumelniţa, Coteana
and
Sălcuţa
types.
Unfortunately, all this copper axes were fortunate discoveries and that is why their cultural assignation is
impossible to be done.
Another metal used for manufacturing adornments is gold, identified in
Tiszapolgár
culture only in
Lucska group (south-eastern part of Slovakia).
Economy
Plants cultivation
Real data about this aspect were obtained at
ČiČarovce
(feature no.
36)
from a feature belonging
ίο
Proto-Tiszapolgár
horizon and from
Ui var-Gom
Hă.
So, in both cases it was attested the presence of some grain
species by Triticum monococcum or
Einkorn,
Emmer
(Triticum dicoccum) types and also flax seeds
.
The
presence of
Emmer
grain type is a good argument to sustain that right before
Tiszapolgár
culture human
communities cultivated grains deliberately.
Stock breeding and hunting
Data about this aspect are quite few. The results from
Cauce cave,
level IV
(Tiszapolgár
layer) illustrate
that from
1058
remains,
70,6%
belong to domestic species (sheep
37%,
pig
22,3%,
cattle
11%
and fragments
from a dog skeleton). The wild species were represented by deer with
13,4%,
wild pig
6,4%,
rabbit
2,5%.
Six
fragments belong to an ox60.
The other data were provided by the discoveries from
Parta, Uivar
and Carei-Cozarcr1
.
These data show
us that the percentage of wild species is quite high (in contradiction to the data from
Cauce,
but this site is a cave
so it is a special one used as a shelter during spring and summer, probably in the autumn and for sure not in
winter time
-).
So, we can discuss about a specialisation in hunting. This, together with a better stock breeding.
could indicate a dynamic population.
Absolute chronology
For the Romanian territory there isn t any C14 data for
Tiszapolgár
culture for the moment63.
At this point there are seven data for the so-called
Proto-Tiszapolgár
horizon, five from
Herpály,
one
u
^ ue
enť5
and °ne from
čičarovce-
The datum from Deszk is in good correlation to the data from
Hajduboszormeny-Ficsori-tó-Dülö,
the last mentioned site being framed in phase
В
of
Tiszapolgár
culture , and
also to some data from
Wésztò-Bikeri (Beta-162071,
Beta-162070, and Beta-162068). The datum from Deszk is
PZf ^preSentatiye for the fin^l part of the first phase (the formative one) of
Tiszapolgár
culture.
Те
Є
USmg the
muîatis
mutandi PrinciPk between the TL data from Gorzsa level A and the
^^T^
fOr ^ na 12 from Basatanya, could offer, for this level, a chronological
cal
ВС.
A notice about absolute dating for Gorzsa site indicated as the final datum
frame between
59
Kaminská
2007,
p.
258.
ω
Ibidem, pp.
112-113.
Iercoşan
2002,
anexum no.
6.
Luca et alii.
2005,
p.
Щ.
Iercoşan
2002,
pp.
181-182.
Kovács-Váczi
2007,
p.
403.
266
piaçonesçu
_______■-____________________________________
Cultura
Tiszapoleár
în România
«RO+lOO
BP65
If we correlate this datum with data Beta-162068 and Beta-162066 from
Vésztô-BiJtťW.
we can
htaiñ
a chronological frame for
Gorsza
level A between
4500-4360
ВС66.
F
tiszapoleár
culture there are eight C14 data, comprise between
4410-3760
(1σ)
cal B.C. (six
of these were
°
ded
by
Basatanya
cemetery, the other two are from
Bélmegyer
-Mondoki
domb
- 5300+70 BP
and
Méhkerék
-5385±65 BP).
Another five data were provided by
Hajdúböszörmény-Ficsori-tó-Dűlö
cemetery and date three graves:
30/34
(two data, one anthropological:
43304070
cal
B.C.
- VERA 3785
and one zoological:
4330-4070
cal
ВС
- VERA 3788),
m.
57/61
(two data, one anthropological:
43454260
cal B.C.
- VERA 3786
and one
oolo
·
al·
43204070
cal
B.C.) and m.
71/75
(one datum,
43354255
B.C.)68. The chronological frame offered
L
these data is
43504170
cai B.C.
69
As a result of
Körös
project, leaded by W. Parkinson, another seven data are available. According to the
authors the time span of development for
Vésztö-Bikeri
site is
46004200
(2σ)
cal
B.C.70
65
Horváth
1987,
p.
46.
t
.
t.
.
hftc,nse of the lack of data for level A.
Of course our logical exercise could be criticized, but we use this method because
Hertelendi
et alii.
1995,
p.
242,
table
1.
Kovács-Váczi
2007,
p.
408,
table
1.
^Ibidem, p.
403.
Parkinson
et alii.
2004,
p.
105.
267
|
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| genre | (DE-588)4027540-1 Inventar gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Inventar |
| geographic | Rumänien West (DE-588)4445764-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Rumänien West |
| id | DE-604.BV026745720 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:18:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789731172446 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022283567 |
| oclc_num | 729928266 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-29 |
| physical | 428 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Altip |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Bibliotheca Brukenthal |
| series2 | Bibliotheca Brukenthal |
| spelling | Diaconescu, Dragoş Verfasser aut Cultura Tiszapolgár în România Dragoş Diaconescu Alba Iulia Altip 2009 428 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bibliotheca Brukenthal 41 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Tiszapolgár culture in Romania Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Tiszapolgárer Kultur (DE-588)4229318-2 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien West (DE-588)4445764-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4027540-1 Inventar gnd-content Rumänien West (DE-588)4445764-9 g Tiszapolgárer Kultur (DE-588)4229318-2 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Bibliotheca Brukenthal 41 (DE-604)BV022503484 41 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022283567&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022283567&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Diaconescu, Dragoş Cultura Tiszapolgár în România Bibliotheca Brukenthal Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Tiszapolgárer Kultur (DE-588)4229318-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4229318-2 (DE-588)4445764-9 (DE-588)4027540-1 |
| title | Cultura Tiszapolgár în România |
| title_auth | Cultura Tiszapolgár în România |
| title_exact_search | Cultura Tiszapolgár în România |
| title_full | Cultura Tiszapolgár în România Dragoş Diaconescu |
| title_fullStr | Cultura Tiszapolgár în România Dragoş Diaconescu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cultura Tiszapolgár în România Dragoş Diaconescu |
| title_short | Cultura Tiszapolgár în România |
| title_sort | cultura tiszapolgar in romania |
| topic | Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Tiszapolgárer Kultur (DE-588)4229318-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Tiszapolgárer Kultur Rumänien West Inventar |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022283567&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022283567&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022503484 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT diaconescudragos culturatiszapolgarinromania |