LNG: a nontechnical guide
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Tulsa, Oklah.
PennWell
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 436 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780878148851 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 264 | 1 | |a Tulsa, Oklah. |b PennWell |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 436 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804145263681470464 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: LNG
Autor: Tusiani, Michael D
Jahr: 2007
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations xiv
Acknowledgments xix
Introduction xxi
1 The Liquefied Natural Gas Industry I
Introduction I
The Global Natural Gas Industry 5
The age of the gas turbine 5
Competing against other fuels 7
Natural Gas Resource Development 10
Natural gas supply 10
Natural gas resources 10
Pipelines 11
LNG Industry Development 13
Historical background 13
The essential ingredients of an LNG project 15
Alternative methods of monetizing natural gas resources ... 20
Notes 24
2 The Evolution of the Global Gas and LNG Markets 25
Introduction .. . 25
The U.S. Natural Gas and LNG Markets 27
Deregulation of the natural gas industry 29
Natural gas prices 30
Outlook for supply and demand 32
LNG Import Terminals 33
LNG importation: The experience of the 1970s 33
Existing LNG import terminals in the United States 33
New LNG terminals in the United States 36
LNG developments in Canada 37
LNG developments in Mexico 38
Other terminals in North America 39
Natural Gas and LNG Markets in the Caribbean 42
Puerto Rico 42
Dominican Republic
Natural Gas and LNG Markets in Western Europe ,, 43
The United Kingdom 45
Iberia 45
VI B30 A NONTECHNICAL GUIDE
France ¦ ^
Italy
Other European countries
Natural Gas and LNG Markets in Asia
Japan •
South Korea
Taiwan ¦
New Asian Natural Gas and LNG Markets
India
China
Niche Markets for LNG
Chile
New Zealand
Pakistan
Singapore
Thailand
Notes
3 The LNG Chain: The Project Nature of the LNG Business
Introduction
The Physical Chain
Upstream exploration and production
Liquefaction
Shipping
Regasification terminals ... . . . 74
Markets ¦ ¦ 74
The Ownership Chain 75
Main ownership structures ¦ . . ¦ 76
Shipping 78
The Commercial and Financial Chain 78
Cost and cost reduction along the LNG chain 79
Exploration and production 79
Liquefaction 80
Shipping 81
Regasification terminals 83
Value generation along the LNG value chain 83
4 Upstream Natural Gas 87
Introduction . 87
Physical and Chemical Properties of Natural Gas 88
48
. 49
. 49
. . 50
. . 55
. 57
. 57
. 58
. 60
. 62
. 62
. 62
. 62
. 63
. 63
. 64
Contents vii
Natural Gas Reserves 89
Geology of natural gas 92
Natural gas exploration 95
Natural gas production 100
Natural gas field processing 105
Natural gas pipelines 105
Notes 108
5 The Liquefaction Plant 109
Introduction 109
Siting Considerations 110
Liquefaction Process: Technology Overview Ill
Feedgas purification and pretreatment Ill
Liquefaction processes 112
Driver technology 121
Utilities 121
LNG Storage Tanks 121
Single-containment tanks 122
Double-containment tanks 123
Full-containment tanks 123
Membrane tank 124
LNG Loading Jetty 124
Project Development and Execution 125
Recent Trends 128
Larger trains 128
Reversal of cost reduction trends 130
Standardization and use of off-site fabricated modules .... 132
Offshore liquefaction facilities 133
Notes 135
6 LNG Tankers 137
Introduction 137
The Prototype LNG Ships 138
The First Purpose-Built Commercial Ships 139
LNG Ship Containment and Handling Systems 139
Self-supporting, independent tanks 141
Membrane tanks 141
Cargo-handling systems 143
LNG shipbuilding 143
Evolution of LNG Shipbuilding 144
Patents and licenses 149
viii EH a NONTECHNICAL GUIDE
Typical LNG Shipbuilding Project ^
Before contract signing ^
Project scheduling
Standards of construction
Typical Parameters of LNG Ships
The LNG Fleet
Drivers of growth
LNG tanker ownership ¦ ¦ • 157
Ship Operations
Cooldown
Boil-off ... 159
Cargo loading/discharge 159
LNG Ship Safety and Accident Records 160
Maintenance and Life Extension (Ship Longevity) ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ 160
LNG Maritime Industry Trends 161
Technology Developments 162
Engines and propulsion 162
Larger LNG ship sizes 162
Notes 163
7 LNG Import Terminals 165
Introduction 165
Storage and Sendout Capacity 165
Design and Construction 167
Cost 169
Main Components of LNG Import Terminals 170
Marine facilities 171
Storage tanks 172
Vaporizers 176
Boil-off gas facilities 179
Gas quality and treatment 180
Metering and pressure regulation station 182
Safety and Security 182
Peakshaving LNG Plants 184
Future Trends 184
Shipboard regasification 185
FSRUs J 37
The HiLoad offshore LNG-unloading solution 188
Adaptation of existing infrastructure 189
GBS systems ]90
Contents ix
The Bishop Process 191
Offshore facilities—not the way forward after all? 192
Notes 193
8 The Evolution of the LNG Industry 195
Introduction 195
Who Imports LNG? 198
Europe 198
Asia 198
The Americas 199
The Evolution of the LNG Business Model 200
The traditional LNG business 200
Barriers to flexibility in traditional contracts 201
Historical attempts to change the model 203
Transformation of the Industry 205
Gas and power market liberalization in the
United States and Europe 205
Decreases in capital costs 206
Lower-cost financing 207
Expansion of the LNG club 207
Changing upstream strategies 207
Critical and diversified mass 208
New Business Strategies 209
Uncommitted liquefaction 209
Integration along the LNG chain 209
Shipping 212
Effect of the transformation of the industry 213
The Short-Term and Spot LNG Market 214
The rise of short-term trades 214
Potential sources of surplus capacity 215
Spot trades in the United States and Europe—
driven by price 217
Asian spot markets—still driven largely by relationships... 218
Challenges of spot transactions 218
Future Possibilities 219
Notes 219
x H20 A NONTECHNICAL GUIDE
9 Orchestration and Financing of an LNG Project 223
Introduction 223
Monopoly Utilities and the Project-Chain Business Model 224
The Emergence of LNG Merchants . . . 225
Supply Project Structure and Formation 228
Requirements for an LNG project . 228
Project formation 229
LNGSPAs 231
LNG pricing 231
LNG off-take 233
Shipping 233
Funding 233
Evolving Project Venture Structures 234
Types of project ventures 235
The Atlantic Basin market and project development 238
The Asia-Pacific market and project development 240
LNG Industry Trends: The Emergence of Commercial LNG .... 242
Project Finance 244
History and motivation 244
Advantages of project finance 245
Risk mitigation 246
Structure and participants 248
Performance 249
Notes 250
10 Global Liquefaction Projects 253
Introduction 253
The Atlantic/Mediterranean Region 253
Algeria 254
E§yPt 256
Equatorial Guinea 258
Libya 259
Ni§eria L L L L L 26i
Norway 265
Russia (including the Pacific Basin project) 266
Trinidad and Tobago 268
The Middle East 271
Oman 271
Qatar 273
United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Yemen a a;:::;:;:;; 278
Contents xi
The Asia-Pacific Region 279
Australia 279
Brunei 283
Indonesia 284
Malaysia 288
The United States 291
Notes 293
11 The Economics of an LNG Project 295
Introduction 295
Project Capital Costs 296
Upstream capital costs 296
Pipeline Capital Costs 297
Liquefaction capital costs 298
Operating Costs 300
Liquids Production 300
Fiscal Terms 302
Business Structure 306
Shipping Costs 306
Import Terminals 308
Notes 308
12 Upstream Gas Supply Agreements 309
Introduction 309
LNG Business Structures 310
Separate upstream and downstream ventures 311
Fully integrated LNG ventures 311
Natural gas tolling ventures 312
Typical Terms in a GSA 313
Quantity 313
Quality 314
Delivery point 315
Measurement and delivery conditions 315
Natural gas sales price 315
Allocation of the value of by-products 317
Liabilities 317
Force majeure 318
Conclusion 318
A NONTECHNICAL GUIDE
13 Sale and Purchase Contracts
Introduction
Historical Context
Long-Term Contracts
Quantities . -
Pricing
Alternative pricing mechanisms
Generic price provisions
Contract duration
Other Terms and Conditions.
Gas quality
Transportation
Scheduling
Invoicing and payment .
Measurement
Title transfer
Force majeure
Choice of law
Dispute resolution....
Allocation of liabilities, liquidated damages,
and termination.
Spot contracts
319
319
320
323
323
326
329
330
331
331
332
. 333
. 334
. 335
. 335
. 338
. 338
. 337
. 338
. 339
. 340
14 LNG Tanker Contracts 341
Introduction . 341
Charterparty Overview 341
Evolution of LNG Charterparties 343
LNG charterparties in the traditional shipping model 343
LNG transportation contracts in the new era 346
Controlling LNG Tankers: Adaptation to an Emerging Model .... 347
Owning LNG tankers 348
Chartering LNG tankers 350
Notes 354
15 Shipping Conventions and Regulations 355
Introduction 355
The Rise of Modern Shipping Regulations 356
Establishment and structure of the 1MO 356
Major 1MO conventions and codes applicable to
LNG tankers 358
New LNG tanker construction rules and regulations. 364
Contents xiii
16 Import-Related Project Siting and Regulatory Issues 367
Introduction 367
LNG Import Terminal Design Basis 369
Codes and regulations 369
Location, location, location 369
Regulatory Issues 373
Terminal-licensing procedures 373
Terminal access 374
Offshore terminals 376
Notes 377
17 LNG Import Terminal Use Agreements 379
Introduction 379
Regulated Access 380
Proprietary access 384
18 Conclusion: The Future of LNG 389
Introduction 389
Global Demand and Supply 389
Technical Outlook 390
Commercial Trends 391
Regulatory Trends 394
Conclusions 396
Appendix A: Units of Measurement 397
Glossary 399
Bibliography 405
Index 407
About the authors 435
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4246601-5 (DE-588)4128636-4 |
| title | LNG a nontechnical guide |
| title_auth | LNG a nontechnical guide |
| title_exact_search | LNG a nontechnical guide |
| title_full | LNG a nontechnical guide Michael D. Tusiani ; Gordon Shearer |
| title_fullStr | LNG a nontechnical guide Michael D. Tusiani ; Gordon Shearer |
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| title_short | LNG |
| title_sort | lng a nontechnical guide |
| title_sub | a nontechnical guide |
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