Timişoara în amurgul Evului Mediu: rezultatele cercetărilor arheologice preventive din centrul istoric
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Timoşoara
Ed. Mirton
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Bibliotheca historica et archaeologica Banatica
43 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Mit engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: Timişoara at the dusk of the Middle Ages |
| Beschreibung: | 368 S., XV Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789735203351 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CUPRINS
Cuvânt înainte (FI. Draşovean)
.......................................................................7
I.
Descrierea situaţiei arheologice (FI. Draşovean, Al. Flutur, Al. Szentmiklosi)
....11
II.
Inventarul mobil
1.
Ceramica
1.1.
Ceramica medievală locală
(Zsuzsanna
Kopeczny)
...................85
1.2.
Ceramica de import (Niculina Dinu)
......................................127
2.
Obiectele din metal
(Zsuzsanna
Kopeczny)
.......................................143
3.
Obiecte sculpturale din piatră
(Zsuzsanna
Kopeczny)
.....................159
4.
Obiectele din piele (HedyM-Kiss)
...................................................161
5.
Descoperirile numismatice
(Raul
Şeptilici)
5.1.
Tezaurul monetar din strada
9
Mai
...................................221
5.2.
Descoperirile monetare izolate
...........................................235
III. Studii interdisciplinare
1.
Studiu arheozoologic
(Georgeta El Susi)..........................................241
2.
Studiu dendrocronologic (Ionel Popa)
............................................329
IV.
Timişoara în amurgul Evului Mediu. Concluzii (Costin Feneşan)
........333
Timişoara
at the dusk of the Middle Ages
..........................................347
Bibliografie
...............................................................................................357
TIMIŞOARA
AT THE DUSK OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
(Summary)
Researches in mediaeval archaeology, more intense and more
systematic in the last years, have contributed to enhancing the all but
lacunary patrimony of knowledge, have confirmed or diverged
known or assumed realities, and finally have opened up a
perspective to approaching entirely new aspects. In the case of
Timişoara,
researches in mediaeval archaeology
-
though mainly due
to grounds or public utility
-
have acquired an increased significance
as compared to other urban centres.
Regarding the archaeological approach of mediaeval
Timişoara,
we consider three decisive elements. Firstly, the crucial influence of
the geographic location has to be taken into account that is the
configuration of the marshland, intersected by the branches of
Timiş
and Beghei, influence that required a particular display and
dimensions for the components of the citadel and suburbs.
According to the available sources clearly results the fact that, due to
the configuration of the land, the city development (namely the
suburbs) towards west and south was practically impossible until the
18th century when the Austrian works of draining the marshes had
begun. The area for urban development
-
not for the citadel but for
the suburbs
-
aimed to east and north, but even there the aquatic
area imposed certain limitations. In fact the ambient geographic
environment has had an impact
-
perhaps greater than we are
currently aware of
-
on building materials as well and, eo
ipso, on
the
building style in mediaeval
Timişoara.
Both the archaeological
researches in the area
Libertăţii
Square
- 9
Mai Street
-
Sf. Gheorghe
Square and the early ones in
Huniadé
Castle have emphasized the
particular importance of wood
-
namely, the pedunculate oak tree
Iquercus rdbur) as emerged from recent expert analysis
-
as building
material either for foundations or for overground structure. We
believe that the stone, either gritstone or limestone, not to mention
347
the granite, was a valuable material in mediaeval
Timişoara,
having
to be transported from a considerable distance. As far as we know
the nearest quarry was situated at minimum
50
km away (for
example
Şanoviţa
or
Licareţ).
That is why, whenever time and
money permitted, stone and burnt brick have been used in the case
of impressive constructions, the first as a supreme element of
opulence . This is the case of religious edifices, of castle, and of some
parts of precincts walls and gate towers. In addition, we consider
that the streets/lanes of mediaeval
Timişoara
-
like of many other
towns in the period
-
were floored with oak beams, the civilian
buildings being made of the same material as well.
Another rather important element, necessary to be considered
in the archaeological investigation of mediaeval
Timişoara,
is the
damage, significant in many cases, inflicted on archaeological sites,
especially on stratigraphy, caused by the interventions made in the
18th and 19th centuries, and even in the 20th century, in the urban
structure by redesigning the street configuration, sewerage works,
excavating the foundations for large edifices, building the Vauban-
type fortification, etc. Consequently, even in the positive
circumstances when public works in the ancient mediaeval town call
for the archaeologist s implication
-
see our situation, in the area
previously mentioned
-
he is faced with clear difficulties for the
correct confirmation and assignation of cultural strata. More than
that, there are no elements of comparison in the local environment
while the analogies with mediaeval urban centres in the nearby (for
example Szeged), even evolving in conditions close enough with the
ones in
Timişoara,
may present the risk of being inconclusive
and/or incorrect.
We believe that, for an accurate evaluation of the excavations
made in the east-north-east area of mediaeval
Timişoara,
an abridged
retrospection regarding the evolution of the city till the beginning of
the 17th century would be interesting. Even if the information on
Timişoara
is totally sporadic until the beginning of the 14th century,
still it might be possible that both the erection of an earthen
fortification secured with palisade as early as the 12th century and the
348
first documentary mention of
a Timiş
County
(1177)
to be somehow
connected to the battles of the Hungarian kings Steven III
(1162-1172)
and
Béla
III
(1172-1196),
fought in the Balkan Peninsula and in
southern
Banat
with the Byzantines of the Emperor Manuel Comnen
(1143-1180).
This was also the time when the formation of regal
counties in the south-eastern part of the Hungarian kingdom was in
the process of completion, formation that always took place around a
regal citadel (castrum). As a result of this context the creation and the
function of
Timişoara
citadel as the centre of
Timiş
County are as
obvious as can be.
The first highpoint in the evolution of
Timişoara
has been
recorded at the beginning of the 14th century when King Carol Robert
of
Anjou
had chosen, at some stage in his fights with the so-called
oligarchs challenging the central authority, the stronghold on
Timiş
River as the centre in the conflict for re-establishing the centralized
state. Between
1308
and
1315,
the sovereign ordered the erection in
Timişoara
of the castle, made of stone and burnt bricks, which was
functioning till
1323
as the residence of the Regal Court, of the
National Assembly, and apparently even of a mint. Clearly the
presence of the monarch in
Timişoara
for almost a decade pushed for
the development of the civilian settlement, supported by the Italians
who had come in Carol Robert s suite. Actually,
Timişoara
had been
documented for the first time in this period
(1315)
as
oppidum
(market town), the special name for an urban-like settlement. In
1342,
Timişoara
was mentioned as town (civitas), yet the possibility of
Possessing this attribute much earlier could not be excluded.
The second highpoint in the evolution of
Timişoara
was the
frequent presence, in the period
1359-1365,
of King Louis of
Anjou
in
Ље
citadel, caused by his campaigns against the Czardom of
Vidin.
In fact, it seemed that in June
1365,
while the sovereign returned
from the battlefield after his victory against
Czar Sisman
and
remained in
Timişoara
for some time, Louis of
Anjou
granted the
town a special favour by bestowing it a coat of arms: a dragon (very
Probably standing for the
Bogomils
/Cathars heretics the king fought
against in the battles near
Vidin)
attacked with a spear by a knight in
349
armour (most likely symbolizing the role played by
Timişoara
in the
royal campaign).
With the first attempt of the Ottoman armed forces to besiege
Timişoara
(1394),
the fate of the castle would be placed, for more
than a century and a half, in the context of a resistance fighting
against the expansion of the Crescent Moon on its way to Central
Europe. This is the period when the activity of three fighters and
politicians stood out
-
Pipo
of
Ozora
(Filippo Scolari), John
of
Hunedoara
and Pavel Chinezu
-
who constantly aimed at developing
the defensive potential of this border stronghold, knowing well
enough its strategic role in the confrontation with the Ottoman Porte.
We believe that the military functions of
Timişoara
overshadowed, in
some way, the evolution of the civilian settlement. Almost certainly,
the efficiency of the fortifications from the Angevin period was
enhanced in the course of a first restoration and extension of
Timişoara
castle made by the Italian engineers brought by their
fellow countryman
Pipo
of
Ozora,
Count of
Timişoara
and of the
other
Banat
Counties for almost a quarter of a century. It is very
much likely that, parallel with the works of military art, several
civilian constructions had been put together, our information being
deficient so far. A new impetus concerning the works of restoration
and perhaps extension of the town s fortifications and its urban
settlement had been recorded during the period of time when John of
Hunedoara
was Count of
Timiş
and Landlord of the castle
(1441-
1447, 1456).
Certainly these works were impelled by the
consequences of the great earthquake from
5
June
1443,
in the context
of a constantly increasing Ottoman military threat. We believe that
this was the time when the castle and the fortified town were
provided with bombards made in the workshops from
Sibiu
or
Braşov,
weapons which enriched their defensive potential. The
evolution of the citadel in the time of King Matthew
Corvin,
who
promoted a resolute politics intended for reinforcing the central
authority with the help provided by the towns, is still unknown,
even if the sovereign turned up several times in the settlement partly
restored by his father. Likewise, we know almost nothing about the
350
progress of the castle in the time of Count Pavel Chinezu
(1478-1494)
who would have certainly offered it a special attention considering
the Ottoman threat that had become a constant component of daily
life in the area. We do know that, by the time, the urban life
developed characteristic elements. Therefore, from the second half of
the 14th century we have been presented with written evidence
attesting several crafts and the organization of craftsmen into guilds.
It also seems that commerce grew considerably given that in
1415
the
Saxon University was granted by King
Sigismund
of Luxembourg
the interdiction mostly against the merchants from
Timişoara
(mercatores
...de praedicta
Themeswar), excluding them from selling
their cloth by
elbow (w/wör/m) in
the markets hold in Transylvania,
namely in
Cluj, Bistriţa, Alba Iulia, Turda
and
Sibiu.
As concerning the population of the
Timişoara
citadel, the
existing information is lacunary and approximate, the same being
true for its military forces. An account given by a servant of
Ferdinand I of
Habsburg,
sent to
Timişoara
in the autumn of the year
1551,
stated a number of
2,000
houses, figure we consider to be
totally overstated, mostly because by its multiplication with the
demographic coefficient
4,
typical for the age, would result an
absolutely incredible number of
8,000
inhabitants. The estimation
formulated according to the Ottoman census of
1554
regarding the
population of
Timişoara
seems closer to reality. Even so, we consider
the figure of
4,000
inhabitants the superior limit to be accepted.
Information about the way the citadel managed to secure the
resources both for everyday living and for defence during the course
of the Middle Ages is worth knowing in studying the history of
Timişoara.
In this respect, the existence of a domain of the citadel
was highly important. The first mentions of some villages belonging
to a domain of the citadel dated from the 13th century; regrettably
poor information available makes impossible to track its evolution or
to analyse its structure at some point. A document from April
1552
offers the chance of recreating the domain of
Timişoara
in a crucial
moment for its existence. The necessary supplies came from
Timişoara
market
(oppidum
Themeswar)
-
namely
Palanca Mare
and
351
Palanca
Mică
-
with two mills, as well as from nine villages situated
north-west, west and south-west of the citadel: Utvin,
Mănăştur
(near
Vinga), Teremia,
Gelu, Choka
(the forest Cioca near
Timişoara
preserves the name of the village, presently perished), a part of the
village Zenthewl (currently
Mokřin
in the Serbian
Banat),
Mailat,
Unip and the two Berchen villages (near
Boka
in the Serbian
Banat).
For a citadel as important as
Timişoara,
the size of the domain seems
rather modest. In fact, all demands of the citadel were supposed to
be taken care of nine counties in the nearby or even at some distance:
Timiş,
Torontal,
Anad,
Cenad,
Csongrád, Békés,
outer
Solnoc,
Zăr
and and
Bihor.
Being placed in a conflict area might create, in the context of a
fully deficient documentation, the false idea that in mediaeval
Timişoara
the muses were apparently silent. This is not the case.
According to our knowledge,
52
of the
173
students from
Banat
studying in foreign universities until
1552
were students coming
from
Timişoara.
Surely they must have attended undergraduate
studies in their birth town for being granted access to university
education; therefore we might presume the existence of several
schools in
Timişoara,
around the Dominican and Franciscan
monasteries, where the youngsters had access to some level of
intellectual education. Otherwise it would be hard to suppose that
31
young people from
Timişoara
would have attended the University
of Vienna,
20
of them, maybe the University
Jagellón
of Krakow, and
1
would have attended the ancient and well-known University of
Bologna. More than that, some of the students from
Timişoara
had
attended several universities, completing the so-called academic
wandering: for example Ladislaus Zacalus of Themeswar, entering
the University of Vienna in
1466,
in two-year time baccalarius artium
of this university, in
1474
student at the University of
Ferrara
where
he achieved his PhD degree or, another example, Caspar Martini of
Themeswar, baccalarius artium of Vienna, ¡after no less than
13
years.
Finally, we have the case of Demetrius Temesvarius
Pannonius,
a
future leader of Reformation in Transylvania, who attended no less
than three universities: Vienna
(1524),
Krakow
(1530),
Vienna again
352
(1534)
and Wittenberg
(1538).
Several young people from
Timişoara
had remained eternal students for we have no records of their
graduation or academic degree. Yet, we knew for sure that ten of
them have graduated: six as baccalarius, one as
magister,
one as
licentiatus and two as doctors. We have no knowledge either how
many of the youngsters from
Timişoara
who had attended foreign
universities returned to their birth town. We do know the case
oí
the
Franciscan Pelbart of
Timişoara,
baccalarius artium of the University
of Krakow, studying there between
1458
and
1463.
Later on, without
returning to his birth place, he had gained European fame by
publishing in Western Europe several books of religious doctrine,
books containing certain critical aspects against moral and social
faults of the feudal world. In reality, the humanism persistently
promoted at the court of the scholar King Matthew
Corvin
-
whose
influences must have been felt in
Timişoara
too
-
would have
generated a certain intellectual endeavour and a certain interest for
reading in the citadel, periodically visited by the sovereign.
Starting from this historical digression, we would consider
appropriate to formulate several conclusions regarding the
archaeological sites revealed in
Timişoara,
in the perimeter delimited
by
Libertăţii
Square and Vasile Alecsandri Street,
9
Mai Street and Sf.
Gheorghe Square corner to
9
Mai Street, as well as concerning the
inventory discovered. First of all, archaeological diggings attest at
least four successive levels of urban material life in the mediaeval
period, followed by the Austrian level in
те18-19љ
centuries. At the
same time, archaeological diggings have demonstrated the fact that
the street configuration had been slightly modified during the
Middle Ages and the Ottoman time, the changes
-
not even radical
ones
-
occurring only during the Austrian period. We would also
have to emphasize that the construction technique in the case of civil
buildings was influenced by the swampy terrain and that in flooring
the streets branches of trees and, later on, oak beams were being
used.
We believe that several objects found in the course of
archaeological diggings are of a special importance. Among them are
353
the two fragments of led seals (one of them holding a mark) and the
scales plate made of copper sheet, dated in
16-1
7th centuries,
discovered in the site from
Libertăţii
Square corner to Vasile
Alecsandri Street and
9
Mai Street. We consider them to be the
weights and a part of the scales for coins and jewellery belonging to a
trader of the Ragusan colony from
Timişoara.
In the same time, these
pieces come as support to our conviction that the site where they
were discovered was part of the
intra
muros
mediaeval bazaar of
Timişoara.
Another archaeological piece worthy of a special interest is the
brass book triangle dated in the
3á
of the 15th century. As far as we
know, this is the first clear evidence pointing to the existence of
reading in mediaeval
Timişoara
(could have possibly been an
incunabulum?) Maybe this book could have been the property of a
student from
Timişoara
returned to his birth place after having
studied at a foreign university. In any case, considering the humanist
atmosphere spreading from the court of Matthew
Corvin,
the
presence of this protecting book ornament (possibly a manuscript) is
not surprising in the urban world of
Timişoara.
Regarding the ceramics
-
local and imported
-
discovered in
the sites investigated, our attention has been especially drawn by the
fragments of Chinese porcelain dated in the 17th century. It is well
known that the Chinese porcelain imported in the Ottoman Empire
-
highly prized gifts for the sultans, who made a special pavilion
(Cinili Kösk)
in the
Topkapî
Palace for them
-
were considered
luxury products. Even the Turkish
Osman
name for china,
çin,
indicated the product s place of origin (China).
Finally, we have to mention the monetary treasure made of
413
pieces coined in the period
1500-1565,
largely
(396
pieces) originating
from the time of Ferdinand I of
Habsburg
as King of Hungary.
Having been evaluated to less then
2
and
Vi
florins (transformed
value) the treasure most likely represented the savings of a
townsman from
Timişoara.
Taking into account the prices for real
estate in the urban world of
Banat
in the period, we believe that the
money hidden under the floor in a living place was not meant for
354
saving up over a long period of time or for hiding in face of an
imminent threat, but it was merely a reserve of some kind that has
not been used because of indefinite reasons (possibly the unexpected
death of the owner). What is really surprising is the little amount of
Ottoman coins
(3
pieces) in the cultural level from the 17th century,
while the
Habsburg
coins are a constant presence. A possible
explanation might be the preference of the traders in
Timişoara
(especially the Ragusan ones) and of the Ottoman population for the
imperial coin, of a better silver quality and, in the same time, a
certain caution as regarding the Ottoman change, of an inferior
quality.
The osteological study involving household and wild animals
providing the necessary food for the inhabitants of mediaeval
Timişoara
inaugurates a multidisciplinary research, completely
devoid of information offered by written documents. Similarly, the
study of hides found into the sites is going to offer
-
and it is a
national first
-
information of high interest both for the leader goods
craft and for shoe manufacturing in
Timişoara
and, in the same time,
for the trade involving them.
Archaeological diggings carried out in
2006
represented a
happy event for the urban archaeology of
Timişoara.
Regrettably,
due to the fact that most of the city area covering the period until the
18*
century incorporates several edifices makes impossible the
completion of other archaeological diggings or tests that would offer,
°n one hand, the possibility of comparison with the present results
^d, on the other hand, would bring out entirely new facts. We
would like to believe that other public utility works in the historical
core of
Timişoara
will allow the archaeologists to bring to light new
evidence from the almost unknown medieval past.
355
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1058143727 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV026670120 |
| classification_rvk | NF 1685 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)750626990 (DE-599)BVBBV026670120 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1100-1700 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1100-1700 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Timişoara (DE-588)1015055-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Timişoara |
| id | DE-604.BV026670120 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:16:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789735203351 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022216511 |
| oclc_num | 750626990 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-188 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-188 DE-12 |
| physical | 368 S., XV Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Ed. Mirton |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Bibliotheca historica et archaeologica Banatica |
| series2 | Bibliotheca historica et archaeologica Banatica |
| spelling | Timişoara în amurgul Evului Mediu rezultatele cercetărilor arheologice preventive din centrul istoric Florin Draşovean ... Timoşoara Ed. Mirton 2007 368 S., XV Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bibliotheca historica et archaeologica Banatica 43 Mit engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: Timişoara at the dusk of the Middle Ages Geschichte 1100-1700 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Sachkultur (DE-588)4051157-1 gnd rswk-swf Timişoara (DE-588)1015055-9 gnd rswk-swf Timişoara (DE-588)1015055-9 g Sachkultur (DE-588)4051157-1 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Geschichte 1100-1700 z DE-604 Draşovean, Florin 1955- Sonstige (DE-588)1058143727 oth Bibliotheca historica et archaeologica Banatica 43 (DE-604)BV012597609 43 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022216511&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022216511&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Timişoara în amurgul Evului Mediu rezultatele cercetărilor arheologice preventive din centrul istoric Bibliotheca historica et archaeologica Banatica Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Sachkultur (DE-588)4051157-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4051157-1 (DE-588)1015055-9 |
| title | Timişoara în amurgul Evului Mediu rezultatele cercetărilor arheologice preventive din centrul istoric |
| title_auth | Timişoara în amurgul Evului Mediu rezultatele cercetărilor arheologice preventive din centrul istoric |
| title_exact_search | Timişoara în amurgul Evului Mediu rezultatele cercetărilor arheologice preventive din centrul istoric |
| title_full | Timişoara în amurgul Evului Mediu rezultatele cercetărilor arheologice preventive din centrul istoric Florin Draşovean ... |
| title_fullStr | Timişoara în amurgul Evului Mediu rezultatele cercetărilor arheologice preventive din centrul istoric Florin Draşovean ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Timişoara în amurgul Evului Mediu rezultatele cercetărilor arheologice preventive din centrul istoric Florin Draşovean ... |
| title_short | Timişoara în amurgul Evului Mediu |
| title_sort | timisoara in amurgul evului mediu rezultatele cercetarilor arheologice preventive din centrul istoric |
| title_sub | rezultatele cercetărilor arheologice preventive din centrul istoric |
| topic | Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Sachkultur (DE-588)4051157-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ausgrabung Sachkultur Timişoara |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022216511&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022216511&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012597609 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT drasoveanflorin timisoarainamurgulevuluimediurezultatelecercetarilorarheologicepreventivedincentrulistoric |