Legal aspects of soil pollution and decontamination in the EU Member States and the United States:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Antwerpen [u.a.]
Intersentia
2000
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| Schriftenreihe: | Ius Commune Europaeum
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 447 S. |
| ISBN: | 9050951090 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Legal aspects of soil pollution and decontamination in the EU Member States and the United States |c ed.: René Seerden ... |
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EDITORS:
RENE SEERDEN KURT DEKETELAERE
LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION
IN THE EU MEMBER STATES AND THE UNITED STATES
INTERSENTIA M E T RO
IMAGE 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD I
TABLE OF CONTENTS III
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XXI
RENE SEERDEN AND KURT DEKETELAERE INTRODUCTION 1
KARL WEBER LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION IN
AUSTRIA 3
§ 1. INTRODUCTION 3
A. PRELIMINARY REMARKS 3
B. THE DEFINITIONS USED IN THE LAW OF SOIL PROTECTION AND THE LAW OF
SOIL DECONTAMINATION 4
§ 2. THE CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 4
A. CONSTITUTIONAL STATUTE ON THE COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(BUNDESVERFASSUNGSGESETZ UEBER DEN UMFASSENDEN UMWELTSCHUTZ) 4
B. THE ALLOCATION OF POWER OVER SOIL PROTECTION AND SOIL DECON-
TAMINATION 5
§ 3. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL PROTECTION AND SOIL
DECONTAMINATION . 8 A. GENERAL 8
B. CONCEPTS 8
III
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
C. PREVENTATIVE ACTS 10
1. PREVENTION OF SOIL POLLUTION BY AGRICULTURE 10
2. PREVENTION OF SOIL POLLUTION BY INDUSTRY AND WASTE MANAGEMENT . . 12
D. IDENTIFICATION AND REGISTRATION OF POLLUTED LAND 12
E. DECONTAMINATION OF POLLUTED SOIL 13
F. ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION AND ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS . .. 14
§ 4. CIVIL LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL PROTECTION AND SOIL DECONTAMINATION 15 A.
ASPECTS OF PROPERTY LAW 15
B. ASPECTS OF LIABILITY LAW 17
§ 5. CRIMINAL LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION 18 A.
INTENTIONAL POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 19
B. NEGLIGENT POLLUTING OF THE ENVIRONMENT 19
C. HARMFUL ILLEGAL WASTE DISPOSAL 19
§ 6. CONCLUSION 19
LIST OF REFERENCES 21
MARIO DEKETELAERE AND KURT DEKETELAERE LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION
AND DECONTAMINATION IN BELGIUM 25
§ 1. INTRODUCTION 25
A. GENERAL SETTING 25
B. PREVIOUS SITUATION 26
§ 2. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 28
A. FLEMISH REGION 28
B. BRUESSELS CAPITAL REGION 29
C. WALLOON REGION 30
§ 3. GENERAL (ADMINISTRATIVE LAW) ASPECTS 30
A. INTRODUCTION 30
B. CONCEPTS 31
1. SOIL AND SOIL POLLUTION 31
2. NEW, HISTORICAL AND MIXED SOIL POLLUTION 31
3. CONTAMINATED SITES 31
4. TREATMENT OF SOIL POLLUTION-DECONTAMINATION OF THE SOIL 31 C.
IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL 32
1. EXPLORATORY SOIL INVESTIGATION 32
2. THE REGISTER OF CONTAMINATED LAND 33
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
3. SOIL CERTIFICATE 34
D. MUNICIPAL REGISTER OF RISKY GROUNDS 34
E. DECISION-MAKING PROCESS: WHEN IS THERE A NEED (OBLIGATION) TO
CLEAN-UP THE SOIL? TO WHAT EXTENT MUST THE SOIL BE CLEANED- U P? 35
1. SOIL CLEAN-UP CRITERIA 35
2. SOIL CLEAN-UP GOALS 37
F. THE SOIL DECONTAMINATION PROCESS 38
1. DESCRIPTIVE SOIL EXAMINATION 38
2. SOIL DECONTAMINATION PROJECT 39
3. SOIL CLEAN-UP OPERATIONS 39
G. THE OBLIGATION TO CARRY OUT THE CLEAN-UP AND PRE-FINANCE . 40 1. THE
PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR CARRYING OUT THE DECONTAMINATION OFTHE SOIL: THE
OPERATOR, THE OWNER OR THE USER OF THE CONTAMINATED LAND 40
2. PRE-FINANCE 41
3. THE POSITION OFTHE INNOCENT OWNER 41
§ 4. ASPECTS OF PROPERTY LAW 42
A. LLMITATIONS OF USE AND PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES 42 B. ADJUSTMENT OF
ZONING PLANS 43
C. EXPROPRIATION 43
/. EXPROPRIATION WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE EXECUTION OF SOIL CLEAN-UP
MEASURES 43
2. EXPROPRIATION WITHIN THE SCOPE OFTHE TRANSFER OFLAND 44
D. CESSION OF OWNERSHIP RIGHTS 45
§ 5. TORT LIABILITY RULES FOR THE COSTS OF CLEANING UP THE SOIL 45
A. STRICT LIABILITY FOR NEW SOIL POLLUTION 45
B. CLASSIC RULES OF TORT LIABILITY FOR HISTORICAL SOIL POLLUTION 46 1.
FAULT LIABILITY 46
2. FEDERAL STATUTE (STRICT) LIABILITY RULES 47
3. FORMER ARTICLE 21,$2,C) OF THE FLEMISH WASTE DECREE OF 2 JULY 1981 48
C. LIABILITY FOR MIXED SOIL POLLUTION 48
D. LLMITATION OF LIABILITY 49
§ 6. FINANCIAL GUARANTEES 49
§ 7. OBLIGATIONS RELATING TO THE TRANSFER OF LAND 50
A. INTRODUCTION 50
B. THE CONCEPTS OF A SITE AND THE TRANSFER OF LAND 50
C. OBLIGATIONS APPLYING TO ALL TRANSFERS OF LAND 51
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
D. OBLIGATIONS APPLYING TO THE TRANSFER OF LAND ON WHICH IS OR WAS
ACCOMMODATED AN INSTALLATION OR AN ACTIVITY WHICH CAN CAUSE
CONTAMINATION OF THE SOIL 52
§ 8. VOLUNTARY CLEANING UP OF THE SOIL 53
A. REASONS FOR VOLUNTARILY CLEANING UP THE SOIL 54
B. EXISTING PRACTICE OF CLEANING UP VOLUNTARILY BEFORE THE
AMENDING DECREE OF 26 MAY 1998 54
C. THE CURRENT REGIME FOR VOLUNTARILY CLEANING UP THE SOIL . . 55
§ 9. EX OFFICIO CLEAN-UP INTERVENTION BY OVAM 55
A. PRINCIPLES 55
B. RECOVERY OF COSTS 56
C. FLNANCING OF THE EX OFFICIO INTERVENTION OF OVAM 56
§ 10. SUPERVISION AND ENFORCEMENT MEASURES 56
A. SUPERVISION BY OVAM 56
1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 56
2. SPECIFIC CONTROL POWERS 57
3. DECLARATION OF THE RESULTS OF THE SOIL CLEAN-UP OPERATIONS 57
B. ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT MEASURES 57
C. ADMINISTRATIVE APPEAL 58
D. CRIMINAL PROVISIONS 59
§ 1 1. POWERS OF THE FLEMISH GOVERNMENT 59
A. ARRANGEMENTS, SETTLEMENTS OUT OF COURT, ARBITRATION AGREE- MENTS 59
B. EXCAVATED SOIL 60
§ 12. CONCLUSIONS 60
A. THE POSITION OF THE INNOCENT POSSESSOR (OWNER OR USER) OF
CONTAMINATED LAND 61
B. THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURAL FINANCING, ESPECIALLY TO DEAL WITH THE
CLEAN-UP OF HISTORICAL SOIL POLLUTION 61
C. THE EVALUATION OF SOIL CLEAN-UP STANDARDS 62
LIST OF REFERENCES 63
ELLEN MARGRETHE BASSE LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND
DECONTAMINATION IN DENMARK 67
§ 1. SOIL POLLUTION AND THE PROTECTION OF GROUNDWATER IN DENMARK 67
VI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
§ 2. DANISH LAW ON SOIL POLLUTION: INTRODUCTION 68
§ 3. PUBLIC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 69
A. THE PLANNING ACT 69
B. THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT 70
C. THE WASTE DEPOSITS ACT 75
D. PROTECTION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS 79
§ 4. ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY AND CONTRACT LAW 79
A. CONTRACT LAW 80
B. LAW ON STRICT LIABILITY 81
C. NUISANCE LAW 82
§ 5. ACCESS TO JUSTICE 84
§ 6. THE FUTURE: A NEW BILL ON SOIL POLLUTION 86
LIST OF REFERENCES 90
MARJA EKROOS AND ARI EKROOS LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND
DECONTAMINATION IN FINLAND 91
§ 1. INTRODUCTION 91
A. RELEVANT LEGISLATION 91
B. CONTAMINATED SITES 93
§ 2. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL DECONTAMINATION 94
A. IDENTIFICATION AND REGISTRATION OF POLLUTED SITES 94
B. PROHIBITION ON CONTAMINATION OF THE SOIL AND DECONTAMINATION
RESPONSIBILITIES - THE WASTE ACT 95
1. BACKGROUND 95
2. HISTORY: THE (OLD) WASTE DISPOSAL ACT (1979-1993) 95
3. PROHIBITION ON SOIL CONTAMINATION AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR CLEANING UP
96
4. ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION AND THE DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURE . . 98
5. INSOLVENCY/BANKRUPTCY 99
C. WATER PROTECTION LEGISLATION 100
/. WATER AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION AND EXECUTIVE ASSISTANCE . . .. 1 01
A. P R O H I B I T I ON ON P O L L U T I NG B O DY OF W A T ER A ND G R
O U N D W A T ER . . .. 1 01
B. E X E C U T I VE A S S I S T A N CE 1 02
2. GROUNDWATER CASE LAW CONCEMING GROUNDWATER/SOIL POLLUTION . . 103 D.
ACT TO COMBAT OIL POLLUTION ON LAND 105
VII
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
E. RETROSPECTIVE ACTION AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR DECONTAMINA- TION 105
§ 3. CIVIL LAW ASPECTS 108
A. INTRODUCTION 108
B. THE ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY ACT AND ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY INSURANCE
ACT 108
/. STRICT LIABILITY AND THE RESTORATION OFTHE ENVIRONMENT 108 2.
PREVENTATIVE MEASURES AND REINSTATEMENT 110
3. REMARKS 110
C. ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY INSURANCE ACT 111
D. LLMITATIONS ON USE, EXPROPRIATION 112
E. VOLUNTARY AGREEMENT FOR OLD SERVICE STATION SITES 113
§ 4. CRIMINAL LAW ASPECTS 114
§ 5. CONCLUSIONS 115
LIST OF REFERENCES 116
AGATHE VAN LANG
LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION IN FRANCE 117
§ 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 117
§ 2. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ASPECTS OF DECONTAMINATION OF THE SOIL 118 A.
DEFINITIONS 118
B. AN INVENTORY OF POLLUTED SOILS 120
C. ENFORCEABLE LAW 122
D. PREVENTION AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION 124
1. PREVENTATIVE MEASURES 124
2. SUPERVISOR)/ MEASURES 128
3. REMEDIATION OFDAMAGE AND SANCTIONS 129
4. ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS 129
§ 3. CIVIL LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL DECONTAMINATION 133
A. ASPECTS OF PROPERTY LAW 133
B. ASPECTS OF LIABILITY LAW 136
1. LIABILITY FOR FAULT 136
2. LIABILITY WITHOUT FAULT 138
C. ASPECTS OF CONTRACT LAW 139
1. CLASSICAL ACTIONS IN CONTRACT LAW 139
VIII
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
2. THE DUTY TO INFORM 140
3. ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS 142
D. ASPECTS OF FINANCIAL SECURITY LAW 142
1. COVERING DAMAGE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE SITE 143
2. ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE 143
E. ASPECTS OF NOTARIAL LAW 144
§ 4. CRIMINAL LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL DECONTAMINATION . 146
A. CONTAMINATION OF THE SITE DURING ITS OPERATION 146
1. THE BREAKING OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 147
B. CONTAMINATION OF THE SITE AFTER THE DEFINITIVE CLOSURE OF THE
ACTIVITY 148
§ 5. CONCLUSION 148
LIST OF REFERENCES 150
KAY ARTUR PAPE AND KERRIN SCHILLHORN
LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION IN GERMANY 151
§ 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 151
§ 2. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND THE DECONTAMINATION OFTHE SOIL 153
A. GENERAL AREA OF APPLICATION 153
1. THE SOIL PROTECTION ACT AND THE EMISSIONS CONTROL LAW 154 2. FEDERAL
SOIL PROTECTION ACT AND LAENDER LAW 154
B. PURPOSE OF THE FEDERAL SOIL PROTECTION ACT: ITS CONCEPTS . . 155 C.
DEFINITION OF TERMS 155
1. SOIL 155
2. DAMAGING CHANGES TO THE CONDITION OFTHE SOIL 156
3. CONTAMINANTS 157
4. AREAS SUSPECTED OFHAVING OLD CONTAMINANTS 158
5. DECONTAMINATION 158
6. PROTECTIVE AND RESTRICTIVE MEASURES 158
D. OBLIGATION TO PREVENT HAZARDS 158
1. OBLIGATION TO AVOID HAZARDS ( EVERYONE S OBLIGATION ) 158 2.
DECONTAMINATION OBLIGATIONS 159
A. DECONTAMINATION MEASURES 159
B. THE CHOICE OF REMEDIATION MEASURES 160
C. MEASURES PROVIDING PROTECTION AND RESTRICTIONS 160
D. THE REMOVAL OF PAVING 160
E. PERSONS HAVING REMEDIAL OBLIGATIONS 161
IX
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. LIABILITY OFTHE JOINT AND SEVERAL LEGAL SUCCESSORS 162
2. LIABILITY OFTHE FORMER PARTY DISTURBING THE CONDITION OFTHE SOIL .
162 3. DIRECT LIABILITY UNDER COMMERCIAL COMPANY LAW 163
F. DECONTAMINATION OBIECTIVES 164
G. OBLIGATION TO TAKE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES 165
H. ENFORCEMENT OF LAW BY THE AUTHORITIES 166
1. OFFICIAL INVESTIGATIONS 166
2. INTERVENTIONARY RESEARCH ON HAZARDS 167
3. OTHER ORDERS 167
I. SPECIAL REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO OLD CONTAMINANTS 168 J. MONITORING
BY THE AUTHORITIES AND SELF-MONITORING 171 K. FLNANCING OF SOIL
PROTECTION; THE OBLIGATION TO BEAR COSTS . 172 1. BEARING THE COSTS 173
2. MUTUAL COMPENSATION FOR THE DISTURBANCE OF THE CONDITION OF THE SOIL
174
3. UNJUST ENRICHMENT 175
§ 3. CIVIL LAW ASPECTS OF DECONTAMINATION OFTHE SOIL 178
A. PROPERTY LAW 178
1. CONTENT OFTHE RIGHT TO PROPERTY 178
2. TRANSFER OF PROPERTY 179
B. CONTRACT LAW/LIABILITY 179
1. CONTRACT LAW 180
A. STATUTORY FRAMEWORK 180
B. WARRANTY FOR TANGIBLE DEFECTS AND SUBSEQUENT DAMAGE 180 C. CLAUSES
PERTAINING TO OLD CONTAMINANTS 182
2. TORTIOUS LIABILITY 184
C. FINANCIAL GUARANTEES 185
D. NOTARY LAW 185
§ 4. MISDEMEANOURS AND CRIMINAL LAW 186
§ 5. SUMMARY 187
LIST OF REFERENCES 188
BRIAN JONES LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION IN GREAT
BRITAIN 189
§ 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 189
A. NEW LEGAL REGIME 189
B. NATURE AND MAGNITUDE OF CONTAMINATED LAND PROBLEMS . . .. 190
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
§ 2. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ASPECTS 191
A. ENVIRONMENT ACT 1995: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 191
1. SCOPE OF PROVISIONS 191
2. DEVELOPMENT OFTHE NEW MEASURES 191
3. FORM OFTHE LEGISLATION 194
4. PRIMARY LEGISLATION AND ASSOCIATED MINISTERIAL GUIDANCE 195 5. DELAYS
196
B. ENVIRONMENT ACT 1995: SUBSTANTIVE PROVISIONS 198
1. THE DEFINITION OF CONTAMINATED LAND 198
2. SITE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION 206
A. SITE IDENTIFICATION 206
B. SPECIAL SITES 208
3. NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS: REMEDIATION NOTICES 209
4. MEANING OF REMEDIATION ? 210
5. CLEANUP STANDARDS 210
6. REMEDIAL LIABILITY 212
A. APPROPRIATE PERSONS 213
B. NO POLLUTER(S) FOUND? 215
C. MORE COMPLEX SITUATIONS: MIGRATION OF CONTAMINATION FROM ONE SITE TO
ANOTHER 218
7. DISTRIBUTION OFBURDENS BETWEEN SEVERAL APPROPRIATE PERSONS: EXCLU-
SION AND APPORTIONMENT 219
A. EXCLUSION FROM CLASS A 221
B. EXCLUSION FROM CLASS B 223
C. APPORTIONMENT BETWEEN MEMBERS OF ANY SINGLE LIABILITY GROUP . 223 8.
MATTERS OF PROCEDURE 224
9. CONSULTATION AND VOLUNTARY REMEDIATION 225
10. REMEDIATION BY THE ENFORCING AUTHORITY: COST RECOVERY 226
§ 3. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LIABILITIES 229
§ 4. CONCLUSIONS 231
LIST OF REFERENCES 233
MASSIMILIANO MONTINI AND GIOVANNA LANDI
LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION IN ITALY 235
§ 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 235
§ 2. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ASPECTS OF POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION OF THE
SOIL 236 A. GENERAL ASPECTS 236
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
B. CONCEPTS 237
C. IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES 239
D. REGISTRATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES 240
E. DECONTAMINATION OF POLLUTED SITES 242
F. DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES 243
G. ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION 245
H. ADMINISTRATIVE (AND CIVIL) SANCTIONS 246
§ 3. CIVIL LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION 249
A. ASPECTS OF PROPERTY LAW 249
B. ASPECTS OF THE LIABILITY ACT 250
C. ASPECTS OF CONTRACT LAW 251
D. ASPECTS OF FINANCIAL SECURITY AND INSURANCE LAW 253
E. ASPECTS OF NOTARIAL LAW 253
§ 4. CRIMINAL LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION 254
§ 5. CONCLUSIONS 255
LIST OF REFERENCES 256
ROGER NOTHAR
LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION IN LUXEMBOURG 257
§ 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 257
§ 2. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL DECONTAMINATION 262
A. GENERAL CONCEPTS 262
B. IDENTIFICATION OF POLLUTED SOIL 263
C. REGISTRATION OF POLLUTED SOIL 263
D. CLEANING UP POLLUTED SOIL 264
1. LEGAL BASES 264
2. CRITERIA FOR DECONTAMINATION 265
3. DECONTAMINATION TARGETS 265
4. SOIL DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES 266
5. PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR CLEANING UP THE SOIL 266
6. COMPULSORY DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES 269
E. ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION 269
F. ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS 272
G. ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW . 273
§ 3. CIVIL LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION 274
XII
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. ASPECTS OF PROPERTY LAW 274
1. THE CONCEPT OF PROPERTY 274
2. LIMITATIONS OF USE 274
3. EXPROPRIATION 275
B. ASPECTS OF CIVIL LIABILITY LAW 275
C. ASPECTS OF THE LAW CONCERNING FINANCIAL GUARANTEES 277 D. ASPECTS OF
CONTRACT LAW 279
E. ASPECTS OF .NOTARIAL LAW 281
§ 4. CRIMINAL LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION 282
A. COMMON CRIMINAL LAW PRINCIPLES 282
B. CRIMINAL SANCTIONS 283
§ 5. CONCLUSIONS 284
LIST OF REFERENCES 287
RENE SEERDEN AND MADELEINE VAN ROSSUM
LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION IN THE NETHERLANDS
289
§ 1. INTRODUCTION 289
§ 2. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION 290
A. THE PREVENTION OF SOIL POLLUTION 291
1. THE SOIL PROTECTION ACT (SPA) 291
2. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACT (EMA) 292
3. OTHER RELEVANT LEGISLATION 293
B. THE DECONTAMINATION OF POLLUTED SOIL 294
1. THE SOIL PROTECTION ACT (SPA) 294
A. INTRODUCTION 294
B. LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE DECONTAMINATION OF POLLUTED SOIL . . .. 295
C. DUTY TO REPORT 295
D. DUTY TO INVESTIGATE 296
E. DUTY TO GIVE A FORMAL DECISION: SERIOUS POLLUTION AND URGENCY . 297
F. THE DECONTAMINATION STANDARD AND THE DECONTAMINATION PLAN . . . 297
G. ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS AND ENFORCEMENT 298
H. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES 301
I. OLD VERSUS NEW AND NORMAL VERSUS ACCIDENTAL CASES OF SOIL POLLU- TION
303
J. DECONTAMINATION OF CASES WHERE THERE IS NOT SERIOUS POLLUTION . 303
K. PUBLIC VERSUS PRIVATE DECONTAMINATION 304
1. OTHER RELEVANT ASPECTS 305
XIII
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
M. WATER SOIL POLLUTION 307
C. BUILDING ON AND THE USE OF POLLUTED SITES 308
1. INTRODUCTION 308
2. BUILDING ON POLLUTED SITES (HOUSING ACT) 308
3. USE OF POLLUTED SITES (SPATIAL PLANNING ACT) 310
4. USE OF CLOSED DUMPING GROUNDS (ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACT AND
SPATIAL PLANNING ACT) 311
5. USE OF POLLUTED SOIL IN WORKS (SOIL POLLUTION ACT AND ACT ON SURFACE
WATER POLLUTION) 312
D. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 312
§ 3. CRIMINAL LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION 313
§ 4. CIVIL LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION 315
A. INTRODUCTION 315
B. CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY 315
1. INTRODUCTION 315
2. SPECIFIC CONDITIONS REGARDING THE PURCHASE AND TRANSFER OF LAND:
EXEMPTION CLAUSES AND CONFONNITY STANDARDS 315
3. NORMAL USE 318
4. OIL TANKS 320
5. THE CONVEYANCE OFLAND BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES: BUILDING REGULATIONS,
IMPLICIT CONDITION TO SUPPLY CLEAN LAND , EXEMPTION IN EFFECT OF THIRD
PARTIES AND A-B-C CONTRACTS 322
C. TORT LIABILITY 326
1. INTRODUCTION 326
2. ACTIONS OF THE STATE BASED ON SECTION 21 OF THE INTERIM ACT ON THE
DECONTAMINATION OFTHE SOIL 327
3. ACTIONS OFTHE STATE BASED ON SECTION 75 OFTHE SOIL PROTECTION ACT 328
4. ACTIONS OF INDIVIDUAIS AND STATE AUTHORITIES IN CASE OFLNFRINGING ON
SUBJECTIVE RIGHTS 330
5. OTHER STATE ACTIONS 331
D. UNJUST ENRICHMENT 332
E. OTHER CIVIL LAW ASPECTS 333
§ 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 334
LIST OF REFERENCES 338
XIV
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M A R IA DE LOURDES POEIRA
LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION IN PORTUGAL 341
§ 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 341
§ 2. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION .
. .. 343 A. T HE SOIL IN PORTUGAL: GENERAL CONDITIONS 343
B. T HE LEGAL FRAMEWORK 345
1. SPATIAL PLANNING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT 345
2. SOIL PROTECTION AND AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT 347
3. SECTOR ACTIVITIES AND THE SOIL 348
A. MINERAL EXPLOITATION 348
B. INDUSTRY 348
C. TOURISM 349
4. SOIL AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN 349
5. WASTE AND THE SOIL 350
§ 3. CIVIL LAW ASPECTS OF DECONTAMINATION OFTHE SOIL 350
§ 4. CRIMINAL LAW ASPECTS OF DECONTAMINATION OF THE SOIL 351
§ 5. CONCLUSIONS 352
MARIA TORRES BONET AND MAR AGUILERA VAQUES
LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION IN SPAIN 353
§ 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 353
§ 2. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION .
. .. 355 A. INTRODUCTION 355
B. CONCEPTS 358
C. IDENTIFICATION OF POLLUTED SOIL 358
D. REGISTRATION OF POLLUTED SITES 359
E. DECONTAMINATION OF POLLUTED LAND 360
F. SOIL DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURE 360
G. ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION 361
H. ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS 361
§ 3. CIVIL LAW ASPECTS OF DECONTAMINATION OFTHE SOIL 362
A. ASPECTS OF PROPERTY LAW 362
B. ASPECTS OF LIABILITY LAW 366
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C. ASPECTS OF INSURANCE LAW (SETTING OF GUARANTEES FOR CLEAN-UP
OPERATIONS) 368
D. ASPECTS OF CONTRACT LAW (CONDITIONS REGARDING THE TRANSFER
OF LAND) 369
E. ASPECTS OF NOTARIAL LAW 369
§ 4. CRIMINAL LAW ASPECTS OF DECONTAMINATION OF THE SOIL 370
A. CRIMINAL SANCTIONS IN A CASE OF NON-COMPLIANCE 370
§ 5. CONCLUSIONS 373
LIST OF REFERENCES 375
ANNIKA NILSSON LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION IN
SWEDEN 377
§ 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 377
A. THE PRIMARY AIM IS TO PREVENT POLLUTION 377
B. THE SECONDARY AIM IS TO CLEAN-UP 379
§ 2. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL DECONTAMINATION 381
A. GENERAL REMARKS 381
B. CONCEPTS 381
C. THE AIM OF REMEDIAL ACTION, AND THE PRIORTTISATION OF REMEDIAL
ACTIVITIES 382
D. IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES 384
E. REGISTRATION OF CONTAMINATED AREAS 386
F. CRITERIA FOR REMEDIATION 388
G. ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION AND SANCTIONS 389
§ 3. CIVIL LAW ASPECTS OF SOIL DECONTAMINATION 394
A. PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR REMEDIAL ACTION 394
B. RESTRICTIONS ON USE AND PRECAUTIONARY REMEDIAL MEASURES . 400 1.
RESTRICTIONS ON USE ACCORDING TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL CODE 400 2.
RESTRICTIONS OF USE ACCORDING TO THE PLANNING AND BUILDING ACT . . 402
3. EXPROPRIATION AND OTHER MEANS OF CESSION OF OWNERSHIP 404 C. ASPECTS
OF LIABILITY LAW 404
D. ASPECTS OF FINANCIAL GUARANTEES, INSURANCE AND THE LAW . . . 408
1. FINANCIAL GUARANTEES AS A PROVISION IN THE PERMIT 408
2. INSURANCE AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY AND DECONTAMINATION . . 409
§ 4. CRIMINAL LAW ASPECTS OF OF SOIL DECONTAMINATION 410
XVI
IMAGE 16
TABLE OF CONTENTS
§ 5. CRIMINAL SANCTIONS IN CASE OF NON-COMPLIANCE WITH SPECIFIC LEGAL
PROVISI- ONS 412
§ 6. SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS 412
LIST OF REFERENCES 416
CRAIG N. JOHNSTON
LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION AND DECONTAMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES
. . .. 417
§ 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 417
§ 2. THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT 418
A. SUBTITLE C: HAZARDOUS WASTES 418
1. JURISDICTION 418
2. NATURE OFTHE REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS 423
3. ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT 427
B. SUBTITLE D: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 428
C. SUBTITLE I: UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS 429
§ 3. THE COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION AND
LIABILITY
ACT 430
A. JURISDICTION 430
B. WHO CAN DO WHAT UNDER CERCLA? 431
C. CLEAN-UP 433
D. LIABILITY 435
§ 4. CONCLUSION 440
RENE SEERDEN COMPARATIVE REMARKS 441
§ 1. INTRODUCTION 441
§ 2. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ASPECTS 441
§ 3. PENAL LAW ASPECTS 445
§ 4. CIVIL LAW ASPECTS 446
§ 5. CONCLUSION 447
XVII
|
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:11:08Z |
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| spelling | Legal aspects of soil pollution and decontamination in the EU Member States and the United States ed.: René Seerden ... Antwerpen [u.a.] Intersentia 2000 XX, 447 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ius Commune Europaeum 31 Seerden, René edt Ius Commune Europaeum 31 (DE-604)BV010118502 31 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021972548&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Legal aspects of soil pollution and decontamination in the EU Member States and the United States Ius Commune Europaeum |
| title | Legal aspects of soil pollution and decontamination in the EU Member States and the United States |
| title_auth | Legal aspects of soil pollution and decontamination in the EU Member States and the United States |
| title_exact_search | Legal aspects of soil pollution and decontamination in the EU Member States and the United States |
| title_full | Legal aspects of soil pollution and decontamination in the EU Member States and the United States ed.: René Seerden ... |
| title_fullStr | Legal aspects of soil pollution and decontamination in the EU Member States and the United States ed.: René Seerden ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Legal aspects of soil pollution and decontamination in the EU Member States and the United States ed.: René Seerden ... |
| title_short | Legal aspects of soil pollution and decontamination in the EU Member States and the United States |
| title_sort | legal aspects of soil pollution and decontamination in the eu member states and the united states |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021972548&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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