Studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the Pekin duck and their consequences for maintenance nitrogen requirement:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Göttingen
Cuvillier
2007
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| Ausgabe: | 1. Aufl. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Berichte aus der Agrarwissenschaft
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XI, 203 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783867273053 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the Pekin duck and their consequences for maintenance nitrogen requirement |c Olayinka Akinola Akinde |
| 250 | |a 1. Aufl. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Göttingen |b Cuvillier |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XI, 203 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Berichte aus der Agrarwissenschaft | |
| 502 | |a Zugl.: Halle-Wittenberg, Univ., Diss., 2007 | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804145202458263552 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the Pekin duck and their consequences fo
Autor: Akinde, Olayinka Akinola
Jahr: 2007
Table of content Page
1 Introduction 1
2 Literature review, definitions and objectives 2
2.1 Theory of N maintenance 2
2.2 Physiological basis of N maintenance and inevitable losses 2
2.3 Experimental approaches to study and estimate inevitable losses 5
2.4 Physiological and dietary effects on inevitable losses and their implications 10
2.5 Practical importance of N maintenance and inevitable losses 12
2.6 Estimates of inevitable losses, N maintenance and N efficiency 13
2-7 Trends and implications in global ducks farming IS
2.8 Objectives of Study 21
3 Materials and Methods 22
3.1 Methodology 22
3.1.1 Theoretical considerations 22
3.1.2 Mathematical considerations 23
3.1.3 Consideration with respect to protein balance 24
3.1.4 Research locations and periods 25
3.1.5 Animals, housing and diets 25
3.1.6 General procedures for diet formulations 26
3.2 General procedures for balance studies 27
3.3 General procedures for precaecal flow studies 28
3.4 Specific details of individual balance experiments 29
3.4.1 Experiment 1: N balance of starting ducks fed varying levels of crude 29
protein and crude fibre
3.4.1.1 Experimental design 29
3.4.1.2 Diets 30
3.4.1.3 Starter ducks bioassay 33
3.4.2 Experiment 2: N balance of adult ducks fed varying levels of crude protein 33
and crude fibre
3.4.2.1 Experimental design 33
3.4.2.2 Diets 34
3.4.2.3 Adult ducks bioassay 37
3.4.3 Studies on recovery rate of Titanium dioxide 38
3.4.3.1 Diets 38
3.4.3.2 Measurements of recovery rate of Titanium dioxide 38
3.5 Specific details of precaecal flow studies 39
3.5.1 Precaecal Study I: Protein-Fibre interactions on inevitable precaecal 39
CP and AA losses in adult ducks
3.5.1.2 Experimental design 39
3.5.1.3 Diets 39
3.5.1.4 Precaecal flow measurement 1 39
3.5.2 Precaecal Study II: Investigations into effects of corn cob meal and 40
supplemental fat on inevitably excreted CP and AA
3.5.2.1 Experimental design 40
3.5.2.2 Diets 41
3.5.2.3 Precaecal flow measurement II 43
3.6 Chemical analyses 43
3.7 Data handling and analysis 44
3.7.1 Data Validation 44
3.7.2 Calculations, statistical analysis and curve fitting 45
3.7.2.1 N balance experiments 45
3.7.2.1.1 Efficiency of N utilisation 46
3.7.2.1.2 Determinations of inevitable losses 46
3.7.2.1.3 Determinations of maintenance N requirement 47
3.7.2.1.4 Determinations of TiC 2 recovery rates 47
3.7.2.2 Precaecal flow studies 48
3.7.2.2.1 Measurements of inevitable precaecal losses 48
3.7.2.2.2 Measurements of precaecal digestibility and the effects of dietary 49
factors
4 Results 50
4.1 Results of N Balance experiments 50
4.2 Pattern of N utilisation in ducklings and adult ducks 52
4.2.1 Efficiency of N utilisation 53
4.2.1.1 Measurement of N efficiency in ducks in relation to age and dietary 53
crude fibre intake mainly in the form of synthetic a-cellulose
4.3 Inevitable N losses and maintenance requirements 57
4.3.1 Inevitable N losses and maintenance requirements in ducks and 57
the effects of supplementary crude fibre mainly in the form of synthetic
a-cellulose
4.3.2 Maintenance nitrogen and crude protein requirements in adult ducks 58
and the effects of supplementary crude fibre mainly in the form of
synthetic a-cellulose
4.4 Measurements of TiO2 recovery in ducklings and adult ducks 64
4.4.1 T1O2 recovery in ducklings and adult ducks 64
4.4.2 Response relationships and parameter estimates of TiO: excretion 67
4.5 Precaecal flow studies 70
4.5.1 Measurements of inevitable precaecal losses and precaecal digestibility of 82
CP/AA
4.5.1.1 Dietary effects on inevitable precaecal losses of CP/AA 82
4.5.1.2 Comparison of estimates of IPL of CP/AA 87
4.5.1.3 Dietary effects on precaecal digestibility of CP/AA 90
4.5.1.4 Comparison of estimates of precaecal digestibility of CP/AA 92
QC
5 Discussion
5.1 General discussion 95
5.2 Pattern of N utilisation in ducklings and adult ducks 96
5.2.1 Factors affecting efficiency of N utilisation 97
5.2.1.1 Effects ofage on N efficiency 97
5.2.1.2 Effects of crude fibre intake on N efficiency 10°
5.3 Inevitable N losses and N maintenance
5.3.1 Factors affecting inevitable N losses and N maintenance I 2
5.3.1.1 Effects of age and body weight 02
5.3.1.2 Effects of crude fibre intake on inevitable losses ^
5.3.1.3 Effects of dry matter intake •06
5.3.2 Mathematical relationships of maintenance CP requirement to
the total CP requirements
5.3.3 Literature overview on inevitable N losses and maintenance
5.3.4 Partitioning of inevitable N losses into its fractions
5.4 Inevitable precaecal crude protein and amino acids losses
5.4.1 Dietary factors affecting inevitable precaecal flow of CP/AA 2
5.4.1.1 Effects of level and types of crude fibre supplementation 12
5.4.1.2 Effects of dietary soybean oil supplementation
5.4.2 Estimates of precaecal inevitably excreted CP/AA 5
5.5 Precaecal digestibility of CP/AA in adult ducks 20
5.5.1 Impacts of dietary factors on precaecal digestibility by regression (PDR) 121
5.5.1.1 Effects of dietary crude fibre level and type on precaecal digestibility 122
ofCP/AA
5.5.1.2 Effects of dietary soybean oil level on precaecal digestibility of CP/AA 122
5.5.2 Estimates of precaecal digestibility of CP/AA 125
5.6 Effects of age on marker recovery rate in ducks 128
5.7 Conclusions and implications 130
5.8 Recommendations 132
6 Summary 133
7 Zusammenfassung 136
8 References 139
9 Appendices 154
List of Tables Pa8e
Table 1. Physiological processes contributing to N maintenance requirement 3
Table 2. Comparisons of experimental techniques used to study inevitable losses 7
Table 3. Estimates of N and CP maintenance in Poultry literature 16
Table 4. Some estimates of inevitable precaecal losses in Poultry (mg/kg DMI) 17
Table 5. Estimates of efficiency of N utilisation in literature •8
Table 6. Time Frame and description of individual experiments 25
Table 7. Nutrient requirement data for Pekin ducks compiled from recent literature 30
Table 8. Theoretical dietary AA balance for starting ducks in 3
comparison with experimental N+ mix (% basis)
Table 9. Ingredient composition of N+ mix in experiment 1 (g/kg) 31
Table 10. Ingredient composition of mineral sub-mixes in experiment 1 (g/kg) 31
Table 11. Mixing ratio of sub-mixtures in experiment 1 (g/kg) 31
Table 12. Full description of ingredient composition of diets in experiment 1 (g/kg) 32
Table 13. Analysed content of AA in the diets of Experiment 1 (g/16 g N) 32
Table 14. Experimental plan for adult duck trial (experiment 2) 34
Table 15. Calculated ideal ratio (relative to lysine) for adult ^
ducks in comparison to experimental N+ mix
Table 16. Ingredients composition of N+ mix in experiment 2 (g/kg) •
Table 17. Ingredients composition of mineral mix in experiment 2 (g/kg) 3-
Table 18. Mixing ratio of sub-mixtures in experiment 2 (g/kg) 35
Table 19. Full description of ingredient composition of diets in experiment 2 (g/kg) 36
Table 20. Analysed concentration of AA of experiment 2 diets (g/16 g N) 36
Table 21. Design of diets for precaecal study II 40
Table 22. Ingredients composition of summit N+ mix for precaecal study II (g/kg) 41
Table 23. Mixing ratio of sub-mixtures in precaecal study II (g/kg)
Table 24. Full description of Diets in precaecal study II (g/kg)
Table 25. Analysed concentration of AA in precaecal study II (g/16 g N) 42
Table 26. Records of dry matter intake and body weight (kg) of ducks 50
during N balance experiments
Table 27. Metabolic response of ducklings and adult ducks to dietary 5 *
crude protein and crude fibre
Table 28. Effects of age and crude fibre intake on maximum N efficiency in ducks 57
Table 29. Estimates of inevitable N losses (1L) and maintenance 63
requirements in ducks in relation to body weight (mg/kg BW d 1),
dry matter intake (mg/kg DM!) determined at two levels of crude fibre intake
Table 30. Details of analysed dietary concentration of TiCh in experiments 1 and 2 64
Table 31. TiO2 recovery in ducklings and adult ducks fed diets containing 66
graded levels of crude fibre and crude-protein
Table 32. Parameter and 95 % confidence interval of linear regression estimated for 69
TiC 2 excretion (y) depending on TiOi intake (x) of White Pekin
ducks fed varying levels of dietary crude fibre
Table 33. Average dry matter intake (g/d) and body weight (kg) of adult ducks 70
during all precaecal flow studies
Table 34. Effects of crude fibre (CF) supplementation and CP level on DM intake (g/d) 71
and CP/AA intake (mg/d) in pc study I
Table 35. Effects of natural crude fibre (CF) level and CP level on DM intake (g/d) 72
and CP/AA intake (mg/d) in pc study II
Table 36. Effects of dietary fat and CP level on DM intake (g/d) and CP/AA 73
intake (mg/d) in pc study II
Table 37. Main effects of dietary crude fibre (CF) level and CP level 74
on digestibility (%) of CP/AA of diets in pc study I
Table 38. Main effects of dietary crude fibre (CF) level and CP on digestibility (%) 75
of CP/AA of diets in pc study II
Table 39. Main effects of dietary fat level and CP level on digestibility (%) 76
of CP/AA of diets in pc study II
Table 40. Main effects of crude fibre (CF) level and CP on precaecal flow (mg/d) 77
of CP/AA in pc study I
Table 41. Main effects of crude fibre (CF) level and CP on precaecal flow 78
(mg/d) of CP/AA in pc study II
Table 42. Main effects of dietary contents of fat and CP on precaecal flow 79
(mg/d) of CP/AA in pc study II
Table 43. Main effects of natural crude fibre and crude protein levels on energy 80
intake, digestion and flow in pc study II
Table 44. Main effects of dietary oil and crude protein levels on energy 80
utilisation in pc study II
Table 45. Estimates (± SE) of inevitable precaecal CP/AA losses (mg/kg BW d 1) 83
as affected by dietary crude fibre mainly in the form synthetic a-cellulose
Table 46. Estimates (± SE) of inevitable precaecal CP/AA losses (mg/kg DMI) 84
as affected by dietary crude fibre supplementation mainly in the form of synthetic a-cellulose
Table 47. Estimates of inevitable precaecal CP/AA losses (mg/kg BW d ) 84
as affected by natural crude fibre supplementation mainly in the form of corn cob meal
Table 48. Estimates of inevitable precaecal CP/AA losses (mg/kg DMI) as affected 85
by natural crude fibre supplementation mainly in the form of corn cob meal
Table 49. Effects of supplemental fat on inevitable precaecal CP/AA flow 86
(mg/kg BW d 1) in adult ducks
Table 50. Effects of supplemental fat on inevitable precaecal CP/AA flow 86
(mg/kg DMI) in adult ducks
Table 51. Range of estimates for inevitable precaecal CP/AA flow determined 89
for adult ducks
Table 52. Amino acid composition (g/1 OOg CP) of inevitable precaecal crude 89
protein (6.25 x N) for all precaecal flow studies and for means of pooled studies
Table 53. Estimated coefficients of precaecal AA/CP digestibility in adult 91
ducks as affected by crude fibre supplementation mainly in the form of a-cellulose
Table 54. Estimated coefficients of precaecal AA/CP digestibility in adult ducks as 91
affected by crude fibre supplementation mainly in the form of corn cob meal
Table 55. Effects of dietary fat level in the form of soybean oil on precaecal 92
digestibility (%) of CP/AA in adult ducks
Table 56. Chemical composition (g/kg DM) and dry matter content (g/kg) 1 2
of a-cellulose and corn cob meal
Table 57. Amino acid composition of CP (g/lOOg CP) inevitably excreted precaecum 1 8
in broilers, layers and adult roosters
List of Figures Page
Figure 1. Global duck meat production (metric tonne per annum) from 1961 to 2005 20
Figure 2. Global duck export volume (metric tonne per annum) from 1990 to 2003 20
Figure 3. Schematic simulation of inevitable endogenous losses for this research work 23
Figure 4. Schematic representation of regression approach to estimate inevitable N losses 24
Figure 5. Diagrammatic representation of intestinal segments and ileal sampling procedure 29
Figure 6. N accretion (y) of ducklings in response to dietary N concentration (x) 52
Figure 7. N accretion (y) of adult ducks in response to dietary N concentration (x) 53
Figure 8. Cumulative efficiencies of nitrogen utilisation in ducklings 54
Figure 9. Marginal efficiencies of nitrogen utilisation in ducklings 55
Figure 10. Cumulative efficiencies of nitrogen utilisation in adult ducks 56
Figure 11. Marginal efficiencies of nitrogen utilisation in adult ducks 56
Figure 12. N excretion (mg/kg BW d or mg/kg DMI) of ducklings in response 59
to N intake (mg/kg BW d 1 or mg/kg DMI)
Figure 13. N excretion (mg/kg BW d 1 or mg/kg DMJ) of adult ducks in response 60
to N intake (mg/kg BW d 1 or mg/kg DMI)
Figure 14. N accretion (mg/kg BW d 1 or mg/kg DMI) of ducklings in response to 61
N intake (mg/kg BW d 1 or mg/kg DMI)
Figure 15. N accretion (mg/kg BW d or mg/kg DMI) of adult ducks in response to 62
N intake (mg/kg BW d 1 or mg/kg DMI)
Figure 16. T1O2 excretion (mg/d) in ducklings and adult ducks in response to 68
TiO2 intake (mg/d)
Figure 17. Mean of pooled IPL estimates (mg/kg BW d ) for individual amino acids 88
and nitrogen obtained from both the crude fibre studies and from both the
cellulose and fat studies
Figure 18. Mean precaecal digestibility of CP/AA in adult ducks based on two 94
precaecal studies
Figures in Appendices
Appendix Figure 13. Precaecal flow (mg/kg BW d 1) of amino acid or crude protein 186
depending on intake (rag/kg BW d ) in adult ducks as affected by crude fibre
supplementation mainly in the form of synthetic a-cellulose
Appendix Figure 14. Precaecal flow (mg/kg BW d ) of amino acid or crude protein 189
depending on intake (mg/kg BW d~ ) in adult ducks as affected by crude fibre
supplementation mainly in the form of corn cob meal
Appendix Figure 15. Precaecal flow (mg/kg BW d ) of amino acid or crude protein 192
depending on intake (mg/kg BW d ) in adult ducks fed varying levels of dietary fat
in the form of soybean oil
Appendix Figure 16. Precaecal digested amino acids (mg/d) depending on intake 195
(mg/d) in adult ducks as affected by crude fibre supplementation mainly in
the form of synthetic a-cellulose
Appendix Figure 17. Precaecal digested amino acids or crude protein (mg/d) 198
depending on intake (mg/d) in adult ducks as affected by crude fibre supplementation
mainly in the form of corn cob meal
Appendix Figure 18. Precaecal digested amino acid or crude protein (mg/d) 201
depending on intake (mg/d) in adult ducks as affected by dietary fat supplementation
in the form of soybean oil
|
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| spelling | Akinde, Olayinka Akinola 1971- Verfasser (DE-588)136353835 aut Studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the Pekin duck and their consequences for maintenance nitrogen requirement Olayinka Akinola Akinde 1. Aufl. Göttingen Cuvillier 2007 XI, 203 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Berichte aus der Agrarwissenschaft Zugl.: Halle-Wittenberg, Univ., Diss., 2007 Tierernährung (DE-588)4060095-6 gnd rswk-swf Pekingente (DE-588)4173609-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Pekingente (DE-588)4173609-6 s Tierernährung (DE-588)4060095-6 s DE-188 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022159976&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Akinde, Olayinka Akinola 1971- Studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the Pekin duck and their consequences for maintenance nitrogen requirement Tierernährung (DE-588)4060095-6 gnd Pekingente (DE-588)4173609-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4060095-6 (DE-588)4173609-6 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the Pekin duck and their consequences for maintenance nitrogen requirement |
| title_auth | Studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the Pekin duck and their consequences for maintenance nitrogen requirement |
| title_exact_search | Studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the Pekin duck and their consequences for maintenance nitrogen requirement |
| title_full | Studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the Pekin duck and their consequences for maintenance nitrogen requirement Olayinka Akinola Akinde |
| title_fullStr | Studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the Pekin duck and their consequences for maintenance nitrogen requirement Olayinka Akinola Akinde |
| title_full_unstemmed | Studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the Pekin duck and their consequences for maintenance nitrogen requirement Olayinka Akinola Akinde |
| title_short | Studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the Pekin duck and their consequences for maintenance nitrogen requirement |
| title_sort | studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the pekin duck and their consequences for maintenance nitrogen requirement |
| topic | Tierernährung (DE-588)4060095-6 gnd Pekingente (DE-588)4173609-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tierernährung Pekingente Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022159976&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT akindeolayinkaakinola studiesoninevitablelossesofaminoacidsandnitrogeninthepekinduckandtheirconsequencesformaintenancenitrogenrequirement |