Gemmology:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Butterworth-Heinemann
1995
|
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 358 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0750622903 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Read, Peter G. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Gemmology |c P. G. Read |
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Butterworth-Heinemann |c 1995 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804145351811137536 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
GEMMOLOGY
P. G. READ
L S J U T T E R W O R TH
E I N E M A N N
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
THE EVOLUTION OF THE SCIENCE OF GEMMOLOGY 1
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE LAST 150 YEARS 1
THE ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GEM MATERIAL 10
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC GEMS 11
2 THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATION AND OCCURRENCE OF GEMSTONES 12
THE EARTH S STRUCTURE 12
MINERALS AND ROCKS 13
THE FORMATION OF GEMSTONES IN THE EARTH S CRUST 13
GROUPS, SPECIES AND VARIETIES 17
THE MAJOR GEM OCCURRENCES OF THE WORLD 18
MINING TECHNIQUES 18
3 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GEMSTONES 23
ATOMS, ELEMENTS, MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS 23
VALENCY 25
BONDING 26
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND DURABILITY 28
4 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 30
CRYSTALLINE AND NON-CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 30
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF A CRYSTAL 32
CLASSIFICATION OF CRYSTALS BY SYMMETRY 34
THE SEVEN CRYSTAL SYSTEMS AND THEIR ELEMENTS OF SYMMETRY 35
CRYSTAL FORMS 38
CRYSTAL HABITS AND THEIR USE IN IDENTIFICATION 40
TWINNED CRYSTALS 43
POLYCRYSTALLINE AND MICROCRYSTALLINE MINERALS 43
METAMICT MINERALS 44
DEFINING CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC FEATURES BY INDICES 44
5 CLEAVAGE, PARTING AND FRACTURE 46
THE MECHANISM OF CLEAVAGE 46
LAPIDARY PROBLEMS CAUSED BY CLEAVAGE PLANES 49
THE USE OF CLEAVAGE IN THE FASHIONING OF DIAMOND 49
IMAGE 3
PARTING (FALSE OR PSEUDO-CLEAVAGE)
FRACTURE AND ITS USE AS AN AID TO IDENTIFICATION
49 50
6 HARDNESS 51
THE DURABILITY OF A GEMSTONE 51
MOHS SCALE OF COMPARATIVE HARDNESS 52
HARDNESS TESTS (USING HARDNESS PENCILS AND PLATES) 52
DIRECTIONAL HARDNESS 54
ENGINEERING HARDNESS TESTS 55
THE INFLUENCE OF HARDNESS ON MINING TECHNIQUES 56
7 SPECIFIC GRAVITY, DENSITY AND RELATIVE DENSITY 57
DEFINITIONS 57
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE AND THE MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY 57
MEASUREMENT OF SG BY DISPLACEMENT 58
HYDROSTATIC METHODS OF SG MEASUREMENT 60
APPROXIMATION OF SG USING HEAVY LIQUIDS 65
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 71
PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF SG USING HEAVY LIQUIDS 71
8 COLOUR, LUSTRE AND SHEEN 72
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 72
THE PHOTON 73
COLOUR AND SELECTIVE ABSORPTION 74
ALLOCHROMATIC AND IDIOCHROMATIC GEMS 75
THE TRANSITION ELEMENTS 75
COLOUR-CHANGE GEMSTONES 76
INTERFERENCE COLOURS 77
DISPERSION 78
COLOUR CENTRES 79
LUSTRE 79
SHEEN 80
COLOUR, TRANSPARENCY AND IDENTIFICATION 83
9 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 85
SNELL S LAWS OF REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 85
REFRACTIVE INDEX 87
DOUBLE REFRACTION 87
THE REFRACTOMETER 88
CONTACT FLUID 91
SOURCES OF ILLUMINATION 91
USING THE REFRACTOMETER 94
OPTIC AXES, OPTIC SIGN AND OPTICAL CHAR ACTER 96
DISTANT VISION METHOD 99
SPECIAL REFRACTOMETER VERSIONS 100
FRESNEL S REFLECTIVITY EQUATION 101
THE REFLECTANCE METER - 102
OTHER METHODS OF RI MEASUREMENT 106
IMAGE 4
10 POLARIZATION AND PLEOCHROISM
THE POLARIZATION OF LIGHT POLARIZING FILTERS THE POLARISCOPE USING THE
POLARISCOPE
THE CONOSCOPE (INTERFERENCE FIGURES) PLEOCHROISM (DIFFERENTIAL SELECTIVE
ABSORPTION) THE DICHROSCOPE
11 SPECTROSCOPY ABSORPTION AND EMISSION SPECTRA THE PRISM SPECTROSCOPE
THE DIFFRACTION GRATING SPECTROSCOPE
USING THE SPECTROSCOPE FINE LINE SPECTRA FRAUNHOFER LINES
OTHER SPECTROSCOPE VERSIONS RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY SPECTROPHOTOMETERS
12 LUMINESCENT, ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF GEMSTONES
LUMINESCENCE (FLUORESCENCE AND PHOSPHORESCENCE) PHOTOLUMINESCENCE AND
STOKES LAW CROSSED FILTERS LONG-WAVE AND SHORT-WAVE ULTRAVIOLET
RADIATION X-RAY RADIATION
PHOTOLUMINESCENT PROPERTIES OF GEMSTONES OTHER FORMS OF LUMINESCENCE SW
UV TRANSMISSION TEST ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND
THERMAL INERTIA THERMAL CONDUCTANCE TESTERS
13 THE HAND LENS, MICROSCOPE AND CHELSEA FILTER TYPES OFHANDLENS TYPES
OF MICROSCOPE LIGHT-FIELD, DARK-FIELD AND INCIDENT ILLUMINATION
PIN-POINT ILLUMINATION AND SHADOWING TECHNIQUES
IMMERSION TECHNIQUES ADDITIONAL USES FOR THE MICROSCOPE CARE IN THE USE
OF THE MICROSCOPE THE CHELSEA FILTER HANDLING GEMSTONES
14 GEMSTONE ENHANCEMENT FOILS, COLOUR BACKING AND DYEING IMPREGNATION
HEAT TREATMENTS
SURFACE DIFFUSION IRRADIATION METHODS
114 114 114 116
118 120 121
122
125 125 126
129 131 139 139 140 142 142
144 144 145 145 147 149
150 150 152 152
155 157
161 161 165 167 169
170 172 173 173
175
179 179 180 182
185 186
IMAGE 5
GLASS FILLING 189
LASER DRILLING OF DIAMOND 190
DISCLOSURE OF ENHANCEMENTS 191
15 SYNTHETIC GEMSTONES AND GEMSTONE SIMULANTS 193
A BRIEF HISTORY OF EARLY GEMSTONE SYNTHESIS 193
DEFINITIONS 194
THE VERNEUIL FLAME-FUSION PROCESS 194
THE CZOCHRALSKI METHOD 198
FLUX-MELT GROWTH 199
ZONE MELTING 202
THE HYDROTHERMAL PROCESS 203
THE SKULL-CRUCIBLE PROCESS 206
DIAMOND SYNTHESIS 208
SYNTHETIC LAPIS LAZULI, TURQUOISE AND OPAL 211
SYNTHETIC JADEITE 212
GEMSTONE SIMULANTS 212
COMPOSITE GEMSTONES 212
THIN DIAMOND FILMS 216
16 DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL GEMSTONES 217
GROWTH LINES AND COLOUR ZONING 217
TWINNING 217
TYPES OF INCLUSION 218
IDENTIFICATION FEATURES OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC GEMSTONES 218
COLOUR ZONE DIFFUSION AND INDUCED FEATHERS/FINGERPRINTS 235
USE OF THE POLARISCOPE (IDENTIFYING SYNTHETIC QUARTZ AND VERNEUIL
CORUNDUM) 236 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND METHODS 237
17 IDENTIFYING INORGANIC GEMSTONE SIMULANTS 244
ALEXANDRITE 244
AQUAMARINE 246
DIAMOND 247
ADDITIONAL TESTS FOR DIAMOND 247
EMERALD 250
JADE 251
LAPIS LAZULI 251
TURQUOISE 252
OPAL 252
QUARTZ 254
RUBY 254
SAPPHIRE 254
18 ORGANIC GEM MATERIALS AND THEIR SIMULANTS 256
NATURAL PEARLS 256
CULTURED PEARL 258
DISTINGUISHING NATURAL FROM CULTURED PEARLS 262
IMITATION PEARLS AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION 266
SHELL 270
AMBER 271
IMAGE 6
IVORY
ODONTOLITE 275
TORTOISESHELL 275
JET 275
CORAL 277
19 THE FASHIONING OF GEMS TONES 279
CRITICAL ANGLE 279
CUTTING STYLES 282
GEMSTONE POLISHING 289
LAPIDARY TECHNIQUES 289
GEMSTONE CARVING 292
DIAMOND POLISHING METHODS 295
DIAMOND GRADING 298
APPENDICES 302
A BIBLIOGRAPHY 302
* THE ORGANIC GEMS 303
* THE INORGANIC GEMS 306
D MAN-MADE GEMS NOT OCCURRING IN NATURE 328
E COLOUR THEORY 329
F EXAMINATION NOTES AND SAMPLE EXAMINATION PAPERS 331
G GEMSTONE CONSTANTS 337
H UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 341
I TABLE OF ELEMENTS 342
J TABLE OF PRINCIPAL FRAUNHOFER LINES 345
* GEMSTONE WEIGHING 345
INDEX 347
|
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| dewey-ones | 549 - Mineralogy |
| dewey-raw | 549 |
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| dewey-sort | 3549 |
| dewey-tens | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:18:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0750622903 |
| language | English |
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| physical | 358 S. Ill. |
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| spelling | Read, Peter G. Verfasser aut Gemmology P. G. Read Oxford [u.a.] Butterworth-Heinemann 1995 358 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022276081&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Read, Peter G. Gemmology |
| title | Gemmology |
| title_auth | Gemmology |
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| title_fullStr | Gemmology P. G. Read |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gemmology P. G. Read |
| title_short | Gemmology |
| title_sort | gemmology |
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