Evaluating research in health and social care:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Sage
2000
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 333 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0761964916 0761964908 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgements xi
Introduction What This Book is For, and How to Use It xiii
PART I EXPERIMENTALAPPROACHES
Exemplar Chapters
Chapter 1 Experimental Methods and Simple
Interventions: Bandages for Leg Ulcers 3
Introduction 3
Exemplar: Wilkinson, I., Buttfield, S., Cooper, S. and
Young, E. (1997) Erial of two bandaging Systems for chronic
venous leg ulcers , Journal of Wound Care, 6 (7): 339-40 5
What you might do now 8
Chapter 2 Experimental Methods and Complex
Interventions: Case Management in Mental Health Care 9
Introduction 10
Exemplar: Marshall, M., Lockwood, A. and Gath, D. (1995)
Social Services case-management for long-term mental
disorders: a randomised controlled trial , The Lancet,
345:409-12 12
What you might do now 20
Chapter 3 From Effectiveness to Cost-effeetiveness:
a Trial of a Hospital at Home Scheme 21
Introduction 22
Exemplar: Shepperd, S., Harwood, D., Gray, A., Vessey, M.
and Morgan, P. (1998) Randomised controlled trial
comparing hospital at home care with inpatient hospital
care. II: cost minimisation analysis , British Medical
Journal, 316: 1791-6 24
What you might do now 35
Chapter 4 Comparing Like with Like: a Systematic
Review and Meta-analysis of Home Visiting Schemes
and Childhood Injury 36
Introduction 37
Exemplar: Roberts, I., Kramer, M.S. and Suissa, S. (1996)
I
vi Contents
Does home visiting prevent childhood injury? A systematic
review of randomised controlled trials , British Medical
Journal, 312: 29-33 38
What you might do now 46
Resource Chapters
Chapter 5 The Basics of Experimental Design 47
Introduction 47 1 Experiments as systems of safeguards 48
2 Double-blinded, randomised controlled experiments or trials
and other experimental designs 48 3 Forming comparison
groups - creating controls 49 4 Sampling units 53
5 Subject reactions, researcher bias and blinding 55
6 Regression to the mean 56 7 Replicability 57 8 Intention
to treat 57 9 Simple and complex interventions 58
10 Reliable and sensitive measurements 59 11 The internal
validity of experiments 59 12 The external validity of
experiments 60 13 Single subject experiments 62
14 Questions to ask about controlled experiments 68
15 Further reading on controlled experiments in health and
social care and cost-effectiveness studies 69 References
and further reading 69
Chapter 6 Research Instruments in Experimental
Research 71
Introduction 71 1 The use of standard instruments 73
2 Cultural specificity and instruments 74 3 Data levels and
qualities 74 4 Instruments and data distributions, data
transformations, floor and ceiling effects 76 5 Validating
instruments for their reliability 78 6 Reliability tests 79
7 Validating the validity of instruments 80 8 Questions to
ask about research instruments 83 9 Further reading on
research instruments 83 References and further reading 84
Chapter 7 Reading the Results of Experimental
Research 86
Introduction 86 1 Statistical significance 86 2 x2 as a
example of a statistical significance test 87 3 Tests, questions
and hypotheses 89 4 Confidence intervals 89 5 Confidence
intervals and meta-analyses 90 6 Non-parametric and
parametric statistics 92 7 Sample size 93 8 Statistical
power 94 9 Measures of central tendency, dispersion and
diversity: modes, medians, means, variance and standard
deviation 96 10 Expressions of effect size 98 11 Counting
costs 102 12 Sensitivity analysis 102 13 Further reading
on understanding the results of research 104 References and
further reading 104
Contents vii
PART 2 SURVEY RESEARCH
Exemplar Chapters
Chapter 8 Surveys, Samples and Questions: Consumer
Satisfaction with the NHS 109
Introduction 109
Exemplar: Cohen, G., Forbes, J. and Garraway, M. (1996)
Can different patient satisfaction survey methods yield
consistent results? Comparison of three surveys , British
Medical Journal, 313: 841-4 110
What you might do now 117
Chapter 9 An Equity Audit in Coronary Care 118
Introduction 118
Exemplar: Payne, N. and Saul, C. (1997) Variations in use
of cardiology services in a health authority: comparison of
coronary artery revascularisation rates with prevalence
of angina and coronary mortality , British Medical Journal,
314: 257-61 120
What you might do now 130
Resource Chapters
Chapter 10 Surveys and Case Control Studies 131
Introduction 131 1 Sampling and representativeness 132
2 Sampling frames 136 3 Stratified (or non-proportional)
samples 136 4 Cluster sampling 138 5 Staged sampling
and phased sampling 140 6 Confidence intervals and
surveys 141 7 Selecting a stratified sample of adequate size:
an example 144 8 Under- and over-representation and their
management 148 9 Case control (or case comparison)
studies 151 10 Correlation, co-efficients, regression and
scatterplots 152 11 Correlation, causes and statistical
control 155 12 Contemporaneous and longitudinal
surveys 158 13 The ecological fallacy in interpreting survey
results 163 14 Questionnaires, reliability and
meaningfulness 164 15 Questions to ask about surveys 167
16 Further reading on surveys and case control studies 167
References and further reading 168
Chapter 11 Controlling for age and socio-economic
circumstances 170
Introduction 170 1 Age standardisation 172 2 Denominator
problems in standardisation 178 3 Standardised mortality
ratios 180 4 Deprivation indices 183 5 Further reading on
age standardisation and deprivation indices 192 References
and further reading 193
I
viii Contents
PART 3 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Exemplar Chapters
Chapter 12 Loosely Structured Interviews: the Stories
Behind the Statistics 199
Introduction 199
Exemplar: Blaxter, M. 1993 Why do the victims blame , /
themselves? from Radley, A. (ed.) Worlds of Illness: V
Biographical and Cultural Perspectives on Health and / ^
Disease. London: Routledge. pp. 124-42 . 200
What you might do now 209
Chapter 13 Naturalistic Observation: Midwives Ethnic
Stereotyping of their Patients 210
Introduction 210
Exemplar: Bowler, I. (1993) They re not the same as us :
midwives stereotypes of South Asian descent maternity
patients , Sociology of Health and Illness, 15 (2): 157-78 211
What you might do now 227
Chapter 14 Understanding Language in Context:
Professional Uncertainty 228
Introduction 228
Exemplar: Gomm, R. Uncertain minds or uncertain times?
Expressions of uncertainty in professional discourse
(written for this volume) 230
What you might do now 238
Chapter 15 Action Research: Applied Qualitative
Methods in the Family Centre 239
Introduction 239
Exemplar: Winter, Celia (1996) Creating quality care for
children in the family centre , Educational Action Research
4 (1): 49-57 240
What you might do now 247
Resource Chapter
Chapter 16 Collecting and Analysing Qualitative Data 249
Introduction 249 1 Forcing the answers in the Health and
Lifestyle Survey 250 2 Thematic analysis: structuring data
after collecting them 252 3 Loosely structured interviews
contrasted with naturalistic observation 256 4 Grounded
theory research: structuring theory and data together 260
5 The linguistic turn in qualitative research 262 6 Thematic
analysis and linguistic analysis compared 264 7 The
objectivity of qualitative research 268 8 Generalisability and
qualitative research 270 9 Action research 272 10 Further
reading on qualitative research and action research 274
References and further reading 274
Contents ix
PART 4 RESEARCH APPRAISAL QUESTIONS
Questions to Ask about Data Collection Instruments 281
Questions to Ask about Experiments 284
Questions to Ask about Systematic Reviews and
Meta-analyses 294
Questions to Ask about Cost-effectiveness Studies 297
Questions to Ask about Surveys, Case finding
(or Clinical EpidemiologicaP) Studies and Case
Control Studies 299
Questions to Ask about Qualitative Research 306
Questions to Ask about Action Research 311
APPENDIX FINDING PUBLISHED RESEARCH IN
HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE 315
Index 327
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| spellingShingle | Evaluating research in health and social care |
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| title_full | Evaluating research in health and social care The Open University. Ed. by Roger Gomm ... |
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